improving fumigant efficiency and reducing fumigant emissions in plastic mulch raided-bed systems...

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Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emission in Plastic Mulched Raised-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production Ruijun Qin, Oleg Daugovish, Suduan Gao, Brad Hanson, James Gerik and Husein Ajwa

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2014 National Sustainable Strawberry Initiative Project Leader Meeting

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Page 1: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Improving Fumigant Efficiency and

Reducing Fumigant Emission in

Plastic Mulched Raised-Bed

Systems for Strawberry Production

Ruijun Qin,

Oleg Daugovish, Suduan Gao, Brad

Hanson, James Gerik and Husein Ajwa

Page 2: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Raised-bed strawberry production

• California strawberries are grown mainly in raised-bed systems tarped with standard polyethylene film (PE).

• Over 55% of strawberry fields are treated with fumigants applied through drip irrigation lines buried near the bed surface prior to planting.

• Soil fumigation is an important tool in controlling soil-borne pathogens, nematodes, and weeds.

• Use of fumigants are highly regulated by governmental agencies because of fumigant emissions.

Page 3: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Pest problems of strawberry production

• Increasing number of

pathogen-infested fields

and areas.

• Weed problem.

• Difficulty in controlling

pests at bed-center or

shoulder.

Page 4: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Plastic film

• Traditional tarp: – Polyethylene tarp (PE)

• Low permeable tarp: – Virtually Impermeable Film (VIF)

– Totally Impermeable Film (TIF)

• Tarp permeability: – PE > VIF > TIF

VIF

TIF

Page 5: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Fumigation in raised-beds

• Can totally impermeable film (TIF) covering and/or deep

application improve fumigant distribution, fumigation

efficacy, and reduce fumigant emission?

• Will the emission from the uncovered furrow be a

concern? If true, can water seal control the emissions

from furrow.

2 in

7 in

Drip lines

Page 6: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Objective

Develop effective fumigation strategies that increase

fumigation efficiency, sustain strawberry production,

and reduce environmental pollution by TIF covering

and deep drip-fumigation in raised-beds of the coastal

regions.

Page 7: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Field trial

Time: August 16-30, 2013

Location: Strawberry field in Camarillo (coastal area of

Southern CA)

Soil: Sandy loam

Bed dimension: 47 inch W, 14 inch H.

Bed center-center: 69 inch.

Page 8: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Field set-up

Setting up beds Fertilization

Firming beds

Installing drip tape

Two drip tapes

Four drip tapes

Page 9: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Treatments

1) Two shallow drip lines - non-fumigation under TIF

2) Two shallow drip lines - full rate under TIF

3) Two shallow drip lines - 1/2 rate under TIF

4) Four drip lines (2 shallow & 2 deep) - full rate under TIF

5) Four drip lines (2 shallow & 2 deep) - 1/2 rate under TIF

6) Two shallow drip lines – full rate under PE

* Deep drip lines at 7 inch deep spaced 27 inch in apart beneath shallow

drip lines installed at 2 inch deep.

** 24 tarped beds including 6 treatments and 4 replicates.

** PE plots and TIF plots are not at same location.

Page 10: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Drip fumigation

• Fumigant: Pic-Clor 60 EC (a mixture

of 56.7% CP, 37.1% 1,3-D, and 6.2%

inert ingredients).

• Full rate: 25 gallon/ac (300 lbs/ac).

• Application: On August 16 over a 4-h

period.

• Flushing and water seal.

Surface two drip tape

Four drip lines

Page 11: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Measurement during fumigation

• Emission (passive chamber): Full rate TIF treatments

(bed and furrow).

• Soil gas sampling.

• Fumigant concentration under tarp.

• Residual fumigant at the end of trial.

• Pathogen survival.

Page 12: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Fumigant emission

• Deep- vs. shallow-application:

Page 13: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Averaged fumigant concentration under film

Page 14: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Fumigant distribution in soil

Page 15: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Fumigant concentration time exposure index (g cm-3 h-1)

Page 16: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Pest control

• Fusarium was detected

in 3 non-fumigated beds,

especially at the bed-

center.

• All the fumigation

treatments provided

100% control on

fusarium, both at bed-

center or near bed edge.

Page 17: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Strawberry transplantation

• One month after fumigation.

• Early flowering strawberry variety, San Andreas (Lassen Canyon Nursery, CA).

• The planting intensity: 25,000 plants/ac.

• 4 rows of plants/bed.

• Irrigation and fertilization was applied regularly to promote plant growth.

Page 18: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

No difference was found on plant growth

among TIF treatment during the early

growth stage.

Plant cover on bed

Canopy size

Leaf greenness Stomatal conductance

11/27/2013

1/24/2014

5/2/2014

Page 19: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Marketable berry yields

during 8 harvest from

January 30 to March 18

were slightly higher in

deep fumigation

treatments.

* The measurement was on 20 plants per beds.

Page 20: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Sumarry

• Low emissions occurred from the TIF mulched raised-bed systems.

• TIF retained fumigants more effectively than PE; half-rate fumigant under TIF may achieve same pest control result as full rate fumigant under PE.

• Deep application provided better emission control and contributed to more uniform fumigant distribution than shallow application.

• Data on pest control, plant growth, and berry yield further suggest that deep fumigation and TIF covering will be the optimized fumigation technology in raised-bed production systems.

Page 21: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Outreach activities • Regular communication with the cooperating growers, the principle

stakeholders (e.g., California Strawberry Commission, Trical, Inc.).

• Annual International Research Conference on Methyl Bromide

Alternatives and Emissions Reductions on November 4-6, 2013 in San

Diego, CA.

• Organic Strawberry Workshop on January 21, 2014 in Tennessee State

University.

• California Plant & Soil Conference on February 4-5, 2014, in Fresno, CA.

• Field day entitled “Water management in strawberry” on March 26, 2014

in Ventura, CA.

• Central Coast California Association of Pest Control Advisers (CAPCA)

Chapter’s Spring CE Meeting on May 1, 2014, at Santa Maria, CA.

• Ventura CAPCA members meeting on June 11, 2014, San Paula, CA.

• American Society for Horticultural Science Annual Conference on July

27-August 1, in Orlando, FL.

• ASA, CSSA & SSSA International Annual Meetings on November 2-5,

2014 in Long beach, CA

Page 22: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Acknowledgment

• This project is funded by a grant from the Walmart

Foundation and administered by the University of

Arkansas System Division of Agriculture Center for

Agricultural and Rural Sustainability.

• Cooperating growers, Steve Imoto, Glen Imoto, and their

field crew providing the tested field, field equipment, and

field preparation.

• Crop Production Service (CPS) provided fumigation

service.

• Technical assistance was provided by Water Management

Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Parlier, CA and the

Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis.

Fumigation service and equipment was provided

by Crop Production Service (CPS).

Page 23: Improving Fumigant Efficiency and Reducing Fumigant Emissions in Plastic Mulch Raided-Bed Systems for Strawberry Production

Thank you

• Ruijun (Ray) QIN

• University of California-Davis/

USDA-ARS

• 9611 S. Riverbend Ave., Parlier,

CA 93648

• Tel: 559-596-2904

• Cell: 559-905-9286

• Email: [email protected]