illegal immigration & transnational organized crime relations international center for terrorism...
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ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION &TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED
CRIME RELATIONS
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, Ph.D.
Migration types and illegal immigration
Illegal immigration and countries
Illegal immigration & organized crime nexus
Migrant smuggling Human trafficking
Outline
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Geography; International-Domestic
Reason; Forced-Voluntary
Duration; Short-term-Long-term
Size; Individual-Family-Mass
Statute; Legal-Illegal
Migration Types
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migrating to another country without having legal documentation and permissions
Illegal entry, exit, or stay Illegal work without any social security Why?
Illegal Immigration
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Developing Countries
World’s Population Trends (2000-2030)
Potential Migration Routes
Developed Countries
20.1%
%38.7
82.5%
18%
-3.2% -5%
-4.7%
33.9%
25.9%
Population Increase rate 33%(From 6 billion to 8 billion)
• 22 million people “on the move” any time• 2.5 million illegal immigrants live in EU• 12 million illegal immigrants lives in USA• 1.5 million Syrian asylum-seekers are existed• 2.5 million Afghan asylum-seekers live in
Pakistan; 2.4 million in İran
Migration Trends
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migration Trends
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migration Routes
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
• For target countries; • Need for Cheap Labor and Young Population• Brain Drain• Need for International Support• For source countries;• Money Transfers; 450 Billion Dollar remittances• Returns; Knowledge, Vision, Skills, Contacts-
Networks• Diaspora; Political Support
Advantages of Migration
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
• For transit and target countries; • Living population of undocumented & temporary
illegal migrants• Political pressure from the West• Deportation procedures and damage on state budget• Existence of organize crime networks
Disadvantages of Illegal Migration
Movements
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Nexus between Illegal Migration
& Organized Crime
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Illegal Immigration
Migrant Smuggling
Human
Trafficking
“Modern Day Slavery” The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or
receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person,
For the purpose of “exploitation”. Exploitation includes, sexual exploitation, forced labor or
services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.
Human Trafficking
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Girls-women are “illegally” transported to other countries by deceit;
Boys-girls-women are forced to “move” from one place to another
Transported people are forced to “work” in illegal status
Human Trafficking
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Human Trafficking
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
“Human Cargo”• The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or
indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a country of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident
Migrant Smuggling
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migrants are transported via sea or land vehicles
Smugglers provide “forged or falsified travel documents”
Smugglers provide “accommodation” facilities within a country
Migrant Smuggling
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migrant Smuggling
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Migrant Smuggling
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
HUMAN TRAFFİCKİNG
MIGRANT SMUGGLING
Illegal Entry-Stay
Illegal Work
Human Rights Abuses
Exploitation
Force
International Transportation
Differences & Similarities
Conclusion
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Illegal Immigration & Organized Crime
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Illegal Immigrants are regarded as “non-criminals”
Illegal Immigrants may turn to be “victims” of trafficking
Illegal Immigration movements usually ends in loss, damage and disappointment
Illegal immigrants are usually captured and/or deported
Smuggers/traffickers are “criminals” Smugglers/traffickers, though, make huge
profits
INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR TERRORISM AND TRANSNATIONAL CRIME - UTSAM © 2012
Oğuzhan Ömer Demir, [email protected]