ILLUMINISM AND

POSITIVISM

SIDRA ALAM

OUTLINE ILLUMINISM

• WHAT PROVOKED IT

• FIRST ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT

• LEGACY

POSTIVISM

CONCLUSION

Illuminism or The Enlightenment

• Intellectual movement

• "Glorious Revolution" in England (1688) until

French Revolution (1789)

• Illuminati -- the exponents of the Enlightenment

• Against the philosophy of the Dark Ages.

• new philosophy - age of enlightenment - use

and the celebration of reason

• Scientific Revolution of the 1500s and 1600

• flawed set of “scientific” beliefs established by the

ancients and maintained by the Church

• discover and convey the true laws governing the

phenomena they observed in nature.

What provoked it?

KEY PEOPLEGALILEO GALILEI -

KEY PEOPLEJOHANNES KEPLER 

KEY PEOPLEFRANCIS BACON

KEY PEOPLEISAAC NEWTON

Key People

Galileo Galilei -  Italian astronomer who supported the sun-centered Copernican model of the solar system, angering the Catholic ChurchJohannes Kepler -  German astronomer who discovered laws of planetary motionFrancis Bacon -  English scholar who developed inductive method of reasoningRené Descartes -  French mathematician and philosopher who revolutionized algebra and geometry, developed deductive methodIsaac Newton -  English mathematician and physicist who formulated fundamental laws of gravity and motion

NOT LIMITED TO MATHEMATICS, & SCIENCE

Not limited to innovations in philosophy, literature, mathematics, and science

Also developments in economics, law, industrial technology, women’s rights, humanitarianism, and music.

During the Scientific Revolution……….

• new innovation - physics, philosophy, earth science, astronomy, and mathematics

• significant, the methods of scientific exploration

• inductive and deductive reasoning• observe-hypothesize-experiment

methodology -scientific method. • work of Newton - showed that scientific

thought and methods could be applied to nonscientific

THE FIRST ENLIGHTENMENT THOUGHT

GERMAN ENLIGHTENMENT

CZECH REFORMER JOHN COMENIUS

“WE ARE ALL CITIZENS OF ONE WORLD, WE ARE ALL OF ONE BLOOD.”

Positivism• Positivism -French Enlightenment, with

French philosopher Auguste Comte• • Apply principles of the natural sciences

(such as Physics, Chemistry and Biology) to daily life.

• Dependence of theory and observation in science

LOGICAL POSITIVISM

LOGICAL POSITIVISTS :

WittgensteinBertrand Russell Alfred Whitehead (Principia Mathematica)Rudolph Carnap

• WESTERN LOGIC - POSITIVISM

THIS LOGIC HENCE ASSUMES A DEDUCTIVE APPROACH

• NON-WESTERN LOGIC - ‘WISDOM’THIS LOGIC HENCE ASSUMES AN INDUCTIVE

APPROACH

• Deductive research gave us penicillin & computer networks

• Analytical induction gave us acupuncture & social networks

• Conclusion• Scientific advances - foundation for modern thought, while political • centuries-old traditions in Europe• greater freedom, greater opportunity, and generally more humane

treatment for all individuals• Enlightenment arguably marked the first time that Western civilization truly

started to become civilized.• Galileo - observation was a necessary element of the scientific method—a

point that Francis Bacon (1561–1626) solidified with his inductive method. • Sometimes known as the Baconian method, inductive science stresses

observation and reasoning as the means for coming to general conclusions.• Descartes’ deductive approach to philosophy, using math and logic, stressed

a “clear and distinct foundation for thought” that still remains a standard for problem solving.

• Englishman Isaac Newton (1642–1727), calculus.Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)gravity and three laws of motion

Enlightenment stood for:

IndividualismRelativismRationalism

CONCLUSION