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IIIDDDEEENNNTTTIIIFFFIIICCCAAATTTIIIOOONNNGGGUUUIIIDDDEEE

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Copyright 2003All rights reserved. This publication may only be reproduced forpersonal and educational use.

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SSSCCCOOOPPPEEE

This document is used to define projectile point typologies common to theColumbia Plateau, covering the region from Priest Rapids to the Columbia Gorge.When employed, recognition of a specified typology is understood as definewithin the body of this document.

This document does not intend to cover, describe or define all typologies foundwithin the region. This document will present several recognized typologies fromthe region. In several cases, a typology may extend beyond the ColumbiaPlateau region.

Definitions are based upon research and records derived from consultation with;and information obtained from collectors and authorities. They are subject torevision as further experience and investigation may show is necessary ordesirable.

This document is authorized for distribution in an electronic format throughselected organizations. This document is free for personal and educational use.

RRREEECCCOOOGGGNNNIIITTTIIIOOONNN

A special thanks for contributions given to:

Ben Stermer - Technical ContributionsBill Jackson - Technical ContributionsJoel Castanza - ImagesMark Berreth - Images, Technical ContributionsRandy McNeice - ImagesRodney Michel - Images, Technical ContributionsTony Hardie - Images

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TTTAAABBBLLLEEE OOOFFF CCCOOONNNTTTEEENNNTTTSSS

SEQUENCE OF PROJECTILE POINTS 4

TYPOLOGIES

CASCADE 5

COLD SPRINGS 7

COLUMBIA PLATEAU 8

MULE EAR (KNIFE) 11

DESERT SERIES 14

HELL'S CANYON 15

KLICKITAT DAGGER 17

LIND COULEE 18

PLATEAU PENTAGONAL 20

QUILOMENE BAR 22

RABBIT ISLAND 24

SNAKE RIVER 26

SPEDIS 27

WALLULA 29

WAHMUZA 31

PIONEERING COLLECTORSOF THE NORTHWEST 32

LITERATURE ON THECOLUMBIA PLATEAU REGION 34

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SSSEEEQQQUUUEEENNNCCCEEE OOOFFF PPPRRROOOJJJEEECCCTTTIIILLLEEE PPPOOOIIINNNTTTSSSPRESENT

HISTORIC PHASE

400 BPHELL'S

CANYONWALLULA COL.

PLATEAUKLIKATAT

DESERT

CLASSIC PHASE

700 BP HELL'SCANYON

WALLULA COL.PLATEAU

MULE EAR PLATEAUPENT.

Wahmuza DESERT

DEVLOPMENTALPHASE

1,600 BP HELL'SCANYON

WALLULA SNAKERIVER

Wahmuza

TRANSITIONALPHASE

2,300 BP SNAKERIVER

QUILOMENE

LATE ARCHAICPHASE

3,500 BP RABBIT IS.SNAKERIVER

CASCADE QUILOMENE

MIDDLE ARCHAICPHASE

5,500 BP COLDSPRINGS

RABBIT IS. CASCADE QUILOMENE

EARLY ARCHAICPHASE

8,000 BP COLDSPRINGS SPEDIS CASCADE QUILOMENE

PALEO PHASE

12,000 BP -10,00 BP LINDCOULEE

SPEDIS

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CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEEEEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 888000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 333555000000 BBBPPP

CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEECascade Type (A) is a common variant ofthe classic Cascade projectile point. It is abroad, often thick lanceolate point with arounded to pointed base. Flaking patternsare variable to mixed, although collateraland transverse flaking is present. Serratedmargins are common, but not nearly asfrequent as on the Cascade Type (C) variant.Cross-sections are usually biconvex orplanoconvex, but trapezoidal cross-sectionsare common, and diamond cross-sectionsalso occur.

Cascade Type (B) - is a slender lanceolatepoint with a slightly concave base. It is thinwith a regular outline and cross-section,which creates a delicate appearance. Flakingpatterns are variable to mixed. Serratedmargins occur, and cross-sections areplanoconvex, biconvex and trapezoidal.

Cascade Type (C) - is a slender lanceolatepoint with a markedly contracting basalmargin. Flaking patterns are generallyvariable, although tending toward mixed.Fine collateral flaking does occur. Serratedmargins are common. Cross-sections areprimarily biconvex, but the Cascade Type(C) specimens show markedly higherfrequencies of diamond and trapezoidalcross-sections than Cascade Type (A) andType (B) variants.

Also Referred to: Cascade Leaf

Defined by: Butler (1961 Old Cordilleran Culture of the Pacific Northwest).

Type Sites:Indian Well (Butler 1961)Weis Rockshelter (Butler 1962)Marmes Rockshelter - 45FR50(Rice 1969, 1972)

.

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CCCAAASSSCCCAAADDDEEECCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 888000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 333555000000 BBBPPP

PETRAFIED WOODCOLUMBIA RIVER

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA RIVER

CHALCEDONYBERRETH COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYROOSEVELT, WA

BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER

BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER

CHALCEDONYWA

JASPERWA

JASPER"DR STEWART"

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CCCOOOLLLDDD SSSPPPRRRIIINNNGGGSSSCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000000 BBBPPP

CCCOOOLLLDDD SSSPPPRRRIIINNNGGGSSSThe Cold Springs Side-notched point iscommonly found with Cascade type variants.It is a large to medium sized point with deepto shallow lateral notches. Outline andproportions differ markedly, as doestreatment of the basal margins. Contractinglateral basal margins produce a decidedlylanceolate outline, while straight lateralmargins may indicate creation on atriangular blank. Cold Spring Side-notchedpoints will generally have notches placedhigher on the lateral margins and are neverbasally notched. Flaking pattern is usuallyvariable, though mixed and collateral flakingdo occur. Cross-sections are predominantlybiconvex, though specimens withplanoconvex and trapezoidal cross-sectionsare found.

Identified by: J. Shiner (1961 The McNary Reservoir)Redefined by: B. Butler (1962 Contributions to the Prehistory of theColumbia Plateau)

Type Sites:Cold Springs (Shiner 1961)Weis Rockshelter (Butler 1962)

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER

BROWN BASALTBERRETH

COLLECTION

BASALTBERRETH

COLLECTION

BASALTBERRETH

COLLECTION

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER"PIPKIN"

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CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUUCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000 BBBPPP

CCCooollluuummmbbbiiiaaa PPPlllaaattteeeaaauuuColumbia Plateau Type (A) - Are delicate,elongate triangular forms with sharplypointed, downward projecting barbs, andsmall, narrow expanding stems. Type Avariant examples are long and narrow, withgenerally straight to very slightly concavelateral blade margins. Squared barbs occur,but are not massive in proportion to pointsize. Flaking patterns are primarily mixed,but may include variable and uniform.Cross-sections are biconvex and veryregular. These points are most common inthe lower Columbia River drainage.

Columbia Plateau Type (B) - Are very similarto Type A variants, except for more openbasal notches, a lack of squared barbs, andconcave lateral blade margins.

Columbia Plateau Type (C) - Are similar toboth Type A and Type B variants. These aresmall, delicate triangular forms withdistinctive basal notches and barbs. Theytend to be smaller and squatter than A andB forms, have open basal notches, andbarbs that expand laterally rather thanprojecting downward. Lateral blade marginsare variable, but tend to straight. Flakingpatterns are predominantly variable,although examples of uniform and mixedoccur. Cross-sections are biconvex, althoughplanoconvex is represented.Also Referred to: Columbia Stemmed

Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1952 Arch. Investigations inthe Chief Joseph Reservoir)

Type Sites:Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982).

Plateaus found in the CascadeLocks area, between Hood Riverand Portland, usually have amore rounded base.

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CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYDALLES, OR

(BIFURCATED)MCNEICE

COLLECTION

TRANSLUCENTCHALCEDONY

(SINGLE BARB)MCNEICE

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA

RIVERMCNEICE

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYMCNEICE

COLLECTION

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVERMCNEICE

COLLECTION

AGATEPASCO, WA

JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERPLYMOUTH, WA"CARMICHAEL"

AGATEPASCO, WA

(BIFURCATED)

CHALCEDONYMCNEICE

COLLECTION

AGATECOLUMBIA

RIVER

JASPERKENNEWICK, WA

"TYRRELL"

AGATEWA

"COWELS"

AGATEPRIEST RAPIDS,

WA(BIFURCATED)

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION


BROWN BASALTPERFORMCOLUMBIA

RIVER

CHALCEDONYSINGLE BARB(BIFURCATED)

JASPER/AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

(BIFURCATED)

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CHALCEDONYALDERDALE, WA

"WERNEX"

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERMCNEICE

COLLECTION

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER

JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION(BIFURCATED)

JASPERBERRETH


CHALCEDONYBERRETH


JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION

GOLDEN AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERBERRETH


PURPLE/WHITEAGATE

BERRETHCOLLECTION


MCNEICECOLLECTION

JASPERMCNEICE

COLLECTION


MCNEICECOLLECTION

CARNELIANAGATE

MCNEICECOLLECTION

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER

JASPERMCNEICE

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYMCNEICE

COLLECTION

AGATEMCNEICE

COLLECTION

CARNELIANAGATE

COLUMBIARIVER

AGATEMCNEICE

COLLECTION

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER

AGATEMCNEICE

COLLECTION

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MMMUUULLLEEE EEEAAARRR (((KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 777000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP

MMMuuullleee EEEaaarrr KKKnnniiifffeeeA small to medium size triangularknife form, with straight to convexblade margins. Basal margin isconcave to V-Shaped. Basalcorners are pointed to rounded. Flaking patterns are variable, buttend toward regular. A cross-section is usually biconvex.

Also Referred to: Columbia Mule Ear

Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1961The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-ColumbianValley)

Type Sites:Sheep Island Site (Osborne, Crabtree, Bryan)

The Mule Ear Knife is locallynamed for the shape it takes afterrepeated resharpening. This bladetype is attributed to the UmatillaTribe.

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JASPERPASCO, WA

JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA

JASPERTHE DALLES, OR

CHALCEDONYWAKEMAP MOUND

MCNEICE COLLECTION"CYRIL DAVIS"





JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER

MCNEICE COLLECTION

JASPER"DR STEWART"

HEATH COLLECTION

JASPERBIGGS JUNC., OR

HEATH COLLECTION



HEATH COLLECTION



JASPER"DR STEWART"

CHALCEDONYCOLUMBIA RIVER

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OPALIZED WOODDALLES, OR

"DR STEWART"HEATH COLLECTION



"STEWART"


"LES PARKER"HEATH COLLECTION



PETRIFIED WOODDALLES, OR




JASPER"DR STEWART"

HEATH COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYJOHN DAY, OR"JIM GAINS"

HEATH COLLECTION

JASPERCOLUMBIA RIVER"DR STEWART"





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DDDEEESSSEEERRRTTT SSSEEERRRIIIEEESSSCCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 000 BBBPPP

DDDeeessseeerrrttt GGGeeennneeerrraaalll /// SSSiiieeerrrrrraaaA small side-notched triangular point andgenerally have the notches placed lower on thelateral margins. Basal treatment on these formsis variable, with markedly convex, concave andnotched bases, and straight to contractinglateral basal margins. These are small, delicatepoints, usually highly symmetrical, and oftenexhibiting a characteristic winged appearance.Flaking pattern is variable. Serrated blademargins occur. Cross-sections are almostentirely biconvex.General sub-type designated by: (Baumhoff and Byrne 1959)

Also Referred to: Plateau Side-notched Desert Side-notched Columbia Side-notched

FROM THE DR. STEWART COLL.FORMER HARDIE / MICHEL

DESERT DELTAAGATE

DALLES, OR

DESERTGENERALBASALT

PASCO, WA

DESERT DELTACHALCEDONY

OR

DESERT SIERRACHALCEDONY

COLUMBIARIVER

DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIAN

HOOD RIVER, OR

DESERT DELTACHALCEDONY

COLUMBIARIVER

DESERT DELTAOBSIDIAN

OR

DESERTGENERALBASALT

PASCO, WA

DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

DESERT DELTAJAPSER

OR


RIVER

DESERTGENERALBASALT

DESERTGENERALJASPER

DESERT SIERRAOBSIDIAN

HOOD RIVER, OR


RIVER


RIVER

DESERTGENERALOBSIDIAN

"DR. STEWART"

DESERTGENERALJASPER

"DR. STEWART"

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HHHEEELLLLLL'''SSS CCCAAANNNYYYOOONNNDDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111222000000 BBBPPP TTTOOO 222000000 BBBPPP

HHHeeellllll'''sss CCCaaannnyyyooonnnHell's Canyon Basal-Notched - A small tomedium-size dart point with deep basal notches,angling diagonally upward to create amoderately expanded stem. The blade has atriangular, thin and carefully flaked form. Blademargins range from recurved to slightlyincurvate, straight or excurvate. Notches arenarrow and parallel-sided. The Barbs tend to bebroad, rectangular in outline, terminating inrounded or squared ends. Flaking patterns arevariable, but tend toward regular to mixed.Cross-sections are usually biconvex.

Hell's Canyon Corner-Notched - A small dartpoint with an overall ovate form. The Bladeregion is triangular with straight to excurvatemargins; shoulders are barbed and are typicallyrounded. The Stem is typically short andslightly to prominently expanded. Basalmargins are straight to convex. The expandedstem has rounded basal corners. Flakingpatterns are variable, but tend toward regular tomixed. Cross-sections are usually biconvex.

Defined by W. Cladwell, O. Mallory (1967)

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HHHEEELLLLLL'''SSS CCCAAANNNYYYOOONNNDDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 111222000000 BBBPPP TTTOOO 222000000 BBBPPP

JASPER/AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERDALLES,OR

JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION


AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER

BROWN BASALTPERFORMBERRETH

COLLECTION

JASPERBERRETH

COLLECTION

OPALIZED WOODCOLUMBIA RIVER

JASPERSAUVIES ISLANDMERRYBELL SITE,

MU-9

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KKKLLLIIICCCKKKIIITTTAAATTT DDDAAAGGGGGGEEERRRHHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 333000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000 BBBPPP

KKKllliiiccckkkiiitttaaattt DDDaaaggggggeeerrrA small well-made arrow point with along, narrow blade and straight, convexor recurved blade margins. Shortlateral tangs at the juncture of the bladeand shoulder are common. Mostexamples exhibit a diamond-shapedstem. Notches are broad and shallow.Also Referred to: Klickitat

Locally Named by Regional Collectors

Region:Lower Columbia River from the Cowlitz River to theYakima River in Washington.

MOON AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

CARNELIANAGATE

MCNEICECOLLECTION

PETRAFIEDWOOD

DALLES, OR

JASPER JASPERPLYMOUTH IS.,

WA"CARMICHAEL"

JASPERALDERDALE, WA

"ADAMS"

MOON AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHERT CHERT CHALCEDONYWAKEMAPMOUND

MCNEICECOLLECTION

"CYRIL DAVIS"

AGATECOLUMBIA

RIVER"STEWART"

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LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEEPPPAAALLLEEEOOO --- 111000,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 999,,,000000000 BBBPPP

LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEELind Coulee Type (A) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with weak roundedshoulders, tapered stem and a convexbase. Basal grinding may be present.Flaking patterns are variable to mixed,although collateral and transverseflaking is present. It is thin and cross-sections are biconvex.

Lind Coulee Type (B) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with sharp lateral shoulders,tapered stem and a convex base. Basalgrinding may be present. Flakingpatterns are variable to mixed, althoughcollateral and transverse flaking ispresent. It is thin and cross-sectionsare biconvex.

Lind Coulee Type (C) - A well made,medium sized, leaf shape-stemmedlanceolate with weak to sharp lateralshoulders, parallel-sided stem and aconvex base. Basal grinding may bepresent. Flaking patterns are variable tomixed, although collateral andtransverse flaking is present. It is thinand cross-sections are biconvex.

Identified & Described by: R. Daugherty (1956 Archaeology of theLind Coulee Site, Washington. Proceeding of the AmericanPhilosophical Society)

Type Sites:Lind Coulee (Daugherty 1956)

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LLLIIINNNDDD CCCOOOUUULLLEEEEEEPPPAAALLLEEEOOO --- 111000,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 999,,,000000000 BBBPPP

TYPE AAGATE

LIND COULEE SITE, WA - WSU

TYPE CAGATE


TYPE BBASALT


TYPE AAGATE

BERRETH COLLECTION

TYPE BJASPER

DALLES, OR

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CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA RRRIIIVVVEEERRR PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU PPPEEENNNTTTAAAGGGOOONNNAAALLL KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE(((AAAKKKAAA --- WWWAAASSSCCCOOO KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))

CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 444000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP

PPPlllaaattteeeaaauuu PPPeeennntttaaagggooonnnaaalllA small to medium size, five-sidedtriangular knife with straight toconvex blade margins. The basalmargin is straight to slightlyconvex. Flaking patterns arevariable, but tend toward regular.Cross-sections are usuallybiconvex.Also Referred to: Wasco Knife

Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1961The Sheep Island Site and the Mid-ColumbianValley)

Type Sites:Sheep Island Site (Osborne, Crabtree, Bryan)

Extremely Large Plateau Pentagonal4" Made of BasaltBerreth Collection

G10 Agate Plateau PentagonalBerreth Collection

-21-

CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA RRRIIIVVVEEERRR PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU PPPEEENNNTTTAAAGGGOOONNNAAALLL KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE(((AAAKKKAAA --- WWWAAASSSCCCOOO KKKNNNIIIFFFEEE)))

CCCLLLAAASSSSSSIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 444000000 BBBPPP tttooo 444000000 BBBPPP

CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA

JASPERPASCO, WA

AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER




AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER

JASPER"DR STEWART"

JASPER"DR STEWART"


OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA RIVER


BIGGS JASPERBERRETH COLLECTION





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QQQUUUIIILLLOOOMMMEEENNNEEE BBBAAARRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO TTTRRRAAANNNSSSIIITTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP

QQQuuuiiilllooommmeeennneee BBBaaarrrQuilomene Bar Corner Notched - Are abig, heavy point, with straight to slightlyconvex lateral blade margins, deep andbroad corner notches, and markedlyexpanding thick stems. Flaking patternsare variable, but tend toward regular.Margins are not serrated. Cross-sectionsare characteristically biconvex, but maybe trapezoidal or irregular.

Quilomene Bar Basal Notched Type (A) -Are thick and heavy, with convex tostraight blade margins that terminate inthick, squared barbs that extend down tothe base of the expanding stem. Flakingpatterns tend to be variable, althoughmixed and uniform flaking will occur.Cross-sections will tend to be regularlybiconvex.

Quilomene Bar Basal Notched Type (B) -Are comparable to Quilomene Bar BasalNotched Type (A), although smaller inoverall size and less square with shorterbarbs. Lohse (1985:353) demonstratedthat B forms are statistically distinct fromA-forms, but these points could beinterpreted as variants within the normalproduction sequence of Quilomene BarBasal-notched points. Flaking patternsare primarily variable, although uniformflaking occurs. Cross-sections arebiconvex. Temporal range is identical tothat defined for Quilomene Bar Basal-notched A.Identified: C. Nelson (1969 Sunset Creek Site)

Type Sites:Marmes Rockshelter - 45FR50 (Rice 1969, 1972);Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)

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QQQUUUIIILLLOOOMMMEEENNNEEE BBBAAARRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO TTTRRRAAANNNSSSIIITTTIIIOOONNNAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP

PETRAFIED WOODVANTAGE, WA

CASTANZA COLLECTION

AGATEBIGGS JUNC., OR

HEATH COLLECTION

AGATEBIGGS JUNC., OR

AGATEBERRETH COLLECTION

PETRAFIEDWOODBIGGS JUNC., OR

AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER

AGATECOLUMBIA RIVER

AGATEBERRETH COLLECTION

-24-

RRRAAABBBBBBIIITTT IIISSSLLLAAANNNDDDMMMIIIDDDDDDLLLEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 444000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000000 BBBPPP

RRRaaabbbbbbiiittt IIIssslllaaannndddRabbit Island Type (A) - is common to theColumbia Plateau c.4000 B.P. It is a distinctive,nicely made, thin triangular form with squareshoulders and well-defined straight to contractingstems. Biconvex cross-sections predominate.Serrated margins are characteristic.Identified: Daugherty (1952 Arch. Investigations in O'Sullivan Reservoir)Identified: R. Crabtree (1957 Two Burial Sites in Central WA)Described: E. Swanson (1962 Emergence of Plateau Culture)Described: C. Nelson (1969 Sunset Creek Site)

Rabbit Island Type (B) - is a smaller and moredelicate version of the Rabbit Island Type (A)point type. It consistently occurs in later culturalcontexts than type A. It is a small triangular pointwith square shoulders, straight to slightlyincurvate lateral blade margins, and sharplycontracting stems. Short lateral tangs at thejuncture of the blade and shoulder are common.Blade margins often are serrated. Flakingpatterns are irregular. Cross-sections arebiconvex.E. Lohse (1985 Rufus Woods Lake Projectile Point Chronology)

Type sites:Shalkop site (Swanson 1962;Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28(Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)

-25-

RRRAAABBBBBBIIITTT IIISSSLLLAAANNNDDDMMMIIIDDDDDDLLLEEE TTTOOO LLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 444000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 222000000000 BBBPPP

JASPERDALLES, OR

JASPERDALLES, OR

JASPERDALLES, OR


CHALCEDONYHARDIE

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYHARDIE

COLLECTION

JASPERSUNDALE, WA"CARMICHAEL"

JASPERALDERDALE, WA

(VARIANT)

BASALTPASCO,WA

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER"BORDEN"

CHALCEDONYFRANKLIN CO,

WA

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVERBERRETH

COLLECTION



AGATE"DR STEWART"

JASPER"DR STEWART"

-26-

SSSNNNAAAKKKEEE RRRIIIVVVEEERRRLLLAAATTTEEE AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC TTTOOO DDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL PPPHHHAAASSSEEE--- 222,,,555000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111,,,000000000 BBBPPP

SSSNNNAAAKKKEEE RRRIIIVVVEEERRRA small to medium size point, withstraight to slightly convex lateralblade margins. Blade marginsoften are serrated. The basalmargin is straight to slightlyconvex to auriculate. Flakingpatterns are variable, but tendtoward regular. Cross-sections areusually biconvex.Defined by: Layton (1970)

Type sites:Various

BROWN BASALTCOLUMBIA RIVER





JASPERBIGGS JUNCTION

JASPERBIGGS JUNCTION

HEATH COLLECTION


AGATE - "DR STEWART"

-27-

SSSPPPEEEDDDIIISSSLLLAAATTTEEE PPPAAALLLEEEOOO TTTOOO EEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 111000,,,000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 888000000000 BBBPPP

SSSpppeeedddiiisssA small to medium size, thin,narrow, lanceolate point with acontracting basal area. Base canbe concave or convex. Someexamples have grinding on thestem margins, some on marginsand the base, others not at all.Form may vary from a ratherFolsomoid form to a nearlyHumboldt configuration, althoughmost are rather small, rarelyexceeding 1.5 inches.

Type is likely named for a petroglyph found here inthe Northwest referred to as a Spedis owl. It is asimple, heart-shape figure with fringed wings, sticklegs and dots for eyes.

-28-

SSSPPPEEEDDDIIISSSLLLAAATTTEEE PPPAAALLLEEEOOO TTTOOO EEEAAARRRLLLYYY AAARRRCCCHHHAAAIIICCC --- 111000,,,000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 888000000000 BBBPPP



"JASPER"COLUMBIA RIVER

CHALCEDONYPASCO, WA

JASPER"DR STEWART"

"JASPER"COLUMBIA RIVER




-29-

WWWAAALLLLLLUUULLLAAADDDEEEVVVEEELLLOOOPPPMMMEEENNNTTTAAALLL TTTOOO HHHIIISSSTTTOOORRRIIICCC PPPHHHAAASSSEEE --- 222000000000 BBBPPP tttooo 111555000000 BBBPPP

WWWaaalllllluuulllaaaAre small, delicate triangular formswith essentially straight blade margins,wide and low corner notches, long andstraight lateral stem margins, andstraight to slightly convex basalmargins. Flaking patterns are variable.Cross-sections tend to be biconvex.Also Referred to: Wallula Rectangular-Stemmed

Described: H.Osborne, R. Crabtree, A. Bryan (1952 Arch.Investigations in the Chief Joseph Reservoir)

Defined: J. Shiner (1961 The McNary Reservoir: A Study inPlateau Arch.)

Type Sites:Sunset Creek Site - 45KT28 (Nelson 1969);Wanapum Dam (Greengo 1982)

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OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

JASPERCOLUMBIA

RIVER

PET. WOODCOLUMBIA

RIVER

AGATEDALLES, OR

MCNEICE COLL

CHALCEDONYBENTON CO.

MCNEICE COLL"COWELS"

JASPERMCNEICE COLL

"BORDEN"

MOSS AGATECOLUMBIA

RIVER

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

OBSIDIANOR

JASPERALDERDALE, WA

JASPERHARDIE

COLLECTION

JASPERWA

OBSIDIANCOLUMBIA

RIVER

MOSS AGATEDALLES, OR

CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYMCNEICE

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

AGATEBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION

CHALCEDONYBERRETH

COLLECTION

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WWWaaahhhmmmuuuzzzaaaA medium size, lanceolate formwith straight to recurved blademargins. The contracting basalmargin is straight to pointed.Grinding along basal margins iscommon. Flaking pattern isusually variable, though mixedcan occur. Cross-sections areusually biconvex.Identified by: J Richard N. Holmer (1986)Defined by: George Frison (1991 Prehistoric Hunters of theHigh Plains)

Type SiteWahmuza Site, ID (Holmer, 1986)


"PIPKIN"


"PIPKIN"

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DDDRRR... RRROOOBBBEEERRRTTT EEE... SSSTTTEEEWWWAAARRRTTTDr. Robert E. Stewart of Goldendale, WA collected NativeAmerican artifacts along the Lower Columbia River in thelate 1800s. His collection grew to become one of thelargest relic and curio assemblages of primitive Indian lifeever collected in the Northwest. A portion of thecollection was displayed in the 1905 Lewis and ClarkExposition in Portland, Oregon.

As early as 1905, brother Warren Stewart began offeringthe huge collection up for sale to various institutions.The University of Washington purchased nearly 20,000assorted pieces from the. Today, much of this purchaseresides at the Burke Museum (Accession 40), whichincludes many stone and bone-tools, as well as historicmetals and trade beads.

A large portion of the Stewart collection remained instorage until 2001 when it was sold via McMillan BrothersAuction Company.

DDDRRR... RRROOOBBBEEERRRTTT EEE... SSSTTTEEEWWWAAARRRTTT

Gene FavellSource: Favell Museum

GGGEEENNNEEE FFFAAAVVVEEELLLLLLGene Favell grew up in Lakeview, OR duringthe great depression. Later, he would go on toserve in the US Navy during World War II.After the war, he relocated to Klamath Fall, OR,where he married. Soon after, his interest inNative American artifacts grew. He spentweekends with his family searching for artifactsin Central OR.

Gene made connections with other collectors inthe area. He purchased and traded with thelikes of Ernest Cowles, Frank Wilke and CharlesMitchell, Guy Gilbert and Jay Perry forColumbia River artifacts.

In 1972 the Favell Museum was opened, wheretoday much of the Favell collection may beseen. In 2002 a small portion of the Favellcollection was sold to generate funds for themuseum.

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PPPIIIOOONNNEEEEEERRRIIINNNGGG CCCOOOLLLLLLEEECCCTTTOOORRRSSS OOOFFF TTTHHHEEE NNNOOORRRTTTHHHWWWEEESSSTTTEEEMMMOOORRRYYY SSSTTTRRROOONNNGGG

Emory Strong was a founding member of the OregonArchaeological Society (OAS), an author and amateurarchaeologist. He was an engineer by vocation with apassion for archaeology. Many archaeologists consider hiswork in site investigations and reporting, emphasizingproper care and recording techniques as his greatestcontributions.

In 1988, during the Gorge Commission, a Mrs. HazelUmtuch requested that the Emory Strong collection ofartifacts to be returned to the Indians (Her ancestors).To date, the collection is still housed in The ColumbiaGorge Interpretive Center located in Stevenson, WA.

Emory StrongSource: The Columbia Gorge Interpretive Center

A FEW FRAMES FROM THEPERRY COLLECTION

Source: East Benton County Historical Museum

JJJaaayyy PPPeeerrrrrryyy

Jay Perry lived in Kennewick, WA and served as countycommissioner for a time. He was one of the pioneers inamateur archaeology of the Columbia basin. Jay Perryspent his life lifetime amassing a collection of the finestGem Points and tools. He hunted and traded widely withcollectors and Native Americans for stone artifacts andtools. He was known to trade a large number of points oreven pay a considerable sum for a single prize piece thathe particularly desired.

Parts of the Jay Perry collection are housed at the Museumof Native American Cultures in Spokane, WA and the GeneFavell Museum in Klamath Falls, OR. However, the largeportion of the collection was displayed for a time at theSacagawea State Park in Pasco, WA but has since beenrelocated and is now displayed for public viewing at theEast Benton County Historical Museum in Kennewick, WA.

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LLLIIITTTEEERRRAAATTTUUURRREEE OOONNN TTTHHHEEE CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU RRREEEGGGIIIOOONNNBrowman, and D. A. Munsell 1969 Columbia Plateau Prehistory: Cultural Development and Impinging Influences, American Antiquity

Butler, B. R 1965 Perspectives on the Prehistory of the Lower Columbia Valley.

Cain, H. T. 1950 Petroglyphs of Central Washington. University of Washington Press

Campbell J. M 1950 Report of an Archaeological Survey Priest Rapids Reservoir State of Washington. Submitted to Mr. Douglas Osborne.

Campbell, S.K. 1984 Research Design for the Chief Joseph Dam Cultural Resources Project.

Chatters, J. C. 1986 The Wells Reservoir Archaeological Project: Vol. 1: Summary of Findings. Central Washington Archaeological Survey.

Chatters, J. C. 1992 "A History of Cultural Resources Management Activity at the U. S. Departments of Energy's Hanford Site, Washington."

Chatters, J. C. 1995 Bison Procurement in the Far West: A 2,100-Year-Old Kill Site on the Columbia Plateau.

Cleveland, G., B. Cochran, J.Giniger, and H. Hammatt.

1976 Archaeological Reconnaissance on the Mid Columbia and Lower Snake River Reservoirs for the Walla Walla District Army Corps ofEngineers.

Cowles, E. 1959 Hunting Artifacts, Screenings, the Oregon Archaeological Society

Cressman, L. S. InCollaboration with D. L. Cole,W. A. Davis, T. M. Newman,and D. J. Scheans.

1960 Cultural Sequences at the Dalles, Oregon: A Contribution to Pacific Northwest Prehistory.

Daugherty, Richard D. 1956 Archaeology of the Lind Coulee Site, Washington.

Den Beste K., and L. DenBeste.

1974 Background and History of the Vernita Site (45BN157).

Drucker, P. 1948 Appraisal of the Archaeological Resources of the McNary Reservoir, Oregon and Washington. Columbia Basin Project. River BasinSurveys.

Dumond, D. E., and R. Minor. 1983 Archaeology inthe John Day Reservoir: The Wildcat Canyon Site, 45GM9.

Galm J. R., F. D. Hartmannand R. A. Masten.

1985 An Archaeological Overview of the Mid-Columbia Study Unit, Benton, Franklin, Klickitat, and Walla Walla Counties, Washington.

Gibson, Eric C. 1984 A Report of Archaeological Investigations at the Two Rivers Site (45BN14), at the Confluence of the Snake and Columbia Rivers.

Greengo, R. E. 1986 Prehistory of the Priest Rapids - Wanapum Region Columbia River, Washington.

Heizer, R.F. and T.R. Hester 1978 Great Basin projectile points: forms and chronology.

Hester, T.R. 1973 Chronological ordering of Great Basin prehistory.

Irwin, Anne M. & Ula Moody 1973 The Lind Coulee Site (45GR97): 1973 Field Season

Irwin, Anne M. & Ula Moody 1974 The Lind Coulee Site (45GR97): 1974 Field Season

Jenkins, Dennis L. & ThomasJ. Connolly.

1994 Archaeological Excavations at the Paquet Gulch Bridge Site: A Pithouse Village in the Deschutes River Basin, SouthwesternColumbia Plateau, Oregon.

Keyser, J. D. 1992 Indian Rock Art of the Columbia Plateau.

Krieger H. W. 1927 Prehistoric Inhabitants of the Columbia River Valley.

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LLLIIITTTEEERRRAAATTTUUURRREEE OOONNN TTTHHHEEE CCCOOOLLLUUUMMMBBBIIIAAA PPPLLLAAATTTEEEAAAUUU RRREEEGGGIIIOOONNNKrieger, H. W. 1928 "A Prehistoric Pit House Village Site at Wahluke, Grant County, Washington."

Lee, W. T. 1955 "An Archaeological Survey of the Columbia Basin Project in Grant County, Washington."

Leonhardy, F. C. and D. G.Rice.

1970 "A Proposed Cultural Typology for the Lower Snake River Region, Southeastern Washington."

Leonhardy, F.C. 1970 Artifact assemblages and archaeological units at Granite Point Locality (45WT41) Southeastern Washington.

Lohse, E.S. 1984 Archaeological investigations at Site 45-OK-il, Chief Joseph Dam Reservoir, Washington.

Lynch, A. J. 1976 An Archaeological Test of an Aboriginal Burial Site Near Richland, Washington.

Mierendorf, R. R. 1983 Stratigraphy at the Miller Site, 45FR5, A Prehistoric Village on Strawberry Island. R.F. Schalk editor. In The 1978 and 1979Excavations at Strawberry Island in the McNary Reservoir.

Nelson, C. M. 1969 The Sunset Creek Site (45-KT-28) and its Place in Plateau Prehistory.

Osborne, H. D. 1949 The Archaeological Investigations Of Two Sites In The McNary Reservoir, Washington.

Osborne, H. D. 1957 Excavations In The McNary Reservoir Near Umatilla, Oregon.

Osborne, H. D., and J. L.Shiner.

1950 River Basin Surveys-State College of Washington Archeological Excavations in the Lower McNary Reservoir, Oregon, 1949.

Osborne, H. D., and J. L.Shiner.

1951 The 1950 Excavations in Two McNary Sites, Washington and Oregon.

Osborne, H.D., R. Crabtree,and A. Bryan

1952 Archaeological investigations in the Chief Joseph Reservoir.

Osborne, Douglas, Alan Bryan& Robert H. Crabtree.

1961 The Sheep Island Site [45 BN 55] and the Mid-Columbia Valley.

Rice, D.G. 1969 Marmes Rockshelter Archaeological Site [WA-FR-50].

Schalk, R. F. 1983 The 1978 and 1979 Excavations at Strawberry Island in the McNary Reservoir.

Shiner, J. L. 1951 The Excavations at Site 35-UM-5 in the McNary Reservoir, Oregon.

Shiner, J. L. 1953 Excavations at Site 35-WS-5 on the Columbia River, Oregon.

Shiner, J. L. 1961 The McNary Reservoir: A Study in Plateau Archaeology.

Smith, H.I. 1905 An Archaeological Expedition to the Columbia Valley.

Smith, W. C. 1977 Archaeological Explorations in the Columbia Basin a Report on the Mesa Project 1973 - 1975.

Strong, E. 1959 Stone Age on the Columbia River.

Strong, Schenck & Steward 1930 Archaeology of the Dalles-Deschutes RegionSwanson, E. H. 1962 The Emergence of Plateau Culture.

Thoms, A.V., S. J. Bobalik, K.Dohm, R. R. Metzger, and D.Olson, S. R. Samuels.

1983 Archaeological Investigations in Upper McNary Reservoir: 1981-1982.

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