ImmigrationImmigrationChapter 9Chapter 9

Section 2Section 2

OBJECTIVES:

1. Why did immigration boom in the late 1800’s?2. How did immigrants adjust to life in the U.S.?3. Why did anti-immigrant feeling grow?

Do Now: What was the most difficult trip you have ever been on?

1. Where were you going?

2. Why was it so difficult?

3. Was it worth it?

Reasons for immigrationI. Push Factors- Conditions that drive people

from their homes

A. Poverty, scarce land

B. Political and religious persecution

1. Pogroms- organized attacks on Jewish

villages

II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

A. Promise of freedom and better life

II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

A. Promise of freedom and better life

B. Family or friends already in the U.S.

II. Pull Factors- conditions that attract immigrants to a new area

A. Promise of freedom and better life

B. Family or friends already in the U.S.

C. Factory jobs available

III. The Long Voyage

A. Steerage- airless rooms below decks of ships where 2000 people were stuffed-diseases spread

B. Europeans arrived in New York City- saw the

Statue of Liberty, stopped at Ellis Island- where they had to pass a medical inspection

C. On the West Coast, immigrants from China and Japan traveled to Angel Island in San Francisco Bay

New Sources of ImmigrationNew Sources of Immigration The new immigrant groups (1850-1924) The new immigrant groups (1850-1924)

differed from earlier groups who had differed from earlier groups who had come from western Europe, because the come from western Europe, because the newcomers came from eastern and newcomers came from eastern and southern Europe as well as from Asia. southern Europe as well as from Asia.

Immigrants from Italy, Austria Hungary, Immigrants from Italy, Austria Hungary, Greece, Poland, Russia, China, and Greece, Poland, Russia, China, and Japan arrived in increasing numbers.Japan arrived in increasing numbers.

IV. Changing patterns of ImmigrationA. Before 1885- most immigrants from Northwest Europe:

England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia

0

20

40

60

80

100

NorthwestEurope

SoutheastEurope

Immigrants1840-1860

B. After 1885- many immigrants from Southeast Europe: Italy, Poland, Greece, Russia, Hungary, China

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

NorthwesternEurope

SoutheasternEurope

Immigrants1880-1900

V. Adjusting to a New LandA. Most stayed in cities and lived in ethnic

neighborhoodsB. They were torn between old traditions and

new American waysC. Assimilation- the process of becoming part

of another culture

VI. NATIVISMVI. NATIVISMA. Nativists wanted to limit A. Nativists wanted to limit immigration and preserve the immigration and preserve the country for native-born citizenscountry for native-born citizens

1. felt immigrants wouldn’t 1. felt immigrants wouldn’t assimilateassimilate

2. afraid of immigrants taking 2. afraid of immigrants taking away jobsaway jobs

3. A cultural reason was the tendency of 3. A cultural reason was the tendency of people to a dominant culture to protect people to a dominant culture to protect that cultural against outside or “foreign” that cultural against outside or “foreign” influences.influences.

4. A psychological reason was the nativist’s 4. A psychological reason was the nativist’s desire to feel superior to others. This desire to feel superior to others. This desire often takes a desire often takes a racistracist and and nationalistnationalist form the feelings that one’s form the feelings that one’s own race or nationality is superior to all own race or nationality is superior to all others.others.

The new immigrants’ cultures and The new immigrants’ cultures and religions were often quite different religions were often quite different from those of native born from those of native born Americans, who were Americans, who were predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon and Protestant.and Protestant.

Among the difficulties Among the difficulties faced by new immigrants faced by new immigrants were long hours, low were long hours, low wages, and poor working wages, and poor working and living conditions.and living conditions.

They often lived in They often lived in crowded unsanitary crowded unsanitary tenements in urban tenements in urban ghettos.ghettos.

Immigrants also faced Immigrants also faced nativist opposition, since nativist opposition, since they were viewed as a they were viewed as a threat to the established threat to the established American culture.American culture.

A nationwide depression in the 1870s A nationwide depression in the 1870s resulted in growing anti-Chinese resulted in growing anti-Chinese feelings.feelings.

Chinese laborers became the Chinese laborers became the scapegoats.scapegoats.

(A scapegoat is someone who is (A scapegoat is someone who is unjustly made to bear the blame for unjustly made to bear the blame for other people’s misfortune.)other people’s misfortune.)

During, this period, there were During, this period, there were also increasing labor troubles, also increasing labor troubles, and the Chinese laborers were and the Chinese laborers were repeatedly used as repeatedly used as replacement labor, creating replacement labor, creating further resentment.further resentment.

The immigration laws listed below all The immigration laws listed below all conflicted with the ideals inscribed on conflicted with the ideals inscribed on the Statue of Liberty because they the Statue of Liberty because they limited immigration in some way. The limited immigration in some way. The Emma Lazarus poem associated with Emma Lazarus poem associated with the Statue welcomed all those who the Statue welcomed all those who had been cast out by other nations.had been cast out by other nations.

The Chinese Exclusion Act ended all The Chinese Exclusion Act ended all Chinese Immigration to the United Chinese Immigration to the United States in 1882.States in 1882.

This act also prevented Asians This act also prevented Asians already living in the United States, already living in the United States, including their American-born including their American-born offspring, from becoming naturalized offspring, from becoming naturalized citizens. citizens.

The Gentleman’s Agreement was a The Gentleman’s Agreement was a voluntary arrangement between the voluntary arrangement between the United States and Japan, which United States and Japan, which limited Japanese immigration to limited Japanese immigration to the United States in return for a the United States in return for a ban on all U.S. laws that ban on all U.S. laws that discriminate against the Japanese.discriminate against the Japanese.

The Literacy Test Act of 1917, passed The Literacy Test Act of 1917, passed during the presidency of President during the presidency of President Wilson, disqualified those immigrants Wilson, disqualified those immigrants who could not read or write in any who could not read or write in any language.language.

The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 The Emergency Quota Act of 1921 limited yearly immigration from any limited yearly immigration from any nation to a percent of the number nation to a percent of the number arriving from that nation in 1910.arriving from that nation in 1910.

The Immigration Restriction Act of The Immigration Restriction Act of 1924 limited yearly immigration from 1924 limited yearly immigration from any nation to 2 percent of the number any nation to 2 percent of the number arriving from that nation in 1890. This arriving from that nation in 1890. This act discriminated against the new act discriminated against the new immigrants because relatively few of immigrants because relatively few of them arrived before 1890.them arrived before 1890.

Reasons for ImmigrationReasons for Immigration Every person’s or family’s decision to Every person’s or family’s decision to

immigrate was based on two immigrate was based on two conclusions.conclusions.

Negative Conclusion: Conditions in the Negative Conclusion: Conditions in the home country were bad and could no home country were bad and could no longer be tolerated.longer be tolerated.

Positive Conclusion: Conditions in the Positive Conclusion: Conditions in the United States were likely to be much United States were likely to be much better than those at home.better than those at home.

Population pressuresPopulation pressures

A population of 140 million in A population of 140 million in 1750 grew to 260 million in 1750 grew to 260 million in 1850 and to 400 million in 1914.1850 and to 400 million in 1914.

Europe becoming to Europe becoming to overcrowded. overcrowded.

Farmland scarce in Europe.Farmland scarce in Europe.

Recruitment CampaignsRecruitment Campaigns Railroad companies with western lands Railroad companies with western lands

to sell and steamship companies to sell and steamship companies seeking passengers sent agents to seeking passengers sent agents to Europe to promote the idea of Europe to promote the idea of emigration.emigration.

Gave the impression that if you come Gave the impression that if you come to the United States you will become to the United States you will become richrich..

Immigrants’ Life in the United Immigrants’ Life in the United StatesStates

They did not speak English and they found it hard to adapt to a new life

Immigrants moved into a city, where they gathered in neighborhoods with people of their own nationality and ethnicity.

These sections of the cities known as ghettos were crowded with poor living in tenements.