Imposing LiberalismTo what extend, and for whom, has the imposition of

Liberalism been successful?

Analyse perspectives on the imposition of the principles of

liberalism on people / groups in Canada and the world through

liberal foreign policy.

To what extent has the imposition of liberalism affected

aboriginal groups in Canada?

Conflicting Ideologies

Conflicting Land-Holding

IdeologiesAttempts at AssimilationEnfranchisementIndian ActWhite PaperRed PaperContemporary Solutions•Land claims•Royal Commission

Conflicting Ideologies

HumansAnimalsPlants

Non-animate beingsland

LandNon-animate

beingsPlants

AnimalsHumans

Classical Liberalism Perspective

First Nations Perspective

Conflicting IdeologiesFirst Nations

Peoples place in the world – equal with other living things.

Colonial European Gov. (classical

liberalism) Peoples place in the

world -dominant overall living.

Different philosophies (ideology) towards spiritual and societal beliefs created misunderstanding on issues of land ownership, progress, and change

Conflicting IdeologiesClassical Liberalism

Progress dominate force of

thinking Associated with

modernism (one direction- forward towards improvement modernism)

First Nations Believed there were

laws of relationship (pg.306) Laws of sacred life Laws of nature Laws of mutual

support

Aboriginal communities did not believe that they “owned the land” more spiritual and holistic interpretation of living on the land

Europeans would have wanted to buy, own and divide up the land

Foreign concept for aboriginal people’s, private property, more communal of resources, stewardship of the land

Conflicting Land-Holding IdeologiesRead page 307 – 308 to assimilation

Eurocentrism - perceived cultural superiority Reliance on the value of written rules for

government, citizens rights and trade Cultural beliefs that differed from aboriginals. Classical liberalist view - believed in private

property defended by John Locke.

Root causes of the attitude that the Europeans brought to treaty

negotiations?

Misunderstanding of terms of the treaties lead to a need for legal proceedings to interpret them.

Beliefs about the sovereignty of First Nations are not a question today – protection in the Charter of Rights.

Ethical consideration of fairness and equality are valued by Canadians.

First Nations are looked at differently today than in 19th century – entitled to same rights, responsibilities, freedoms, and private property as others.

Modern perspective on negotiations between First Nations and Canadian government are distinct from previous views.

Causes of a large number of land claims

Differences in understandings of historical agreements between first

Nations and the Canadian government

Residential SchoolsEnfranchisement & Gradual Civilization Act 1857 Denounce their Indian status – gain enfranchisement &

50 acres on reserve – land handed down.Resistance by the Aboriginals. To costly for what was gained Was something granted instead of something

belonging to all member of society Land grant would have little meaning.Rationale by the Gov. Liberalist view (ultimate goal of citizenship) Rights, freedoms, and material possessions Classical

Liberalism

Attempts at Assimilation

Indian Act (government legislation 1876) Defined First Nations people (segregation) Step back from 1763 Royal Proclamation (distinct

peoples & nations with the right to negotiate as a sovereign nation) intended to end abuse.

Encourage abandonment of Indian status Wards of the state

Attempts at Assimilation continued

Indian Act

Voluntary Enfranchisement Give up official Indian

status

Compulsory enfranchisement

University degree Doctor Lawyer Religious minister Women married a non-

Aboriginal man Vote in federal election Join the Armed Forces

White Paper Trudeau – federalist Pluralist society Read pages 310-312 complete handout.

Attempts at Assimilation continued

The White Paper 1968 vs. The Red PaperRead pages 310 -312 and additional reading

note reasoning behind each policy and each sides views

White Paper Trudeau Red Paper National Indian Brotherhood

Major concerns by first nations Land claims Fulfillment of treaty rights Acting on the Royal Commission on

Aboriginal peoples Read pages 312-314 and complete the

handout “Contemporary solutions”

Contemporary Solutions:

Contemporary Solutions: pg. 312 - 314

Canadian Government Policy Imposing Liberalism

Explanation of Policy

Actions taken by Canadian Government

Comments / Actions taken by first Nations, Métis, or Inuit People to Resist Each Policy

Land Claims & Constitution

Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples & the Healing Fund

Read authors point of view top of page 318

What support and drawbacks to liberalism does Parekh state?

Under what conditions is a country justifying the imposing of its political ideology on another country?

Bringing Liberalism to the World

Self-interest: reduce terrorist threats Economic self-interest

Humanitarianism: Moral / ethical reasons Improve living conditions Halt human rights violations

Rationale for imposing liberalism either by request or force

Imperialism– economic / eurocentrism WWI Treaty of Versailles – democracy / self-

determination / security WWII Marshall Plan economic / security Kuwait 1991 Gulf war / economic / violation of Kuwaiti

territorial integrity 1998 Iraq Liberation Act "to establish a program to

support a transition to democracy in Iraq." in response to the non-compliance to inspection nuclear weapons

2001 Oct. 7th Afghanistan Invasion “Operation Enduring Freedom “War on Terrorism”

2003 Iraq “Operation Iraqi Freedom” Invasion weapons of mass destruction / security

Examples Imposing Liberalismself-interest

Read pages 319- 322 Examples & Rationales of Imposing Liberalism

Self- Interest 5 Examples

Humanitarianisms 3 Examples

handout

Do you agree or disagree with the justification for foreign intervention expressed in the quote by Lynn Jones ?pg 319/20

How important do you think the “bonds of common humanity” are in forming the foreign policies of countries such as the United States and Great Britain?

Political cartoon fig. 9-11 who and what policy does the shark symbolize?

Is restricting economic activity a legitimate means of encouraging modern liberal principles in foreign countries?

How can this cartoon be used as an example of illegitimate and legitimate support of encouraging modern liberal principles in a foreign county?

Imposing Liberalism handout

Read pg. 323 & 324 Voices and supplied reading Which of the quotes in “Voices” do you believe is the most

realistic assessment of the situation in Afghanistan?

What reasons do you have for your choice?

How do you think most Afghan citizens view the presence of foreign troops in their country?

Do you think Canada has a responsibility to protect the new democratic system in Afghanistan? If so, What limits, if any, should be placed on that responsibility?

Canada’s Involvement in Afghanistan

handout

Are there circumstances in which a country's stability and public security are more important than its citizen’s right to democratic self-determination? Economic turmoil natural disasters threats from other countries periods of violence food and security are more important than a ballot

Reactions to Foreign Liberalism

- Have no right or authority to interfere in the domestic policy of Zimbabwe- Attempting to enforce liberalist views without the consent of the people.- Problems are a legacy of imperialism

- Coalition government in response to Western Liberalist views- Conflicting ethnic views created the conditions to set the Rwanda genocide into motion.

Multi-party elections are ineffective in Africa. - Cultural differences (tribalism) - Religion - Regionalism - Economic disparity - Partisanship (devoted or bias in their support for a party, group or cause)

Reactions to Foreign Liberalism

Robert Mugabe1987 - Present

Juvenal Habyarimana1973 -1994

Yoweri Museveni 1986 – PresentUganda

Economic mismanagement, corruption, and brutal repression, illegal electionsIn reaction to human rights violations the Bush administration legislated the Zimbabwe Democracy Act" the situation in Zimbabwe endangers the southern African region and threatens to undermine efforts to foster good governance and respect for the rule of law throughout the continent." USA presidential spokesman

Reactions by Liberalism

• Ran the country primarily as dictator for 20 years

• Under pressure from the United Nations and Western Countries to establish a collation Gov. 1992

• Killed in a plane crash 1994

Reactions by Liberalism

• Supported by the west for overthrowing Idi Amin 1979 (liberalist values)

• Brought relative stability and economic growth to a country that has endured decades of government mismanagement, rebel activity and civil war.

• His tenure has also witnessed one of the most effective national responses to HIV/AIDS in Africa.

• Invaded the Congo (5 mil. Deaths), abolished presidential term

• 1/3 live in poverty

Reactions by Liberalism

Do you think it is realistic to expect non-liberal regimes to convert to liberal democracies by simply holding free and fair elections? Why or why not?

Rapid ideological shifts within a country require major social change and commitment – move towards democratic liberalism would require the individuals to embrace free and fair elections.

Elections can only be free, fair and represent the will of the people if the people are informed, open to dialogue, and receptive and tolerant of diverse views and perspectives.

Democratic power grows from within a country not by imposition.

Something to think about?

•Elections, need to be effective, should not be a front for authoritarian practices, but be one aspect of democratic practice.•Respect for the will of the people

•Responsibility of the government to rule of law•Protections for individuals rights and freedoms•Multi-party elections

•Non-violet actions by the government, and non-government organizations•Foreign government reforms may exacerbate the existing friction and conflict.•Ignores domestic state of affairs

In order to implement Ideological change

Read the case study and make notes

What do you think this cartoonist's opinion is regarding the political stability in Haiti?

Do the sources in this Investigation provide any other perspectives regarding issues in Haiti?Haiti http://video.nytimes.com/video/2006/01/27/world/1194817109852/haiti-democracy-undone.htmlhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FwcTM2U-794

Case Study Haiti’s Troubled Democracy

Using the chart and Chapter 9 as your source, complete each of the empty boxes

Concept Review for chapter 9

Attempts at Assimilation pg. 307 - 316

Canadian Government

Policy Imposing Liberalism

Explanation of Policy Actions take by first Nations, Métis, or Inuit People to Resist Each

Policy

Land Treaties

Residential Schools

Enfranchisement & Gradual Civilization Act, 1857Indian Act 1876

White Pater, 1969

Prohibiting the Potlatch