ibu tineke penulisan karya ilmiah.pkmt

HIMATETAWorkshop PKM-T 2010

TEKNIK PENULISAN KARYA TULIS ILMIAH

Tineke Mandang


I. PENGERTIAN

II. JENIS KARYA ILMIAH

III. KAIDAH & ETIKA PENULISAN

IV. CONTOH


KomunikasiPenelitian/

Kajian/telaah

Hasil Penelitian/

Karya Ilmiah Bah

asa

Ilm

iah

Karya Tulis Ilmiah

Proposal

Laporan PenelitianLaporan MagangSkripsi

Tesis

Desertasi

Artikel/Makalah Ilmiah

PembacaPeneliti/ Penulis


DEFINISI (1)

Karya Tulis (Tulisan) Ilmiah :

Suatu karya tulis atau tulisan yang memuat hasil/temuan dari suatu

penelitian atau hasil pemikiran yang mengikuti metoda ilmiah

( Diolah dari berbagai sumber)


Merupakan tulisan berisi ide kreatif yang disusun secara komprehensif berdasarkan data akurat (terpercaya), dianalisis secara runtut, tajam dan diakhiri dengan kesimpulan yang relevan

(DIKTI, 2004)

DEFINISI (2)


A scientific paper is a written report describing original research results whose format has been defined …. (Dirangkum dari berbagai sumber)

DEFINISI (3)

Karya tulis ilmiah mengandung unsur-unsur : judul, abstrak, pendahuluan, tujuan, tinjauan pustaka, bahan dan metoda, hasil dan pembahasan, simpulan dan saran.


1. Jenis Tulisan Ilmiah : Contoh untuk Fateta (S0, S1,S2/S3)

1) Proposal Penelitian/Proposal Praktek

Lapang/Magang

2) Laporan Praktek Lapang/Laporan Magang

3) Skripsi/Tesis/Desertasi

4) Makalah Seminar

JENIS TULISAN ILMIAH (1)


2. Jenis Tulisan Ilmiah : Untuk keperluan publikasi atau lainnya

1) Makalah untuk Jurnal/buletin ilmiah/seminar

2) Artikel untuk keperluan lain : lomba, dsb

JENIS TULISAN ILMIAH (1)


Format umum, Konsistensi & Pengetikan

Lihat pedoman penulisan karya ilmiah Fateta IPB

(akan segera terbit)

Proposal, Laporan PL, Skripsi, Laporan Magang, Makalah Seminar


Catatan Penting :

be noted that most publications have rules about a paper's format: some divide papers into some sections, others do not, and the order may be different in different publications. So be prepared to revise your paper in to a publication's format when you are ready to submit.

SISTEMATIKA DAN FORMAT


Reports and other scientific texts are an important part of a study

•Scientific papers should be written in a clear and concise style

•Good language is important


Anatomi atau Struktur Tulisan :

1. Pendahuluan (Latar belakang dan tujuan)

2. Isi (Terdiri dari beberapa bagian)

3. Penutup (Simpulan dan saran)


VERSI UMUM (diolah dari berbagai sumber) :

1. Rumus IMRAD (Introduction, Material

and Method, Results and Discussion)

2. TASCAR (Title, Authorships, Summary/

Abstract, Conclusion, Acknowledgments,

References)

Dilengkapi dengan


Untuk karya ilmiah, hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan (1):

Judul Singkat, menggambarkan isi; hindari kata-kata klise (pengaruh …, mempelajari, ..dll.)

Penulis Lengkap (tentukan urutan yang seharusnya)

Ringkasan & Kata kunci

Uraikan secara singkat mengapa penelitian dilaksanakan, tujuan, metode, hasil-hasil yang penting, simpulan utama. Tuliskan kata-kata kunci yang tepat.

Pendahuluan (Latar belakang & tujuan). Mengapa penelitian ini perlu, sertakan dukungan informasi (seperlunya tapi jelas)

Tinjauan Pustaka

Pustaka yang melandasi penentuan hipotesis;

gunakan pustaka terbaru dan relevan.


Metoda Sejelas mungkin (orang lain dapat mengulangi)

Hasil dan Pembahasan

Sejelas mungkin (tampilkan hasil dan bahas). Gunakan tabel, gambarm dll untuk memperjelas.

Simpulan & Saran Sesingkat mungkin dan menjawab tujuan penelitian.

Saran menunujukan kelemahan/ kekurangan pada penelitian (saran tidak harus ada)

Daftar Pustaka Rujuklah sumber informasi dan tulis dengan cermat



Title A title should be the fewest possible words that accurately describe the content of the paper. Omit all waste words such as "A study of ...", "Investigations of ...", Observations on ...", etc. Indexing and abstracting services depend on the accuracy of the title, extracting from it keywords useful in cross referencing and computer searching.

Authorships

Who is the best defined in advance ? How many ?

Summary/ Abstract

A well-prepared abstract enables the reader to identify the basic content of a document quickly and accurately, to determine its relevance to their interests, and thus to decide whether to read the document in its entirety. The abstract concisely states the principal objectives and scope of the investigation where these are not obvious from the title. More important, it concisely summarizes the results and principal conclusions.


Keyword list

The keyword list provides the opportunity to add keywords, used by the indexing and abstracting services, in addition to those already present in the title. Judicious use of keywords may increase the ease with which interested parties can locate your article

Introduction

An important function of the introduction is to establish the significance of your current work: Why was there a need to conduct the study? Having introduced the necessary literature and demonstrated the need for the current study, you should state clearly the scope and objectives.

Materials and Methods

The main purpose of the 'Materials and Methods' section is to provide enough detail for a competent worker to repeat your study and reproduce the results. The scientific method requires that your results be reproducible, and you must provide a basis for repetition of the study by others.


Results In the results section you present your findings: display items (figures and tables) are central in this section. Present the data, digested and condensed, with important trends extracted and described. Because the results comprise the new knowledge that you are contributing to the world, it is important that your findings be clearly and simply stated.

Discussion

In the discussion you should discuss what principles have been established or reinforced; hat generalizations can be drawn; how your findings compare to the findings of others or to expectations based on previous work; and whether there any theoretical/practical implications of your work.

Conclusion

Who needs one ?


Acknowledgments Who should be thanked ? Who paid ? In journals it is not a must to write acknowledgements but it is considered polite for the author to acknowledge the help of them

References Whenever you draw upon information contained in another paper, you must acknowledge the source. All references to the literature must be followed immediately by an indication of the source of the information that is referenced


KEBAHASAAN

Bahasa Ilmiah :

Bahasa yang digunakan untuk menyampaikan suatu karya ilmiah,

secara lisan maupun tertulis


Fungsi Umum Bahasa :

Untuk tujuan praktis : mengadakan hubungan antar manusia/kelompok

Untuk tujuan artistik : mengolah bahasa menjadi indah untuk pemuasan rasa estetis manusia

Sebagai kunci mempelajari ilmu/pengetahuan Tujuan filolologis : mempelajari naskah tua,

penyelidikan sejarah (manusia, kebudayaan, adat- istiadat, perkembangan bahasa


1)Tata Bahasa

2)Pemilihan kata/istilah

3)Gaya bahasa

4)Sistematika

5)Konsistensi

6)Dll.

Bahasa Ilmiah :

Ilmiah

Mengacu pada Bahasa Indonesia Baku dengan Ejaan Yang disempurnakan (EYD)


Beberapa tips

1) Tata Bahasa

• Secara umum artikel ilmiah lebih banyak menggunakan kalimat pasif

• Hindari penggunaan kata ganti orang (saya, kami, mereka, dll) dalam artikel ilmiah

• Hindari kalimat yang sangat panjang karena akan mengaburkan arti bahkan kehilangan makna

• Bedakan antara kata depan di dan ke dengan awalan di dan ke.


2) Pemilihan kata dan istilah

• Gunakan kata atau istilah yang umum digunakan untuk artikel ilmiah bukan kata-kata untuk bahasa percakapan sehari-hari atau bahasa pergaulan

• Gunakan “technical term” yang asli bila belum ada terjemahan yang baku atau yang masih belum populer

• Hindari penggunaan kata yang sama berulang-ulang pada kalimat dengan posisi tertentu.

• dll.


3) Gaya bahasa

• Artikel ilmiah menggunakan gaya bahasa sederhana dan resmi

• Hindari gaya bahasa puitis/pantun, dll.

• Artikel ilmiah mementingkan kedekatan hubungan antara satu bagian dengan bagian yang lain

• Artikel ilmiah lebih bersifat “to the point” artinya tidak bertele-tele

• dll.


4) Sistematika, Konsistensi

• Alur artikel disesuaikan dengan tujuan

• Urut-urutan bagian artikel sesuai dengan tujuan

• Penggunaan kata, istilah, tanda baca, satuan, dll. harus konsisten agar tidak mengaburkan arti.


Plagiarism (Mencuri hak orang) :

Menggunakan data, ide atau hasil penelitian orang

lain tanpa menuliskan sumbernya.

Etika Penulisan Ilmiah

Disengaja ??

Tidak disengajaAkibat dari lemahnya pengetahuan tentang penulisan ilmiah


•Be honest with your work and thoughts

•Be opened to criticism – not everyone may be happy with your work, however accurate and objective you have tried to be.

Some final words


Karya tulis ilmiah hendaknya memuat suatu karya pemikiran dan atau penelitian yang mengandung keaslian.

Terapkan prinsip kejujuran dalam setiap

karya kita


Lampiran-1 : Kesalahan umum dalam penulisan karya tulis

ilmiah


Common Mistakes in an Abstract

For such a short section, the Abstract is easy to get wrong. Here are some of themajor ones to watch out for in your own

writing:

1. No Abstract. Every paper needs an abstract. Your is no exception!2. Abstract Really an Introduction. An Abstract is not an Introduction - it is a

summary of the whole paper. Often, authors will write an Abstract that is ten sentences of background information, with no reference to the results or conclusions of the study. Don’t panic about including enough background – if a reader wants details, she goes to your introduction.

3. Missing Information. Authors frequently forget to include information like: What was the purpose of this study? What were the methods used? What were the major results? What do these results mean? Be sure than your Abstract answers all those questions.

4. Too Much Information. Some authors include way too much information onthe background, the problem, the methods, or the implications of a study. Usually, 1- 2 sentences for each of the major sections (Introduction - Methods - Results -Conclusions) is enough. The Abstract should be short, snappy, and succinct. When readers want details, they’ll read the actual paper.


Common Mistakes in an Introduction

1. Too Much Information. Authors sometimes include far too much information in their Introductions. Only information related to the subject should be included.

2. Not Enough Information. Another common mistake authors make is to assume that their audience knows more than they do. Authors often do not explain concepts, do not provide enough background information, or do not discuss enough previous studies.

3. Unclear What Study Is. Often, authors will build a thorough Introduction, but it is unclear what the rest of their paper will cover. The author needs to bluntly state what this paper will cover, how, and why. Phrases like “This study examines…”or “In this study…” are valuable.


4. Lists. A common temptation in Introductions is to list material, either

in

paragraph or bullet format. Sometimes this is unavoidable. Usually it is

not. Try to

avoid lists and describe your study in prose instead.

5. Confusing Structure. Authors often throw all sorts of information

into an

Introduction without thinking thru the organization. The result is a

confusing read.

Remember to follow the structure outlined above: Big problem – my

portion of that

big problem – hypothesis (logic underlying my study) – description of

my study –

why the reader should care about this study.

6. First-Person Anecdotes. Undergraduates sometimes confuse a

scientific

manuscript with My Wild Adventures in the Lab. They might try to open

an

Introduction with an amusing story to “draw the reader in”, thinking

that this is an

essay for an English class. First-person reporting does not belong in a

research

manuscript. The author shouldn’t even say “I found…” but “It was

found…”. It’s a

passive voice, but a standard one for reporting research.


1. Raw Data. Occasionally an author will for some reason include all his/her raw data. This is not just unnecessary - it’s mind-numbing. The author should present only the key results, meaning those results that bear on the question or problem being addressed. Generally this means presenting means, percentages, standard deviations, etc.

2. Redundancy. Authors will often present their results in a table, then re-state everything in the text. This is redundant. Text should be used to clarify figures and tables - not rehash them.

3. Discussion and Interpretation. Authors frequently combine the Results and iscussion sections or include interpretation in the Results section. Some journals (a very, very few) permit this. JYI does not. Author cannot include interpretation or discussion in the results section. This includes discussion of possible sources or causes of error.

4. No Figures or Tables. Every Results section should have at least one table. No matter what discipline the author is writing in, he/she should have data to present. A notable exception is some mathematics or computer science papers.

5. Methods/Materials Reported. Often, an author will write something like this is the Results section: “We found that sample A contained pyroxene, so we ground sample B to a powder and ran the experiment again. With sample B, we found pyroxene again.” The information “so we ground sample B to a powder and ran the experiment again” is M&M material and does not belong in the Results section. The author must report only results in the Results section – no new methods or materials at all.

Common Mistakes in a Results Section


Common Mistakes in a Discussion Section

1. Combined with Results. It’s amazing how often authors combine the Results and Discussion sections, even though we specifically tell them not to. The Results and Discussion sections cannot be combined. They have two very different purposes. The Results section is for fact. The Discussion section is for interpretation.

2. New Results. Sometimes an author will include a new result in the Discussion section – one he/she did not report in the Results section. All results must be reported in the Results section. They can be restated in the Discussion section, but they must appear in the Results.

3. Broad Statements. Sometimes an author will draw sweeping conclusions based on his/her one tiny study. These are only appropriate even for major, ground-breaking papers – the kinds of papers that undergraduates rarely write. For example, it’s unlikely that a paper examining valley networks in one small region of Mars is going to shed light on the evolution of the Martian climate through time or the fate of the liquid water that once ran on its surface. The study might provide new clues, but no sweeping, broad statements can be made.


4. The “Inconclusive” Cop-Out. Months of research and pages of words, all leading up to a: “The results are inconclusive.” What a waste! Don’t waste yourreader’s time with a statement of “it’s inconclusive”. The author needs to draw whatconclusions he/she can, then suggest how the experiment should be changed toproperly test the hypothesis.

5. Ambiguous Data Sources. Often, an author will get so wound up in his/herDiscussion, that it’s hard to tell when he/she is talking about the results of this studyand when he/she is talking about the results of other studies. Don’t let authors getaway with that kind of ambiguity – whose study is being discussed is vitalinformation.

6. Missing Information. Authors often leave out critical information from theDiscussion section. For example, they might forget to re-state their hypothesis andmotivation, might not tie their work into the larger field of research, might notcompare their work to other’s, might not discuss sources of error . . . in short, theymight not answer all the questions outlined in the “What is a Discussion Section”above. Be sure to discuss everything.


VERSI : LOMBA KARYA TULIS MAHASISWA (DIKTI, 2004)


1.Bagian Awal

2.Bagian Inti

3.Bagian Akhir

KARYA TULIS ILMIAH :


Bagian Awal

•Halaman Judul,

•Lembar Pengesahan,

•Kata Pengantar,

•Daftar Isi dan Daftar lain,

•Ringkasan Karya Tulis


• Pendahuluan

• Telaah Pustaka

• Metoda Penulisan

• Pembahasan

Bagian Inti


Bagian Akhir

• Daftar Pustaka

• Daftar Riwayat Hidup

• Lampiran (Jika diperlukan)


SISTEMATIKA PENULISANBagian Awal (halaman judul,

lembar pengesahan, kata pengantar, daftar isi, ringkasan)

Bagian Inti Bagian Akhir

PENGETIKAN

Tata letak

Pengetikan kalimat

Penomoran halaman


Indikator Bobot Skor

1). Format

2). Kreativitas

3). Topik

4). Data dan Sumber informasi

5). Pembahasan, simpulan, dan transfer gagasan

(Versi LKTM)


Bobot Kriteria

5 Format : tata tulis, pengungkapan (sistematika, ketepatan/kejelasan ungkapan, bahasa)

15 Kreativitas gagasan : komprehensif dan keunikan; struktur gagasan (didukung oleh argumentasi ilmiah)

5 Topik yang dikemukakan : sifat topik (aktual, menangkap perhatian), rumusan judul dan kesesuaian dengan bahasan, aktualitas, kejelasan uraian permasalahan, relevansi topik dengan tema

15 Data dan sumber informasi : relevansi data dan informasi yang diacu (primer/sekunder), keakuratan dan integritas data/informasi, kemampuan menghubungkan berbagai data/informasi

20 Pembahasan, simpulan dan transfer gagasan : kemampuan menganalisis dan mengsistesis serta merumuskan simpulan; kemungkinan/prediksi transfer gagasan dan proses adopsi

CONTOH PENILAIAN


RINGKASAN KAIDAH PENULISAN...

1. Judul : Singkat

2. Penulis : Lengkap dengan alamat

3. Ringkasan : Ringkaslah permasalahan dan pemecahannya

4. Pendahuluan : (Latar belakang & tujuan) seperlunya tapi jelas

5. Metoda : Sejelas mungkin (orang lain dapat mengulangi)

6. Hasil dan : Sejelas mungkin (tampilkan hasil dan bahas) Pembahasan

7. Kesimpulan : Sesingkat mungkin tapi jelas

8. Pustaka : Rujuklah sumber informasi dan tulis dengan cermat




a) Penulisan angka, lambang, istilah dan tata nama

ilmiah

b) Penyajian ilustrasi :

- Tabel

- Gambar

- Grafik

- Diagram alir

c) Penulisan kepustakaan

d) Pelengkap (Pengantar, Ucapan terima kasih, dll.)

Selalu lihat panduan !!!

RINGKASAN KAIDAH PENULISAN...

ibu tineke penulisan karya ilmiah.pkmt

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