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iLEAP Review Part 2Importance of WritingThe development of written languages allowed people to keep recordsCuneiform from the Sumerians was the firstEgyptian hieroglyphics is another early form of writing. We were unable to read this writing for many years, but the discovery of the Rosetta Stone helped us learn how to translate this ancient language. Importance of TradeAncient civilizations relied on trading with one another Before coin and paper money was created, people used barterThe Phoenicians were among the ancient worlds greatest tradersThe Silk Road was an important trading routeEvidence of trade can be seen when objects created in one civilization are later located in a far away place (From India to Mesopotamia, for example)

ANCIENT GREECEThe Greeks developed a type of government called a DEMOCRACY. A democracy is a type of government where the people rule each citizen can vote directly on the issues.The democratic form of government was first created in the city-state of Athens.Other societies imitated the Greek form ofgovernment. Democracy isnow in many parts of theworld.

CITY-STATESThe Greek word for city-state is polis. Two main city-states were Athens and SpartaAthens The Athenians created democracy and were considered the smart Greeks they made many advances in art, music, theater, philosophy, mathematics, and medicine.

SPARTASpartan society was centered around warfare and the military. Boys were trained for life in the military from a young age.

GREEK ARCHITECTUREArchitectural style was known as classicalUse of columns Doric, Ionic, Corinthian

Parthenon most famous buildingInfluenced many law buildings in the modern USA

GREEK ALPHABETThe first alphabet to use a separate symbol for each sound. Made up of 24 letters starting with alpha and ending with omegaDerived from the Phoenician alphabetModel for the Latin alphabet and eventually the one we use today

GREEK RELIGIONPolytheistic (belief in many gods)VERY similar to Roman religion (same gods, different names)Zeus king of the godsGods lived on Mt. Olympus

Alexander the GreatSon of Philip II of Macedonia who made Greece a very powerful kingdomThe famous philosopher Aristotle was Alexanders teacher and taught him to appreciate Greek art and culturePhilip taught his son to be a skilled military leader

Alexander the GreatAlexander expanded the Greek empire and defeated the PersiansHe allowed conquered people to keep their traditional religionHe was firm, but merciful, and helped spread Greek culture and language across the known world

ANCIENT ROMECopied many ideas from the GreeksEstablished the republican form of governmentA republic (or representative democracy) is a type of government where people elect representatives to govern themThe Romans influenced the USA in many ways. The United States is a republic. We have three branches of government. One of our branches includes the Senate, which was first created in Rome. In both societies, people must care about and participate in the government for it to work.

ANCIENT ROMELanguage was Latin. From this, the Romance languages developed (French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese). These languages are still spoken around the world today. Religion was similar to that of the GreeksBoth were polytheistic - same gods, different names. Great engineers. Built thousands of miles of roads, bridges, and aqueducts. Also built an impressive stadium-like building called the Colosseum that was used for gladiator fights.

FALL OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE

The Roman Empire eventually grew to be HUGE! Over time, it became too big to control. The Roman Empire suffered from many problems, some of which are similar to issues facing the United States today.Problems facing Ancient Rome:Financial ($$$) problemsForeign invasions Germanic tribes like the Huns and GothsUnemployment Weakened militaryCrimeDiocletian split the empire into two Western Empire and Eastern Empire.The Western Empire was still subjected to invasions and fell apart completely. The Eastern Empire became known as the Byzantine Empire and lasted another thousand years.

Eventually the Byzantine Empire was conquered when a group of Muslim warriors known as the Ottoman Turks attacked and defeated the city of Constantinople. Byzantine EmpireDeveloped from the Eastern Roman EmpireEmperor Justinian is known for simplifying old Roman laws (Justinians Code) and building the Hagia Sophia, a church that also served as a mosque after Muslims conquered Constantinople .

The Middle AgesMedieval ChurchRoman Empire split into East and WestThere was also a split in the church (Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox)With little political unity, the pope (leader of the church) became very powerfulThose who challenged Catholic teachings were executed

CharlemagneLeader of the FranksLaunched a military campaign that conquered most of western and central EuropeHe helped unify Europe and reinforced the power of the Roman Catholic ChurchValued and spread education and Christianity

Feudal SystemA system of promises that governed the relationship between lords and vassalsKings and queens were at the top of feudal society, nobles were next, followed by knights then peasantsLarge estates owned by a knight or lord was called a manorSerfs were workers tied to the land on which they workedChurch gained influence while bishops and priests gained wealth

Crusades The Crusades were a series of bloody wars between Christians and Muslims.Christians wanted to retake the Holy Land, or the land of Jerusalem and the surrounding areas. This area is considered sacred to Jews, Christians, and Muslims. The Crusades also contributed to trade and cultural diffusion. Many Crusaders returned to Europe bringing Middle Eastern customs and products with them.

Black DeathMany died as a result of the bubonic plagueBegan in Asia and made its way along the trade routes to EuropeWas carried by fleas on ratsAs people died, production, trade, and supplies of labor decreased

Prince Henry the NavigatorFrom PortugalBegan an Age of ExplorationHired scientists and inventors to help make long voyages possibleHe hired sailors to explore the African coastHe encouraged sailors to push the limits and sail further than ever before

Innovations at SeaCannon- guns that could fire great distancesTelescope- used to see things far awayAstrolabe- helped sailors determine locationCompass-used magnetic field to determine directionLateen Sail- triangular sailFrigate- ship built for warGalleon- large ship used to trade, but armedCaravel- small, fast, maneuverable ships