hypertensionin pregnancy acog actualización diciembre 2013

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Esta es la actualización sobre criterios y manejo de Sindrome Hipertensivo del embarazo que se han comenzado a usar este año. Publicación actualmente no liberada. Nuevos criterios diagnósticos de preeclampsia Actualización 2013-2014 de sindrome hipertensivo del embarazo ACOG Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización Diciembre 2013

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Page 1: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013
Page 2: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

IN PREGNANCYHYPERTENSION

Page 3: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

Hypertension in Pregnancy was developed by the Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. The information in Hypertension in Pregnancy should not be viewed as a body of rigid rules. The guidelines DUH�JHQHUDO�DQG�LQWHQGHG�WR�EH�DGDSWHG�WR�PDQ\�GLŲHUHQW�VLWXDWLRQV�� WDNLQJ�LQWR�DFFRXQW�WKH�QHHGV�DQG�UHVRXUFHV�SDUWLFXODU�WR�WKH�ORFDOLW\�� WKH�LQVWLWXWLRQ��RU�WKH�W\SH�RI�SUDFWLFH��9DULDWLRQV�DQG�LQQRYDWLRQV�WKDW� improve the quality of patient care are to be encouraged rather than restricted. The purpose of these guidelines will be well served if they SURYLGH�D�ÀUP�EDVLV�RQ�ZKLFK�ORFDO�QRUPV�PD\�EH�EXLOW�

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

$PHULFDQ�&ROOHJH�RI�2EVWHWULFLDQV�DQG�*\QHFRORJLVWV��7DVN�)RUFH�RQ�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�3UHJQDQF\��DXWKRU� Hypertension in pregnancy / developed by the Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-934984-28-4��,��$PHULFDQ�&ROOHJH�RI�2EVWHWULFLDQV�DQG�*\QHFRORJLVWV��LVVXLQJ�ERG\��,,��7LWOH���>'1/0������+\SHUWHQVLRQ��3UHJQDQF\�,QGXFHG³3UDFWLFH�*XLGHOLQH��:4����@ RG575.5������������³GF�� 2013022521

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Contents

Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy v

Endorsements vii

Foreword ix

Executive Summary 1

Chapter 1: Classification of Hypertensive Disorders 13 Preeclampsia–Eclampsia 13 Chronic Hypertension 14� &KURQLF�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�:LWK�6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLD 14 Gestational Hypertension 14 Postpartum Hypertension 15

Chapter 2: Establishing the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia 17 Preeclampsia 17 Eclampsia 19

Chapter 3: Prediction of Preeclampsia 21 'HÀQLWLRQ�RI�DQ�,GHDO�3UHGLFWLYH�7HVW 21 Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Preeclampsia 21 3UHGLFWLRQ�RI�3UHHFODPSVLD�8VLQJ�8WHULQH�$UWHU\�'RSSOHU�9HORFLPHWU\ 22 Prediction of Preeclampsia Using Biomarkers 22 3UHGLFWLRQ�RI�$GYHUVH�2XWFRPHV�LQ�3DWLHQWV�:LWK�*HVWDWLRQDO�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�DQG� Preeclampsia 23 Clinical Considerations 23

Chapter 4: Prevention of Preeclampsia 27 Antiplatelet Agents 27 $QWLR[LGDQW�6XSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�:LWK�9LWDPLQ�&�DQG�9LWDPLQ�( 28 Other Nutritional Interventions 28

iii

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Dietary Salt Intake 29 /LIHVW\OH�0RGLÀFDWLRQV 29

Chapter 5: Management of Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome 31 Antepartum Management 31 Intrapartum Management 34 Severe Preeclampsia 36 Route of Delivery in Preeclampsia 40 Eclampsia 40 HELLP Syndrome 41 Anesthetic Considerations 42 Postpartum Hypertension and Preeclampsia 43

Chapter 6: Management of Women With Prior Preeclampsia 47 Preconception Management 47 Antepartum Management 49

Chapter 7: Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy and Superimposed Preeclampsia 51 Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy 51 Superimposed Preeclampsia 61 0DQDJHPHQW�RI�:RPHQ�:LWK�&KURQLF�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�WKH�3RVWSDUWXP�3HULRG 65

Chapter 8: Later-Life Cardiovascular Disease in Women With Prior Preeclampsia 71

Chapter 9: Patient Education 73 Importance of Patient Education 73 Patient Education Strategies 74 Patient Education Barriers 75

Chapter 10: State of the Science and Research Recommendations 79 Fundamental Advances in the Understanding of Preeclampsia 79 Summary of Fundamental Research Recommendations by the Task Force 83

iv CONTENTS

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v

Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy

James M. Roberts, MD, Chair ,QYHVWLJDWRU�0DJHH�:RPHQV�5HVHDUFK�,QVWLWXWH3URIHVVRU��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�2EVWHWULFV��*\QHFRORJ\�DQG�5HSURGXFWLYH�6FLHQFHV��(SLGHPLRORJ\�DQG�&OLQLFDO�Translational Research

University of Pittsburgh3LWWVEXUJK��3$�

Phyllis A. August, MD, MPH Professor of Medicine in Obstetrics and GynecologyNew York Presbyterian :HLOO�&RUQHOO�3K\VLFLDQV�1HZ�<RUN��1<�

George Bakris, MD Professor of Medicine'LUHFWRU��&RPSUHKHQVLYH�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�&HQWHUUniversity of Chicago&KLFDJR��,/

John R. Barton, MD 'LUHFWRU��0DWHUQDO�)HWDO�0HGLFLQH�%DSWLVW�+HDOWK�/H[LQJWRQ�/H[LQJWRQ��.<�

Ira M. Bernstein, MD -RKQ�9DQ6LFNOHQ�0DHFN�3URIHVVRU�DQG�&KDLU 'HSDUWPHQW�RI�2EVWHWULFV��*\QHFRORJ\�DQG�Reproductive Sciences

Senior Associate Dean for Research 8QLYHUVLW\�RI�9HUPRQW%XUOLQJWRQ��97

Maurice Druzin, MDProfessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology and

Maternal-Fetal Medicine Stanford University6WDQIRUG��&$�

Robert R. Gaiser, MD Professor of Anesthesiology and Critical Care University of Pennsylvania3KLODGHOSKLD��3$

Joey P. Granger, PhD Billy S. Guyton Distinguished ProfessorProfessor of Physiology and Medicine'LUHFWRU��&HQWHU�IRU�([FHOOHQFH�LQ�&DUGLRYDVFXODU�

Renal Research'HDQ��6FKRRO�RI�*UDGXDWH�6WXGLHV�LQ�+HDOWK�6FLHQFHV�University of Mississippi Medical Center -DFNVRQ��06�

Arun Jeyabalan, MD, MS $VVRFLDWH�3URIHVVRU��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�2EVWHWULFV��

Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences University of Pittsburgh

3LWWVEXUJK��3$�

Donna D. Johnson, MD Lawrence L. Hester Professor and Chair

Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyMedical University of South Carolina &KDUOHVWRQ��6&�

Page 7: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

vi TASK FORCE ON HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY

S. Ananth Karumanchi, MDAssociate Professor of MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterHarvard Medical School%RVWRQ��0$�

Marshall D. Lindheimer, MD 3URIHVVRU�(PHULWXV��'HSDUWPHQWV�RI�2EVWHWULFV��*\QHFRORJ\��0HGLFLQH��DQG�&RPPLWWHH�RQ�&OLQLFDO�Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics

University of Chicago &KLFDJR��,/�

Michelle Y. Owens, MD, MS Associate Professor9LFH�&KDLU�RI�2EVWHWULFV�DQG�*\QHFRORJ\University of Mississippi Medical Center -DFNVRQ��06�

George R. Saade, MD 3URIHVVRU��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�2EVWHWULFV�DQG�*\QHFRORJ\�'LUHFWRU��'LYLVLRQ�RI�0DWHUQDO�)HWDO�0HGLFLQH8QLYHUVLW\�RI�7H[DV�0HGLFDO�%UDQFK�*DOYHVWRQ��7;�

Baha M. Sibai, MD 3URIHVVRU��'HSDUWPHQW�RI�2EVWHWULFV��*\QHFRORJ\�DQG�

Reproductive Sciences8QLYHUVLW\�RI�7H[DV�+HDOWK�6FLHQFH�&HQWHU�+RXVWRQ��7;

Catherine Y. Spong, MD 'LUHFWRU��([WUDPXUDO�5HVHDUFK�Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child +HDOWK�DQG�+XPDQ�'HYHORSPHQW��1DWLRQDO�Institutes of Health

%HWKHVGD��0'�

Eleni Tsigas([HFXWLYH�'LUHFWRU�Preeclampsia Foundation0HOERXUQH��)/

James N. Martin Jr, MD([�2űFLR�7DVN�)RUFH�0HPEHU3DVW�3UHVLGHQW��$PHULFDQ�&ROOHJH�RI�2EVWHWULFLDQV�

and Gynecologists and American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (2011–2012)

9LFH�&KDLU��5HVHDUFK�DQG�$FDGHPLF�'HYHORSPHQW'LUHFWRU��'LYLVLRQ�RI�0DWHUQDO�)HWDO�0HGLFLQHUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center -DFNVRQ��06

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Staff

*HUDOG�)��-RVHSK�-U��0'��9LFH�3UHVLGHQW�RI�3UDFWLFH�Activities

1DQF\�2·5HLOO\��0+6Alyssa Politzer6DUDK�6RQ��03+.DULQD�1JDL]D�

Conflict of Interest Disclosures 7KH�IROORZLQJ�WDVN�IRUFH�PHPEHUV�UHSRUWHG�QR�ÀQDQFLDO�UHODWLRQVKLSV�RU�SRWHQWLDO�FRQÁLFWV�RI�LQWHUHVW�WR�GLVFORVH��-DPHV�0��5REHUWV��0'��,UD�0��%HUQVWHLQ��0'��0DXULFH�'UX]LQ��0'��5REHUW�5��*DLVHU��0'��-RH\�3��*UDQJHU��3K'��$UXQ�-H\DEDODQ��0'��'RQQD�'��-RKQVRQ��0'��0DUVKDOO�/LQGKHLPHU��0'��0LFKHOOH�<��2ZHQV��0'��06�� *HRUJH�5��6DDGH��0'��&DWKHULQH�<��6SRQJ��0'��DQG�(OHQL�7VLJDV�

*HRUJH�%DNULV��0'��KDV�,QYHVWLJDWRU�,QLWLDWHG�JUDQWV�IURP�7DNHGD�DQG�&95[�SDLG�GLUHFWO\�WR�WKH�8QLYHUVLW\� RI�&KLFDJR��+H�UHFHLYHG�D�VDODU\�IRU�EHLQJ�1DWLRQDO�&OLQLFDO�7ULDO�3ULQFLSDO�,QYHVWLJDWRU�IRU�0HGWURQLF�������� 5HO\SVD��������WKH�SHUFHQWDJH�LV�VDODU\�VXSSRUW���+H�LV�D�FRQVXOWDQW�IRU�7DNHGD��$EERWW��&95[��-RKQVRQ -RKQVRQ��(OL�/LOO\��'DLFKL�6DQN\R��%RHUKLQJHU�,QJHOKHLP��DQG�WKH�8�6��)RRG�DQG�'UXJ�$GPLQLVWUDWLRQ��+H�LV�DQ�HGLWRU�IRU�WKH�$PHULFDQ�-RXUQDO�RI�1HSKURORJ\�DQG�WKH�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�VHFWLRQ�RI�8S7R'DWH��DQG�DQ�DVVRFLDWH�HGLWRU�IRU�'LDEHWHV�&DUH�DQG�1HSKURORJ\�'LDO\VLV�DQG�7UDQVSODQWDWLRQ��-RKQ�5��%DUWRQ��0'��SURYLGHV�UHVHDUFK�VXSSRUW�WR�$OHUH�DQG�%HFNPDQ�&RXOWHU��6��$QDQWK�.DUXPDQFKL��0'��KDV�VHUYHG�DV�FRQVXOWDQW�WR�%HFNPDQ�&RXOWHU��5RFKH�DQG�6LHPHQV��KDV�D�ÀQDQFLDO�LQWHUHVW�LQ�$JJDPLQ�7KHUDSHXWLFV�//&��&R��DQG�LV�DQ�LQYHQWRU�RQ�SDWHQWV�UHODWHG�WR�SUHHFODPSVLD�ELRPDUNHUV�KHOG�E\�%HWK�,VUDHO�'HDFRQHVV�0HGLFDO�&HQWHU��%DKD�0��6LEDL��0'��LV�D�FRQVXOWDQW� IRU�$OHUH�:RPHQ·V�+HDOWK�ZKR�LV�LQYHVWLJDWLQJ�D�ELRPDUNHU�IRU�SUHHFODPSVLD��

Page 8: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

Endorsements

7KH�IROORZLQJ�SURIHVVLRQDO�RUJDQL]DWLRQV�KDYH�UHYLHZHG��HQGRUVHG��DQG�VXSSRUW�WKLV�UHSRUW�

American Academy of Physician Assistants American Academy of Neurology*American College of Occupational and Environmental MedicineAmerican Optometric AssociationAmerican Osteopathic AssociationAmerican Society of HypertensionPreeclampsia FoundationSociety for Maternal-Fetal Medicine

vii

�7KH�$PHULFDQ�$FDGHP\�RI�1HXURORJ\�KDV�DűUPHG�WKH�YDOXH�RI�WKLV�UHSRUW��3OHDVH�VHH�WKH�$PHULFDQ�$FDGHP\�RI�Neurology Guideline Endorsement Policy for further information.

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Page 10: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

Foreword

+\SHUWHQVLYH�GLVRUGHUV�RI�SUHJQDQF\�� LQFOXGLQJ�SUH-HFODPSVLD�� FRPSOLFDWH� XS� WR� ���� RI� SUHJQDQFLHV�ZRUOGZLGH��FRQVWLWXWLQJ�RQH�RI�WKH�JUHDWHVW�FDXVHV�RI�maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality ZRUOGZLGH��,Q�HDUO\�������DV�WKH���QG�3UHVLGHQW�(OHFW�of the American College of Obstetricians and Gyne-cologists (the College) and the American Congress of 2EVWHWULFLDQV� DQG�*\QHFRORJLVWV�� ,� GHFLGHG� WR�PDNH�this issue a Presidential Initiative for the following reasons:

• The incidence of preeclampsia has increased by 25% in the United States during the past two decades (1).

• Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and SHULQDWDO�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\��ZLWK�DQ�HVWLPDWHG�������²������� SUHHFODPSVLD�UHODWHG� GHDWKV� SHU�year worldwide (2��3).

• For every preeclampsia-related death that occurs LQ� WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�� WKHUH� DUH�SUREDEO\���²����RWKHU�ZRPHQ�ZKR�H[SHULHQFH�´QHDU�PLVVµ�VLJQLÀ-cant maternal morbidity that stops short of death EXW�VWLOO�UHVXOWV�LQ�VLJQLÀFDQW�KHDOWK�ULVN�DQG�KHDOWK�care cost (4� 5).

�� :KDW�FDQ�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�´OHVV�WKDQ�RSWLPDO��FDUH�RI�patients with preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy reportedly occurs with some IUHTXHQF\�ZRUOGZLGH��FRQWULEXWLQJ�WR�PDWHUQDO�DQG�perinatal injury that might have been avoidable (6).

• Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are major contributors to prematurity.

• Preeclampsia is a risk factor for future cardiovascu-lar disease and metabolic disease in women.

�� 'HVSLWH�FRQVLGHUDEOH�UHVHDUFK��WKH�HWLRORJ\�RI�SUH-eclampsia remains unclear.

�� :LWKLQ� WKH�SDVW����\HDUV�� VXEVWDQWLDO�DGYDQFHV� LQ�the understanding of preeclampsia pathophysiology DV�ZHOO� DV� LQFUHDVHG�HŲRUWV� WR�REWDLQ�HYLGHQFH� WR�JXLGH�WKHUDS\�KDYH�HPHUJHG��+RZHYHU��WKLV�LQIRU-mation has not translated into improved clinical practice.

• New best practice recommendations are greatly needed to guide clinicians in the care of women with all forms of preeclampsia and hypertension WKDW� RFFXU� GXULQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� SDUWLFXODUO\�ZRPHQ�with acute severe hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia. Also needed is a system for continu-ally updating these guidelines and integrating them into daily obstetric practice.

�� ,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�VHYHUH�IRUPV�RI�SUH-eclampsia continues to challenge clinicians.

• Improved patient education and counseling strate-JLHV� DUH� QHHGHG� WR� FRQYH\�PRUH� HŲHFWLYHO\� WKH� dangers of preeclampsia and hypertension and the importance of early detection to women with vary-ing degrees of health literacy.

• Research on preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in both the laboratory and clinical arenas requires continued emphasis and funding.

ix

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x FOREWORD

� 7R�DGGUHVV� WKHVH� LPSRUWDQW� LVVXHV�� WKH�7DVN�)RUFH�RQ�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�3UHJQDQF\��FRPSRVHG�RI����H[SHUWV�LQ� WKH� ÀHOGV� RI� REVWHWULFV�� PDWHUQDO²IHWDO� PHGLFLQH��K\SHUWHQVLRQ��LQWHUQDO�PHGLFLQH��QHSKURORJ\��DQHVWKH-VLRORJ\��SK\VLRORJ\��DQG�SDWLHQW�DGYRFDF\��ZDV�FUHDWHG�and charged with three tasks: 1) summarize the cur-rent state of knowledge about preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders in pregnancy by reviewing and JUDGLQJ� WKH� TXDOLW\� RI� WKH� H[WDQW� ZRUOG� OLWHUDWXUH�� 2) translate this information into practice guidelines for health care providers who treat obstetric patients DŲHFWHG�E\�WKHVH�GLVRUGHUV��DQG����LGHQWLI\�DQG�SULRUL-tize the most compelling areas of laboratory and clini-cal research to bridge gaps in our current knowledge. Members of the task force met three times over 9 months during 2011 and 2012 at the College head-TXDUWHUV� LQ� :DVKLQJWRQ�� '&�� 7KH\� VSHQW� FRXQWOHVV�additional hours writing and deliberating to achieve consensus on the practice recommendations that fol-ORZ�LQ�WKH�([HFXWLYH�6XPPDU\��

I am deeply grateful to each member of the Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy for their hard work and dedication to this important endeavor.

References

� ���:DOOLV�$%��6DIWODV�$)��+VLD�-��$WUDVK�+.��6HFXODU�WUHQGV�LQ�WKH�UDWHV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��HFODPSVLD��DQG�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHU� WHQVLRQ�� 8QLWHG� 6WDWHV�� ����²������ $P� -� +\SHUWHQV�2008;21:521–6. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ��7KH�ZRUOG�KHDOWK�UHSRUW��������PDNH�HYHU\�PRWKHU�DQG�FKLOG�FRXQW��*HQHYD��:+2��2005. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2005/whr 2005_en.pdf��5HWULHYHG�0DUFK�����������A

3. Duley L. Maternal mortality associated with hypertensive GLVRUGHUV�RI�SUHJQDQF\�LQ�$IULFD��$VLD��/DWLQ�$PHULFD�DQG�the Caribbean. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992;99:547–53. >3XE0HG@ A

,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� ,� ZRXOG� OLNH� WR� JLYH� VSHFLDO� WKDQNV� WR� Dr. James M. Roberts of the University of Pittsburgh’s 0DJHH�:RPHQV� 5HVHDUFK� ,QVWLWXWH� IRU� KLV� VXSHUE�OHDGHUVKLS� RI� WKH� WDVN� IRUFH� DQG� WR� 1DQF\� 2·5HLOO\��6HQLRU�'LUHFWRU�RI�3UDFWLFH�%XOOHWLQV��DQG�'U��*HUDOG�)��-RVHSK�-U��9LFH�3UHVLGHQW�RI�3UDFWLFH�$FWLYLWLHV��DW�WKH�College for their support throughout the process.(ŲRUWV�DUH�QRZ�XQGHUZD\�WR�DFKLHYH�JOREDO�FRQVHQ-

sus on best practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. It is my fervent hope that the work of the Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy VHUYHV�DV�D�VSULQJERDUG�WR�WKHVH�HŲRUWV�DQG�XOWLPDWHO\�translates into improved obstetric care for patients with preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in this country and throughout the world.

James N. Martin Jr, MDImmediate Past PresidentThe American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2012–2013The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists 2012–2013

� ����&DOODJKDQ�:0��0DFND\�$3��%HUJ�&-��,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI� severe maternal morbidity during delivery hospitaliza-WLRQV��8QLWHG�6WDWHV������²������$P�-�2EVWHW�*\QHFRO�2008;199:133.e1–8. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����.XNOLQD�(9��$\DOD�&��&DOODJKDQ�:0��+\SHUWHQVLYH�GLVRU-ders and severe obstetric morbidity in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2009;113:1299–306.�>3XE0HG@ [Obstet-ULFV��*\QHFRORJ\@ A

� ����YDQ�'LOOHQ�-��0HVPDQ�-$��=ZDUW�--��%ORHPHQNDPS�.:��van Roosmalen J. Introducing maternal morbidity audit in the Netherlands. BJOG2010;117:416–21. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

Page 12: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

Executive Summary

T he American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (the College) convened a task IRUFH�RI�H[SHUWV�LQ�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�K\SHU� tension in pregnancy to review available data

and publish evidence-based recommendations for clin-ical practice. The Task Force on Hypertension in Preg-QDQF\�FRPSULVHG����FOLQLFLDQ²VFLHQWLVWV�IURP�WKH�ÀHOGV�RI� REVWHWULFV�� PDWHUQDO²IHWDO� PHGLFLQH�� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��LQWHUQDO�PHGLFLQH�� QHSKURORJ\�� DQHVWKHVLRORJ\�� SK\VL-RORJ\��DQG�SDWLHQW�DGYRFDF\��7KLV�H[HFXWLYH�VXPPDU\�includes a synopsis of the content and task force rec-ommendations of each chapter in the report and is in-WHQGHG�WR�FRPSOHPHQW��QRW�VXEVWLWXWH��WKH�UHSRUW��

Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy remain a major health issue for women and their infants in the 8QLWHG�6WDWHV��3UHHFODPSVLD��HLWKHU�DORQH�RU�VXSHULP-SRVHG�RQ�SUHH[LVWLQJ��FKURQLF��K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SUHVHQWV�WKH� PDMRU� ULVN�� $OWKRXJK� DSSURSULDWH� SUHQDWDO� FDUH��with observation of women for signs of preeclampsia DQG� WKHQ� GHOLYHU\� WR� WHUPLQDWH� WKH� GLVRUGHU�� KDV�UHGXFHG� WKH� QXPEHU� DQG� H[WHQW� RI� SRRU� RXWFRPHV��serious maternal–fetal morbidity and mortality still RFFXU��6RPH�RI�WKHVH�DGYHUVH�RXWFRPHV�DUH�DYRLGDEOH��ZKHUHDV� RWKHUV� FDQ� EH� DPHOLRUDWHG�� $OVR�� DOWKRXJK�some of the problems that face neonates are related GLUHFWO\� WR� SUHHFODPSVLD�� D� ODUJH� SURSRUWLRQ� DUH� VHF-ondary to prematurity that results from the appropri-ate induced delivery of the fetuses of women who are

ill. Optimal management requires close observation IRU�VLJQV�DQG�SUHPRQLWRU\�ÀQGLQJV�DQG��DIWHU�HVWDEOLVK-LQJ�WKH�GLDJQRVLV��GHOLYHU\�DW�WKH�RSWLPDO�WLPH�IRU�ERWK�maternal and fetal well-being. More recent clinical evi-dence to guide this timing is now available. Chronic hypertension is associated with fetal morbidity in the form of growth restriction and maternal morbidity manifested as severely increased blood pressure (BP). +RZHYHU��PDWHUQDO�DQG� IHWDO�PRUELGLW\� LQFUHDVH�GUD-matically with the superimposition of preeclampsia. One of the major challenges in the care of women with chronic hypertension is deciphering whether chronic hypertension has worsened or whether preeclampsia KDV�GHYHORSHG��,Q�WKLV�UHSRUW��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�SURYLGHV�suggestions for the recognition and management of this challenging condition. ,Q� WKH�SDVW����\HDUV�� WKHUH�KDYH�EHHQ� VXEVWDQWLDO�

advances in the understanding of preeclampsia as well DV�LQFUHDVHG�HŲRUWV�WR�REWDLQ�HYLGHQFH�WR�JXLGH�WKHUDS\��1RQHWKHOHVV��WKHUH�UHPDLQ�DUHDV�RQ�ZKLFK�HYLGHQFH�LV�scant. The evidence is now clear that preeclampsia is DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�ODWHU�OLIH�FDUGLRYDVFXODU��&9��GLVHDVH��KRZHYHU��IXUWKHU�UHVHDUFK�LV�QHHGHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�KRZ�best to use this information to help patients. The task IRUFH�DOVR�KDV�LGHQWLÀHG�LVVXHV�LQ�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD� WKDW�ZDUUDQW� VSHFLDO� DWWHQWLRQ�� )LUVW�� LV�the failure by health care providers to appreciate the multisystemic nature of preeclampsia. This is in part

1

Page 13: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

GXH�WR�DWWHPSWV�DW�ULJLG�GLDJQRVLV��ZKLFK�LV�DGGUHVVHG�LQ�WKH�UHSRUW��6HFRQG��SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�D�G\QDPLF�SUR-FHVV�� DQG� D� GLDJQRVLV� VXFK� DV� ´PLOG� SUHHFODPSVLDµ�(which is discouraged) applies only at the moment the diagnosis is established because preeclampsia by QDWXUH� LV� SURJUHVVLYH�� DOWKRXJK� DW� GLŲHUHQW� UDWHV��Appropriate management mandates frequent reevalu-ation for severe features that indicate the actions out-lined in the recommendations (which are listed after the chapter summaries). It has been known for many years that preeclampsia can worsen or present for the ÀUVW�WLPH�DIWHU�GHOLYHU\��ZKLFK�FDQ�EH�D�PDMRU�VFHQDULR�IRU� DGYHUVH�PDWHUQDO� HYHQWV�� ,Q� WKLV� UHSRUW�� WKH� WDVN�force provides guidelines to attempt to reduce mater-nal morbidity and mortality in the postpartum period.

The Approach

The task force used the evidence assessment and rec-ommendation strategy developed by the Grading of 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV� $VVHVVPHQW�� 'HYHORSPHQW� DQG�(YDOXDWLRQ��*5$'(��:RUNLQJ�*URXS��DYDLODEOH�DW�ZZZ� JUDGHZRUNLQJJURXS�RUJ�LQGH[�KWP��� %HFDXVH� RI� LWV�XWLOLW\��WKLV�VWUDWHJ\�KDV�EHHQ�DGDSWHG�ZRUOGZLGH�E\�D�ODUJH�QXPEHU�RI�RUJDQL]DWLRQV��:LWK�WKH�*5$'(�:RUN-LQJ�*URXS�DSSURDFK��WKH�IXQFWLRQ�RI�H[SHUW�WDVN�IRUFHV�and working groups is to evaluate the available evi-GHQFH�UHJDUGLQJ�D�FOLQLFDO�GHFLVLRQ�WKDW��EHFDXVH�RI�OLP-LWHG� WLPH� DQG� UHVRXUFHV�� ZRXOG� EH� GLűFXOW� IRU� WKH�DYHUDJH�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURYLGHU�WR�DFFRPSOLVK��7KH�H[SHUW�group then makes recommendations based on the evi-dence that are consistent with typical patient values and preferences. The task force evaluated the evidence IRU� HDFK� UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ�� WKH� LPSOLFDWLRQV�� DQG� WKH�FRQÀGHQFH�LQ�HVWLPDWHV�RI�HŲHFW��:LWK�WKLV�FRPELQDWLRQ��the available information was evaluated and recom-PHQGDWLRQV�ZHUH�PDGH��,Q�WKLV�UHSRUW��WKH�FRQÀGHQFH�LQ�HVWLPDWHV�RI�HŲHFW��TXDOLW\��RI�WKH�DYDLODEOH�HYLGHQFH�LV�MXGJHG�DV�YHU\�ORZ��ORZ��PRGHUDWH��RU�KLJK�

Recommendations are practices agreed to by the task force as the most appropriate course of action; WKH\�DUH�JUDGHG�DV�VWURQJ�RU�TXDOLÀHG��$�VWURQJ�UHFRP-mendation is one that is so well supported that it would be the approach appropriate for virtually all patients. It could be the basis for health care policy. A TXDOLÀHG�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ� LV�DOVR�RQH� WKDW�ZRXOG�EH�MXGJHG�DV�DSSURSULDWH�IRU�PRVW�SDWLHQWV��EXW�LW�PLJKW�not be the optimal recommendation for some patients �ZKRVH�YDOXHV�DQG�SUHIHUHQFHV�GLŲHU��RU�ZKR�KDYH�GLI-ferent attitudes toward uncertainty in estimates of HŲHFW���:KHQ�WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�KDV�PDGH�D�TXDOLÀHG�UHF-RPPHQGDWLRQ�� WKH� KHDOWK� FDUH� SURYLGHU� DQG� SDWLHQW�are encouraged to work together to arrive at a decision

based on the values and judgment and underlying health condition of a particular patient in a particular situation.

Classification of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy7KH�WDVN�IRUFH�FKRVH�WR�FRQWLQXH�XVLQJ�WKH�FODVVLÀFDWLRQ�VFKHPD� ÀUVW� LQWURGXFHG� LQ� ����� E\� WKH� &ROOHJH� DQG�PRGLÀHG�LQ�WKH������DQG������UHSRUWV�RI�WKH�:RUNLQJ�Group of the National High Blood Pressure Education 3URJUDP�� 6LPLODU� FODVVLÀFDWLRQV� FDQ� EH� IRXQG� LQ� WKH�$PHULFDQ�6RFLHW\�RI�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�JXLGHOLQHV��DV�ZHOO�as College Practice Bulletins. Although the task force KDV�PRGLÀHG�VRPH�RI�WKH�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�WKH�FODVVLÀFD-WLRQ��WKLV�EDVLF��SUHFLVH��DQG�SUDFWLFDO�FODVVLÀFDWLRQ�ZDV�XVHG��ZKLFK�FRQVLGHUV�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�GXULQJ�SUHJQDQF\�LQ�RQO\�IRXU�FDWHJRULHV�����SUHHFODPSVLD²HFODPSVLD�� ���FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��RI�DQ\�FDXVH������FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ� ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� DQG� ��� JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� ,PSRUWDQWO\�� WKH� IROORZ-LQJ�FRPSRQHQWV�ZHUH�PRGLÀHG��,Q�UHFRJQLWLRQ�RI�WKH�V\QGURPLF�QDWXUH�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�KDV�eliminated the dependence of the diagnosis on pro-WHLQXULD��,Q�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�SURWHLQXULD��SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�diagnosed as hypertension in association with throm-ERF\WRSHQLD��SODWHOHW�FRXQW�OHVV�WKDQ���������PLFUROL-WHU���LPSDLUHG�OLYHU�IXQFWLRQ��HOHYDWHG�EORRG�OHYHOV�RI�liver transaminases to twice the normal concentra-WLRQ���WKH�QHZ�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�UHQDO�LQVXűFLHQF\��HOH-vated serum creatinine greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of serum creatinine in the absence of other UHQDO�GLVHDVH���SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��RU�QHZ�RQVHW�FHUH-bral or visual disturbances (see %R[�(��). Gestational hypertension is BP elevation after 20 weeks of gesta-tion in the absence of proteinuria or the aforemen-WLRQHG� V\VWHPLF� ÀQGLQJV�� chronic hypertension is K\SHUWHQVLRQ� WKDW� SUHGDWHV� SUHJQDQF\�� DQG� superim-posed preeclampsia is chronic hypertension in associa-tion with preeclampsia.

Establishing the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia or EclampsiaThe BP criteria are maintained from prior recommenda-tions. Proteinuria�LV�GHÀQHG�DV�WKH�H[FUHWLRQ�RI�����PJ�or more of protein in a 24-hour urine collection. Alter-QDWLYHO\��D�WLPHG�H[FUHWLRQ�WKDW�LV�H[WUDSRODWHG�WR�WKLV�24-hour urine value or a protein/creatinine ratio of at least 0.3 (each measured as mg/dL) is used. Because of the variability of qualitative determinations (dipstick WHVW��� WKLV� PHWKRG� LV� GLVFRXUDJHG� IRU� GLDJQRVWLF� XVH�unless other approaches are not readily available. If

Page 14: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3

WKLV�DSSURDFK�PXVW�EH�XVHG��D�GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�RI����LV�FRQVLGHUHG�DV� WKH�FXWRŲ�IRU� WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�SURWHLQ-uria. In view of recent studies that indicate a minimal relationship between the quantity of urinary protein DQG�SUHJQDQF\�RXWFRPH�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��PDVVLYH�SUR-teinuria (greater than 5 g) has been eliminated from WKH� FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� DV� VHYHUH�� $OVR��because fetal growth restriction is managed similarly LQ�SUHJQDQW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�DQG�ZLWKRXW�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�KDV�EHHQ�UHPRYHG�DV�D�ÀQGLQJ�LQGLFDWLYH�RI�VHYHUH�SUH-eclampsia (Table E-1).

Prediction of Preeclampsia

$�JUHDW�GHDO�RI�HŲRUW�KDV�EHHQ�GLUHFWHG�DW�WKH�LGHQWLÀ-FDWLRQ� RI� GHPRJUDSKLF� IDFWRUV�� ELRFKHPLFDO� DQDO\WHV��RU� ELRSK\VLFDO� ÀQGLQJV�� DORQH� RU� LQ� FRPELQDWLRQ�� WR�predict early in pregnancy the later development of preeclampsia. Although there are some encouraging ÀQGLQJV��WKHVH�WHVWV�DUH�QRW�\HW�UHDG\�IRU�FOLQLFDO�XVH�

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• Screening to predict preeclampsia beyond obtain-ing an appropriate medical history to evaluate for risk factors is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: Strong

Prevention of Preeclampsia

,W�LV�FOHDU�WKDW�WKH�DQWLR[LGDQWV�YLWDPLQ�&�DQG�YLWDPLQ�(�DUH�QRW�HŲHFWLYH�LQWHUYHQWLRQV�WR�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD�

or adverse outcomes from preeclampsia in unselected women at high risk or low risk of preeclampsia. Calci-um may be useful to reduce the severity of preeclamp-VLD� LQ� SRSXODWLRQV�ZLWK� ORZ� FDOFLXP� LQWDNH�� EXW� WKLV�ÀQGLQJ�LV�QRW�UHOHYDQW�WR�D�SRSXODWLRQ�ZLWK�DGHTXDWH�FDOFLXP� LQWDNH�� VXFK� DV� LQ� WKH� 8QLWHG� 6WDWHV�� 7KH�administration of low-dose aspirin (60–80 mg) to pre-YHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD�KDV�EHHQ�H[DPLQHG�LQ�PHWD�DQDO\-VHV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ��DQG�LW�DSSHDUV�WKDW�WKHUH� LV� D� VOLJKW� HŲHFW� WR� UHGXFH� SUHHFODPSVLD� DQG�DGYHUVH� SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPHV�� 7KHVH� ÀQGLQJV� DUH� QRW�clinically relevant to low-risk women but may be rele-vant to populations at very high risk in whom the num-ber to treat to achieve the desired outcome will be substantially less. There is no evidence that bed rest or salt restriction reduces preeclampsia risk.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women with a medical history of early-onset pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation or preeclampsia in more than RQH�SULRU�SUHJQDQF\��LQLWLDWLQJ�WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�daily low-dose (60–80 mg) aspirin beginning in the ODWH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�LV�VXJJHVWHG� �

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

0HWD�DQDO\VLV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�LQ�UDQGRPL]HG�trials of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia indicates a small reduction in the incidence and morbidity of preeclampsia DQG�UHYHDOV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�DFXWH�ULVN��DOWKRXJK�ORQJ�WHUP�IHWDO�HŲHFWV�FDQQRW�EH�H[FOXGHG��7KH�QXPEHU�RI�ZRPHQ�WR�WUHDW�WR�KDYH�D�WKHUDSHXWLF�HŲHFW�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�SUHYD-OHQFH��,Q�YLHZ�RI�PDWHUQDO�VDIHW\��D�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKH�XVH�RI�DVSLULQ�LQ�OLJKW�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�ULVN�LV�MXVWLÀHG�

BOX E-1. Severe Features of Preeclampsia (Any of these findings) A

• Systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher, or diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or higher on two occasions at least 4 hours apart while the patient is on bed rest (unless antihypertensive therapy is initiated before this time)

• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000/microliter)

• Impaired liver function as indicated by abnormally elevated blood concentrations of liver enzymes (to twice normal concentration), severe persistent right upper quadrant or epigastric pain unrespon-sive to medication and not accounted for by alternative diagnoses, or both

• Progressive renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease)

• Pulmonary edema

• New-onset cerebral or visual disturbances

Page 15: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

TABLE E-1. Diagnostic Criteria for Preeclampsia A

Blood pressure • Greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic on two occasions at least 4 hours apart after 20 weeks of gestation in a woman with a previously normal blood pressure

• Greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 110 mm Hg diastolic, hypertension can be confirmed within a short interval (minutes) to facilitate timely antihypertensive therapy

and

Proteinuria • Greater than or equal to 300 mg per 24-hour urine collection (or this amount extrapolated from a timed collection)

or

• Protein/creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 0.3*

• Dipstick reading of 1+ (used only if other quantitative methods not available)

Or in the absence of proteinuria, new-onset hypertension with the new onset of any of the following:

Thrombocytopenia • Platelet count less than 100,000/microliter

Renal insufficiency • Serum creatinine concentrations greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease

Impaired liver function • Elevated blood concentrations of liver transaminases to twice normal concentration

Pulmonary edema

Cerebral or visual symptoms

* Each measured as mg/dL.

• The administration of vitamin C or vitamin E to prevent preeclampsia is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: High Strength of recommendation: Strong

• It is suggested that dietary salt not be restricted dur- ing pregnancy for the prevention of preeclampsia.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG�

• It is suggested that bed rest or the restriction of other physical activity not be used for the primary preven-tion of preeclampsia and its complications.

Quality of evidence: Low Strength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

Management of Preeclampsia and HELLP SyndromeClinical trials have provided an evidence base to guide management of several aspects of preeclampsia. None-WKHOHVV�� VHYHUDO� LPSRUWDQW� TXHVWLRQV� UHPDLQ� XQDQ-swered. Reviews of maternal mortality data reveal that

deaths could be avoided if health care providers remain alert to the likelihood that preeclampsia will progress. The same reviews indicate that intervention in acutely ill women with multiple organ dysfunction is sometimes delayed because of the absence of proteinuria. Further-PRUH�� DFFXPXODWLQJ� LQIRUPDWLRQ� LQGLFDWHV� WKDW� WKH�amount of proteinuria does not predict maternal or fetal outcome. It is for these reasons that the task force has UHFRPPHQGHG� WKDW� DOWHUQDWLYH� V\VWHPLF� ÀQGLQJV�ZLWK�QHZ�RQVHW�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�FDQ�IXOÀOO�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�SUH-eclampsia even in the absence of proteinuria.

Perhaps the biggest changes in preeclampsia man-agement relate to the timing of delivery in women ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD� ZLWKRXW� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� ZKLFK�based on evidence is suggested at 37 0/7 weeks of ges-WDWLRQ��DQG�DQ�LQFUHDVLQJ�DZDUHQHVV�RI�WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�of preeclampsia in the postpartum period. Health care providers are reminded of the contribution of nonste-URLGDO�DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\�DJHQWV� WR� LQFUHDVHG�%3�� ,W� LV�suggested that these commonly used postpartum pain relief agents be replaced by other analgesics in women with hypertension that persists for more than 1 day postpartum.

4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Page 16: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• The close monitoring of women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe fea-WXUHV��ZLWK�VHULDO�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�PDWHUQDO�V\PSWRPV�DQG�IHWDO�PRYHPHQW��GDLO\�E\� WKH�ZRPDQ���VHULDO�PHDVXUHPHQWV� RI� %3� �WZLFH� ZHHNO\��� DQG� DVVHVV-ment of platelet counts and liver enzymes (weekly) is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��PRQLWRU-ing BP at least once weekly with proteinuria assess-PHQW� LQ� WKH�RűFH�DQG�ZLWK�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�ZHHNO\�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�%3�DW�KRPH�RU�LQ�WKH�RűFH�LV�VXJ-gested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia with a persistent BP of less than ����PP�+J�V\VWROLF�RU�����PP�+J�GLDVWROLF�� LW� LV�suggested that antihypertensive medications not be administered.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with gestational hypertension or pre-HFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� LW� LV� VXJJHVWHG�that strict bed rest not be prescribed.*†

Quality of evidence: Low Strength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

* The task force acknowledged that there may be situations LQ�ZKLFK�GLŲHUHQW�OHYHOV�RI�UHVW��HLWKHU�DW�KRPH�RU�LQ�WKH�KRVSLWDO�� PD\� EH� LQGLFDWHG� IRU� LQGLYLGXDO� ZRPHQ�� 7KH�previous recommendations do not cover advice regard-LQJ�RYHUDOO�SK\VLFDO�DFWLYLW\�DQG�PDQXDO�RU�RűFH�ZRUN�

†��:RPHQ�PD\� QHHG� WR� EH� KRVSLWDOL]HG� IRU� UHDVRQV� RWKHU�WKDQ�EHG�UHVW��VXFK�DV�IRU�PDWHUQDO�DQG�IHWDO�VXUYHLOODQFH��The task force agreed that hospitalization for maternal and fetal surveillance is resource intensive and should be considered as a priority for research and future recom-mendations.

• For women with preeclampsia without severe fea-WXUHV��XVH�RI�XOWUDVRQRJUDSK\�WR�DVVHVV�IHWDO�JURZWK�and antenatal testing to assess fetal status is sug-gested.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• If evidence of fetal growth restriction is found in ZRPHQ� ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD�� IHWRSODFHQWDO� DVVHVV-ment that includes umbilical artery Doppler veloci-metry as an adjunct antenatal test is recommended.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features and no indi-cation for delivery at less than 37 0/7 weeks of ges-WDWLRQ��H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�ZLWK�PDWHUQDO�DQG�fetal monitoring is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features at or beyond �������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��GHOLYHU\�UDWKHU�WKDQ�FRQ-tinued observation is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with preeclampsia with systolic BP of less than 160 mm Hg and a diastolic BP less than ����PP�+J�DQG�QR�PDWHUQDO�V\PSWRPV��LW�LV�VXJ-gested that magnesium sulfate not be administered universally for the prevention of eclampsia.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG�

• For women with severe preeclampsia at or beyond �������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��DQG� LQ� WKRVH�ZLWK�XQ� stable maternal or fetal conditions irrespective of JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH��GHOLYHU\�VRRQ�DIWHU�PDWHUQDO�VWDELOL-zation is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with severe preeclampsia at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation with stable maternal and IHWDO�FRQGLWLRQV��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�FRQWLQXHG�pregnancy be undertaken only at facilities with adequate maternal and neonatal intensive care resources.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with severe preeclampsia receiving H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�DW��������ZHHNV�RU�OHVV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�IRU�IHWDO�OXQJ�PDWXULW\�EHQHÀW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5

Page 17: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

• For women with preeclampsia with severe hyper-tension during pregnancy (sustained systolic BP of at least 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP of at least ����PP�+J���WKH�XVH�RI�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�WKHUDS\�is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�D�delivery decision should not be based on the amount of proteinuria or change in the amount of proteinuria.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with severe preeclampsia and before IHWDO�YLDELOLW\��GHOLYHU\�DIWHU�PDWHUQDO�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG��([SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� LV�QRW� UHF-ommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• It is suggested that corticosteroids be administered and delivery deferred for 48 hours if maternal and fetal conditions remain stable for women with severe preeclampsia and a viable fetus at 33 6/7 weeks or less of gestation with any of the following:

– preterm premature rupture of membranes– labor²� ORZ�SODWHOHW�FRXQW��OHVV�WKDQ���������PLFUROLWHU��– persistently abnormal hepatic enzyme concentra-

tions (twice or more the upper normal values)²� IHWDO�JURZWK� UHVWULFWLRQ� �OHVV� WKDQ� WKH�ÀIWK�SHU-

centile)²� VHYHUH� ROLJRK\GUDPQLRV� �DPQLRWLF� ÁXLG� LQGH[�

less than 5 cm)²� UHYHUVHG� HQG�GLDVWROLF� ÁRZ� RQ� XPELOLFDO� DUWHU\�

Doppler studies– new-onset renal dysfunction or increasing renal

dysfunction

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• It is recommended that corticosteroids be given if the fetus is viable and at 33 6/7 weeks or less of JHVWDWLRQ��EXW�WKDW�GHOLYHU\�QRW�EH�GHOD\HG�DIWHU�LQL-tial maternal stabilization regardless of gestational age for women with severe preeclampsia that is complicated further with any of the following:

– uncontrollable severe hypertension– eclampsia– pulmonary edema– abruptio placentae– disseminated intravascular coagulation– evidence of nonreassuring fetal status– intrapartum fetal demise

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�the mode of delivery need not be cesarean delivery. The mode of delivery should be determined by fetal JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�� IHWDO�SUHVHQWDWLRQ��FHUYLFDO� VWDWXV��and maternal and fetal conditions.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK� HFODPSVLD�� WKH� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�parenteral magnesium sulfate is recommended.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�DGPLQLV-tration of intrapartum–postpartum magnesium sul-fate to prevent eclampsia is recommended.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with preeclampsia undergoing cesarean GHOLYHU\�� WKH� FRQWLQXHG� LQWUDRSHUDWLYH� DGPLQLVWUD-tion of parenteral magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with HELLP syndrome and before the JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�RI�IHWDO�YLDELOLW\��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�that delivery be undertaken shortly after initial maternal stabilization.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Page 18: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

• For women with HELLP syndrome at 34 0/7 weeks RU�PRUH�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�GHOLY-ery be undertaken soon after initial maternal stabi-lization.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with HELLP syndrome from the gesta-tional age of fetal viability to 33 6/7 weeks of gesta-WLRQ�� LW� LV� VXJJHVWHG� WKDW� GHOLYHU\� EH� GHOD\HG� IRU�24 – 48 hours if maternal and fetal condition re-mains stable to complete a course of corticosteroids IRU�IHWDO�EHQHÀW�

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

*Corticosteroids have been used in randomized controlled trials to attempt to improve maternal and fetal condition. ,Q� WKHVH� VWXGLHV�� WKHUH� ZDV� QR� HYLGHQFH� RI� EHQHÀW� WR� improve overall maternal and fetal outcome (although this has been suggested in observational studies). There is evidence in the randomized trials of improvement of platelet counts with corticosteroid treatment. In clinical settings in which an improvement in platelet count is con-VLGHUHG�XVHIXO��FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�PD\�EH�MXVWLÀHG�

• For women with preeclampsia who require analge-sia for labor or anesthesia for cesarean delivery and ZLWK�D�FOLQLFDO�VLWXDWLRQ�WKDW�SHUPLWV�VXűFLHQW�WLPH�IRU�HVWDEOLVKPHQW�RI�DQHVWKHVLD��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI� QHXUD[LDO� DQHVWKHVLD� �HLWKHU� VSLQDO� RU� HSLGXUDO�anesthesia) is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�that invasive hemodynamic monitoring not be used routinely.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�LQ�ZKRP�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SUH-HFODPSVLD�� RU� VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD� LV� GLDJ-QRVHG��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�%3�EH�PRQLWRUHG�LQ�WKH�hospital or that equivalent outpatient surveillance be performed for at least 72 hours postpartum and again 7–10 days after delivery or earlier in women with symptoms.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For all women in the postpartum period (not just ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD���LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�GLV-charge instructions include information about the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia as well as the importance of prompt reporting of this information to their health care providers.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women in the postpartum period who present with new-onset hypertension associated with head-aches or blurred vision or preeclampsia with severe K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKH�SDUHQWHUDO�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�PDJ� nesium sulfate is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with persistent postpartum hyperten-VLRQ��%3�RI�����PP�+J�V\VWROLF�RU�����PP�+J�GLD-VWROLF�RU�KLJKHU��RQ�DW�OHDVW�WZR�RFFDVLRQV�WKDW�DUH�DW�OHDVW��²��KRXUV�DSDUW�� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� WKHUDS\� LV�suggested. Persistent BP of 160 mm Hg systolic or 110 mm Hg diastolic or higher should be treated within 1 hour.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG�

Management of Women With Prior Preeclampsia:RPHQ�ZKR�KDYH�KDG�SUHHFODPSVLD� LQ�D�SULRU�SUHJ-nancy should receive counseling and assessments EHIRUH�WKHLU�QH[W�SUHJQDQF\��7KLV�FDQ�EH�LQLWLDWHG�DW�WKH�postpartum visit but is ideally accomplished at a pre-FRQFHSWLRQ� YLVLW� EHIRUH� WKH� QH[W� SODQQHG� SUHJQDQF\��'XULQJ�WKH�SUHFRQFHSWLRQ�YLVLW��WKH�SUHYLRXV�SUHJQDQF\�history should be reviewed and the prognosis for the upcoming pregnancy should be discussed. Potentially PRGLÀDEOH�OLIHVW\OH�DFWLYLWLHV��VXFK�DV�ZHLJKW�ORVV�DQG�LQFUHDVHG�SK\VLFDO�DFWLYLW\��VKRXOG�EH�HQFRXUDJHG��7KH�FXUUHQW�VWDWXV�RI�PHGLFDO�SUREOHPV�VKRXOG�EH�DVVHVVHG��including laboratory evaluation if appropriate. Medical problems such as hypertension and diabetes should be EURXJKW� LQWR� WKH� EHVW� FRQWURO� SRVVLEOH�� 7KH� HŲHFW� RI�medical problems on the pregnancy should be dis-cussed. Medications should be reviewed and their DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�PRGLÀHG�IRU�XSFRPLQJ�SUHJQDQF\��)ROLF�acid supplementation should be recommended. If a woman has given birth to a preterm infant during a preeclamptic pregnancy or has had preeclampsia in PRUH�WKDQ�RQH�SUHJQDQF\��WKH�XVH�RI�ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�in the upcoming pregnancy should be suggested.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7

Page 19: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

:RPHQ�ZLWK�D�PHGLFDO�KLVWRU\�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�VKRXOG�be instructed to return for care early in pregnancy. 'XULQJ� WKH� QH[W� SUHJQDQF\�� HDUO\� XOWUDVRQRJUDSK\�VKRXOG�EH�SHUIRUPHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH��DQG�assessment and visits should be tailored to the prior SUHJQDQF\� RXWFRPH�� ZLWK� IUHTXHQW� YLVLWV� EHJLQQLQJ�earlier in women with prior preterm preeclampsia. The woman should be educated about the signs and symp-toms of preeclampsia and instructed when and how to contact her health care provider.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�D�SULRU�SUHJQDQF\��preconception counseling and assessment is sug-gested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Chronic Hypertension and Superimposed PreeclampsiaChronic hypertension (hypertension predating preg-QDQF\���SUHVHQWV�VSHFLDO�FKDOOHQJHV�WR�KHDOWK�FDUH�SUR-YLGHUV��+HDOWK� FDUH� SURYLGHUV�PXVW� ÀUVW� FRQÀUP� WKDW�the BP elevation is not preeclampsia. Once this is estab-OLVKHG��LI�WKH�%3�HOHYDWLRQ�KDV�QRW�EHHQ�SUHYLRXVO\�HYDO-XDWHG�� D� ZRUNXS� VKRXOG� EH� SHUIRUPHG� WR� GRFXPHQW�WKDW�%3�LV�WUXO\�HOHYDWHG��LH��QRW�ZKLWH�FRDW�K\SHUWHQ-sion) and to check for secondary hypertension and end-organ damage. The choice of which women to treat and how to treat them requires special consider-DWLRQV�GXULQJ�SUHJQDQF\��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�OLJKW�RI�HPHUJ-LQJ� GDWD� WKDW� VXJJHVW� ORZHULQJ� %3� H[FHVVLYHO\�PLJKW�KDYH�DGYHUVH�IHWDO�HŲHFWV��

Perhaps the greatest challenge is the recognition of SUHHFODPSVLD�VXSHULPSRVHG�RQ�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��D�condition that is commonly associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Recommendations are provided to guide health care providers in distinguish-ing women who may have superimposed preeclampsia without severe features (only hypertension and protein-uria) and require only observation from women who may have superimposed preeclampsia with severe fea-tures (evidence of systemic involvement beyond hyper-tension and proteinuria) and require intervention.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women with features suggestive of secondary K\SHUWHQVLRQ��UHIHUUDO�WR�D�SK\VLFLDQ�ZLWK�H[SHUWLVH�in treating hypertension to direct the workup is sug-gested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension DQG�SRRUO\�FRQWUROOHG�%3��WKH�XVH�RI�KRPH�%3�PRQL-toring is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VXVSHFWHG�ZKLWH�FRDW�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKH�XVH�RI�DPEXODWRU\�%3�PRQLWRULQJ�WR�FRQÀUP�WKH�diagnosis before the initiation of antihypertensive therapy is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� ,W�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�ZHLJKW�ORVV�DQG�H[WUHPHO\�ORZ� sodium diets (less than 100 mEq/d) not be used for managing chronic hypertension in pregnancy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with chronic hypertension who are DFFXVWRPHG�WR�H[HUFLVLQJ��DQG�LQ�ZKRP�%3�LV�ZHOO�FRQWUROOHG��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�PRGHUDWH�H[HU-cise be continued during pregnancy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For pregnant women with persistent chronic hyper-tension with systolic BP of 160 mm Hg or higher or GLDVWROLF�%3�RI�����PP�+J�RU�KLJKHU��DQWLK\SHUWHQ-sive therapy is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension and BP less than 160 mm Hg systolic or 105 mm Hg GLDVWROLF�DQG�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�HQG�RUJDQ�GDPDJH��LW�LV�suggested that they not be treated with pharmaco-logic antihypertensive therapy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Page 20: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension WUHDWHG� ZLWK� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� PHGLFDWLRQ�� LW� LV� suggested that BP levels be maintained between 120 mm Hg systolic and 80 mm Hg diastolic and 160 mm Hg systolic and 105 mm Hg diastolic.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For the initial treatment of pregnant women with chronic hypertension who require pharmacologic WKHUDS\�� ODEHWDORO�� QLIHGLSLQH�� RU� PHWK\OGRSD� DUH�recommended above all other antihypertensive drugs.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with uncomplicated chronic hyperten-VLRQ�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��WKH�XVH�RI�DQJLRWHQVLQ�FRQYHUWLQJ�HQ]\PH� LQKLELWRUV�� DQJLRWHQVLQ� UHFHSWRU� EORFNHUV��UHQLQ� LQKLELWRUV��DQG�PLQHUDORFRUWLFRLG� UHFHSWRU� antagonists is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women of reproductive age with chronic hyper-WHQVLRQ��WKH�XVH�RI�DQJLRWHQVLQ�FRQYHUWLQJ�HQ]\PH�LQKLELWRUV�� DQJLRWHQVLQ� UHFHSWRU� EORFNHUV�� UHQLQ� LQKLELWRUV�� DQG�PLQHUDORFRUWLFRLG� UHFHSWRU�DQWDJR-nists is not recommended unless there is a compel-OLQJ� UHDVRQ�� VXFK� DV� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� SURWHLQXULF�renal disease.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with chronic hypertension who are at a greatly increased risk of adverse pregnancy out-comes (history of early-onset preeclampsia and preterm delivery at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation or preeclampsia in more than one prior SUHJQDQF\��� LQLWLDWLQJ� WKH� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ� RI� GDLO\�low-dose aspirin (60–80 mg) beginning in the late ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�LV�VXJJHVWHG�

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�0HWD�DQDO\VLV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�LQ�UDQGRPL]HG�trials of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia indicates a small reduction in the incidence and morbidity of preeclampsia DQG�UHYHDOV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�DFXWH�ULVN��DOWKRXJK�ORQJ�WHUP�IHWDO�HŲHFWV�FDQQRW�EH�H[FOXGHG��7KH�QXPEHU�RI�ZRPHQ�WR�WUHDW�WR�KDYH�D�WKHUDSHXWLF�HŲHFW�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�SUHYD-OHQFH��,Q�YLHZ�RI�PDWHUQDO�VDIHW\��D�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKH�XVH�RI�DVSLULQ�LQ�OLJKW�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�ULVN�LV�MXVWLÀHG�

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH�XVH�RI�ultrasonography to screen for fetal growth restric-tion is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• If evidence of fetal growth restriction is found in ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��IHWRSODFHQWDO�DV-sessment to include umbilical artery Doppler veloci-metry as an adjunct antenatal test is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with chronic hypertension complicated E\� LVVXHV� VXFK� DV� WKH� QHHG� IRU�PHGLFDWLRQ�� RWKHU� XQGHUO\LQJ� PHGLFDO� FRQGLWLRQV� WKDW� DŲHFW� IHWDO� RXWFRPH�� RU� DQ\� HYLGHQFH� RI� IHWDO� JURZWK� UHVWULF-WLRQ��DQG�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQWHQDWDO� fetal testing is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

• For women with chronic hypertension and no addi-WLRQDO�PDWHUQDO�RU�IHWDO�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��GHOLYHU\�EH-fore 38 0/7 weeks of gestation is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia who UHFHLYH�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�DW�OHVV�WKDQ��������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�FRUWLFR-VWHURLGV� IRU� IHWDO� OXQJ�PDWXULW\�EHQHÀW� LV� UHFRP-mended.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with chronic hypertension and superim-SRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV��WKH�DGPLQ� istration of intrapartum–postpartum parenteral magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia is recom-mended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with-out severe features and stable maternal and fetal FRQGLWLRQV�� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� XQWLO� �������weeks of gestation is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG�

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

Page 21: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

• Delivery soon after maternal stabilization is recom-mended irrespective of gestational age or full corti-FRVWHURLG� EHQHÀW� IRU� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG�preeclampsia that is complicated further by any of the following:

– uncontrollable severe hypertension– eclampsia– pulmonary edema– abruptio placentae– disseminated intravascular coagulation– nonreassuring fetal status

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of the recommendation: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with severe features at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gesta-WLRQ�ZLWK�VWDEOH�PDWHUQDO�DQG�IHWDO�FRQGLWLRQV��LW�LV�recommended that continued pregnancy should be undertaken only at facilities with adequate mater-nal and neonatal intensive care resources.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of evidence: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� EH\RQG� 34 0/7 weeks of gestation is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of the recommendation: Strong

Later-Life Cardiovascular Disease in Women With Prior Preeclampsia2YHU�WKH�SDVW����\HDUV��LQIRUPDWLRQ�KDV�DFFXPXODWHG�indicating that a woman who has had a preeclamptic SUHJQDQF\�LV�DW�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�ODWHU�OLIH�&9�GLVHDVH��This increase ranges from a doubling of risk in all cas-es to an eightfold to ninefold increase in women with preeclampsia who gave birth before 34 0/7 weeks of gestation. This has been recognized by the American +HDUW� $VVRFLDWLRQ�� ZKLFK� QRZ� UHFRPPHQGV� WKDW� D�SUHJQDQF\�KLVWRU\�EH�SDUW�RI�WKH�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�&9�ULVN�in women. It is the general belief that preeclampsia GRHV�QRW� FDXVH�&9�GLVHDVH�� EXW� UDWKHU� SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�&9�GLVHDVH�VKDUH�FRPPRQ�ULVN�IDFWRUV��$ZDUHQHVV�that a woman has had a preeclamptic pregnancy PLJKW�DOORZ�IRU�WKH�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�ZRPHQ�QRW�SUHYL-ously recognized as at-risk for earlier assessment and SRWHQWLDO�LQWHUYHQWLRQ��+RZHYHU��LW�LV�XQNQRZQ�LI�WKLV�will be a valuable adjunct to previous information. If WKLV�LV�WKH�FDVH��ZRXOG�WKH�FXUUHQW�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ�RI�DVVHVVLQJ� ULVN� IDFWRUV� IRU�ZRPHQ�E\�PHGLFDO�KLVWRU\��OLIHVW\OH�HYDOXDWLRQ��WHVWLQJ�IRU�PHWDEROLF�DEQRUPDOL-WLHV��DQG�SRVVLEO\� LQÁDPPDWRU\�DFWLYDWLRQ�DW�DJH����

years provide all of the information that would be gained by knowing a woman had a past preeclamptic SUHJQDQF\"� :RXOG� LW� EH� YDOXDEOH� WR� SHUIRUP� WKLV�assessment at a younger age in women who had a past preeclamptic pregnancy? If the risk was identi-ÀHG� HDUOLHU�� ZKDW� LQWHUYHQWLRQ� �RWKHU� WKDQ� OLIHVW\OH�PRGLÀFDWLRQ��ZRXOG�SRWHQWLDOO\�EH�XVHIXO�DQG�ZRXOG�LW�PDNH�D�GLŲHUHQFH"�$UH�WKHUH�ULVN�IDFWRUV�WKDW�FRXOG�be unmasked by pregnancy other than conventional risk factors? Further research is needed to determine how to take advantage of this information relating SUHHFODPSVLD�WR�ODWHU�OLIH�&9�GLVHDVH��$W�WKLV�WLPH��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�FDXWLRXVO\�UHFRPPHQGV� OLIHVW\OH�PRGLÀFD-WLRQ� �PDLQWHQDQFH� RI� D� KHDOWK\� ZHLJKW�� LQFUHDVHG�SK\VLFDO�DFWLYLW\��DQG�QRW�VPRNLQJ��DQG�VXJJHVWV�HDUO\�evaluation for the most high-risk women.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with a medical history of preeclampsia who gave birth preterm (less than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation) or who have a medical history of recur-UHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD��\HDUO\�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�%3��OLSLGV��IDVWLQJ�EORRG�JOXFRVH��DQG�ERG\�PDVV�LQGH[�LV�VXJ-gested.*

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

*Although there is clear evidence of an association be-WZHHQ�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG� ODWHU�OLIH�&9�GLVHDVH�� WKH�YDOXH�and appropriate timing of assessment is not yet estab-lished. Health care providers and patients should make this decision based on their judgment of the relative value RI�H[WUD�LQIRUPDWLRQ�YHUVXV�H[SHQVH�DQG�LQFRQYHQLHQFH�

Patient Education

Patient and health care provider education is key to the successful recognition and management of pre-eclampsia. Health care providers need to inform women during the prenatal and postpartum periods of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia and stress the importance of contacting health care providers if these are evident. The recognition of the importance of patient education must be complemented by the recognition and use of strategies that facilitate the successful transfer of this information to women with varying degrees of health literacy. Recommended strategies to facilitate this process include using plain QRQPHGLFDO� ODQJXDJH�� WDNLQJ� WLPH� WR� VSHDN� VORZO\��reinforcing key issues in print using pictorially based LQIRUPDWLRQ��DQG�UHTXHVWLQJ�IHHGEDFN�WR�LQGLFDWH�WKDW�WKH�SDWLHQW�XQGHUVWDQGV�� DQG��ZKHUH�DSSOLFDEOH��KHU�partner.

10 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Page 22: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• It is suggested that health care providers convey LQIRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�SUHHFODPSVLD� LQ� WKH� FRQWH[W�RI�prenatal care and postpartum care using proven health communication practices.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

The State of the Science and Research Recommendations,Q�WKH�SDVW����\HDUV��VWULNLQJ�LQFUHDVHV� LQ�WKH�XQGHU-standing of the pathophysiology of preeclampsia have occurred. Clinical research advances also have em- erged that have provided evidence to guide therapy. It is now understood that preeclampsia is a multisystem-LF�GLVHDVH�WKDW�DŲHFWV�DOO�RUJDQ�V\VWHPV�DQG�LV�IDU�PRUH�than high BP and renal dysfunction. The placenta is evident as the root cause of preeclampsia. It is with the delivery of the placenta that preeclampsia begins to resolve. The insult to the placenta is proposed as an immunologically initiated alteration in trophoblast IXQFWLRQ�� DQG� WKH� UHGXFWLRQ� LQ� WURSKREODVW� LQYDVLRQ�leads to failed vascular remodeling of the maternal spiral arteries that perfuse the placenta. The resulting reduced perfusion and increased velocity of blood perfusing the intervillous space alter placental func-tion. The altered placental function leads to mater- QDO� GLVHDVH� WKURXJK� SXWDWLYH� SULPDU\� PHGLDWRUV��LQFOXGLQJ�R[LGDWLYH�DQG�HQGRSODVPLF�UHWLFXOXP�VWUHVV�

DQG� LQÁDPPDWLRQ�� DQG� VHFRQGDU\� PHGLDWRUV� WKDW�LQFOXGH�PRGLÀHUV�RI�HQGRWKHOLDO� IXQFWLRQ�DQG�DQJLR-genesis. This understanding of preeclampsia patho-physiology has not translated into predictors or preventers of preeclampsia or to improved clinical care. This has led to a reassessment of this conceptual IUDPHZRUN��ZLWK�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�WKH�SRVVLELOLW\�WKDW�SUH-eclampsia is not one disease but that the syndrome may include subsets of pathophysiology.

Clinical research advances have shown approaches WR�WKHUDS\�WKDW�ZRUN��HJ��GHOLYHU\�IRU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�JHV-tational hypertension and preeclampsia without severe features at 37 0/7 weeks of gestation) or do not work (vitamin C and vitamin E to prevent preeclamp-VLD���+RZHYHU��WKHUH�DUH�IHZ�FOLQLFDO�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV�WKDW� FDQ� EH� FODVVLÀHG� DV� ´VWURQJµ� EHFDXVH� WKHUH� DUH�huge gaps in the evidence base that guides therapy. These knowledge gaps form the basis for research rec-ommendations to guide future therapy.

Conclusion

The task force provides evidence-based recommenda-tions for the management of patients with hyperten-sion during and after pregnancy. Recommendations DUH�JUDGHG�DV�VWURQJ�RU�TXDOLÀHG�EDVHG�RQ�HYLGHQFH�RI�HŲHFWLYHQHVV� ZHLJKHG� DJDLQVW� HYLGHQFH� RI� SRWHQWLDO�KDUP��,Q�DOO�LQVWDQFHV��WKH�ÀQDO�GHFLVLRQ�LV�PDGH�E\�WKH�health care provider and patient after consideration of the strength of the recommendations in relation to the values and judgments of the individual patient.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11

Page 23: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013
Page 24: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

13

Classification of Hypertensive Disorders

CHAPTER1

T KH�PDMRU�JRDOV�RI�D�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�FODVVLÀFD-WLRQ�VFKHPD��ZKLFK�GHVFULEHV�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�WKDW� FRPSOLFDWHV� SUHJQDQF\�� DUH� WR� GLŲHU-entiate diseases preceding conception from

WKRVH� VSHFLÀF� WR� SUHJQDQF\�� LGHQWLI\� WKH�PRVW� RPL-QRXV� FDXVHV�� DQG� FUHDWH� FDWHJRULHV� LGHDO� IRU� UHFRUG�keeping and eventual epidemiologic research. Never-WKHOHVV��KHDOWK�FDUH�SURIHVVLRQDOV�FRQWLQXH�WR�EH�FRQ-IXVHG�E\�WKH�GLŲHUHQFHV�LQ�WHUPLQRORJ\�WKDW�DERXQG�LQ�WKH�OLWHUDWXUH��HVSHFLDOO\�WKH�GLŲHUHQFHV�LQ�SXEOLFD-tions from national and international societies. These latter reports continue to introduce schema that dif-fer in various documents and may contrast with those recommended here. This confusion has obviously DŲHFWHG� ERWK� PDQDJHPHQW� DQG� RXWFRPH� UHVHDUFK�and recommendations.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gyne-cologists (the College) Task Force on Hypertension in 3UHJQDQF\� FKRVH� WR� FRQWLQXH� XVLQJ� WKH� FODVVLÀFDWLRQ�VFKHPD�ÀUVW� LQWURGXFHG� LQ� ����� E\� WKH�&ROOHJH� DQG�PRGLÀHG�LQ�WKH������DQG������UHSRUWV�RI�WKH�1DWLRQDO�+LJK� %ORRG� 3UHVVXUH� (GXFDWLRQ� 3URJUDP� :RUNLQJ�Group (1���6LPLODU�FODVVLÀFDWLRQV�FDQ�EH�IRXQG�LQ�WKH�$PHULFDQ�6RFLHW\�RI�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�JXLGHOLQHV��DV�ZHOO�as College Practice Bulletins (2�� 3). Although the WDVN� IRUFH� KDV�PRGLÀHG� VRPH� RI� WKH� FRPSRQHQWV� RI� WKH�FODVVLÀFDWLRQ��LW�FRQWLQXHV�ZLWK�WKLV�EDVLF��SUHFLVH��DQG�SUDFWLFDO�FODVVLÀFDWLRQ��ZKLFK�FRQVLGHUV�K\SHU� tension during pregnancy in only four categories:

��� SUHHFODPSVLD²HFODPSVLD�� ��� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��RI�DQ\�FDXVH������FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�ZLWK�VXSHULP-posed preeclampsia; and 4) gestational hypertension.,W� KDV� EHHQ� VXJJHVWHG� WKDW� DQ� ROGHU� FDWHJRU\��

´XQFODVVLÀHG�µ� EH� UHLQWURGXFHG� RU� UHSODFHG� E\� ´VXV-SHFWHGµ�RU� ´SUHVXPSWLYHµ�SUHHFODPSVLD��7KLV�PD\�EH�useful in management because one should always be prepared for the disorder with the greatest risk. How-HYHU��DOWKRXJK�WKHVH�ODWWHU�WHUPV�PD\�KHOS�JXLGH�FOLQL-FDO� SUDFWLFH�� WKH\� PD\� KLQGHU� UHFRUG� NHHSLQJ� IRU�precise epidemiological research.

Preeclampsia–Eclampsia

3UHHFODPSVLD�LV�D�SUHJQDQF\�VSHFLÀF�K\SHUWHQVLYH�GLV-ease with multisystem involvement. It usually occurs DIWHU����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��PRVW�RIWHQ�QHDU�WHUP��DQG�can be superimposed on another hypertensive disor-der. Preeclampsia�� WKH� PRVW� FRPPRQ� IRUP� RI� KLJK�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��%3��WKDW�FRPSOLFDWHV�SUHJQDQF\��LV�SUL-PDULO\�GHÀQHG�E\�WKH�RFFXUUHQFH�RI�QHZ�RQVHW�K\SHU-WHQVLRQ�SOXV�QHZ�RQVHW�SURWHLQXULD��+RZHYHU��DOWKRXJK�WKHVH�WZR�FULWHULD�DUH�FRQVLGHUHG�WKH�FODVVLF�GHÀQLWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��VRPH�ZRPHQ�SUHVHQW�ZLWK�K\SHUWHQ-sion and multisystemic signs usually indicative of dis-ease severity in the absence of proteinuria. In the DEVHQFH�RI�SURWHLQXULD��SUHHFODPSVLD� LV�GLDJQRVHG�DV�hypertension in association with thrombocytopenia �SODWHOHW�FRXQW�OHVV�WKDQ���������PLFUROLWHU���LPSDLUHG�

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14 CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS

liver function (elevated blood levels of liver transami-QDVHV� WR� WZLFH� WKH� QRUPDO� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��� WKH� QHZ�GHYHORSPHQW� RI� UHQDO� LQVXűFLHQF\� �HOHYDWHG� VHUXP�creatinine greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of serum creatinine in the absence of other renal dis-HDVH��� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� RU� QHZ�RQVHW� FHUHEUDO� RU�visual disturbances.

Hypertension� LV�GHÀQHG�DV�HLWKHU�D�V\VWROLF�%3�RI�����PP�+J�RU�JUHDWHU��D�GLDVWROLF�%3�RI����PP�+J� RU� JUHDWHU�� RU� ERWK�� +\SHUWHQVLRQ� LV� FRQVLGHUHG� PLOG�XQWLO�GLDVWROLF�RU�V\VWROLF�OHYHOV�UHDFK�RU�H[FHHG�����PP�+J�DQG�����PP�+J��UHVSHFWLYHO\��,W�LV�UHFRP-mended that a diagnosis of hypertension require at OHDVW� WZR� GHWHUPLQDWLRQV� DW� OHDVW� �� KRXUV� DSDUW��DOWKRXJK� RQ� RFFDVLRQ�� HVSHFLDOO\� ZKHQ� IDFHG� ZLWK�VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKH�GLDJQRVLV�FDQ�EH�FRQÀUPHG�within a shorter interval (even minutes) to facilitate timely antihypertensive therapy. 3URWHLQXULD� LV� GLDJQRVHG�ZKHQ� ���KRXU� H[FUHWLRQ�

HTXDOV�RU�H[FHHGV�����PJ�LQ����KRXUV�RU�WKH�UDWLR�RI�measured protein to creatinine in a single voided urine PHDVXUHV�RU�H[FHHGV������HDFK�PHDVXUHG�DV�PJ�G/���termed the protein/creatinine ratio. As discussed in &KDSWHU���´Establishing the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia�µ� TXDOLWDWLYH� GLSVWLFN� UHDGLQJV� RI� ���suggest proteinuria but have many false-positive and false-negative results and should be reserved for use when quantitative methods are not available or rapid decisions are required.

Eclampsia is the convulsive phase of the disorder and is among the more severe manifestations of the GLVHDVH�� ,W� LV� RIWHQ� SUHFHGHG� E\� SUHPRQLWRU\� HYHQWV��VXFK�DV�VHYHUH�KHDGDFKHV�DQG�K\SHUUHÁH[LD��EXW�LW�FDQ�occur in the absence of warning signs or symptoms.6SHFLÀF�ELRFKHPLFDO�PDUNHUV�KDYH�EHHQ� OLQNHG�WR�

increased morbidity in hypertensive complications of SUHJQDQF\��HJ��K\SHUXULFHPLD���EXW�WKHVH�VKRXOG�QRW�be used for diagnosis. Although some label preeclamp-VLD� DV� ´OHVV� VHYHUHµ� RU� ´PRUH� VHYHUHµ�� RU� ´PLOGµ� DQG�´VHYHUH�µ�WKHVH�DUH�QRW�VSHFLÀF�FODVVLÀFDWLRQV��DQG�WKH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� DV� ´PLOGµ� VKRXOG� EH�avoided. The task force recommends that the term ´PLOG� SUHHFODPSVLDµ� EH� UHSODFHG� E\� ´SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV�µ�7KHVH�SRLQWV�DUH�PRUH�H[WHQ-VLYHO\�GLVFXVVHG�LQ�&KDSWHU���́ (VWDEOLVKLQJ�WKH�'LDJQR-VLV�RI�3UHHFODPSVLD�DQG�(FODPSVLD�µ

Chronic Hypertension

'XULQJ�SUHJQDQF\�� chronic hypertension� LV� GHÀQHG�DV�high BP known to predate conception or detected EHIRUH� ���ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ�� 3UHYLRXVO\�� VRPH� VXJ-JHVWHG�WKDW�ZKHQ�KLJK�%3�LV�ÀUVW�GLDJQRVHG�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�

KDOI� RI� SUHJQDQF\� DQG� QRUPDOL]HV� SRVWSDUWXP�� WKH�GLDJQRVLV� VKRXOG�EH� FKDQJHG� WR� ´WUDQVLHQW�K\SHUWHQ-VLRQ� RI� SUHJQDQF\�µ� +RZHYHU�� EHFDXVH� GLVFKDUJH�UHFRUGV� DUH� UDUHO\� PRGLÀHG�� WKH� WDVN� IRUFH� UHFRP-mends against instituting this latter terminology.

Chronic Hypertension With Superimposed Preeclampsia Preeclampsia may complicate all other hypertensive GLVRUGHUV��DQG�LQ�IDFW�WKH�LQFLGHQFH�LV�IRXU�WR�ÀYH�WLPHV�that in nonhypertensive pregnant women (4). In such FDVHV��SURJQRVLV�IRU�WKH�ZRPDQ�DQG�KHU�IHWXV�LV�ZRUVH�than either condition alone. Although evidence from renal biopsy studies suggests that the diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia may be often erroneous (5���WKH�GLDJQRVLV�LV�PRUH�OLNHO\�LQ�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VHYHQ�scenarios: women with hypertension only in early ges-tation who develop proteinuria after 20 weeks of ges-tation and women with proteinuria before 20 weeks of JHVWDWLRQ�ZKR����H[SHULHQFH�D�VXGGHQ�H[DFHUEDWLRQ�RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��RU�D�QHHG�WR�HVFDODWH�WKH�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�drug dose especially when previously well controlled with these medications; 2) suddenly manifest other VLJQV�DQG�V\PSWRPV��VXFK�DV�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV�to abnormal levels; 3) present with a decrement in WKHLU� SODWHOHW� OHYHOV� WR� EHORZ� ��������PLFUROLWHU�� 4) manifest symptoms such as right upper quadrant pain and severe headaches; 5) develop pulmonary FRQJHVWLRQ� RU� HGHPD�� ��� GHYHORS� UHQDO� LQVXűFLHQF\�(creatinine level doubling or increasing to or above 1.1 mg/dL in women without other renal disease); and 7) KDYH� VXGGHQ�� VXEVWDQWLDO�� DQG� VXVWDLQHG� LQFUHDVHV� LQ�SURWHLQ�H[FUHWLRQ��

If the only manifestation is elevation in BP to levels less than 160 mm Hg systolic and 110 mm Hg diastolic DQG� SURWHLQXULD�� WKLV� LV� FRQVLGHUHG� WR� EH� VXSHULP-posed preeclampsia without severe features. The presence of organ dysfunction is considered to be superimposed preeclampsia with severe features. For FODVVLÀFDWLRQ� SXUSRVHV�� ERWK� YDULDQWV� DUH� WHUPHG�´VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�µ� EXW� PDQDJHPHQW� LV�JXLGHG�E\�WKH�VXEFDWHJRU\��DQDORJRXV�WR�´SUHHFODPS-VLD�ZLWK�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHVµ�DQG�´SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHVµ���

Gestational Hypertension

Gestational hypertension is characterized most often by QHZ�RQVHW�HOHYDWLRQV�RI�%3�DIWHU����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��RIWHQ�QHDU�WHUP��LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�DFFRPSDQ\LQJ�SUR-teinuria. The failure of BP to normalize postpartum requires changing the diagnosis to chronic hypertension.

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CLASSIFICATION OF HYPERTENSIVE DISORDERS 15

Outcomes in women with gestational hypertension XVXDOO\� DUH� TXLWH� VXFFHVVIXO�� DOWKRXJK� VRPH�RI� WKHVH�ZRPHQ� H[SHULHQFH�%3� HOHYDWLRQV� WR� WKH� VHYHUH� OHYHO�with outcomes similar to women with preeclampsia (6���7KH�FDXVH�RI� WKLV�HQWLW\� LV�XQFOHDU��EXW�PDQ\�RI�these women have preeclampsia before proteinuria DQG�RWKHU�RUJDQ�PDQLIHVWDWLRQV�KDYH�RFFXUUHG��7KXV��JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��HYHQ�ZKHQ�%3�HOHYDWLRQV�DUH�PLOG��UHTXLUHV�HQKDQFHG�VXUYHLOODQFH��*HVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� DOWKRXJK� WUDQVLHQW� LQ�

QDWXUH��PD\�DOVR�EH�D�VLJQ�RI�IXWXUH�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQ-VLRQ�� 7KXV�� HYHQ� ZKHQ� EHQLJQ�� LW� LV� DQ� LPSRUWDQW� marker regarding follow-up and preventive medicine decisions (7).

Postpartum Hypertension

,W� LV� LPSRUWDQW� WR� UHPHPEHU� WKDW� SUHHFODPSVLD³including preeclampsia with severe systemic organ LQYROYHPHQW� DQG� VHL]XUHV³FDQ� ÀUVW� GHYHORS� LQ� WKH�postpartum period. Because early hospital discharge is WKH� FXUUHQW� SUDFWLFH� LQ� WKH� 8QLWHG� 6WDWHV�� WKLV�PDQ-dates instruction of women at discharge from the hos-SLWDO�WR�EH�DZDUH�RI�V\PSWRPV��HJ��VHYHUH�KHDGDFKH��YLVXDO�GLVWXUEDQFHV��RU�HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ��WKDW�VKRXOG�EH�reported to a health care provider.$OWKRXJK� QRW� UHFRPPHQGHG� LQ� WKLV� FODVVLÀFDWLRQ�

VFKHPD��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�FDOOV�DWWHQWLRQ�WR�D�SKHQRPH-QRQ� RQFH� ODEHOHG� ´ODWH� SRVWSDUWXP� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�µ� D�disorder that was more frequently diagnosed when women in the postpartum period routinely remained KRVSLWDOL]HG�IRU�DV�ORQJ�DV���ZHHNV��,W�ZDV�GHÀQHG�DV�women with normotensive gestations who develop

hypertension (usually mild) in a period that ranges from 2 weeks to 6 months postpartum. Blood pressure UHPDLQV�ODELOH�IRU�PRQWKV�SRVWSDUWXP��XVXDOO\�QRUPDO-L]LQJ�E\�WKH�HQG�RI�WKH�ÀUVW�\HDU��/LWWOH�LV�NQRZQ�RI�WKLV�HQWLW\��DQG��OLNH�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��LW�PD\�EH�D�predictor of future chronic hypertension.

References

1. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education 3URJUDP�:RUNLQJ�*URXS�RQ�+LJK�%ORRG�3UHVVXUH�LQ�3UHJ-nancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:S1–S22. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����/LQGKHLPHU�0'�� 7DOHU� 6-�� &XQQLQJKDP� )*�� +\SHUWHQ-sion in pregnancy. J Am Soc Hypertens 2010;4:68–78. >3XE0HG@ A

3. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclamp-sia. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 33. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Obstet Gynecol 2002; 99:159–67. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

� ����&DULWLV�6��6LEDL�%��+DXWK�-��/LQGKHLPHU�0'��.OHEDQRŲ�0��7KRP�(��HW�DO��/RZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�WR�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD�in women at high risk. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine Units. N Engl J Med 1998;338:701–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����)LVKHU�.$��/XJHU�$��6SDUJR�%+��/LQGKHLPHU�0'��+\SHU-tension in pregnancy: clinical-pathological correlations and remote prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore) 1981;60: 267–76. A

� ����%XFKELQGHU�$��6LEDL�%0��&DULWLV�6��0DFSKHUVRQ�&��+DXWK�-��/LQGKHLPHU�0'�� HW� DO��$GYHUVH�SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPHV�DUH�VLJQLÀFDQWO\� KLJKHU� LQ� VHYHUH� JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�than in mild preeclampsia. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal- Fetal Medicine Units. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;186: 66–71. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����:LOOLDPV� '�� /RQJ�WHUP� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD��Semin Nephrol 2011;31:111–22. >3XE0HG@ A

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Establishing the Diagnosis of Preeclampsia and Eclampsia

CHAPTER2

SSHFLÀF� FULWHULD� PXVW� EH� PHW� WR� HVWDEOLVK� WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK�VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� DQG� HFODPSVLD�� 0RUH� UHFHQW�FULWHULD�IRU�WKH�GHÀQLWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�KDYH�

been established based on their association with ad-YHUVH�FOLQLFDO�RXWFRPHV��6HYHUDO�SUHH[LVWLQJ�FULWHULD�IRU�preeclampsia with severe features have been eliminat-ed based largely on whether evidence suggests that their presence should outline clinical management in the preterm setting.

Preeclampsia

'HÀQLWLRQ3UHHFODPSVLD� LV�D�V\QGURPH�WKDW�FKLHÁ\� LQFOXGHV� WKH�development of new-onset hypertension in the second half of pregnancy. Although often accompanied by QHZ�RQVHW�SURWHLQXULD��SUHHFODPSVLD�FDQ�EH�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�PDQ\�RWKHU�VLJQV�DQG�V\PSWRPV��LQFOXGLQJ�YLVXDO�GLVWXUEDQFHV��KHDGDFKHV��HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ��DQG�WKH�UDSLG�development of edema.

Diagnostic criteria include the development of hypertension,� GHÀQHG� DV� D� SHUVLVWHQW� V\VWROLF� EORRG�SUHVVXUH��%3��RI�����PP�+J�RU�KLJKHU��RU�D�GLDVWROLF�BP of 90 mm Hg or higher after 20 weeks of gestation in a women with previously normal blood pressure (1��2) (Table 2-1). The optimal measurement of BP is PDGH� ZLWK� WKH� SDWLHQW� FRPIRUWDEO\� VHDWHG�� OHJV�XQFURVVHG��DQG�WKH�EDFN�DQG�DUP�VXSSRUWHG��VR� WKDW�

WKH�PLGGOH�RI�WKH�FXŲ�RQ�WKH�XSSHU�DUP�LV�DW�WKH�OHYHO�of the right atrium (the midpoint of the sternum). The SDWLHQW� VKRXOG� EH� LQVWUXFWHG� WR� UHOD[� DQG� QRW� WDON�GXULQJ�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�SURFHGXUH��LGHDOO\����PLQXWHV�VKRXOG�HODSVH�EHIRUH�WKH�ÀUVW�UHDGLQJ�LV�WDNHQ��,I�HOH-YDWHG� RQ� LQLWLDO� DVVHVVPHQW�� WKH� %3� PHDVXUHPHQW�should be repeated after several minutes to attempt to eliminate spuriously elevated BP determinations (3). It is worth noting that measurement of BP taken in the upper arm with the woman in the left lateral position will falsely lower BP readings because the blood pres-VXUH�FXŲ�ZLOO�EH�DERYH�WKH�KHDUW�ZKHQ�WKHVH�UHDGLQJV�are made. This approach is discouraged.

Hypertension does not mean that a patient has pre-HFODPSVLD�� RWKHU� FULWHULD� DUH� UHTXLUHG�� ,Q�PRVW� FDVHV��WKLV�ZLOO�EH�QHZ�RQVHW�SURWHLQXULD��EXW�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�SURWHLQXULD�WKDW�PHHWV�RU�H[FHHGV�WKH�GLDJQRVWLF�WKUHVK-ROG�� DQ\�RI� WKH� IROORZLQJ� FDQ�HVWDEOLVK� WKH�GLDJQRVLV��QHZ�RQVHW� WKURPERF\WRSHQLD�� LPSDLUHG� OLYHU� IXQFWLRQ��UHQDO�LQVXűFLHQF\��SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��RU�YLVXDO�RU�FHUH-bral disturbances. Proteinuria� LV�GHÀQHG�E\� WKH�H[FUH-tion of 300 mg or more of protein in a 24-hour urine FROOHFWLRQ� �RU� WKLV� DPRXQW� H[WUDSRODWHG� IURP�D� WLPHG�collection) (4���$OWHUQDWLYHO\��D�SURWHLQ�FUHDWLQLQH�UDWLR�of at least 0.3 (each measured as mg/dL) is an equiva-lent acceptable threshold for the diagnosis to be estab-lished because this ratio has been demonstrated to PDWFK�RU�H[FHHG�D����KRXU�XULQH�SURWHLQ�FROOHFWLRQ�RI�300 mg (5��� $� GLSVWLFN� UHDGLQJ� RI� ��� DOVR� VXJJHVWV�

17

A

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18 ESTABLISHING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA

SURWHLQXULD�� EXW� EHFDXVH� WKLV� TXDOLWDWLYH� PHWKRG� KDV�PDQ\�IDOVH�SRVLWLYH�DQG�IDOVH�QHJDWLYH�UHVXOWV��LW�VKRXOG�be used for diagnosis only when quantitative methods DUH�QRW� DYDLODEOH��$OWHUQDWLYHO\�� WKH� GLDJQRVLV�PD\� EH�HVWDEOLVKHG�E\�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DV�GHÀQHG�previously in association with thrombocytopenia (plate-OHW�FRXQW�OHVV�WKDQ���������PLFUROLWHU���LPSDLUHG�OLYHU�function (elevated blood concentrations of liver trans-DPLQDVHV�WR�WZLFH�WKH�QRUPDO�FRQFHQWUDWLRQ���WKH�QHZ�GHYHORSPHQW� RI� UHQDO� LQVXűFLHQF\� �VHUXP� FUHDWLQLQH�concentration greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of RWKHU�UHQDO�GLVHDVH���SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��RU�QHZ�RQVHW�cerebral or visual disturbances. Proteinuria is not abso-lutely required for the diagnosis of preeclampsia (6).

Preeclampsia with the absence of severe manifesta-WLRQV�RIWHQ�KDV�EHHQ�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�DV�´PLOG�µ�,W�VKRXOG�be noted that this characterization can be misleading; HYHQ�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�VHYHUH�GLVHDVH��GHÀQHG�LQ�WKLV�FKDSWHU��� PRUELGLW\� DQG� PRUWDOLW\� DUH� VLJQLÀFDQWO\�LQFUHDVHG��7KHUHIRUH��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�UHFRPPHQGV�WKDW�WKH� WHUP� ´SUHHFODPSVLD� ZLWKRXW� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHVµ� EH�used instead. Some pregnant women present with a VSHFLÀF�FRQVWHOODWLRQ�RI�ODERUDWRU\�ÀQGLQJV³KHPRO\-VLV��HOHYDWHG�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�ORZ�SODWHOHW�FRXQW³WKDW� KDV� EHHQ� ODEHOHG� ´+(//3� V\QGURPH�µ� 7KLV�

FRQVWHOODWLRQ�RI�ODERUDWRU\�ÀQGLQJV�LV�RIWHQ�FRQVLGHUHG�a preeclamptic subtype. The segregation of HELLP syndrome from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura may be helped by the measurement of serum lactate dehydrogenase when additional criteria for pre-eclampsia are absent (7).

3UHGLDJQRVWLF�)LQGLQJV�:DUUDQWLQJ� ,QFUHDVHG�6XUYHLOODQFH6RPH�PDWHUQDO� V\PSWRPV�� HYHQ� LQ� WKH� DEVHQFH�RI� D�FRQÀUPHG�GLDJQRVLV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�� VKRXOG�SURPSW�the obstetric care provider to closely evaluate mater-QDO� VWDWXV� IRU� VSHFLÀF� VLJQV� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� 7KHVH�include the new onset of headache or visual distur-EDQFHV��DV�ZHOO�DV�DEGRPLQDO�SDLQ��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW��RU�HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ�$GGLWLRQDO�ÀQGLQJV�WKDW�ZDUUDQW�FORVH�REVHUYDWLRQ�

for the subsequent development of preeclampsia include fetal growth restriction or new-onset protein-uria in the second half of pregnancy (8��9). Elevations in BP during pregnancy (comparing late pregnancy ZLWK�HDUO\�SUHJQDQF\��WKDW�H[FHHG����PP�+J�GLDVWROLF�or 30 mm Hg systolic are common in uncomplicated pregnancies (10���1HYHUWKHOHVV��ZRPHQ�ZKR�GHPRQ-VWUDWH� WKLV� GHJUHH� RI� HOHYDWLRQ� LQ� %3� ´ZDUUDQW� FORVH�REVHUYDWLRQ�µ�DV�VXJJHVWHG�E\�WKH�1DWLRQDO�+LJK�%ORRG�

TABLE 2-1. Diagnostic Criteria for Preeclampsia A

Blood pressure • Greater than or equal to 140 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mm Hg diastolic on two occasions at least 4 hours apart after 20 weeks of gestation in a woman with a previously normal blood pressure

• Greater than or equal to 160 mm Hg systolic or greater than or equal to 110 mm Hg diastolic, hypertension can be confirmed within a short interval (minutes) to facilitate timely antihypertensive therapy

and

Proteinuria • Greater than or equal to 300 mg per 24 hour urine collection (or this amount extrapolated from a timed collection)

or

• Protein/creatinine ratio greater than or equal to 0.3*

• Dipstick reading of 1+ (used only if other quantitative methods not available)

Or in the absence of proteinuria, new-onset hypertension with the new onset of any of the following:

Thrombocytopenia • Platelet count less than 100,000/microliter

Renal insufficiency • Serum creatinine concentrations greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease

Impaired liver function • Elevated blood concentrations of liver transaminases to twice normal concentration

Pulmonary edema

Cerebral or visual symptoms

* Each measured as mg/dL.

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ESTABLISHING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA 19

3UHVVXUH� (GXFDWLRQ� 3URJUDP� :RUNLQJ� *URXS� �����$GGLWLRQDOO\�� ELRFKHPLFDO�PDUNHUV� FDQ� EH� DVVRFLDWHG�with poorer outcomes in women in whom preeclamp-sia has been diagnosed. These markers may have value LQ�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�VSHFLÀF�SDWLHQWV��EXW�WKH\�GR�QRW�contribute to establishing the diagnosis. Among these markers is uric acid concentration (11). It is important WR�QRWH�WKDW�WKHVH�ÀQGLQJV�ZDUQ�WKDW�SUHHFODPSVLD�PD\�EH�LPSHQGLQJ��ZKLFK�PD\�LQÁXHQFH�SDWWHUQV�RI�FOLQLFDO�REVHUYDWLRQ��EXW�WKH�ÀQGLQJV�GR�QRW�VXSSRUW�WKH�LQLWLD-WLRQ�RI�VSHFLÀF�LQWHUYHQWLRQV�LQ�DQG�RI�WKHPVHOYHV��

Although clinically evident edema or rapid weight JDLQ��RU�ERWK��PD\�UDLVH�WKH�FOLQLFDO�VXVSLFLRQ�IRU�SUH-HFODPSVLD��LW�LV�QRW�D�GLDJQRVWLF�FULWHULRQ��1RQGHSHQ-dent edema occurs in 10–15% of women who remain QRUPRWHQVLYH�WKURXJKRXW�SUHJQDQF\��DQG�LW�LV�QHLWKHU�D�VHQVLWLYH�QRU�VSHFLÀF�VLJQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��12).

$VVHVVLQJ�WKH�6HYHULW\�RI�3UHHFODPSVLD6RPH�FOLQLFDO�ÀQGLQJV� LQFUHDVH� WKH� ULVN�RI�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\�LQ�WKH�VHWWLQJ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG��ZKHQ�SUHVHQW�� VHJUHJDWH� SUHHFODPSVLD� LQWR� D� PRUH� VHYHUH�category (13). The more severe forms of preeclampsia DUH� FKDUDFWHUL]HG� E\� WKH� FHUWDLQ� ÀQGLQJV� LQ� ZRPHQ�meeting the basic criteria for diagnosing the disorder (%R[�������$GGLWLRQDOO\��ZRPHQ�ZKR�KDYH�PHW�WKH�EDVLF�criteria for preeclampsia with systolic BP levels of 140–����PP�+J�RU�GLDVWROLF�%3�OHYHOV�RI���²����PP�+J��DORQJ� ZLWK� QHZ� HYLGHQFH� RI� WKURPERF\WRSHQLD��LPSDLUHG�OLYHU�G\VIXQFWLRQ��UHQDO�LQVXűFLHQF\��SXOPR-QDU\�HGHPD��RU�YLVXDO�ORVV�RU�FHUHEUDO�GLVWXUEDQFH��DOVR�should be considered as having severe disease.

In view of recent studies that indicate a minimal rela-tionship between the quantity of urinary protein and SUHJQDQF\� RXWFRPH� LQ� SUHHFODPSVLD��PDVVLYH� SURWHLQ-uria (greater than 5 g) has been eliminated from the FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DV�VHYHUH��$OVR��EHFDXVH�fetal growth restriction is managed similarly in pregnant ZRPHQ� ZLWK� DQG� ZLWKRXW� SUHHFODPSVLD�� LW� KDV� EHHQ�UHPRYHG�DV�D�ÀQGLQJ�LQGLFDWLQJ�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�

Eclampsia

Eclampsia� LV� GHÀQHG� DV� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� QHZ�RQVHW�grand mal seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. (FODPSVLD� FDQ� RFFXU� EHIRUH�� GXULQJ�� RU� DIWHU� ODERU��Other causes of seizures in addition to eclampsia LQFOXGH�D�EOHHGLQJ�DUWHULRYHQRXV�PDOIRUPDWLRQ�� UXS-WXUHG�DQHXU\VP��RU�LGLRSDWKLF�VHL]XUH�GLVRUGHU��7KHVH�alternative diagnoses may be more likely in cases in which new-onset seizures occur after 48–72 hours postpartum or when seizures occur during use of antiepileptic therapy with magnesium sulfate.

References

� ���6WRQH�3��&RRN�'��+XWWRQ�-��3XUGLH�*��0XUUD\�+��+DUFRXUW�/��0HDVXUHPHQWV�RI�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��RHGHPD�DQG�SURWHLQ-XULD�LQ�D�SUHJQDQW�SRSXODWLRQ�RI�1HZ�=HDODQG��$XVW�1�=�J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;35:32–7. >3XE0HG@ A

2. Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education 3URJUDP�:RUNLQJ�*URXS�RQ�+LJK�%ORRG�3UHVVXUH�LQ�3UHJ-nancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;183:S1–S22. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����3LFNHULQJ�7*��+DOO� -(��$SSHO� /-�� )DONQHU�%(��*UDYHV� -��+LOO� 01�� HW� DO�� 5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV� IRU� EORRG� SUHVVXUH�PHDVXUHPHQW�LQ�KXPDQV�DQG�H[SHULPHQWDO�DQLPDOV��3DUW�1: blood pressure measurement in humans: a statement for professionals from the Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Subcommittee of Professional and Public Education of the American Heart Association Council on High Blood Pressure Research. Hypertension 2005;45:142–61. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����.XR�96��.RXPDQWDNLV�*��*DOOHU\�('��3URWHLQXULD�DQG�LWV�assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992;167:723–8. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����:KHHOHU�7/��QG��%ODFNKXUVW�':��'HOOLQJHU�(+��5DPVH\�36��Usage of spot urine protein to creatinine ratios in the evaluation of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196:465.e1–4.�>3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

� ����+RPHU� &6�� %URZQ� 0$�� 0DQJRV� *�� 'DYLV� *.�� 1RQ� proteinuric pre-eclampsia: a novel risk indicator in

BOX 2-1. Severe Features of Preeclampsia (Any of these findings) A

• Systolic blood pressure of 160 mm Hg or higher, or diastolic blood pressure of 110 mm Hg or higher on two occasions at least 4 hours apart while the patient is on bed rest (unless antihypertensive therapy is initiated before this time)

• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than 100,000/microliter)

• Impaired liver function as indicated by abnormally elevated blood concentrations of liver enzymes (to twice normal concentration), severe persistent right upper quadrant or epigastric pain unresponsive to medication and not accounted for by alternative diagnoses, or both

• Progressive renal insufficiency (serum creatinine concentration greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a doubling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease)

• Pulmonary edema

• Cerebral or visual disturbances

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women with gestational hypertension. J Hypertens 2008; 26: 295–302. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����.HLVHU� 6'�� %R\G�.:��5HKEHUJ� -)�� (ONLQV� 6��2ZHQV�0<��6XQHVDUD�,��HW�DO��$�KLJK�/'+�WR�$67�UDWLR�KHOSV�WR�GLŲHU-entiate pregnancy-associated thrombotic thrombocyto-penic purpura (TTP) from HELLP syndrome. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012;25:1059–63. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

� ����)R[� 16�� +XDQJ� 0�� &KDVHQ� 67�� 6HFRQG�WULPHVWHU� IHWDO�growth and the risk of poor obstetric and neonatal out-comes. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2008;32:61–5. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����0RULNDZD�0��<DPDGD�7��<DPDGD�7��&KR�.��<DPDGD�+��6DNXUDJL�1��HW�DO��3UHJQDQF\�RXWFRPH�RI�ZRPHQ�ZKR�GH-veloped proteinuria in the absence of hypertension after mid-gestation. J Perinat Med 2008;36:419–24. >3XE0HG@ A

������0DF*LOOLYUD\�,��5RVH�*$��5RZH�%��%ORRG�SUHVVXUH�VXUYH\�in pregnancy. Clin Sci 1969;37:395–407. >3XE0HG@ A

������+DZNLQV� 7/�� 5REHUWV� -0�� 0DQJRV� *-�� 'DYLV� *.�� 5REHUWV� /0�� %URZQ� 0$�� 3ODVPD� XULF� DFLG� UHPDLQV� D�marker of poor outcome in hypertensive pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:484–92. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������7KRPVRQ�$0��+\WWHQ�)(��%LOOHZLF]�:=��7KH�HSLGHPLRORJ\�of oedema during pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Com-monw 1967;74:1–10. >3XE0HG@ A

������YRQ�'DGHOV]HQ�3��3D\QH�%��/L�-��$QVHUPLQR�-0��%URXJKWRQ�3LSNLQ�)��&RWH�$0��HW�DO��3UHGLFWLRQ�RI�DGYHUVH�PDWHUQDO�outcomes in pre-eclampsia: development and validation of the fullPIERS model. PIERS Study Group. Lancet 2011;377:219–27. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

20 ESTABLISHING THE DIAGNOSIS OF PREECLAMPSIA AND ECLAMPSIA

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Prediction of Preeclampsia

CHAPTER3

A JUHDW�GHDO�RI�HŲRUW�KDV�EHHQ�GLUHFWHG�DW�WKH�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�GHPRJUDSKLF�IDFWRUV��ELR-FKHPLFDO�DQDO\WHV��RU�ELRSK\VLFDO�ÀQGLQJV��DORQH� RU� LQ� FRPELQDWLRQ�� WR� SUHGLFW� HDUO\�

in pregnancy the later development of preeclampsia. Evidence relating to the reliability of prediction tests for preeclampsia is reviewed as follows.

Definition of an Ideal Predictive Test

The utility of a predictive test will depend on the over-all prevalence of the disease (1). Although sensitivity DQG�VSHFLÀFLW\�KDYH�EHHQ�XVHG�WR�DVVHVV�KRZ�ZHOO�D�WHVW�LV�DEOH�WR�LGHQWLI\�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�D�GLVHDVH��WKH\�GR�QRW�focus on the meaning of a single test result. In this UHVSHFW��WKH�EHVW�ZD\�WR�DVVHVV�WKH�YDOXH�RI�D�VSHFLÀF�test result is by use of likelihood ratios (2). The likeli-hood ratio (LR) of a particular test result is the propor-tion of participants with the target condition who have a positive test result relative to the proportion without the target condition who have the same test result. Because the incidence of preeclampsia is relatively ORZ�� VFUHHQLQJ� WHVWV�ZLWK�SRVLWLYH� WHVW� UHVXOWV� UHTXLUH�high LRs to adequately predict the disease’s probabil- LW\��DQG�WHVWV�ZLWK�QHJDWLYH�UHVXOWV�UHTXLUH�ORZ�/5V�WR�FRQÀGHQWO\�H[FOXGH�WKH�GLVRUGHU��7KXV��XVHIXO�SUHGLF-tion for preeclampsia would require a high LR (greater than 10) for a positive test as well as a low LR for a negative result (less than 0.2). Even the most reliable SUHGLFWLRQ�WHVW�ZLOO�RQO\�KDYH�FOLQLFDO�XWLOLW\�LI�HŲHFWLYH�

preventive approaches and therapeutic interventions are available or if close follow-up after prediction demonstrates improved maternal or fetal outcomes.

Epidemiology of and Risk Factors for Preeclampsia$� QXPEHU� RI� FOLQLFDO� FLUFXPVWDQFHV�� VXPPDUL]HG� LQ�%R[������LQFUHDVH�WKH�ULVN�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��3). The risk of preeclampsia is increased twofold to fourfold if a SDWLHQW�KDV�D�ÀUVW�GHJUHH�UHODWLYH�ZLWK�D�PHGLFDO�KLV� tory of the disorder and is increased sevenfold if pre-HFODPSVLD� FRPSOLFDWHG� D� SUHYLRXV� SUHJQDQF\� ����4). Multiple gestation is an additional risk factor; triplet gestation is a greater risk than twin gestation. Classic cardiovascular risk factors also are associated with LQFUHDVHG�SUREDELOLW\�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��DV�DUH�PDWHUQDO�DJH�ROGHU�WKDQ����\HDUV��GLDEHWHV��REHVLW\��DQG�SUHH[-isting hypertension. The increased prevalence of chronic hypertension and other comorbid medical ill-QHVVHV�LQ�ZRPHQ�ROGHU�WKDQ����\HDUV�PD\�H[SODLQ�WKH�increased frequency of preeclampsia among older ZRPHQ��5DFLDO�GLŲHUHQFHV�LQ�WKH�LQFLGHQFH�DQG�VHYHU-LW\� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� KDYH� EHHQ� GLűFXOW� WR� DVVHVV�because of confounding by socioeconomic and cultural IDFWRUV��1RQHWKHOHVV��LW�LV�LPSRUWDQW�WR�UHPHPEHU�WKDW�most cases of preeclampsia occur in healthy nullipa-rous women with no other obvious risks.

Attempts to predict preeclampsia during early preg-nancy using clinical risk factors have revealed modest

21

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22 PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA

SUHGLFWLYH�YDOXHV��ZLWK�GHWHFWLRQ�RI�����RI�WKRVH�ZKR�developed early-onset preeclampsia and 29% who GHYHORSHG�ODWH�RQVHW�SUHHFODPSVLD��ZLWK�IDOVH�SRVLWLYH�rates of 5% (5���$�VWXG\��ZKLFK�XVHG�DQ�DOJRULWKP�WKDW�included known risk factors for preeclampsia in nullip-DURXV� ZRPHQ�� GHWHFWHG� ���� RI� ZRPHQ� ZKR� GHYHO-oped preeclampsia with a false-positive rate of 10% (positive LR = 3.6) (6).

Prediction of Preeclampsia Using Uterine Artery Doppler VelocimetryThe utility of uterine artery Doppler studies to predict SUHHFODPSVLD� KDV� EHHQ� H[WHQVLYHO\� VWXGLHG� �7). ,QFUHDVHG�UHVLVWDQFH�WR�ÁRZ�ZLWKLQ�WKH�XWHULQH�DUWHU-LHV�UHVXOWV�LQ�DQ�DEQRUPDO�ZDYHIRUP�SDWWHUQ��UHSUH-sented by either an increased resistance or pulsatility indices or by the persistence of a unilateral or bilateral GLDVWROLF�QRWFK������,Q�JHQHUDO��XWHULQH�DUWHU\�'RSSOHU�studies are better at predicting early preeclampsia than term preeclampsia (7). Several studies have assessed the predictive value for early-onset preeclampsia and have noted positive LRs that ranged from 5.0 to 20 and negative LRs that ranged from 0.1 to 0.8 (7). It appears WKDW�LUUHVSHFWLYH�RI�WKH�LQGH[�RU�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�LQGLFHV�XVHG��XWHULQH�DUWHU\�'RSSOHU�VWXGLHV�DORQH�KDYH�D�ORZ�predictive value for the development of early-onset preeclampsia. Major pitfalls with this technique are the ZLGH� YDULDELOLW\� �OLNHO\� UHODWHG� WR� RSHUDWRU� H[SHUWLVH��and poor predictive accuracy. A review of the literature found no randomized clinical trials that demonstrated improved maternal outcomes or fetal outcomes or both in patients who have undergone uterine artery Doppler screening.

Prediction of Preeclampsia Using BiomarkersBiomarkers for the prediction of preeclampsia are inte-JUDO�WR�GLVHDVH�VWUDWLÀFDWLRQ�DQG�WDUJHWHG�WKHUDS\������Results from mechanistic studies not only have pro- YLGHG�LQVLJKWV�LQWR�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH��EXW�also have created opportunities to study circulating and urinary biomarkers to predict the disease (8).

$QJLRJHQHVLV�5HODWHG�%LRPDUNHUVAlterations in a number of circulating antiangiogenic SURWHLQV� �VROXEOH� IPV�OLNH� W\URVLQH� NLQDVH� �� >V)OW��@�and soluble endoglin) and proangiogenic proteins �SODFHQWD�JURZWK�IDFWRU�>3O*)@�DQG�YDVFXODU�HQGRWKH-OLDO� JURZWK� IDFWRU� >9(*)@�� KDYH� EHHQ� HYDOXDWHG� DV�potential biomarkers for use in preeclampsia (8). %HFDXVH�DOWHUDWLRQV� LQ� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI� V)OW����3O*)��and soluble endoglin in the maternal circulation pre-cede the clinical onset of preeclampsia by several ZHHNV�WR�PRQWKV��WKHLU�SUHGLFWLYH�SRWHQWLDO�KDV�EHHQ�HYDOXDWHG��0DQ\�RI�WKH�VWXGLHV�IRFXVHG�RQ�V)OW����DQ�DQWLDQJLRJHQLF� SURWHLQ�� DV� D� SRWHQWLDO� SUHGLFWRU� RI� early-onset preeclampsia (9���([DPLQLQJ�RGGV�UDWLRV��VHQVLWLYLW\��DQG�VSHFLÀFLW\�IRU�YDULRXV�V)OW���FXWRŲ�YDO-XHV� LQ�GLŲHUHQW� WULPHVWHUV� OHG� WR� WKH�FRQFOXVLRQ� WKDW�WKH�KLJKHU�WKH�V)OW���FRQFHQWUDWLRQ��WKH�PRUH�SUHGLF-WLYH� LW� LV� RI� HDUO\�RQVHW� SUHHFODPSVLD� ����� +RZHYHU��because sFlt-1 is altered only 4–5 weeks before the RQVHW�RI�FOLQLFDO�V\PSWRPV��LW�LV�QRW�XVHIXO�ZKHQ�XVHG�DORQH�DV�D�VFUHHQLQJ�WHVW�HDUOLHU�LQ�JHVWDWLRQ��,Q�FRQWUDVW��PlGF concentrations begin to decrease 9–11 weeks before the appearance of hypertension and protein-XULD��ZKLFK�DFFHOHUDWHV�GXULQJ�WKH���ZHHNV�EHIRUH�WKH�onset of disease (10). There are several studies evalu-DWLQJ�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�XVH�RI�3O*)�WKDW�UHYHDO��DW�PRVW��modest predictive values for early-onset preeclampsia. +RZHYHU�� FRPELQLQJ�3O*)� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�ZLWK� RWKHU�ELRFKHPLFDO�PDUNHUV��XWHULQH�DUWHU\�'RSSOHU� VWXGLHV��RU� ERWK�� VXEVWDQWLDOO\� LPSURYHV� WKH� SUHGLFWLYH� YDOXH��2QH� VWXG\� HYDOXDWHG� ������ ZRPHQ� ZLWK� VLQJOHWRQ�pregnancies during 11–13 weeks of gestation (11).

An algorithm developed by logistic regression that FRPELQHG�WKH�ORJV�RI�XWHULQH�SXOVDWLOLW\�LQGH[��PHDQ�DUWHULDO� SUHVVXUH�� SUHJQDQF\�DVVRFLDWHG� SODVPD� SUR-WHLQ�$��3$33�$��� VHUXP�IUHH�3O*)��ERG\�PDVV� LQGH[��and presence of nulliparity or previous preeclampsia UHYHDOHG� WKH� IROORZLQJ�� DW� D� ��� IDOVH�SRVLWLYH� UDWH��the detection rate for early preeclampsia was 93.1%; PRUH�LPSUHVVLYHO\��WKH�SRVLWLYH�/5�ZDV������DQG�WKH�negative LR was 0.06 (11). Although the results of WKHVH�VWXGLHV�DUH�SURPLVLQJ��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�GRHV�QRW�recommend using this for clinical practice because

BOX 3-1. Risk Factors for Preeclampsia A

• Primiparity• Previous preeclamptic pregnancy• Chronic hypertension or chronic renal disease or both• History of thrombophilia• Multifetal pregnancy• In vitro fertilization• Family history of preeclampsia• Type I diabetes mellitus or type II diabetes mellitus• Obesity• Systemic lupus erythematosus• Advanced maternal age (older than 40 years)

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PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA 23

evidence that maternal–fetal outcomes are improved by early screening is still lacking. %HFDXVH�3O*)�LV�D�VPDOO�SURWHLQ��LW�LV�HDVLO\�ÀOWHUHG�

E\� WKH�QRUPDOO\� IXQFWLRQLQJ� NLGQH\�� WKHUHIRUH��PHD-VXULQJ� XULQDU\� 3O*)� FRPELQHG�ZLWK� FRQÀUPDWLRQ� E\�measuring the circulating sFlt-1/PlGF ratio has been proposed as another strategy for the prediction of preterm preeclampsia (12���,Q�RQH�VWXG\��UHVHDUFKHUV�PHDVXUHG�V)OW����3O*)��DQG�VROXEOH�HQGRJOLQ�LQ�������consecutive pregnant women with singleton gesta-tions during early pregnancy and in midtrimester and found superior performances for the PlGF/soluble endoglin ratio during midtrimester with sensitivity of ����� DQG� VSHFLÀFLW\� RI� ���� IRU� HDUO\�RQVHW� SUH-HFODPSVLD��SRVLWLYH�/5������������FRQÀGHQFH�LQWHUYDO������²������ DQG� QHJDWLYH� /5�� ����� ���� FRQÀGHQFH�LQWHUYDO�����²������13). Other studies that used angio-genic markers in high-risk populations have found more modest results (14��15���1RQH�RI�WKHVH�ÀQGLQJV�have been validated in an independent cohort. Future studies to evaluate the clinical utility of early predic-tion using biomarkers as it relates to preeclampsia- related adverse maternal–fetal outcomes are needed.

3ODFHQWDO�3URWHLQ����DQG�2WKHU�0DUNHUV$�IHZ�VWXGLHV�KDYH�VXJJHVWHG�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�FLUFXODWLQJ�OHYHOV�RI�SODFHQWDO�SURWHLQ����DUH�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�ORZHU�LQ�women who go on to develop early-onset preeclamp-sia and preterm birth (16�� 17��� &RPELQLQJ� ÀUVW� trimester placental protein-13 with other predictive markers may further improve predictive performance. 2QH�VWXG\�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW����GLŲHUHQW�SODVPD�PHWDER-lites have robust discriminatory power in identifying preeclampsia at 15 weeks of gestation (18). Larger prospective studies are needed to determine whether these novel biomarkers will be valuable for the predic-tion of early preeclampsia.

Prediction of Adverse Outcomes in Patients With Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia

Biomarkers also may be useful to evaluate adverse outcomes in patients who present with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Uric acid has been H[WHQVLYHO\�VWXGLHG� LQ�WKLV�VHWWLQJ��DQG�HOHYDWHG�FRQ-centrations have been suggested as useful in identify-ing women with gestational hypertension who may SURJUHVV�WR�SUHHFODPSVLD��GHYHORS�DGYHUVH�PDWHUQDO²IHWDO�RXWFRPHV��RU�ERWK��19–21). A recent prospective study suggested that uric acid might be an accurate SUHGLFWRU�LQ�WKLV�SRSXODWLRQ��ZLWK�D�SRVLWLYH�SUHGLFWLYH�YDOXH�RI�������IRU�D�FXWRŲ�RI�����PJ�G/��22). Circu-

lating angiogenic factors also have been evaluated in the triage setting in women with suspicion of pre-eclampsia and have been found to be of potential use in identifying subsequent adverse maternal–fetal out-comes (23–25). Among participants who presented SUHWHUP��OHVV�WKDQ����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ���DQ�V)OW���PlGF ratio of 85 or greater had a positive predictive value of 86.0% and a positive LR of 12.2 for predicting adverse maternal–fetal outcomes occurring within 2 weeks of presentation (24).

The greatest utility of these tests would be to rule out progression of gestational hypertension to pre-eclampsia or adverse outcomes. Angiogenic factors also have been evaluated for this purpose. In one VWXG\��DPRQJ�SDUWLFLSDQWV�ZKR�ZHUH�HYDOXDWHG�LQ�WKH�WULDJH�XQLW�EHIRUH����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��Q ������D�plasma sFlt-1/PlGF ratio of less than 85 had a negative predictive value of 87.3% and a negative LR of 0.29 (24). A total of 16 women had false-negative test results; 10 of them had adverse outcomes that could not be attributed to preeclampsia. Another study found that a PlGF/sFlt-1 ratio of 0.033 multiples of the median had a 93% sensitivity with a negative LR of �����IRU�WKH�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�SDWLHQWV�ZKR�SUHVHQWHG�DW�less than 34 weeks of gestation and who gave birth within 14 days because of preeclampsia (25). The availability of biomarkers to quickly and accurately assess at initial presentation the risk of progression to preeclampsia or to adverse outcomes could greatly aid in the management of patients with gestational hyper-WHQVLRQ�� 6LPLODUO\�� EHLQJ� DEOH� WR� GLŲHUHQWLDWH� SUH-eclampsia that would or would not be associated with adverse outcomes would be useful to guide manage-PHQW��+RZHYHU��ERWK�RI�WKHVH�GHPDQG�KLJK�FHUWDLQW\�(negative predictive value and low negative LRs) that the patient will not progress to adverse outcomes. Large prospective trials evaluating the clinical utility of ELRPDUNHUV� LQ�WKLV�FRQWH[W�DUH�QHHGHG�EHIRUH�UHFRP-mendations can be made.

Clinical Considerations

$V�RI�������QR�VLQJOH�WHVW�UHOLDEO\�SUHGLFWV�SUHHFODPS-VLD�� ([WHQVLYH�ZRUN� FOHDUO\� LGHQWLÀHV� DQJLRJHQLF� IDF-WRUV³HVSHFLDOO\� V)OW���� 3O*)�� DQG� VROXEOH� HQGRJOLQ�HDUO\� LQ� WKH� VHFRQG� WULPHVWHU³DV� OLNHO\� WRROV� IRU� WKH�SUHGLFWLRQ�RI�HDUO\�RQVHW�SUHHFODPSVLD��KRZHYHU�� WKLV�requires further investigation (1). Current evidence suggests that a combination of these biomarkers along with uterine artery Doppler studies may provide the EHVW�SUHGLFWLYH�DFFXUDF\�IRU�WKH�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�HDUO\� onset preeclampsia (26). It also is important for prac-ticing obstetricians to realize that these biomarkers are

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24 PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA

not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administra-WLRQ�DQG��WKHUHIRUH��DUH�QRW�DYDLODEOH�IRU�FOLQLFDO�XVH��Standardization of these assays across the various automated platforms and prospective studies that demonstrate clinical utility are needed. No evidence was located to support the hypothesis that accurate prediction of early-onset preeclampsia can be followed by interventions or close follow-up that improve maternal outcome or fetal outcome or both. The use of SUHGLFWRUV� WR� GLŲHUHQWLDWH� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� JHVWDWLRQDO�hypertension who are at risk of progression to pre-eclampsia or adverse outcomes would be useful. Tests for this purpose demand high certainty that outcomes will not be bad and demand rigorous testing for clini-FDO�XWLOLW\��ZKLFK�KDV�QRW�\HW�WDNHQ�SODFH�

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• Screening to predict preeclampsia beyond obtain-ing an appropriate medical history to evaluate for risk factors is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: Strong

References

���&HUGHLUD�$6��.DUXPDQFKL�6$��%LRPDUNHUV�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��,Q��(GHOVWHLQ�&/��HGLWRU��%LRPDUNHUV�RI�NLGQH\�GLVHDVH���VW�ed. Amsterdam ; Boston: Academic Press/Elsevier; 2011. p. 385–426. A

���%RVVX\W�30��&OLQLFDO�YDOLGLW\��GHÀQLQJ�ELRPDUNHU�SHUIRU-mance. Scand J Clin Lab Invest Suppl 2010;24:246–52. >3XE0HG@ A

���'XFNLWW�.��+DUULQJWRQ�'��5LVN�IDFWRUV�IRU�SUH�HFODPSVLD�DW�antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 2005;330:565. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

���&DUU�'%��(SSOHLQ�0��-RKQVRQ�&2��(DVWHUOLQJ�75��&ULWFKORZ�&:�� $� VLVWHUV� ULVN�� IDPLO\� KLVWRU\� DV� D� SUHGLFWRU� RI� SUH-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:965–72. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

���3RRQ�/&��.DPHWDV�1$��&KHOHPHQ�7��/HDO�$��1LFRODLGHV�.+��Maternal risk factors for hypertensive disorders in preg-nancy: a multivariate approach. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24:104–10. >3XE0HG@ A

���1RUWK�5$��0F&RZDQ�/0��'HNNHU�*$��3RVWRQ�/��&KDQ�(+��6WHZDUW�$:��HW�DO��&OLQLFDO�ULVN�SUHGLFWLRQ�IRU�SUH�HFODPSVLD�in nulliparous women: development of model in interna-tional prospective cohort. BMJ 2011;342:d1875. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

���&QRVVHQ�-6��0RUULV�5.��WHU�5LHW�*��0RO�%:��YDQ�GHU�3RVW�-$��&RRPDUDVDP\�$��HW�DO��8VH�RI�XWHULQH�DUWHU\�'RSSOHU�XOWUD-sonography to predict pre-eclampsia and intrauterine growth restriction: a systematic review and bivariable meta-analysis. CMAJ 2008;178:701–11. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

���3RZH�&(��/HYLQH�5-��.DUXPDQFKL�6$��3UHHFODPSVLD��D�GLV-ease of the maternal endothelium: the role of antiangio-

genic factors and implications for later cardiovascular dis-ease. Circulation 2011;123:2856–69. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

9. LDP�&��/LP�.+��.DUXPDQFKL�6$��&LUFXODWLQJ�DQJLRJHQLF�factors in the pathogenesis and prediction of preeclamp-sia. Hypertension 2005;46:1077–85. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

�����/HYLQH�5-��0D\QDUG�6(��4LDQ�&��/LP�.+��(QJODQG�/-��<X�.)��HW�DO��&LUFXODWLQJ�DQJLRJHQLF�IDFWRUV�DQG�WKH�ULVN�RI-preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004;350:672–83. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

����3RRQ�/&��.DPHWDV�1$��0DL]�1��$NROHNDU�5��1LFRODLGHV�.+��)LUVW�WULPHVWHU�SUHGLFWLRQ�RI�K\SHUWHQVLYH�GLVRUGHUV�in pregnancy. Hypertension 2009;53:812–8. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����/HYLQH�5-��7KDGKDQL�5��4LDQ�&��/DP�&��/LP�.+��<X�.)�� et al. Urinary placental growth factor and risk of pre-eclampsia. JAMA 2005;293:77–85. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����.XVDQRYLF� -3�� 5RPHUR� 5�� &KDLZRUDSRQJVD� 7�� (UH]� 2�� 0LWWDO�3��9DLVEXFK�(��HW�DO��$�SURVSHFWLYH�FRKRUW�VWXG\�RI�the value of maternal plasma concentrations of angio-genic and anti-angiogenic factors in early pregnancy and PLGWULPHVWHU�LQ�WKH�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�SDWLHQWV�GHVWLQHG�WR�develop preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2009;22:1021–38. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

���� 3RZHUV� 5:�� -H\DEDODQ� $�� &OLIWRQ� 5*�� 9DQ� 'RUVWHQ� 3�� +DXWK�-&��.OHEDQRŲ�0$��HW�DO��6ROXEOH�IPV�OLNH�W\URVLQH�NLQDVH��� �V)OW���� HQGRJOLQ� DQG�SODFHQWDO� JURZWK� IDFWRU�(PlGF) in preeclampsia among high risk pregnancies. Eu-QLFH�.HQQHG\�6KULYHU�1DWLRQDO�,QVWLWXWH�RI�&KLOG�+HDOWK�Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. PLoS One 2010;5:e13263. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@�A

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�����*RQHQ�5��6KDKDU�5��*ULPSHO�<,��&KHIHW]�,��6DPPDU�0��0HLUL�+��HW�DO��3ODFHQWDO�SURWHLQ����DV�DQ�HDUO\�PDUNHU�IRU�pre-eclampsia: a prospective longitudinal study. BJOG 2008;115:1465–72. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

����:RUWHOERHU�(-��.RVWHU�03��&XFNOH�+6��6WRXWHQEHHN�3+��6FKLHOHQ�3&��9LVVHU�*+��)LUVW�WULPHVWHU�SODFHQWDO�SURWHLQ����DQG�SODFHQWDO�JURZWK� IDFWRU��PDUNHUV� IRU� LGHQWLÀFD-tion of women destined to develop early-onset pre- eclampsia. BJOG 2010;117:1384–9. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@�A

�����.HQQ\�/&��%URDGKXUVW�',��'XQQ�:��%URZQ�0��1RUWK�5$��0F&RZDQ�/��HW�DO��5REXVW�HDUO\�SUHJQDQF\�SUHGLFWLRQ�RI�later preeclampsia using metabolomic biomarkers. Screening for Pregnancy Endpoints Consortium. Hyper-tension 2010;56:741–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

����:X�<��;LRQJ�;��)UDVHU�:'��/XR�=&��$VVRFLDWLRQ�RI�XULF�acid with progression to preeclampsia and development of adverse conditions in gestational hypertensive preg-nancies. Am J Hypertens 2012;25:711–7. >3XE0HG@ A

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PREDICTION OF PREECLAMPSIA 25

1HVV�5%��HW�DO��8ULF�DFLG�LV�DV�LPSRUWDQW�DV�SURWHLQXULD�Ln identifying fetal risk in women with gestational hyper-tension. Hypertension 2005;46:1263–9. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

�����+DZNLQV�7/��5REHUWV�-0��0DQJRV�*-��'DYLV�*.��5REHUWV�/0��%URZQ�0$��3ODVPD�XULF�DFLG� UHPDLQV�D�PDUNHU�RI�poor outcome in hypertensive pregnancy: a retrospective cohort study. BJOG 2012;119:484–92. >3XE0HG@� [Full 7H[W@ A

�����%HOORPR�*��9HQDQ]L�6��6DURQLR�3��9HUGXUD�&��1DUGXFFL�3/��3URJQRVWLF�VLJQLÀFDQFH�RI�VHUXP�XULF�DFLG�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�gestational hypertension. Hypertension 2011;58:704–8. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����9HUORKUHQ�6��+HUUDL]�,��/DSDLUH�2��6FKOHPEDFK�'��0RHUWO�0�� =HLVOHU� +�� HW� DO�� 7KH� V)OW���3O*)� UDWLR� LQ� GLŲHUHQW�types of hypertensive pregnancy disorders and its prog-nostic potential in preeclamptic patients. Am J Obstet

Gynecol 2012;206:58.e1–8.�>3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A�����5DQD�6��3RZH�&(��6DODKXGGLQ�6��9HUORKUHQ�6��3HUVFKHO�

)+��/HYLQH�5-��HW�DO��$QJLRJHQLF�IDFWRUV�DQG�WKH�ULVN�RI�adverse outcomes in women with suspected preeclamp-sia. Circulation 2012;125:911–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

����&KDLZRUDSRQJVD�7��5RPHUR�5��6DYDVDQ�=$��.XVDQRYLF�-3��2JJH�*��6RWR�(��HW�DO��0DWHUQDO�SODVPD�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV� of angiogenic/anti-angiogenic factors are of prognostic value in patients presenting to the obstetrical triage area with the suspicion of preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24:1187–207. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

����*LJXHUH�<��&KDUODQG�0��%XMROG�(��%HUQDUG�1��*UHQLHU�6��5RXVVHDX�)��HW�DO��&RPELQing biochemical and ultrasono-graphic markers in predicting preeclampsia: a systematic review. Clin Chem 2010;56:361–75. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

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Prevention of Preeclampsia

CHAPTER4

Strategies to prevent preeclampsia have been VWXGLHG�H[WHQVLYHO\�RYHU�WKH�SDVW����\HDUV��1R�intervention to date has been proved unequiv-RFDOO\�HŲHFWLYH��

Antiplatelet Agents

It has been hypothesized that alterations in systemic SURVWDF\FOLQ²WKURPER[DQH�EDODQFH�FRQWULEXWH�WR�SUH-HFODPSVLD��)XUWKHUPRUH��LQÁDPPDWLRQ�LV�LQFUHDVHG�LQ�preeclampsia (1���/RZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�����PJ�RU�OHVV���DQ�DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\�DJHQW�WKDW�EORFNV�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�WKURPER[DQHV��KDV�EHHQ�VWXGLHG�LQ�GR]HQV�RI�WULDOV�IRU�WKH� SUHYHQWLRQ� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� ERWK� LQ� KLJK�ULVN�groups and in healthy nulliparous women. For women DW�KLJK�ULVN�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��VHYHUDO�VPDOO��HDUO\�WULDOV�VXJJHVWHG� GDLO\� DVSLULQ� KDG� D� VLJQLÀFDQW� SURWHFWLYH�HŲHFW� �2��3���7KHVH� LQLWLDOO\�SURPLVLQJ�ÀQGLQJV�ZHUH�QRW� FRQÀUPHG� LQ� WKUHH� ODUJH� UDQGRPL]HG� FRQWUROOHG�trials (4–6���$OO� WKUHH� VWXGLHV� IRXQG�D�QRQVLJQLÀFDQW�trend toward a lower incidence of preeclampsia in the DVSLULQ�WUHDWHG�JURXSV�ZLWK�QR�PDMRU�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV��$�subsequent comprehensive meta-analysis of antiplate-let agents to prevent preeclampsia that included more WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�IURP����WULDOV�DW�YDU\LQJ�ULVN�VWD-tuses suggested that antiplatelet agents have a modest EHQHÀW��ZLWK� D� UHODWLYH� ULVN� �55��RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� RI������ ����� FRQÀGHQFH� LQWHUYDO� >&,@�� ����²������ IRU�aspirin-treated participants (7).

A follow-up Cochrane meta-analysis of 59 trials ZLWK�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�IRXQG�D�����UHGXFWLRQ�in risk of preeclampsia associated with use of anti-SODWHOHW�DJHQWV��ZLWK�D�VLJQLÀFDQW�LQFUHDVH�LQ�DEVROXWH�risk reduction in women who are at high risk of the GLVHDVH� ����� &RQFHUQ� UHPDLQV� WKDW� WKLV� ÀQGLQJ� PD\�UHÁHFW�SXEOLFDWLRQ�ELDV��LH��D�VPDOO��HDUO\��SRVLWLYH�WULDO�LV�PRUH�OLNHO\�WR�EH�SXEOLVKHG�WKDQ�D�VPDOO��QHJDWLYH�WULDO��RU�FKDQFH�ÀQGLQJV�EHFDXVH� WKH� ODUJHVW� WULDOV� LQ�WKH� DQDO\VLV� GLG� QRW� VKRZ� D� VLJQLÀFDQW� SURWHFWLYH�HŲHFW�� 1HYHUWKHOHVV�� ORZ�GRVH� DVSLULQ� DSSHDUV� WR� EH�VDIH� ZLWK� QR� PDMRU� DGYHUVH� HŲHFWV� RU� HYLGHQFH� RI�increased bleeding or abruptio placentae. The number of patients needed to treat is determined by the dis-HDVH�SUHYDOHQFH�DQG�WKH�HŲHFW�VL]H�RI� WKH�WUHDWPHQW��)RU�ORZ�ULVN�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�D�SUHYDOHQFH�RI�����LW�ZRXOG�be necessary to treat 500 women to prevent one case RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��,Q�FRQWUDVW��DPRQJ�KLJK�ULVN�ZRPHQ�ZLWK� D� SUHYDOHQFH� RI� ����� LW�ZRXOG� EH�QHFHVVDU\� WR�treat 50 women to prevent one case of preeclampsia (see Table 4-1 for numbers needed to treat based on prevalence.) Several high-risk conditions (chronic K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SUHYLRXV�SUHWHUP�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQG�GLD-EHWHV��H[KLELW�WKLV�GHJUHH�RI�ULVN��*LYHQ�WKH�PRGHVW�EXW�VLJQLÀFDQW�SURWHFWLYH�HŲHFW��ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�SURSK\-OD[LV�PD\�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�DV�SULPDU\�SUHYHQWLRQ�IRU�SUH-HFODPSVLD�LQ�ZRPHQ�DW�KLJK�EDVHOLQH�ULVN�DQG��LI�XVHG��VKRXOG�EH�LQLWLDWHG�LQ�WKH�ODWH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU��8).

27

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28 PREVENTION OF PREECLAMPSIA

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with a medical history of early-onset pre- eclampsia and preterm delivery at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation or preeclampsia in more than RQH�SULRU�SUHJQDQF\�� LQLWLDWLQJ� WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�of daily low-dose (60–80 mg) aspirin beginning in WKH�ODWH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�LV�VXJJHVWHG� �

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

0HWD�DQDO\VLV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�LQ�UDQGRPL]HG�trials of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia indicates a small reduction in the incidence and morbidity of preeclampsia DQG�UHYHDOV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�DFXWH�ULVN��DOWKRXJK�ORQJ�WHUP�IHWDO�HŲHFWV�FDQQRW�EH�H[FOXGHG��7KH�QXPEHU�RI�ZRPHQ�WR�WUHDW�WR�KDYH�D�WKHUDSHXWLF�HŲHFW�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�SUHYD-OHQFH��,Q�YLHZ�RI�PDWHUQDO�VDIHW\��D�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKH�XVH�RI�DVSLULQ�LQ�OLJKW�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�ULVN�LV�MXVWLÀHG�

Antioxidant Supplementation With Vitamin C and Vitamin E%HFDXVH�R[LGDWLYH�VWUHVV�DSSHDUV�WR�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� LW� KDV� EHHQ� VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�DQWLR[LGDQWV�PD\�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD��'HVSLWH�initial enthusiasm for using a combination of the anti-R[LGDQWV� YLWDPLQ� &� DQG� YLWDPLQ� (� IRU� WKLV� SXUSRVH��ODUJH�UDQGRPL]HG��SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�WULDOV�FRQGXFWHG�during pregnancy found that supplementation with vitamin C and vitamin E did not reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia or improve maternal and fetal outcomes in

various populations (9–12). A recent Cochrane sys-tematic review of 15 randomized controlled trials ��������ZRPHQ�� WKDW�XVHG�YLWDPLQ�&�DQG�YLWDPLQ�(�IRU� WKH�SUHYHQWLRQ�RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� IRXQG�QR�EHQHÀW��55������������&,������²�������13).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• The administration of vitamin C or vitamin E to prevent preeclampsia is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: High Strength of recommendation: Strong

Other Nutritional Interventions

6HYHUDO�VWXGLHV�KDYH�H[DPLQHG�WKH�HŲHFWLYHQHVV�RI�FDO-cium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia. In a ODUJH�8�6��FRKRUW�RI�KHDOWK\�SULPLSDURXV�ZRPHQ��FDOFL-um supplementation did not reduce incidence of pre-eclampsia (14��� +RZHYHU�� FDOFLXP� VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�PLJKW�EH�H[SHFWHG�WR�EH�RI�JUHDWHU�EHQHÀW�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZKR� KDYH� D� QXWULWLRQDO� GHÀFLHQF\� RI� FDOFLXP�� $�PHWD�DQDO\VLV�RI����WULDOV�WKDW�LQYROYHG��������ZRPHQ�UHSRUWHG�D� VLJQLÀFDQW� UHGXFWLRQ� LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD� ULVN�ZLWK� FDOFLXP� VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ� �55�� ������ ���� &,������²������� ZLWK� WKH� JUHDWHVW� HŲHFW� DPRQJ� ZRPHQ�ZLWK�ORZ�EDVHOLQH�FDOFLXP�LQWDNH��55������������&,��0.20–0.65) (15���7KXV��FDOFLXP�VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�����²2 g) may be considered in pregnant women from pop-ulations with low baseline calcium intake (less than

TABLE 4-1. PARIS number needed-to-treat with sample baseline event rates A

Sample baseline PARIS relative risk Number needed-to-treat event rate (95%CI) (95% CI)

Pre-eclampsia 18% 0·90 (0·84–0·97) 56 (35–185) 6% 167 (104–556) 2% 500 (313–1667)

Preterm <34 weeks 20% 0·90 (0·83–0·98) 50 (29–250) 10% 100 (59–500) 2% 500 (294–2500)

Perinatal death 7% 0·91 (0·81–1·03) 159 (75–476) 4% 278 (132–833) 1% 1111 (526–3333)

Small for gestational age baby 15% 0·90 (0·81–1·01) 67 (35–667) 10% 100 (53–1000) 1% 1000 (526–10 000)

Pregnancy with serious adverse outcome 25% 0·90 (0·85–0·96) 40 (27–100) 15% 67 (44–167) 7% 143 (95–357)

Reprinted from The Lancet, Vol. 369, Askie LM, Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Stewart LA, Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data, PARIS Collaborative Group. 1791–98, Copyright 2007, with Permission from Elsevier.

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PREVENTION OF PREECLAMPSIA 29

600 mg/d). This is not the case in the United States or other developed countries.9LWDPLQ�'�GHÀFLHQF\�KDV�EHHQ�VXJJHVWHG�DV�D�IDFWRU�

contributing to preeclampsia (16���KRZHYHU��ZKHWKHU�supplementation with vitamin D is helpful is unknown. (YLGHQFH� LV� LQVXűFLHQW� IRU� UHOLDEOH� FRQFOXVLRQV�ZLWK�UHJDUG�WR�RWKHU�QXWULWLRQDO�LQWHUYHQWLRQV��VXFK�DV�ÀVK�RLO� RU� JDUOLF�� ZKLFK� KDYH� EHHQ� XVHG� WR� SUHYHQW� SUH-eclampsia. Protein and calorie restriction for obese pregnant women shows no reduction in the risk of pre-eclampsia or gestational hypertension and may increase the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and should be avoided.

Dietary Salt Intake

One systematic review of all the trials that studied VRGLXP�UHVWULFWLRQ������ZRPHQ��IRXQG�QR�VLJQLÀFDQW�EHQHÀWV��55���������17���+RZHYHU��WKH�WULDOV�PD\�QRW�KDYH�KDG�DGHTXDWH�SRZHU�WR�GHWHFW�D�EHQHÀW��6LPLO� DUO\��PHWD�DQDO\VLV� RI� DSSUR[LPDWHO\� ������ UDQGRP-ized patients from clinical trials suggested that diuret-ics did not reduce the incidence of preeclampsia (18).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• It is suggested that dietary salt not be restricted during pregnancy for the prevention of pre- eclampsia.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG�

Lifestyle Modifications

Although bed rest has been suggested as a preventive VWUDWHJ\��WKH�HYLGHQFH�IRU�WKLV�LV�VFDUFH��19). The only two studies located that evaluated bed rest as a pre-ventive strategy were both small (32 participants and 72 participants) and did not evaluate perinatal and PDWHUQDO�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\�DQG�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�RI�EHG�UHVW��+RZHYHU��UHJXODU�H[HUFLVH�KDV�EHHQ�K\SRWK-esized to prevent preeclampsia by improving vascular function (20��21��� ,Q�ZRPHQ�ZKR�DUH�QRW�SUHJQDQW��PRGHUDWH�H[HUFLVH�KDV�EHHQ� VKRZQ� WR� UHGXFH�K\SHU-tension and cardiovascular disease. Thirty minutes of PRGHUDWH� H[HUFLVH� RQ�PRVW� GD\V� LV� FXUUHQWO\� UHFRP-mended during normal pregnancy (22). Moderate H[HUFLVH�DOVR�KDV�EHHQ�K\SRWKHVL]HG�WR�VWLPXODWH�SOD-cental angiogenesis and improve maternal endothelial dysfunction. Several small clinical trials have eval- XDWHG�WKH�XWLOLW\�RI�PRGHVW�H[HUFLVH�IRU�WKH�SUHYHQWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��EXW� WKH�&,V�ZHUH� WRR�ZLGH� WR�PDNH�DQ\�UHOLDEOH�FRQFOXVLRQV�DERXW�WKH�HűFDF\��23). Large

randomized controlled clinical trials are needed that FDQ� HYDOXDWH�ZKHWKHU�PRGHUDWH� H[HUFLVH� FDQ� UHYHUVH�markers of endothelial dysfunction and prevent adverse pregnancy outcomes.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• It is suggested that bed rest or the restriction of other physical activity not be used for the primary prevention of preeclampsia and its complications.

Quality of evidence: Low Strength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

References

� ����5HGPDQ�&:��6DUJHQW�,/��/DWHVW�DGYDQFHV�LQ�XQGHUVWDQG-ing preeclampsia. Science 2005;308:1592–4. >3XE0HG@�A

� ����6FKLŲ�(��3HOHJ�(��*ROGHQEHUJ�0��5RVHQWKDO�7��5XSSLQ�(��7DPDUNLQ�0�� HW� DO��7KH�XVH�RI� DVSLULQ� WR�SUHYHQW�SUHJ� nancy-induced hypertension and lower the ratio of WKURPER[DQH� $�� WR� SURVWDF\FOLQ� LQ� UHODWLYHO\� KLJK� ULVN�pregnancies. N Engl J Med 1989;321:351–6. >3XE0HG@�A

� ����:DOOHQEXUJ� +&�� 'HNNHU� *$�� 0DNRYLW]� -:�� 5RWPDQV� 3��Low-dose aspirin prevents pregnancy-induced hyperten-sion and pre-eclampsia in angiotensin-sensitive primi-gravidae. Lancet 1986;1:1–3. >3XE0HG@ A

4. Low-dose aspirin in prevention and treatment of intrauter-ine growth retardation and pregnancy-induced hyper- tension. Italian study of aspirin in pregnancy. Lancet 1993;341:396–400. >3XE0HG@ A

5. CLASP: a randomised trial of low-dose aspirin for the pre-vention and treatment of pre-eclampsia among 9364 pregnant women. CLASP (Collaborative Low-dose Aspirin Study in Pregnancy) Collaborative Group. Lancet 1994; 343:619–29. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����&DULWLV�6��6LEDL�%��+DXWK�-��/LQGKHLPHU�0'��.OHEDQRŲ�0��7KRP�(��HW�DO��/RZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�WR�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD�in women at high risk. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Network of Maternal-Fetal-Medicine Units. N Engl J Med 1998;338:701–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����'XOH\� /��+HQGHUVRQ�6PDUW�'-��0HKHU� 6�� .LQJ� -)��$QWL-platelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its com-plications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R��� &'�������� '2,�� ��������� 14651858.CD004659.pub2. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

� ����%XMROG� (�� 5REHUJH� 6�� /DFDVVH� <�� %XUHDX�0��$XGLEHUW� )��0DUFRX[�6��HW�DO��3UHYHQWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�LQWUD-uterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116: 402–14. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����3RVWRQ�/��%ULOH\�$/��6HHG�37��.HOO\�)-��6KHQQDQ�$+��9LWD-min C and vitamin E in pregnant women at risk for SUH�HFODPSVLD�9,3�WULDO���UDQGRPLVHG�SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�WULDO��9LWDPLQV�LQ�3UH�HFODPSVLD��9,3��7ULDO�&RQVRUWLXP��Lancet 2006;367:1145–54. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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30 PREVENTION OF PREECLAMPSIA

�����5REHUWV� -0��0\DWW� /�� 6SRQJ� &<�� 7KRP� ($�� +DXWK� -&�� /HYHQR�.-��HW�DO��9LWDPLQV�&�DQG�(�WR�SUHYHQW�FRPSOLFDWLRQV�RI� SUHJQDQF\�DVVRFLDWHG� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� (XQLFH� .HQQHG\�Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. N Engl J Med 2010;362:1282–91. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������5XPEROG� $5�� &URZWKHU� &$�� +DVODP� 55�� 'HNNHU� *$�� 5RELQVRQ� -6�� 9LWDPLQV� &� DQG� (� DQG� WKH� ULVNV� RI� SUH-eclampsia and perinatal complications. ACTS Study-Group. N Engl J Med 2006;354:1796–806. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������6SLQQDWR�-$��QG��)UHLUH�6��3LQWR�(�6LOYD�-/��&XQKD�5XGJH�09��0DUWLQV�&RVWD�6��.RFK�0$��HW�DO��$QWLR[LGDQW�WKHUDS\�to prevent preeclampsia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:1311–8.�>3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@�A

������5XPEROG�$��'XOH\�/��&URZWKHU�&$��+DVODP�55��$QWLR[L-dants for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database RI�6\VWHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����$UW��1R���&'��������DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004227.pub3. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������/HYLQH�5-��+DXWK�-&��&XUHW�/%��6LEDL�%0��&DWDODQR�30��0RUULV�&'��HW�DO��7ULDO�RI�FDOFLXP�WR�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPS-sia. N Engl J Med 1997;337:69–76. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������+RIPH\U�*-�� /DZULH�7$��$WDOODK�É1��'XOH\�/��&DOFLXP�supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hyper-tensive disorders and related problems. Cochrane Data-EDVH� RI� 6\VWHPDWLF� 5HYLHZV� ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R���CD001059. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001059.pub3. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������%RGQDU�/0��&DWRY�-0��6LPKDQ�+1��+ROLFN�0)��3RZHUV�

5:��5REHUWV�-0��0DWHUQDO�YLWDPLQ�'�GHÀFLHQF\�LQFUHDVHV�the risk of preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3517–22. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������'XOH\�/��+HQGHUVRQ�6PDUW�'-��0HKHU�6��$OWHUHG�GLHWDU\�VDOW� IRU�SUHYHQWLQJ�SUH�HFODPSVLD��DQG� LWV�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��&RFKUDQH�'DWDEDVH�RI�6\VWHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����Art. No.: CD005548. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005548. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

������&ROOLQV�5��<XVXI�6��3HWR�5��2YHUYLHZ�RI�UDQGRPLVHG�WULDOV�of diuretics in pregnancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985;290:17–23.�>3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������0HKHU�6��'XOH\�/��5HVW�GXULQJ�SUHJQDQF\�IRU�SUHYHQWLQJ�pre-eclampsia and its complications in women with nor-mal blood pressure. Cochrane Database of Systematic 5HYLHZV� ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R��� &'�������� '2,��10.1002/14651858.CD005939. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

������:HLVVJHUEHU�7/��:ROIH�/$��'DYLHV�*$��7KH�UROH�RI�UHJXODU�physical activity in preeclampsia prevention. Med Sci 6SRUWV�([HUF�������������²����>3XE0HG@ A

������<HR�6��'DYLGJH�67��3RVVLEOH�EHQHÀFLDO�HŲHFW�RI�H[HUFLVH��E\� UHGXFLQJ� R[LGDWLYH� VWUHVV�� RQ� WKH� LQFLGHQFH� RI� SUH-HFODPSVLD�� -� :RPHQV� +HDOWK� *HQG� %DVHG� 0HG� ������ 10:983–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

������=DYRUVN\�*6��/RQJR�/'��$GGLQJ�VWUHQJWK�WUDLQLQJ��H[HU-FLVH�LQWHQVLW\��DQG�FDORULF�H[SHQGLWXUH�WR�H[HUFLVH�JXLGH-lines in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2011;117:1399–402. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

������0HKHU�6��'XOH\�/��([HUFLVH�RU�RWKHU�SK\VLFDO�DFWLYLW\�IRU�preventing pre-eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane 'DWDEDVH�RI�6\VWHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����$UW��1R���CD005942. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005942. [Pub 0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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Management of Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome

CHAPTER5

TKH�ÀUVW�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features is always safety of the woman and her fetus.

The second is delivery of a mature newborn that will not require intensive or prolonged neonatal care (1). Once the diagnosis of mild gestational hypertension RU�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV�LV�HVWDEOLVKHG��subsequent management will depend on the results of PDWHUQDO� DQG� IHWDO� HYDOXDWLRQ�� JHVWDWLRQDO� DJH�� SUHV-HQFH�RI�ODERU�RU�UXSWXUH�RI�PHPEUDQHV��YDJLQDO�EOHHG-LQJ��DQG�ZLVKHV�RI�WKH�ZRPDQ��Fig. 5-1).

Antepartum Management

,QLWLDO�(YDOXDWLRQ$W� WLPH�RI�GLDJQRVLV�� DOO�ZRPHQ� VKRXOG�KDYH�D� FRP-plete blood count (CBC) with platelet count and assess-PHQW�RI�VHUXP�FUHDWLQLQH�DQG�OLYHU�HQ]\PH�OHYHOV��EH�evaluated for urine protein (24-hour collection or SURWHLQ�FUHDWLQLQH�UDWLR���DQG�EH�DVNHG�DERXW�V\PSWRPV�of severe preeclampsia. Fetal evaluation should include ultrasonographic evaluation for estimated fetal weight DQG�DPQLRWLF�ÁXLG� LQGH[� �FDOFXODWHG� LQ� FHQWLPHWHUV���QRQVWUHVV�WHVW��167���DQG�ELRSK\VLFDO�SURÀOH��%33��LI�NST is nonreactive. Best practice indicates hospitaliza-tion and delivery for one or more of the following:

• 37 0/7 weeks or more of gestation• Suspected abruptio placentae

�� �������ZHHNV�RU�PRUH�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��SOXV�DQ\�RI�WKH�following:

– Progressive labor or rupture of membranes– Ultrasonographic estimate of fetal weight less WKDQ�ÀIWK�SHUFHQWLOH

²� 2OLJRK\GUDPQLRV��SHUVLVWHQW�DPQLRWLF�ÁXLG�LQGH[�less than 5 cm)

– Persistent BPP 6/10 or less (normal 8/10– 10/10)

)RU�ZRPHQ�ZKR� KDYH� QRW� JLYHQ� ELUWK��PDQDJHPHQW�can occur in the hospital or at home with restricted activity and serial maternal and fetal evaluation.

&RQWLQXHG�(YDOXDWLRQContinued evaluation of women who have not given birth who have mild gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia without severe features consists of the fol-lowing:

�� )HWDO�HYDOXDWLRQ�LQFOXGHV�GDLO\�NLFN�FRXQW��XOWUDVR-QRJUDSK\�WR�GHWHUPLQH�IHWDO�JURZWK�HYHU\���ZHHNV��DQG� DPQLRWLF� ÁXLG� YROXPH� DVVHVVPHQW� DW� OHDVW� RQFH�ZHHNO\��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��DQ�167�RQFH�ZHHNO\�IRU� patients with gestational hypertension and an NST twice weekly for patients with preeclampsia with-out severe features is suggested. The presence of a nonreactive NST requires BPP testing. The fre- TXHQF\� RI� WKHVH� WHVWV�PD\� EH�PRGLÀHG� EDVHG� RQ�VXEVHTXHQW�FOLQLFDO�ÀQGLQJV�

31

A49 A83

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32 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

�� $W�WKH�WLPH�RI�RűFH�RU�FOLQLF�YLVLW�IRU�DQWHQDWDO�WHVW-LQJ��EORRG�SUHVVXUH��%3��LV�WR�EH�DVVHVVHG��,Q�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�%3�GH-termination should be performed in addition to that obtained at the weekly NST. This additional BP GHWHUPLQDWLRQ�PD\� EH� SHUIRUPHG� LQ� WKH� RűFH� RU� DW�KRPH��)XUWKHU��ZRPHQ�ZLWK�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHU-tension are to be evaluated for proteinuria at each DQWHQDWDO�YLVLW��EXW�IROORZLQJ�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�SUH-HFODPSVLD�� DGGLWLRQDO� HYDOXDWLRQ� RI� SURWHLQXULD� LV�no longer necessary.

• Maternal laboratory evaluation includes a CBC and liver enzyme and serum creatinine level assess- ment at least once a week. The frequency of these WHVWV�PD\�EH�PRGLÀHG�EDVHG�RQ�VXEVHTXHQW�FOLQL-FDO�ÀQGLQJV�

• Patients are instructed to have a regular diet with no salt restriction.

• At the time of diagnosis and at each subsequent YLVLW��ZRPHQ�DUH�LQVWUXFWHG�WR�UHSRUW�V\PSWRPV�RI�VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD� �VHYHUH� KHDGDFKHV�� YLVXDO�FKDQJHV��HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ��DQG�VKRUWQHVV�RI�EUHDWK���They also are advised to immediately come to the KRVSLWDO�RU�RűFH�LI�WKH\�GHYHORS�SHUVLVWHQW�V\PS-WRPV��DEGRPLQDO�SDLQ��FRQWUDFWLRQV��YDJLQDO�VSRW-WLQJ�� UXSWXUH� RI� PHPEUDQHV�� RU� GHFUHDVHG� IHWDO�movements.

�� 'XULQJ�PDQDJHPHQW�RXWVLGH�RI�WKH�KRVSLWDO��WKH�onset of decreased fetal movement or abnormal fundal height growth (less than 3 cm of what is H[SHFWHG� IRU� JHVWDWLRQDO� DJH�� UHTXLUHV� SURPSW�fetal testing with NST and estimation of amniotic

• Delivery• Prostaglandins if needed for induction

Maternal and Fetal Findings

• 37 0/7 weeks or more of gestationor• 34 0/7 weeks or more of gestation with:

– Labor or rupture of membranes– Abnormal maternal–fetal test results– Ultrasonographic estimate of fetal

weight less than fifth percentile– Suspected abruptio placentae

• Less than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation• Inpatient or outpatient management Maternal evaluation: twice weekly Fetal evaluation

– With preeclampsia: twice weekly nonstress test

– With gestational hypertension: weekly nonstress test

• 37 0/7 weeks or more of gestation• Worsening maternal or fetal condition*• Labor or premature rupture of membranes

FIGURE 5-1. Management of mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features. A

Yes

Yes

No

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 33

ÁXLG�YROXPH��7KH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�QHZ� VLJQV�RU�symptoms of severe preeclampsia or severe hypertension (systolic BP of 160 mm Hg or higher or diastolic BP of 110 mm Hg or higher on repeat measurements) or evidence of fetal growth restriction require immediate hospitalization. In DGGLWLRQ�� DQ� LQFUHDVHG� FRQFHQWUDWLRQ� RI� OLYHU�enzymes or thrombocytopenia requires hospital-ization.

,Q�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�PLOG�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKH�progression to severe gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia often develops within 1–3 weeks after diag-QRVLV��ZKHUHDV� LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV��WKH�SURJUHVVLRQ�WR�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPS-sia could happen within days (2).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• The close monitoring of women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe fea-tures with serial assessment of maternal symptoms and fetal movement (daily by the woman) and VHULDO�PHDVXUHPHQWV� RI� %3� �WZLFH�ZHHNO\��� DQG� assessment of platelet counts and liver enzymes (weekly) is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��PRQLWRU-ing at least once weekly with proteinuria assess-PHQW� LQ� WKH�RűFH�DQG�ZLWK�DQ�DGGLWLRQDO�ZHHNO\�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�%3�DW�KRPH�RU�LQ�WKH�RűFH�LV�VXJ-gested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

$QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�7KHUDS\�Antihypertensive therapy is used to prevent severe gestational hypertension and maternal hemorrhagic VWURNHV��2YHUDOO��WKHUH�LV�QR�FRQVHQVXV�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�management of nonsevere hypertension; prior trials KDYH�QRW�EHHQ�GHVLJQHG� WR�GHÀQH� WKH�PDWHUQDO� DQG�SHULQDWDO� EHQHÀWV� DQG� ULVNV�� 7KHUDS\� PD\� GHFUHDVH�progression to severe hypertension but also may be associated with impairment of fetal growth (3–6). A UHFHQW�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI����WULDOV��������ZRPHQ��evaluated BP control in women with mild to moder-DWH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ���������7KH�DXWKRUV�FRQFOXGHG�WKDW�LW�is unclear whether antihypertensive therapy is worth-ZKLOH��,Q�WULDOV�WKDW�FRPSDUHG�WKHUDS\�ZLWK�SODFHER��the risk of developing severe hypertension was cut in KDOI��ULVN�UDWLR�>55@������������FRQÀGHQFH� LQWHUYDO�

>&,@������²������EXW�QR�HŲHFW�RQ�WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�RU� SURJUHVVLRQ� WR� SUHHFODPSVLD� �55�� ������ ����&,������²������� HFODPSVLD�� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� IHWDO� RU�QHRQDWDO� GHDWK� �55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²�������SUHWHUP� ELUWK� �55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������� RU�VPDOO�IRU�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�LQIDQWV��55������������&,��0.84–1.27) (7). Of 29 trials that evaluated oral ȕ�EORFNHUV��WKHVH�DJHQWV�ZHUH�IRXQG�WR�EH�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�D�GHFUHDVH� LQ� ULVN�RI� VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��55������������&,������²������EXW�ZLWK�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�WKH�UDWH� RI� VPDOO�IRU�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH� LQIDQWV� �55�� ���������� &,�� ����²������ ����� 7KHVH� UHYLHZV� FRQFOXGHG�WKDW�WKHUH�ZDV�LQVXűFLHQW�HYLGHQFH�WKDW�WUHDWPHQW�RI�nonsevere hypertension improves maternal and neo-QDWDO� RXWFRPHV� ���� ���� 7KH� 1DWLRQDO� ,QVWLWXWH� IRU�+HDOWK� DQG� &OLQLFDO� ([FHOOHQFH� JXLGHOLQHV� UHFRP-mended treatment at BP levels at 150 mm Hg systolic RU�����PP�+J�GLDVWROLF��RU�ERWK��8). Given the rarity of cerebral hemorrhage and congestive heart failure and their lack of association with gestational hyper-WHQVLRQ��DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�WKHUDS\�IRU�WKLV�RXWFRPH�LV�QRW�EHQHÀFLDO�LQ�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�PLOG�WR�PRGHUDWH�JHV-WDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� DQG� WUHDWPHQW� H[SRVHV� WKH�woman and her fetus to potentially harmful medica-WLRQV� ZLWKRXW� FOHDU� HYLGHQFH� RI� EHQHÀW� �9�� 10). ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� FRQFHUQ� H[LVWV� WKDW� UHGXFLQJ� PDWHUQDO� %3�PD\�FRPSURPLVH�EORRG�ÁRZ�WR�WKH�IHWRSODFHQWDO�unit (11).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia with a persistent BP of less than 160 PP�+J�V\VWROLF�RU�����PP�+J�GLDVWROLF��LW�LV�VXJ-gested that antihypertensive medications not be administered.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

%HG�5HVW�Complete or partial bed rest has been recommended to improve pregnancy outcome in women with gesta-tional hypertension or preeclampsia without severe IHDWXUHV��+RZHYHU��D�&RFKUDQH�UHYLHZ�RI�IRXU�UDQGRP-ized trials that compared bed rest with no rest in preg-QDQW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�PLOG�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�IRXQG�LQVXűFLHQW�HYLGHQFH� WR� SURYLGH� JXLGDQFH� IRU� FOLQLFDO� SUDFWLFH�� suggesting that bed rest should not routinely be recommended for management of hypertension in pregnancy (12��� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� SURORQJHG� EHG� UHVW� IRU�the duration of pregnancy increases the risk of throm-boembolism.

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34 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with gestational hypertension or pre-HFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� LW� LV� VXJJHVWHG�that strict bed rest not be prescribed.*†

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

*The task force acknowledged that there may be situations LQ�ZKLFK�GLŲHUHQW�OHYHOV�RI�UHVW��HLWKHU�DW�KRPH�RU�LQ�WKH�KRVSLWDO�� PD\� EH� LQGLFDWHG� IRU� LQGLYLGXDO� ZRPHQ�� 7KH�previous recommendations do not cover advice regarding RYHUDOO�SK\VLFDO�DFWLYLW\�DQG�PDQXDO�RU�RűFH�ZRUN�

†:RPHQ�PD\�QHHG�WR�EH�KRVSLWDOL]HG�IRU�UHDVRQV�RWKHU�WKDQ�EHG�UHVW��VXFK�DV�IRU�PDWHUQDO�DQG�IHWDO�VXUYHLOODQFH��7KH�task force agreed that hospitalization for maternal and fetal surveillance is resource intensive and should be considered as a priority for research and future recommendations.

)HWDO�7HVWLQJ�Maternal hypertension or preeclampsia is a known risk factor for perinatal death and is a common indication IRU�DQWHQDWDO�WHVWLQJ��/LPLWHG�WR�QR�GDWD�H[LVW�UHJDUG-LQJ�ZKHQ�WR�VWDUW�IHWDO�WHVWLQJ��WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�WHVWLQJ��and which test to use in the absence of fetal growth restriction (13). In the absence of randomized trials FRPSDULQJ�WHVWLQJ�YHUVXV�QR�WHVWLQJ��LW�UHPDLQV�XQFOHDU�whether antenatal fetal testing improves outcome in these pregnancies (14).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women with preeclampsia without severe fea-WXUHV��XVH�RI�XOWUDVRQRJUDSK\�WR�DVVHVV�IHWDO�JURZWK�and antenatal testing to assess fetal status is sug-gested.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

• If evidence of fetal growth restriction is found in ZRPHQ� ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD�� IHWRSODFHQWDO� DVVHVV-ment that includes umbilical artery Doppler veloci-metry as an adjunct antenatal test is recommended.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of the recommendation: Strong

Intrapartum Management

7LPLQJ�RI�'HOLYHU\In women with mild gestational hypertension or pre-eclampsia without severe features between 34 0/7 ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ� DQG� ������� ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ��there are no randomized controlled trials that indicate WKDW�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�ZLOO�HLWKHU�LPSURYH�SHUL-natal outcomes or increase maternal or fetal risks. The

ULVNV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� LQFOXGH�WKH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� VHYHUH� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� ���²������HFODPSVLD� ����²������� +(//3� �KHPRO\VLV�� HOHYDWHG�OLYHU� HQ]\PHV�� DQG� ORZ� SODWHOHW� FRXQW�� V\QGURPH���²����� DEUXSWLR� SODFHQWDH� ����²����� IHWDO� JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ� ���²������ DQG� IHWDO� GHDWK� ����²������(15���+RZHYHU��LPPHGLDWH�GHOLYHU\�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�increased rates of admission to the neonatal intensive FDUH� XQLW�� QHRQDWDO� UHVSLUDWRU\� FRPSOLFDWLRQV�� DQG� D�slight increase in neonatal death compared with infants born at or beyond 37 0/7 weeks of gestation. 7KHUHIRUH��FRQVLGHULQJ�WKH�ULVN²EHQHÀW�UDWLR�EHWZHHQ�WKH� WZR� PDQDJHPHQW� SODQV�� DYDLODEOH� UHWURVSHFWLYH�data suggest that the balance should be in favor of continued monitoring and delivery to 37 0/7 weeks of gestation in the absence of abnormal fetal testing or RWKHU� VHYHUH� FRQGLWLRQV� �HJ�� SUHPDWXUH� UXSWXUH� RI�PHPEUDQHV��SUHWHUP�ODERU��RU�YDJLQDO�EOHHGLQJ�������

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features and no indi-cation for delivery at less than 37 0/7 weeks of JHVWDWLRQ�� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� ZLWK� PDWHUQDO�and fetal monitoring is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

In women with mild gestational hypertension or SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWKRXW�VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV��D� ODUJH�PXOWL-FHQWHU� WULDO� IURP� WKH� 1HWKHUODQGV� ZDV� FRQGXFWHG��which included 756 women with singleton gestations at 36–41 6/7 weeks of gestation who were allocated WR� LQGXFWLRQ�RI� ODERU� RU� H[SHFWDQW�PRQLWRULQJ� �16). The primary outcome was a composite of adverse PDWHUQDO� RXWFRPH� �QHZ�RQVHW� VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD��+(//3� V\QGURPH�� HFODPSVLD�� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� RU�abruptio placentae). Secondary outcomes were neo-natal morbidities and rate of cesarean delivery. Induc-WLRQ� RI� ODERU� ZDV� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� D� VLJQLÀFDQW�reduction in composite adverse maternal outcome �55������������&,������²������EXW�QR�GLŲHUHQFHV�LQ�rates of neonatal complications or cesarean delivery.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with mild gestational hypertension or preeclampsia without severe features at or beyond ������� ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ�� GHOLYHU\� UDWKHU� WKDQ�continued observation is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 35

0DJQHVLXP�6XOIDWH�3URSK\OD[LV�7KHUH�DUH�RQO\�WZR�GRXEOH�EOLQG��SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG�trials that have evaluated the use of magnesium sul-fate in women with preeclampsia without severe fea-tures (17�� 18). No instances of eclampsia occurred DPRQJ�����ZRPHQ�DVVLJQHG�WR�SODFHER��DQG�QR�GLI-ferences occurred in the percentage of women who progressed to severe preeclampsia (12.5% in magne-VLXP�JURXS�YHUVXV�������LQ�WKH�SODFHER�JURXS��55�������� ����&,�� ����²�������+RZHYHU�� WKH�QXPEHU� RI�women enrolled in these trials is too limited to draw DQ\� YDOLG� FRQFOXVLRQV� ����� ����� %DVHG� RQ� D� UDWH� RI�HFODPSVLD� RI� ������ DQG� DVVXPLQJ� D� ���� UHGXFWLRQ� by magnesium sulfate (0.25% rate) (α = .05 and ȕ� ������DSSUR[LPDWHO\��������ZRPHQ�ZRXOG�QHHG�WR�EH�HQUROOHG�LQ�HDFK�JURXS�WR�ÀQG�D�VLJQLÀFDQW�UHGXF-tion in eclampsia in women with preeclampsia with-out severe features treated with magnesium sulfate (17). The number of women necessary to be studied to address serious maternal morbidity other than eclampsia is even higher (18).

Although the universal use of magnesium sulfate therapy in preeclampsia without severe features is QRW� UHFRPPHQGHG�� FHUWDLQ� VLJQV� DQG� V\PSWRPV��KHDGDFKH��DOWHUHG�PHQWDO�VWDWH��EOXUUHG�YLVLRQ��VFR-WRPDWD��FORQXV��DQG�ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW�DEGRPLQDO�pain) have traditionally been considered as premoni-tory to seizures and should be considered in the choice for initiation of magnesium sulfate therapy. Because the clinical course of women with pre-eclampsia without severe features can suddenly FKDQJH� GXULQJ� ODERU�� DOO� ZRPHQ�ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD�without severe features who are in labor must be monitored closely for early detection of progression to severe disease. This should include monitoring of BP and maternal symptoms during labor and delivery as well as immediately postpartum. Magnesium sul-fate therapy should then be initiated if there is pro-gression to severe disease.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with preeclampsia with systolic BP of less than 160 mm Hg and a diastolic BP of less than ����PP�+J�DQG�QR�PDWHUQDO�V\PSWRPV��LW�LV�VXJ-gested that magnesium sulfate not be administered universally for the prevention of eclampsia.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

$QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�'UXJV�WR�7UHDW�6HYHUH� +\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�3UHJQDQF\The objectives of treating severe hypertension are to prevent potential cardiovascular (congestive heart fail-XUH�DQG�P\RFDUGLDO� LVFKHPLD��� UHQDO��UHQDO� LQMXU\�RU�IDLOXUH���RU�FHUHEURYDVFXODU��LVFKHPLF�RU�KHPRUUKDJLF�stroke) complications related to uncontrolled severe hypertension. No randomized trials in pregnancy FRXOG�EH�LGHQWLÀHG�WR�GHWHUPLQH�WKH�OHYHO�RI�K\SHUWHQ-sion to treat to prevent these complications. Data from FDVH� VHULHV³DV� ZHOO� DV� IURP� GHYHORSLQJ� FRXQWULHV�where antihypertensive medications were not used in women with severe gestational hypertension or severe SUHHFODPSVLD³UHYHDO�LQFUHDVHG�UDWHV�RI�KHDUW�IDLOXUH��SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��DQG�GHDWK��7KHVH� OLIH�WKUHDWHQLQJ�maternal complications justify recommending the use of medications to lower BP to a safe range even though the magnitude of this risk is unknown. 6HYHUDO�UDQGRPL]HG�WULDOV�FRPSDUHG�GLŲHUHQW�DQWL-

K\SHUWHQVLYH�GUXJV�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��,Q�WKHVH�WULDOV��SDUHQ-teral hydralazine was compared with labetalol or oral nifedipine. An updated Cochrane systematic review of ���WULDOV�WKDW�LQYROYHG�������ZRPHQ�IRXQG�QR�VLJQLÀ-FDQW� GLŲHUHQFHV� UHJDUGLQJ� HLWKHU� HűFDF\� RU� VDIHW\�EHWZHHQ�K\GUDOD]LQH�DQG�ODEHWDORO��RU�EHWZHHQ�K\GUDO-azine and any calcium channel blocker (19). The UHVXOWV�RI�WKHVH�WULDOV�VXJJHVW�WKDW�K\GUDOD]LQH��ODEHWD-ORO��RU�RUDO�QLIHGLSLQH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�WR�WUHDW�DFXWH�VHYHUH�hypertension in pregnancy as long as the medical pro-YLGHU� LV� IDPLOLDU�ZLWK� WKH�GUXJ� WR� EH�XVHG�� LQFOXGLQJ�GRVDJH��H[SHFWHG�WLPH�RI�RQVHW�RI�DFWLRQ��DQG�SRWHQWLDO�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�DQG�FRQWUDLQGLFDWLRQV������7KHRUHWLFDO�FRQFHUQ�H[LVWV�WKDW�WKH�FRPELQHG�XVH�RI�

QLIHGLSLQH�DQG�PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�FDQ�UHVXOW�LQ�H[FHV-sive hypotension and neuromuscular blockade. A review on the subject concluded that the combined use RI�WKHVH�GUXJV�GRHV�QRW�LQFUHDVH�VXFK�ULVNV��KRZHYHU��this recommendation was based on limited data (20).

In women requiring antihypertensive medications IRU� VHYHUH� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH� FKRLFH� DQG� URXWH� RI�administration of drugs should be based primarily on WKH� SK\VLFLDQ·V� IDPLOLDULW\� DQG� H[SHULHQFH�� DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�DQG�FRQWUDLQGLFDWLRQV� WR� WKH�SUHVFULEHG�GUXJ��ORFDO�DYDLODELOLW\��DQG�FRVW��

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with preeclampsia with severe hyperten-sion during pregnancy (sustained systolic BP of at least 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP of at least 110 mm +J��� WKH�XVH�RI� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� WKHUDS\� LV� UHFRP-mended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

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36 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

Severe Preeclampsia

Severe preeclampsia can result in both acute and long-term complications for both the woman and her new-ERUQ��������21–23). Maternal complications of severe SUHHFODPSVLD� LQFOXGH� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD��P\RFDUGLDO�LQIDUFWLRQ��VWURNH��DFXWH�UHVSLUDWRU\�GLVWUHVV�V\QGURPH��FRDJXORSDWK\��VHYHUH�UHQDO�IDLOXUH��DQG�UHWLQDO� LQMXU\��These complications are more likely to occur in the SUHVHQFH� RI� SUHH[LVWHQW� PHGLFDO� GLVRUGHUV� DQG� ZLWK�acute maternal organ dysfunction related to pre-HFODPSVLD� ���� ��²����� )HWDO� DQG� QHZERUQ� FRPSOLFD-WLRQV�RI�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�UHVXOW� IURP�H[SRVXUH�WR�XWHURSODFHQWDO�LQVXűFLHQF\�RU�IURP�SUHWHUP�ELUWK��RU�ERWK�������²����

The clinical course of severe preeclampsia is often characterized by progressive deterioration of maternal and fetal conditions if delivery is not pursued (21–23). 7KHUHIRUH��LQ�WKH�LQWHUHVW�RI�WKH�ZRPDQ�DQG�KHU�IHWXV��delivery is recommended when gestational age is at or EH\RQG��������ZHHNV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��SURPSW�GHOLYHU\�LV�the safest option for the woman and her fetus when WKHUH�LV�HYLGHQFH�RI�SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��UHQDO�IDLOXUH��DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH��VHYHUH�WKURPERF\WRSHQLD��GLVVHP-LQDWHG� LQWUDYDVFXODU� FRDJXODWLRQ�� SHUVLVWHQW� FHUHEUDO�V\PSWRPV��QRQUHDVVXULQJ�IHWDO�WHVWLQJ��RU�IHWDO�GHPLVH�irrespective of gestational age in women with severe preeclampsia at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation (21–23) (Fig. 5-2).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with severe preeclampsia at or beyond �������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��DQG�LQ�WKRVH�ZLWK�XQVWD-ble maternal–fetal conditions irrespective of gesta- WLRQDO�DJH��GHOLYHU\�VRRQ�DIWHU�PDWHUQDO�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�is recommended.

Quality of data: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

([SHFWDQW�0DQDJHPHQWRandomized TrialsThe task force found only two published randomized WULDOV� RI� GHOLYHU\� YHUVXV� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� RI�preterm severe preeclampsia (24��25). One group of researchers studied 38 women with severe preeclamp-sia between 28 weeks of gestation and 34 weeks of gestation (24). Eighteen women received antenatal corticosteroids for fetal maturation and were then WUHDWHG� H[SHFWDQWO\�� ZLWK� GHOLYHU\� RQO\� IRU� VSHFLÀF�maternal or fetal indications. Another 20 patients were assigned to receive antenatal corticosteroids with planned delivery after 48 hours. Latency to deliv-

ery (7.1 days versus 1.3 days; P<.05) and gestational age at delivery (223 days versus 221 days; P<.05) ZHUH� ERWK� JUHDWHU� ZLWK� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW��whereas total neonatal complications were reduced (33% versus 75%; P<.05) compared with planned delivery. Another group of researchers studied 95 women with severe preeclampsia and no concurrent PHGLFDO� �UHQDO� GLVHDVH�� W\SH� �� GLDEHWHV�PHOOLWXV�� RU�connective tissue disease) or obstetric (vaginal bleed-LQJ��SUHPDWXUH�UXSWXUH�RI�PHPEUDQHV��PXOWLIHWDO�JHV-WDWLRQ�� RU� SUHWHUP� ODERU�� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� DW� ��²���weeks of gestation (25). Those randomized to receive H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�JDYH�ELUWK�DW�D�PRUH�DGYDQFHG�gestational age (32.9 weeks of gestation versus 30.8 weeks of gestation; P=.01) and had newborns who required less frequent neonatal intensive care unit admission (76% versus 100%; P�������KDG� OHVV� IUH-quent respiratory distress syndrome (22.4% versus 50%; P ������� DQG� KDG� OHVV� IUHTXHQW� QHFURWL]LQJ�enterocolitis (0% versus 10.9%; P ������EXW�PRUH�IUH-quent small-for-gestational-age birth weight (30.1 versus 10.9; P=.04). No cases of maternal eclampsia or pulmonary edema were reported in either trial. Cases of abruptio placentae were similar in frequency between the randomized groups in both studies; +(//3� V\QGURPH� FRPSOLFDWHG� RQO\� WZR� H[SHFWDQWO\�managed cases and one aggressively managed case in the latter study (4.1% versus 2.1%).

Observational Studies2EVHUYDWLRQDO� VWXGLHV� RI� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� RI�severe preeclampsia have varied in their inclusion FULWHULD� DQG� LQGLFDWLRQV� IRU� GHOLYHU\� ���²���� 26). Some included only women who remained stable DIWHU� ���²���� KRXUV� RI� REVHUYDWLRQ�� ZKHUHDV� RWKHUV�LQFOXGHG�ZRPHQ�H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQDJHG�IURP�WKH�WLPH�RI� GLDJQRVLV�� ,Q� RQH� UHYLHZ��PDWHUQDO� RXWFRPHV� IRU�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�DW�OHVV�than 34 weeks of gestation (presented as median per-centile; interquartile range) included intensive care XQLW� DGPLVVLRQ������� �������������+(//3� V\QGURPH��������������������UHFXUUHQW�VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�������������������DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH������ ������������SXO-PRQDU\� HGHPD�� ���� ������ ������ HFODPSVLD�� ���� ����������VXEFDSVXODU�OLYHU�KHPDWRPD������������������DQG�VWURNH���������������������3HULQDWDO�RXWFRPHV�LQ�WKLV�VWXG\� LQFOXGHG� VWLOOELUWK�� ���� ���� ������� QHRQDWDO�GHDWK�������������������SHULQDWDO�DVSK\[LD������������������� DQG� DQ\� QHRQDWDO� FRPSOLFDWLRQ�� ����� �������75.7) (26). Small-for-gestational-age infants were FRPPRQ� ���²����� DIWHU� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW��,QGLFDWLRQV�IRU�GHOLYHU\�ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�of severe preeclampsia at less than 34 weeks of gesta-

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 37

Contraindications to continued expectant management

• Eclampsia • Pulmonary edema • Disseminated intravascular

coagulation • Uncontrollable severe

hypertension

Are there additional expectant complications?

• Greater than or equal to 33 5/7 weeks of gestation• Persistent symptoms• HELLP or partial HELLP syndrome• Fetal growth restriction (less than fifth percentile)• Severe oligohydramnios• Reversed end-diastolic flow (umbilical artery Doppler studies)• Labor or premature rupture of membranes• Significant renal dysfunction

Expectant management

• Facilities with adequate maternal and neonatal intensive care resources

• Fetal viability–33 6/7 weeks of gestation• Inpatient only and stop magnesium sulfate• Daily maternal–fetal tests• Vital signs, symptoms, and blood tests• Oral antihypertensive drugs

• Achievement of 34 0/7 weeks of gestation• New-onset contraindications to expectant management • Abnormal maternal–fetal test results• Labor or premature rupture of membranes

• Observe in labor and delivery for first 24–48 hours• Corticosteroids, magnesium sulfate prophylaxis, and

antihypertensive medications• Ultrasonography, monitoring of fetal heart rate, symptoms,

and laboratory tests

Delivery once maternal condition is stable

Delivery

Corticosteroids for fetal maturation

Delivery after 48 hours

FIGURE 5-2. Management of severe preeclampsia at less than 34 weeks of gestation. AAbbreviation: HELLP, hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

• Nonviable fetus• Abnormal fetal test results• Abruptio placentae• Intrapartum fetal demise

Yes

Yes

Yes

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38 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

WLRQ�ZHUH�IHWDO��������PDWHUQDO��������RU�PDWHUQDO�and fetal (8.8%) (26). The frequency of these compli-FDWLRQV�� KRZHYHU�� LV� XQNQRZQ� LQ� WKH� DEVHQFH� RI�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with severe preeclampsia at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation with stable maternal and IHWDO�FRQGLWLRQV��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�FRQWLQXHG�pregnancy be undertaken only at facilities with adequate maternal and neonatal intensive care resources.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

&RUWLFRVWHURLGV�IRU�)HWDO�/XQJ�0DWXULW\�$OWKRXJK�GDWD�VSHFLÀF�WR�H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQDJHG�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�DUH�OLPLWHG��UDQGRPL]HG�FRQWUROOHG�WULDOV�that involved pregnancies complicated by hyperten-sion syndromes have found antenatal corticosteroid treatment to result in less frequent respiratory distress V\QGURPH� �55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������� QHRQDWDO�GHDWK� �55������������&,�� ����²������� DQG� LQWUDYHQ-WULFXODU� KHPRUUKDJH� �55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������(27). In a single placebo-controlled study of weekly betamethasone for women with severe preeclampsia between 26 weeks of gestation and 34 weeks of gesta-WLRQ�� WUHDWPHQW� �PHDQ� H[SRVXUH� ���� GRVHV�� UHGXFHG�WKH� IUHTXHQF\� RI� UHVSLUDWRU\� GLVWUHVV� V\QGURPH� �55������������&,������²������DQG�LQWUDYHQWULFXODU�KHPRU-UKDJH� �55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������� DPRQJ� RWKHU�complications (28���,I�QRW�SUHYLRXVO\�JLYHQ��DQG�LI�LW�LV�DQWLFLSDWHG� WKDW� WKHUH� ZLOO� EH� WLPH� IRU� IHWDO� EHQHÀW�IURP�WKLV�LQWHUYHQWLRQ��DQWHQDWDO�FRUWLFRVWHURLG�DGPLQ-istration should be considered regardless of a plan for H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with severe preeclampsia receiving H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�DW��������ZHHNV�RU�OHVV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�IRU�IHWDO�OXQJ�PDWXULW\�EHQHÀW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

6HYHUH�3URWHLQXULD�The presence of severe proteinuria in women with VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD� XQGHUJRLQJ� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJH-ment is not associated with worse outcomes. In one VWXG\�RI����H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQDJHG�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�

SURWHLQXULD��GHÀQHG�DV���J����K�RU�JUHDWHU��� VLJQLÀ-FDQW�SUHJQDQF\�SURORQJDWLRQ�RFFXUUHG��PDWHUQDO�FRP-SOLFDWLRQV�ZHUH�QRW�LQFUHDVHG��DQG�UHVROXWLRQ�RI�UHQDO�dysfunction occurred in all women by 3 months after delivery (29). A second study categorized women with severe preeclampsia according to the severity of pro-WHLQXULD�DV�PLOG��OHVV�WKDQ���J����K���VHYHUH���²����J� ���K���RU�PDVVLYH��PRUH�WKDQ����J����K���30). No dif-IHUHQFHV�LQ�WKH�UDWHV�RI�HFODPSVLD��DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH��SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��+(//3�V\QGURPH��QHRQDWDO�GHDWK��RU�QHRQDWDO�PRUELGLW\�ZHUH�LGHQWLÀHG�EHWZHHQ�WKHVH�groups. Although the amount of proteinuria increases RYHU�WLPH�ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��WKLV�FKDQJH�LV�not predictive of pregnancy prolongation or perinatal RXWFRPHV�������2Q�WKH�EDVLV�RI�WKHVH�GDWD��VHYHUH�SUR-teinuria alone and the degree of change in proteinuria should not be considered criteria to avoid or terminate H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�a delivery decision should not be based on the amount of proteinuria or change in the amount of proteinuria.

Quality of evidence: Moderate Strength of recommendation: Strong

0DQDJHPHQW�%HIRUH�WKH�/LPLW�RI�)HWDO�9LDELOLW\�Severe preeclampsia that develops near the limit of fetal viability is associated with a high likelihood of peri-QDWDO�PRUELGLWLHV�DQG�PRUWDOLW\��UHJDUGOHVV�RI�H[SHFW-DQW�PDQDJHPHQW����²��������31��32���+RZHYHU��GDWD�UHJDUGLQJ�RXWFRPHV�ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�FDW-egorized by gestational week at diagnosis are limited. 6XUYLYDO� UDWHV� RI� ����� ������ ����� ��������� DQG������� �������� KDYH� EHHQ� UHSRUWHG� DIWHU� H[SHFWDQW�management of severe preeclampsia initiated before �������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��DW��������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWD-WLRQ��DQG�DW��������ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ�� UHVSHFWLYHO\���������������2WKHU�UHSRUWV�DOVR�KDYH�VXJJHVWHG�UDUH�VXUYLYDO�ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI� VHYHUH�SUH-eclampsia at less than 23–24 weeks of gestation (32). ([SOLFLW�FRXQVHOLQJ�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH� OLNHOLKRRG�RI�SRRU�SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPHV³LQFOXGLQJ� VHYHUH� UHVSLUDWRU\�GLVWUHVV�V\QGURPH��FKURQLF� OXQJ�GLVHDVH��DQG�VHYHUH�LQWUDYHQWULFXODU� KHPRUUKDJH³ZLWK� H[SHFWDQW� PDQ-agement should be provided. This is especially important in the presence of severe fetal growth UHVWULFWLRQ� DW� OHVV� WKDQ� ������� ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ��when the perinatal mortality rate approaches 100% ����� ����� )XUWKHU�� PDWHUQDO� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� VXFK� DV�

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 39

+(//3�V\QGURPH��SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��DQG�UHQDO�IDLO-ure must be balanced with poor perinatal outcome.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with severe preeclampsia and before IHWDO�YLDELOLW\��GHOLYHU\�DIWHU�PDWHUQDO�VWDELOL]DWLRQ�LV� UHFRPPHQGHG�� ([SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� LV� QRW�recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

0DWHUQDO�DQG�)HWDO�0RQLWRULQJ'XULQJ� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW�� PDWHUQDO� DQG� IHWDO�conditions should be frequently monitored as follows:

0DWHUQDO�DVVHVVPHQW�� 9LWDO�VLJQV��ÁXLG�LQWDNH��DQG�XULQH�RXWSXW�VKRXOG�EH�

monitored at least every 8 hours�� 6\PSWRPV� RI� VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD� �KHDGDFKHV�� YLVXDO�FKDQJHV��UHWURVWHUQDO�SDLQ�RU�SUHVVXUH��VKRUW-QHVV�RI�EUHDWK��QDXVHD�DQG�YRPLWLQJ��DQG�HSLJDVWULF�pain) should be monitored at least every 8 hours

�� 3UHVHQFH� RI� FRQWUDFWLRQV�� UXSWXUH� RI� PHPEUDQHV��DEGRPLQDO�SDLQ��RU�EOHHGLQJ�VKRXOG�EH�PRQLWRUHG�at least every 8 hours

• Laboratory testing (CBC and assessment of platelet FRXQW�� OLYHU�HQ]\PH��DQG�VHUXP�FUHDWLQLQH� OHYHOV��should be performed daily. (These tests can then be spaced to every other day if they remain stable and the patient remains asymptomatic.)

)HWDO�DVVHVVPHQW�� .LFN�FRXQW�DQG�167�ZLWK�XWHULQH�FRQWUDFWLRQ�PRQL-

tored daily�� %LRSK\VLFDO�SURÀOH�WZLFH�ZHHNO\• Serial fetal growth should be performed every 2

weeks and umbilical artery Doppler studies should be performed every 2 weeks if fetal growth restric-tion is suspected

,QGLFDWLRQV�IRU�'HOLYHU\�'XULQJ�([SHFWDQW�ManagementIn the published studies of preterm severe preeclampsia PDQDJHG�H[SHFWDQWO\��GHOLYHU\�KDV�W\SLFDOO\�EHHQ�SXU-VXHG�DW�DSSUR[LPDWHO\����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��+RZHYHU��deterioration of maternal or fetal conditions before this gestational age is the most common reason for delivery ��������������0DWHUQDO�LQGLFDWLRQV�IRU�GHOLYHU\�DUH�GHOLQ-eated in Figure 5-2. Delivery should also be considered for women whose health is declining or who are nonad-herent with ongoing inpatient observation; those devel-RSLQJ�SHUVLVWHQW�HSLJDVWULF�RU�ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW�SDLQ��

QDXVHD��RU�YRPLWLQJ��DQG� WKRVH�ZKR�GHYHORS�SUHWHUP�ODERU�RU�SUHPDWXUH�UXSWXUH�RI�PHPEUDQHV�����������

0DWHUQDO�LQGLFDWLRQV�IRU�GHOLYHU\�• Recurrent severe hypertension• Recurrent symptoms of severe preeclampsia�� 3URJUHVVLYH� UHQDO� LQVXűFLHQF\� �VHUXP� FUHDWLQLQH�

concentration greater than 1.1 mg/dL or a dou-bling of the serum creatinine concentration in the absence of other renal disease)

• Persistent thrombocytopenia or HELLP syndrome• Pulmonary edema • Eclampsia• Suspected abruptio placentae• Progressive labor or rupture of membranes

� )HWDO�LQGLFDWLRQV�IRU�GHOLYHU\�• Gestational age of 34 0/7 weeks• Severe fetal growth restriction (ultrasonographic HVWLPDWH�RI�IHWDO�ZHLJKW�OHVV�WKDQ�WKH�ÀIWK�SHUFHQWLOH�

�� 3HUVLVWHQW� ROLJRK\GUDPQLRV� �PD[LPXP� YHUWLFDO�pocket less than 2 cm)

• BPP of 4/10 or less on at least two occasions 6 hours apart

�� 5HYHUVHG� HQG�GLDVWROLF� ÁRZ� RQ� XPELOLFDO� DUWHU\�Doppler studies

• Recurrent variable or late decelerations during NST• Fetal death

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• It is suggested that corticosteroids be administered and delivery deferred for 48 hours if maternal and fetal conditions remain stable for women with se-vere preeclampsia and a viable fetus at 33 6/7 weeks or less of gestation with any of the following:

– preterm premature rupture of membranes– labor²� ORZ� SODWHOHW� FRXQW� �OHVV� WKDQ� ��������PLFUR�

liter) – persistently abnormal hepatic enzyme concen-

trations (twice or more the upper normal val-ues)

²� IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ��OHVV�WKDQ�WKH�ÀIWK�SHU-centile)

²� VHYHUH� ROLJRK\GUDPQLRV� �DPQLRWLF� ÁXLG� LQGH[�less than 5 cm)

²� UHYHUVHG�HQG�GLDVWROLF�ÁRZ�RQ�XPELOLFDO�DUWHU\�Doppler studies

– new-onset renal dysfunction or increasing renal dysfunction

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

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40 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

• It is recommended that corticosteroids be given if the fetus is viable and at 33 6/7 weeks or less of JHVWDWLRQ��EXW�GHOLYHU\�QRW�EH�GHOD\HG�DIWHU�LQLWLDO�maternal stabilization regardless of gestational age for women with severe preeclampsia that is compli-cated further with any of the following:

– uncontrollable severe hypertension– eclampsia– pulmonary edema– abruptio placentae– disseminated intravascular coagulation– evidence of nonreassurring fetal status– intrapartum fetal demise

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

Route of Delivery in Preeclampsia

:KHQ�GHOLYHU\�LV�LQGLFDWHG��YDJLQDO�GHOLYHU\�FDQ�RIWHQ�EH�DFFRPSOLVKHG��EXW�WKLV�LV�OHVV�OLNHO\�ZLWK�GHFUHDVLQJ�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH��:LWK�ODERU�LQGXFWLRQ��WKH�OLNHOLKRRG�RI�cesarean delivery increases with decreasing gestational DJH��UDQJH����²����DW�OHVV�WKDQ����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ����²����DW���²���ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��DQG���²����DW���²���ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ�������33��34).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�the mode of delivery does not need to be cesarean delivery. The mode of delivery should be deter-PLQHG�E\�IHWDO�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH��IHWDO�SUHVHQWDWLRQ��FHUYLFDO�VWDWXV��DQG�PDWHUQDO²IHWDO�FRQGLWLRQ�

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Eclampsia

Eclampsia� LV� GHÀQHG� DV� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� QHZ�RQVHW�grand mal seizures in a woman with preeclampsia. Eclampsia is preceded by a wide range of signs and V\PSWRPV��UDQJLQJ�IURP�VHYHUH�WR�DEVHQW�RU�PLQLPDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��PDVVLYH� WR�QR�SURWHLQXULD�� DQG�SURPL-nent to no edema (35). Several clinical symptoms are potentially helpful in predicting impending eclampsia. 7KHVH�LQFOXGH�SHUVLVWHQW�RFFLSLWDO�RU�IURQWDO�KHDGDFKHV��EOXUUHG�YLVLRQ��SKRWRSKRELD��HSLJDVWULF�RU�ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW�SDLQ�RU�ERWK��DQG�DOWHUHG�PHQWDO�VWDWXV������36). Eclamptic seizures contribute substantially to PDWHUQDO�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\��HVSHFLDOO\�LQ�GHYHO-

RSLQJ� FRXQWULHV� ������ )RU� PDQ\� \HDUV�� WKHVH� ZHUH�WUHDWHG� ZLWK� VHYHUDO� GLŲHUHQW� DQWLFRQYXOVDQWV�� DQG�DWWHPSWV�WR�SUHYHQW�HFODPSWLF�VHL]XUHV�ZHUH�H[HUFLVHG�sporadically (37).

Systematic reviews of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclampsia have demonstrated its superi-ority to phenytoin and diazepam (38). For women ZLWK�HFODPSVLD��PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�VKRXOG�EH�FRQWLQ-ued for at least 24 hours after the last convulsion. Fur-WKHUPRUH��D�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�VL[�UDQGRPL]HG�WULDOV�WKDW�LQFOXGHG�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�GHPRQVWUDWHG�WKDW� LQ� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD�� PDJQHVLXP� GH� FUHDVHV�WKH�UDWH�RI�HFODPSVLD�E\������55������������&,�� ����²������ �39��� ,Q� WKLV� UHYLHZ�� WKH� UHJLPHQV� RI�magnesium sulfate used included an intravenous load-ing dose of 4–6 g followed by a maintenance dose of �²��J�K�IRU�DW�OHDVW����KRXUV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��VRPH�VWXGLHV�used an intramuscular maintenance regimen that is QRW� XVHG� LQ� WKH� 8QLWHG� 6WDWHV��:RPHQ� WUHDWHG�ZLWK�magnesium sulfate to prevent or treat eclamptic sei-zures should receive an intravenous loading dose of 4–6 g followed by a maintenance dose of 1–2 g/h con-tinued for at least 24 hours.

Several observational and retrospective studies IRXQG� WKDW� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� RI� HFODPSVLD� WR�SURORQJ�JHVWDWLRQ�IRU�IHWDO�EHQHÀW�LV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�D�substantial increase of maternal and perinatal mor-bidity and mortality (40��� 2QH� UHWURVSHFWLYH� VWXG\��KRZHYHU�� IRXQG� WKDW� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� RI�eclampsia (antepartum onset before 34 weeks of ges-tation) for 24–48 hours to administer corticosteroids IRU� IHWDO� EHQHÀW� FDQ� EH� XQGHUWDNHQ� LI� PHWLFXORXV�maternal and fetal monitoring remains reassuring while continuously infused magnesium sulfate and antihypertensive agents to prevent severe hyperten-sion are administered for maternal stabilization; KRZHYHU��WKH�VDIHW\�RI�VXFK�DQ�DSSURDFK�KDV�QRW�EHHQ�proved (41���,Q�DOO�RWKHU�FLUFXPVWDQFHV��WKHUH�LV�JHQ-eral agreement that women with eclampsia should undergo delivery following stabilization. Patients with severe preeclampsia undergoing cesarean deliv-ery remain at risk of developing eclampsia. The induction of anesthesia and the stress of delivery may reduce their seizure threshold and increase the likeli-hood of eclampsia. Discontinuing magnesium sulfate infusions in the operative suite will not abate the potential interactions of magnesium sulfate with anesthetic agents and furthermore increases the like-lihood of a subtherapeutic serum magnesium level in WKH� UHFRYHU\� URRP�RU�SRVWSDUWXP�VXLWH��SODFLQJ� WKH�patient at risk of postpartum eclampsia.

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 41

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�HFODPSVLD�� WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�parenteral magnesium sulfate is recommended.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�DGPLQLV-tration of intrapartum–postpartum magnesium sul-fate to prevent eclampsia is recommended.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with preeclampsia undergoing cesarean GHOLYHU\�� WKH� FRQWLQXHG� LQWUDRSHUDWLYH� DGPLQLVWUD-tion of parenteral magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

HELLP Syndrome

+HPRO\VLV��DEQRUPDO�OLYHU�IXQFWLRQ�WHVWV��DQG�WKURP-bocytopenia have been recognized as complications of preeclampsia and eclampsia for many years. The term ´+(//3� V\QGURPHµ� LV� DQ� DFURQ\P� IRU� WKH� IROORZLQJ�SUHVHQWDWLRQ��KHPRO\VLV��HOHYDWHG� OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�low platelet count (42).

The development of HELLP syndrome may occur antepartum or postpartum (43). The clinical course of women with HELLP syndrome is often characterized by progressive and sometimes sudden deterioration in maternal and fetal condition. Because the presence of this syndrome has been associated with increased UDWHV� RI� PDWHUQDO� PRUELGLW\� DQG� PRUWDOLW\�� PDQ\�authors consider its presence to be an indication for immediate delivery. A consensus of opinion is that prompt delivery is indicated if the syndrome develops beyond 34 weeks of gestation or earlier if there is dis-VHPLQDWHG� LQWUDYDVFXODU� FRDJXODWLRQ�� OLYHU� LQIDUFWLRQ�RU�KHPRUUKDJH��UHQDO�IDLOXUH��SXOPRQDU\�HGHPD��VXV-SHFWHG�DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH��RU�QRQUHDVVXULQJ�IHWDO�VWD-tus (43). Because the management of patients with HELLP syndrome requires the availability of neonatal and obstetric intensive care units and personnel with VSHFLDO�H[SHUWLVH��SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�+(//3�V\QGURPH�ZKR�are remote from term should receive care at a tertiary care center (43).

The task force found no randomized trials that HYDOXDWHG�WKH�EHQHÀWV�YHUVXV�ULVNV�RI�D�VKRUW�FRXUVH�RI�corticosteroids for fetal lung maturation in women

ZLWK� +(//3� V\QGURPH�� %HFDXVH� D� VLJQLÀFDQW� IHWDO�EHQHÀW� RI� FRUWLFRVWHURLG� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ� H[LVWV� IRU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��VLPLODU�IHWDO�EHQH-ÀW� VKRXOG�H[LVW� IRU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�DQWHSDUWXP�+(//3�syndrome.

Several observational and retrospective studies have found that in combination with magnesium sul-IDWH�WKHUDS\�DQG�FRQWURO�RI�VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��GLŲHU-ent regimens of steroids have been associated with a major maternal morbidity–related decrease in HELLP syndrome (44� 45���+RZHYHU��GDWD�RQ�PDWHUQDO�EHQH-ÀWV� RI� GH[DPHWKDVRQH� LQ� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� +(//3� V\Q-GURPH� DUH� FRQÁLFWLQJ� �46�� 47). A 2010 Cochrane meta-analysis of 11 randomized controlled trials eval-XDWHG� WKH�HŲHFW�RI� DQWHQDWDO�PDWHUQDO� FRUWLFRVWHURLG�WUHDWPHQW� RQ� SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPHV� GXULQJ� H[SHFWDQW�management of HELLP syndrome (48). Among these WULDOV��RQO\�IRXU�WULDOV������ZRPHQ��UHSRUWHG�PDWHUQDO�death; three trials (278 women) reported maternal death or severe maternal morbidity; two trials (91 ZRPHQ��UHSRUWHG�PDWHUQDO�OLYHU�KHPDWRPD��UXSWXUH��or failure; and three trials (297 women) reported maternal pulmonary edema. This systematic review IRXQG�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�LPSURYHG�PDWHUQDO�SODWHOHW�FRXQWV�ZKHQ� FRUWLFRVWHURLGV� DUH� JLYHQ�� EXW� QR� HYLGHQFH� RI�improvements in maternal mortality or severe mater-nal morbidities was reported. More robust and pro- perly performed randomized trials are needed to clarify what value this intervention may bring to HELLP syndrome management.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women with HELLP syndrome and before the JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�RI�IHWDO�YLDELOLW\��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�that delivery be undertaken shortly after initial maternal stabilization.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with HELLP syndrome at 34 0/7 weeks RU�PRUH�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��LW�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�WKDW�GHOLY-ery be undertaken soon after initial maternal stabi-lization.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with HELLP syndrome from the gesta-tional age of fetal viability to 33 6/7 weeks of ges-WDWLRQ��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�GHOLYHU\�EH�GHOD\HG�IRU�24–48 hours if maternal and fetal condition remain

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42 MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME

stable to complete a course of corticosteroids for IHWDO�EHQHÀW�

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

*Corticosteroids have been used in randomized controlled trials to attempt to improve maternal and fetal condition. ,Q�WKHVH�VWXGLHV��WKHUH�ZDV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�EHQHÀW�WR�LP-prove overall maternal and fetal outcome (although this has been suggested in observational studies). There is evi-dence in the randomized trials of improvement of platelet counts with corticosteroid treatment. In clinical settings in which an improvement in platelet count is considered XVHIXO��FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�PD\�EH�MXVWLÀHG�

Anesthetic Considerations

+\SRWHQVLRQSpinal anesthesia results in hypotension secondary to V\PSDWKHWLF�EORFNDGH��ZKLFK�GHFUHDVHV�XWHURSODFHQWDO�EORRG�ÁRZ��7KH�LQFLGHQFH�DQG�VHYHULW\�RI�K\SRWHQVLRQ�following spinal anesthesia was compared in parturi-ent women with severe preeclampsia (65 patients) and women without the disease process (71 patients) (49). Hypotension, GHÀQHG�DV�D�����GHFUHDVH�LQ�PHDQ�DUWHULDO�SUHVVXUH��ZDV�OHVV�FRPPRQ�LQ�WKH�SDUWXULHQW�women with severe preeclampsia (24.6% versus �������� ZLWK� QR� GLŲHUHQFH� LQ� WKH� VHYHULW\� RI� WKH�hypotension.

The task force found no meta-analyses that com-pared spinal anesthesia with general anesthesia for cesarean delivery in women with severe preeclampsia. +RZHYHU��WKHUH�LV�RQH�UDQGRPL]HG�WULDO�WKDW�FRPSDUHG�spinal anesthesia with epidural anesthesia for women with severe preeclampsia who underwent cesarean delivery (50���7KH�VSLQDO�JURXS�FRQVLVWHG�RI����SDWLHQWV��and 47 patients were in the epidural group. Hypoten-VLRQ�ZDV�GHÀQHG�DV�D�V\VWROLF�%3�OHVV�WKDQ�����PP�+J��The incidence of hypotension was higher in the spinal group (51% versus 23%) but was easily treated and of short duration (less than 1 minute). There were no DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�RQ�WKH�ZRPDQ�RU�WKH�QHRQDWH��

7KURPERF\WRSHQLDThrombocytopenia is the most common hematologic abnormality in women with preeclampsia. Its inci-dence depends on the severity of the disease and the presence or absence of abruptio placentae. In one VXUYH\��D�SODWHOHW�FRXQW�RI�OHVV�WKDQ���������PLFUROL-ter was found in 50% of parturient women with pre-HFODPSVLD�DQG�D�SODWHOHW�FRXQW�RI�OHVV�WKDQ���������microliter in 36% of the women (51). The major FRQFHUQ�ZLWK�QHXUD[LDO� DQHVWKHVLD� DQG�DQDOJHVLD� LQ�parturient women with thrombocytopenia is the

development of an epidural hematoma. The enlarged epidural veins accompanying pregnancy increase the risk of puncture of these vessels during needle or catheter placement. Risk factors for hematoma LQFOXGH�GLűFXOW�SODFHPHQW��FRDJXORSDWK\��DQG�FDWKH-ter removal (52). The task force found no studies that H[DPLQHG�WKH�VDIH�OLPLW�IRU�SODWHOHW�FRXQW�DQG�QHXUD[-ial anesthesia. There are numerous case reports of epidural placement in patients with low platelet FRXQWV� �DV� ORZ� DV� �������PLFUROLWHU��� 7KHVH� FDVH�reports do not establish a safe limit. The American Society of Anesthesiologists has not recommended a safe limit for the platelet count in parturient women ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��UHO\LQJ�RQ�WKH�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURYLG-er’s judgment following review of the laboratory val-ues (53). A review article of case series and case reports on epidural and spinal anesthesia in patients ZLWK� WKURPERF\WRSHQLD� FRQFOXGHG� WKDW� �������microliter is a safe platelet count for the placement of epidural or spinal anesthesia and for the removal of an epidural catheter. This conclusion by these authors is dependent on a stable platelet count and the absence of coagulopathy (54).

0DJQHVLXP�6XOIDWH0DJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�KDV�VLJQLÀFDQW�DQHVWKHWLF�LPSOLFD-tions. It prolongs the duration of nondepolarizing PXVFOH�UHOD[DQWV�DQG�KDV�OHG�WR�SUDFWLWLRQHUV�VWRSSLQJ�magnesium sulfate administration during surgical pro-FHGXUHV��+RZHYHU��EHFDXVH�PDJQHVLXP�KDV�D�KDOI�OLIH�RI���KRXUV��GLVFRQWLQXLQJ�WKH�LQWUDYHQRXV�LQIXVLRQ�RI�magnesium sulfate before cesarean delivery minimally reduces magnesium concentration at the time of deliv-ery and possibly increases the risk of seizure (55). :RPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZKR�UHTXLUH�FHVDUHDQ�GHOLY-ery should continue magnesium sulfate infusion during the delivery.

,QYDVLYH�+HPRG\QDPLF�0RQLWRULQJInvasive monitoring allows for the direct measure-PHQW�RI�%3�DV�ZHOO�DV�FDUGLDF�ÀOOLQJ�SUHVVXUH��7KH�XVH�of an arterial catheter for direct measurement of BP is used in parturient women who may require frequent arterial specimens for pH and blood gas analysis. It also may be indicated in patients who receive continu-RXV�LQIXVLRQV�RI�SRWHQW�YDVRDFWLYH�GUXJV��:LWK�SURSHU�XVH��WKH�ULVN�RI�DUWHULDO�FDWKHWHUL]DWLRQ�LV�ORZ��SULPDULO\�including infection (dependent on location of arterial FDWKHWHU�� ZLWK� IHPRUDO� SODFHPHQW� KDYLQJ� D� JUHDWHU�risk) and thrombosis (56���7KHUH�DUH��KRZHYHU��QR�VSH-FLÀF�GDWD�FRQFHUQLQJ�WKH�ULVN�RI�DUWHULDO�FDWKHWHUL]DWLRQ�in the parturient woman.

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MANAGEMENT OF PREECLAMPSIA AND HELLP SYNDROME 43

Placement of a catheter in a central vein for deter-PLQDWLRQ�RI�D�FHQWUDO�YHQRXV�SUHVVXUH��&93��RU�RI�D�pulmonary artery catheter allows for the administra-WLRQ� RI� PHGLFDWLRQ�� LPSURYHG� YHQRXV� DFFHVV�� DQG�hemodynamic monitoring. These monitors may allow IRU�WKH�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI�ÀOOLQJ�SUHVVXUH�RI�WKH�KHDUW�DQG�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�YDVFXODU�UHVLVWDQFH��FDUGLDF�IXQF-WLRQ��DQG�R[\JHQ�XSWDNH�DQG�GHOLYHU\��7KH�FRUUHODWLRQ�EHWZHHQ�&93�DQG�SXOPRQDU\�DUWHU\�RFFOXVLRQ�SUHV-VXUH� LQ� SUHHFODPSVLD� LV�PRGHUDWH��ZKLFK� OLPLWV� WKH�XVHIXOQHVV�RI�&93�GHWHUPLQDWLRQV��57). In 30 parturi-HQW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�FRUUHODWLRQ�FRHűFLHQW�EHWZHHQ�&93�DQG�SXOPRQDU\�DUWHU\�RFFOX-VLRQ�SUHVVXUH�ZDV�������LI�WKH�SDWLHQW�GLG�QRW�UHFHLYH�treatment. Treatment of the disease process reduced WKH�FRUUHODWLRQ�FRHűFLHQW� WR�������7KLV� ODFN�RI� FRU-relation is further confounded by the lack of data from randomized controlled trials that demonstrate the usefulness of pulmonary artery catheters (58���but pulmonary artery catheterization is not without risk (59). Four of the 100 patients who were reviewed retrospectively had either a venous thrombosis or cel-lulitis. A retrospective case series of patients who received central venous catheters was performed. Of ���SDWLHQWV�����KDG�SUHHFODPSVLD��$�KLJK�LQFLGHQFH�RI�infection (14%) was reported in those parturient women who received central venous catheters (60). 2WKHU� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� LQFOXGHG� VXSHUÀFLDO� DQG� GHHS�YHLQ�WKURPERVLV��KHPDWRPD��YHQWULFXODU�WDFK\FDUGLD��and discomfort.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women with preeclampsia who require analge-sia for labor or anesthesia for cesarean delivery and ZLWK�D�FOLQLFDO�VLWXDWLRQ�WKDW�SHUPLWV�VXűFLHQW�WLPH�IRU�HVWDEOLVKPHQW�RI�DQHVWKHVLD��WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI� QHXUD[LDO� DQHVWKHVLD� �HLWKHU� VSLQDO� RU� HSLGXUDO�anesthesia) is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

�� )RU� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD�� LW� LV� VXJ� gested that invasive hemodynamic monitoring not be used routinely.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Postpartum Hypertension and Preeclampsia7KH�H[DFW� LQFLGHQFH�RI�SRVWSDUWXP�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DQG�SUHHFODPSVLD� LV� GLűFXOW� WR� DVFHUWDLQ� EHFDXVH� PRVW�women in the postpartum period will not have their BP checked until the 6-week postpartum visit (61). In DGGLWLRQ��PRVW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�XVXDOO\�DUH�DV\PSWRPDWLF�� DQG� WKRVH� ZLWK� V\PSWRPV� IUHTXHQWO\�are seen and managed in emergency departments. Several studies have reported that many women will be hospitalized postpartum because of severe hyper-WHQVLRQ�DQG�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQG�D������ ODUJH�SRSXOD-tion-based study reported that 0.3% of all postpartum visits to emergency departments were due to hyper-tension and preeclampsia (62). Postpartum hyperten-sion and preeclampsia are either secondary to SHUVLVWHQW�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�RU� H[DFHUEDWLRQ�RI�K\SHUWHQ-VLRQ�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHYLRXV�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHWHQVLRQ��SUHHFODPSVLD�� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� RU� EHFDXVH� RI� D�new-onset condition (61). In women with preeclamp-VLD� RU� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� %3� XVXDOO\� GH� FUHDVHV�ZLWKLQ����KRXUV�IROORZLQJ�GHOLYHU\��EXW�WKH�%3�increases again 3–6 days postpartum (61). Several studies have emphasized the potential value of educat-ing patients and health care providers to report signs and symptoms of preeclampsia that commonly pre-FHGH�HFODPSVLD��K\SHUWHQVLYH�HQFHSKDORSDWK\��SXOPR-QDU\�HGHPD��RU� VWURNH��63–66���+RZHYHU�� LW� UHPDLQV�unclear whether such reporting will lead to the pre-vention of eclampsia and adverse maternal outcomes.

Several retrospective studies have found that most women who presented with eclampsia and stroke in the postpartum period had these symptoms for hours DQG� GD\V� EHIRUH� SUHVHQWDWLRQ� ���²����� ,Q� DGGLWLRQ��many of these symptoms were not considered import-ant by patients or medical providers. The group also EHOLHYHG�WKDW�PDQ\�PHGLFDO�SURYLGHUV��QXUVHV��REVWH-WULFLDQV��QXUVH²PLGZLYHV��HPHUJHQF\�GHSDUWPHQW�SK\-VLFLDQV�� DQG� LQWHUQLVWV�� PD\� QRW� EH� DZDUH� WKDW�preeclampsia and eclampsia can develop up to 4 weeks postpartum. Health care providers are reminded of the FRQWULEXWLRQ�RI�QRQVWHURLGDO�DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\�DJHQWV�to increase BP. It is suggested that these commonly used postpartum pain relief agents be replaced by other analgesics in women with hypertension that per-sists for more than 1 day postpartum.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�LQ�ZKRP�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SUH-HFODPSVLD��RU� VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD� LV�GLDJ-QRVHG��LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�%3�EH�PRQLWRUHG�LQ�WKH�hospital or that equivalent outpatient surveillance

Page 55: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

be performed for at least 72 hours postpartum and again 7–10 days after delivery or earlier in women with symptoms.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

• For all women in the postpartum period (not just ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD���LW�LV�VXJJHVWHG�WKDW�GLV-charge instructions include information about the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia as well as the importance of prompt reporting of this information to their health care providers.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

The task force is not aware of any randomized trials that evaluated therapy to prevent postpartum hyper-tension and preeclampsia (67�� 68). The task force found no placebo-controlled trials that evaluated the treatment of postpartum hypertension or evaluated magnesium sulfate versus placebo in women with late postpartum preeclampsia (61). A few trials that had limited sample sizes compared oral antihyper-tensive drugs with each other or with no treatment. +RZHYHU�� WKH�RXWFRPH�VWXGLHG� LQ� WKHVH� WULDOV� LV�QRW�FOLQLFDOO\� LPSRUWDQW� ������ ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� XQFHUWDLQW\�H[LVWV�UHJDUGLQJ�WKH�OHYHO�RI�%3�WR�WUHDW��DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�WDUJHW�%3�WR�DFKLHYH�GXULQJ�WUHDWPHQW��DQG�ZKHQ�WR�VWRS�WKHVH�PHGLFDWLRQV������67��68). Health care pro-viders should be reminded of the contribution of non-VWHURLGDO�DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\�DJHQWV�WR�LQFUHDVHG�%3��,W�is suggested that these commonly used postpartum pain relief agents be replaced by other analgesics in women with hypertension that persists for more than ��GD\�SRVWSDUWXP��([SHUWV�UHFRPPHQG�DQWLK\SHUWHQ-sive therapy in the postpartum period when BP is per-sistently higher than 150 mm Hg systolic or 100 mm Hg diastolic (on at least two occasions that are at least 4–6 hours apart) (67–69���,Q�DGGLWLRQ��PDJQH-sium sulfate is recommended for women who present during the postpartum period with hypertension or SUHHFODPSVLD� LQ� DVVRFLDWLRQ�ZLWK� VHYHUH� KHDGDFKHV��YLVXDO�FKDQJHV��DOWHUHG�PHQWDO�VWDWXV��HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ��or shortness of breath. Magnesium sulfate is to be given for at least 24 hours from diagnosis (61).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For women in the postpartum period who present with new-onset hypertension associated with head-aches or blurred vision or preeclampsia with severe K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH� SDUHQWHUDO� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ� RI�magnesium sulfate is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SHUVLVWHQW�SRVWSDUWXP�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��BP of 150 mm Hg systolic or higher or 100 mm Hg diastolic or�KLJKHU��RQ�DW�OHDVW�WZR�RFFDVLRQV�WKDW�DUH�at least 4–6�KRXUV�DSDUW��DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�WKHUDS\�LV�suggested. Persistent BP of 160 mm Hg systolic or 100 mm Hg diastolic or higher should be treated within 1 hour.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG�

References 1. Sibai BM. Diagnosis and management of gestational hyper-

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������6FKLŲ�(��)ULHGPDQ�6$��.DR�/��6LEDL�%0��7KH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�XULQDU\�SURWHLQ�H[FUHWLRQ�GXULQJ�FRQVHUYDWLYH�PDQDJHPHQW�of severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996;175:1313–6. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

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������%RPEU\V� $(�� %DUWRQ� -5�� 1RZDFNL� ($�� +DEOL� 0�� 3LQGHU� /��+RZ�+��HW�DO��([SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�at less than 27 weeks' gestation: maternal and perinatal out-FRPHV�DFFRUGLQJ�WR�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�E\�ZHHNV�DW�RQVHW�RI�H[-pectant management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2008;199:247.e1–6. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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������%ODFNZHOO� 6&��5HGPDQ�0(��7RPOLQVRQ�0��/DQGZHKU� -%� -U��7X\QPDQ�0��*RQLN�%��HW�DO��/DERU�LQGXFWLRQ�IRU�WKH�SUHWHUP�VHYHUH�SUH�HFODPSWLF�SDWLHQW��LV�LW�ZRUWK�WKH�HŲRUW"�-�0DWHUQ�Fetal Med 2001;10:305–11. >3XE0HG@ A

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������.DW]�/��GH�$PRULP�00��)LJXHLURD�-1��3LQWR�H�6LOYD�-/��3RVW-SDUWXP�GH[DPHWKDVRQH�IRU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�KHPRO\VLV��HOHYDWHG�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�ORZ�SODWHOHWV��+(//3��V\QGURPH��D�GRX-EOH�EOLQG��SODFHER�FRQWUROOHG��UDQGRPL]HG�FOLQLFDO�WULDO��$P�-�Obstet Gynecol 2008;198:283.e1–8. >3XE0HG@� >)XOO� 7H[W@ A

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������*LOEHUW�:0��7RZQHU�'5��)LHOG�17��$QWKRQ\�-��7KH�VDIHW\�DQG�utility of pulmonary artery catheterization in severe pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182:1397–403. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������1XWKDODSDW\�)6��%HFN�00��0DELH�:&��&RPSOLFDWLRQV�RI�FHQ-tral venous catheters during pregnancy and postpartum: a case series. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:311.e1–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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������&ODUN� 6/�� %HOIRUW� 0$�� 'LOG\� *$�� (QJOHEULJKW� -�� 0HLQWV� /��0H\HUV�-$��HW�DO��(PHUJHQF\�GHSDUWPHQW�XVH�GXULQJ�WKH�SRVW-partum period: implications for current management of the puerperium. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:38.e1–6. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������0DWWK\V�/$��&RSSDJH�.+��/DPEHUV�'6��%DUWRQ�-5��6LEDL�%0��'HOD\HG� SRVWSDUWXP� SUHHFODPSVLD�� DQ� H[SHULHQFH� RI� ���� cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;190:1464–6. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

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������$O�6DÀ� =�� ,PXGLD� $1�� )LOHWWL� /&�� +REVRQ� '7�� %DKDGR� 6LQJK�52��$ZRQXJD�$2��'HOD\HG�SRVWSDUWXP�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�HFODPSVLD��GHPRJUDSKLFV��FOLQLFDO�FRXUVH��DQG�FRPSOLFD-tions. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:1102–7. >3XE0HG@ [Obstet-rics & Gynecology@�A

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������0DJHH�/��6DGHJKL�6��YRQ�'DGHOV]HQ�3��3UHYHQWLRQ�DQG�WUHDW-ment of postpartum hypertension. Cochrane Database of 6\VWHPDWLF� 5HYLHZV� ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R��� &'��������DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD004351.pub2. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

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Management of Women With Prior Preeclampsia

CHAPTER6

The primary objectives in the management of patients with a history of preeclampsia are to reduce risk factors for recurrence by opti-PL]LQJ�PDWHUQDO�KHDOWK�EHIRUH�FRQFHSWLRQ��WR�

GHWHFW�REVWHWULF�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��DQG�WR�DFKLHYH�RSWLPDO�perinatal outcome during subsequent pregnancy. These objectives can be achieved by formulating a rational approach that includes preconception evaluation and FRXQVHOLQJ��HDUO\�DQWHQDWDO�FDUH��IUHTXHQW�DQWHSDUWXP�YLVLWV� WR�PRQLWRU� ERWK�PDWHUQDO� DQG� IHWDO�ZHOO�EHLQJ��and timely delivery (see %R[����) (1).

Preconception Management

Treatment of a patient with a previous pregnancy com-plicated by preeclampsia ideally should begin before conception. If the patient is unlikely to have a precon-FHSWLRQ�YLVLW��WKLV�DVVHVVPHQW�VKRXOG�EH�FRQGXFWHG�DW�WKH���ZHHN�SRVWSDUWXP�YLVLW�� LQFOXGLQJ�SDWLHQW�FRXQ-seling on risk of preeclampsia recurrence and risk- PRGLÀFDWLRQ� VWUDWHJLHV��5HVXOWV� VKRXOG�EH� IRUZDUGHG�to her primary health care provider. )RU�ZRPHQ�ZKR�SUHVHQW�EHIRUH�FRQFHSWLRQ��PDQ-

agement should include a thorough medical history of SUHH[LVWLQJ�ULVN�IDFWRUV�DQG�PHGLFDO�FRQGLWLRQV�UHSRUW-edly associated with preeclampsia to allow appropri-ate counseling as to the magnitude of the risk of SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�VXEVHTXHQW�SUHJQDQF\��$OVR��DWWHQWLRQ�should be given to the outcome of the previous preg-QDQF\�DV�ZHOO�DV�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�PDWHUQDO�ULVN�IDFWRUV��

LQFOXGLQJ� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� LQIHUWLOLW\� DQG� SUHH[LVWLQJ�FRPRUELGLWLHV� VXFK� DV� REHVLW\�� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��UHQDO�GLVHDVH��GLDEHWHV�PHOOLWXV��FRQQHFWLYH�WLVVXH�GLV-RUGHUV��DQG�DFTXLUHG�WKURPERSKLOLDV��$�EDVHOLQH�ODER-ratory evaluation could include a complete blood FRXQW�� PHWDEROLF� SURÀOH�� DQG� XULQDO\VLV�� $� GHWDLOHG�obstetric history should include maternal as well as perinatal outcomes in the previous pregnancy (2��3). 7KHUHIRUH�� LQIRUPDWLRQ� VKRXOG� EH� REWDLQHG� IURP�medical records concerning the gestational age at RQVHW� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� PDWHUQDO� FRPSOLFDWLRQV��+(//3�>KHPRO\VLV��HOHYDWHG�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�ORZ�SODWHOHW�FRXQW@�V\QGURPH��HFODPSVLD��SXOPRQDU\�HGH-PD��UHQDO�IDLOXUH��DQG�DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH���SHULQDWDO�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ��SHULQDWDO�PRU-ELGLW\�� DQG�SHULQDWDO�GHDWK��� DQG� ODERUDWRU\� WHVW� YDO-XHV�� LQFOXGLQJ� WKRVH� IRU� DFTXLUHG� WKURPERSKLOLD� DQG�connective tissue disorders as well as placental pathol-RJ\��LI�DYDLODEOH��

The status of maternal comorbidities ideally should EH�RSWLPL]HG�EHIRUH�FRQFHSWLRQ��+LJK�ERG\�PDVV�LQGH[�is a risk factor for preeclampsia. Overweight or obese SDWLHQWV�VKRXOG�EH�FRXQVHOHG�RQ�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�EHQHÀW�RI�ZHLJKW�ORVV�DV�D�PRGLÀDEOH�ULVN�IDFWRU��7KH\�VKRXOG�be referred for nutritional counseling in an attempt to DFKLHYH�D�KHDOWK\�ERG\�PDVV� LQGH[��:HLJKW� ORVV�DQG�OLIHVW\OH�PRGLÀFDWLRQ�DOVR�PD\�UHGXFH�WKH�OLNHOLKRRG�RI�chronic hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Because the risk of preeclampsia correlates with the VHYHULW\�RI�PDWHUQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DQG�JO\FHPLF�FRQWURO��

47

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48 MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN WITH PRIOR PREECLAMPSIA

ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��GLDEHWHV�PHOOLWXV��RU�ERWK��VKRXOG�KDYH�WKHLU�EORRG�SUHVVXUH��EORRG�JOX-FRVH�� RU� ERWK�� RSWLPL]HG� EHIRUH� FRQFHSWLRQ�� ,W� LV�XQNQRZQ�� KRZHYHU��ZKHWKHU� DPHOLRUDWLRQ� RI� DOWHUHG�hemodynamics or optimization of glucose control will GHÀQLWLYHO\� UHGXFH� WKH� UHFXUUHQFH� ULVN�RI�SUHHFODPS-VLD��'XULQJ�WKH�SUHFRQFHSWLRQ�YLVLW��GLVFXVVLRQ�VKRXOG�LQFOXGH�WKH�HŲHFWV�RI�WKHVH�GLVHDVHV�RQ�SUHJQDQF\�RXW-

FRPH�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�HŲHFW�RI�SUHJQDQF\�RQ�WKHVH�FRQ-GLWLRQV��,Q�DGGLWLRQ��LI�WKH�SDWLHQW�LV�WDNLQJ�PHGLFDWLRQV�IRU� D� FKURQLF� PHGLFDO� GLVRUGHU�� WKHUH� VKRXOG� EH� D�review of these medications with special emphasis on WKRVH� WR� EH� DYRLGHG�� VXFK� DV� DQJLRWHQVLQ� UHFHSWRU�blockers and some immunosuppressive agents. As for DQ\�ZRPDQ�FRQWHPSODWLQJ�FRQFHSWLRQ��IROLF�DFLG�VXS-plementation should be prescribed.

BOX 6-1. Evaluation and Management of Women at Risk of Preeclampsia Recurrence A

Preconception• Identify risk factors (ie, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, hypertension, and family history).• Review outcome of previous pregnancy (abruptio placentae, fetal death, fetal growth restriction,

and gestational age at delivery).• Perform baseline metabolic profile and urinalysis.• Optimize maternal health.• Supplement with folic acid.

First Trimester• Perform the following:

– Ultrasonography for assessment of gestational age and fetal number– Baseline metabolic profile and complete blood count– Baseline urinalysis

• Continue folic acid supplementation.• Offer first-trimester combined screening.• For women with prior preeclampsia that led to delivery before 34 weeks of gestation or occurring in

more than one pregnancy, offer low-dose aspirin late in the first trimester and discuss the risks and benefits of low-dose aspirin with other women.

Second Trimester• Counsel patient about signs and symptoms of preeclampsia beginning at 20 weeks of gestation;

reinforce this information with printed handouts.• Monitor for signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. • Monitor blood pressure at prenatal visits, with nursing contacts, or at home.• Perform ultrasonography at 18–22 weeks of gestation for fetal anomaly evaluation and to rule out

molar gestation.• Hospitalize for severe gestational hypertension, severe fetal growth, or recurrent preeclampsia.

Third Trimester• Monitor for signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. • Monitor blood pressure at prenatal visits, with nursing contacts, or at home.• Perform the following as indicated by clinical situation:

– Laboratory testing– Serial ultrasonography for fetal growth and amniotic fluid assessment– Umbilical artery Doppler with nonstress test, biophysical profile, or both

• Hospitalize for severe gestational hypertension or recurrent preeclampsia.

Modified from Barton JR, Sibai BM. Prediction and prevention of recurrent preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:359–72.

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MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN WITH PRIOR PREECLAMPSIA 49

Antepartum Management

Early and frequent prenatal visits are the key for a suc-cessful pregnancy outcome in women with preeclamp-VLD� LQ� D� SUHYLRXV� SUHJQDQF\�� SDUWLFXODUO\� WKRVH� ZLWK�HDUO\�RQVHW� GLVHDVH�� )LUVW�WULPHVWHU� XOWUDVRXQG� H[DP-ination is essential to determine accurate gestational age and establish fetal number. For women with prior preeclampsia leading to delivery before 34 weeks of JHVWDWLRQ� RU� RFFXUULQJ� LQ�PRUH� WKDQ� RQH� SUHJQDQF\��ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�VKRXOG�EH�RŲHUHG�ODWH�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WUL-PHVWHU��DQG�WKH�ULVNV�DQG�EHQHÀWV�RI�ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�should be discussed with other women with prior pre-eclampsia.'XULQJ�HDFK�DQWHSDUWXP�YLVLW�� WKH�ZRPDQ�VKRXOG�

be monitored closely for signs and symptoms of pre-eclampsia (%R[� ���). She also should be educated about symptoms of organ dysfunction and instructed WR� UHSRUW� DQ\� V\PSWRPV�� VXFK� DV� VHYHUH� KHDGDFKH��YLVXDO�FKDQJH��ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW�RU�HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ��QDXVHD�DQG�YRPLWLQJ��DQG�FKDQJHV�LQ�IHWDO�PRYHPHQW��7KH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�DQWHSDUWXP�YLVLWV�PD\�EH�PRGLÀHG�according to the gestational age at the onset of pre-eclampsia in the previous pregnancy as well as the results of maternal and fetal surveillance. Health care providers must be cautioned that these recommenda-tions concerning antepartum management and assess-ment are not evidence-based because there are no randomized studies addressing this subject. Fetal JURZWK�VKRXOG�EH�PRQLWRUHG�VHULDOO\��JLYHQ�WKH�NQRZQ�relationship between fetal growth restriction and pre-eclampsia. During antepartum surveillance of women ZLWK�SUHYLRXV�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�GHYHORSPHQW�RI�VHYHUH�JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� IHWDO� JURZWK� UHVWULFWLRQ�� RU�recurrent preeclampsia requires maternal hospitaliza-tion for more frequent maternal and fetal evaluation �VHH� &KDSWHU� �� ´Management of Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndromeµ��

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�D�SULRU�SUHJQDQF\��preconception counseling and assessment is sug-gested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

References

� ����%DUWRQ�-5��6LEDL�%0��3UHGLFWLRQ�DQG�SUHYHQWLRQ�RI�UHFXU-rent preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2008;112:359–72. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

� ����+MDUWDUGRWWLU�6��/HLIVVRQ�%*��*HLUVVRQ�57��6WHLQWKRUVGRWWLU�9��Recurrence of hypertensive disorder in second pregnan-cy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194:916–20. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����%URZQ�0$��0DFNHQ]LH�&��'XQVPXLU�:��5REHUWV�/��,NLQ�.��0DWWKHZV� -�� HW� DO�� &DQ� ZH� SUHGLFW� UHFXUUHQFH� RI� SUH� eclampsia or gestational hypertension? BJOG 2007;114: 984–93. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

BOX 6-2. Symptoms of PreeclampsiaA

• Swelling of the face or hands

• Headache that will not go away

• Seeing spots or changes in eyesight

• Pain in upper right quadrant or stomach

• Nausea or vomiting (in second half of pregnancy)

• Sudden weight gain

• Difficulty breathing

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Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy and Superimposed Preeclampsia

CHAPTER7

Chronic hypertension presents special chal-lenges to health care providers. Health FDUH�SURYLGHUV�PXVW�ÀUVW�FRQÀUP�WKDW�EORRG�pressure (BP) elevation is not preeclampsia.

Perhaps the greatest challenge is the recognition of SUHHFODPSVLD�VXSHULPSRVHG�RQ�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��a condition that is commonly associated with adverse maternal and fetal outcomes.

Chronic Hypertension in Pregnancy

'HÀQLWLRQ�DQG�'LDJQRVLVChronic hypertension in pregnancy�LV�GHÀQHG�DV�K\SHU-tension present before pregnancy or before 20 weeks of gestation (1). Chronic hypertension is present in up to 5% of pregnant women; rates vary according to the population studied and the criteria used to establish the diagnosis (1–3). Chronic hypertension complicating pregnancy is diagnosed when high BP is known to pre-GDWH�SUHJQDQF\��:KHQ�SUHSUHJQDQF\�%3�LV�QRW�NQRZQ��elevated BP detected before 20 weeks of gestation is RIWHQ�GXH�WR�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��+RZHYHU��LI�%3�ZDV�QRUPDO�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�DQG�WKHQ�LQFUHDVHV�EHIRUH����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�RU�HDUO\�preeclampsia also should be considered (4). Hyperten-sion�LV�GHÀQHG�DV�HLWKHU�D�V\VWROLF�%3�RI�����PP�+J�RU�JUHDWHU��RU�D�GLDVWROLF�%3�RI����PP�+J�RU�JUHDWHU��RU�ERWK��,Q� SUHJQDQF\��%3� LV� FDWHJRUL]HG� DV�PLOG� WR�PRGHUDWH��V\VWROLF�����²����PP�+J�RU�GLDVWROLF����²����PP�+J��RU� VHYHUH� �V\VWROLF�� ����PP�+J�RU� KLJKHU�� GLDVWROLF�

����PP�+J�RU�KLJKHU���DOWKRXJK�D�GLVWLQFWLRQ� LV�QRW�PDGH� EHWZHHQ� FKURQLF�� JHVWDWLRQDO�� RU� SUHHFODPSWLF�hypertension. Most women with chronic hypertension ZLOO�KDYH�HVVHQWLDO��DOVR�FDOOHG�SULPDU\��K\SHUWHQVLRQ��but as many as 10% may have underlying renal or HQGRFULQH�GLVRUGHUV��LH��VHFRQGDU\�K\SHUWHQVLRQ���

The diagnosis of chronic hypertension is easily established when prepregnancy hypertension is well documented and in women already receiving antihy-pertensive medications. Chronic hypertension also is the most likely diagnosis when hypertension is present LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU��'LűFXOWLHV�PD\�DULVH�ZKHQ�SUHJ-QDQW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHSUHJQDQF\��XQGLDJQRVHG�K\SHU-tension initially present in the second trimester with QRUPDO� %3� DIWHU� KDYLQJ� H[SHULHQFHG� WKH� SUHJQDQF\� associated physiologic decrease in BP. These women ZLOO�KDYH�EHHQ�SUHVXPHG�WR�EH�QRUPRWHQVLYH��DQG�LI�%3�LQFUHDVHV� LQ� WKH� WKLUG� WULPHVWHU�� WKH\�PD\�EH�HUURQH-ously diagnosed with either gestational hypertension RU��LI�SURWHLQXULD�LV�SUHVHQW��ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�UDWKHU�WKDQ�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��7KXV��FKURQLF�K\SHU-tension may not be diagnosed until well after delivery. ,Q� RWKHU� LQVWDQFHV�� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� ZHOO�GRFXPHQWHG�hypertension before pregnancy will demonstrate nor-mal BP throughout the entire pregnancy only to return to prepregnancy hypertensive levels postpartum.

0DWHUQDO�DQG�)HWDO�2XWFRPHVReports of outcomes of pregnancies complicated by chronic hypertension have not uniformly distinguished

51

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52 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

between women with superimposed preeclampsia and those with uncomplicated chronic hypertension. Pre-H[LVWLQJ� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� LV� D� UHFRJQL]HG� ULVN� IDFWRU� IRU�preeclampsia. Superimposed preeclampsia develops in ��²�����RI�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��GHSHQG-LQJ� RQ� GLDJQRVWLF� FULWHULD�� HWLRORJ\� �HVVHQWLDO� YHUVXV�VHFRQGDU\���GXUDWLRQ��DQG�WKH�VHYHULW\�RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�(5��6). A major reason for this wide range in incidence LV�WKDW�WKH�GHÀQLWLRQ�RI�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�used liberally in some studies. :RPHQ�ZLWK� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� ZKR� GHYHORS�

superimposed preeclampsia have higher rates of DGYHUVH�PDWHUQDO²IHWDO� RXWFRPHV�� EXW� WKH� LQGHSHQ-dent risks associated with uncomplicated chronic K\SHUWHQVLRQ� DUH� OHVV� FOHDU�� $Q� DQDO\VLV� RI� ������deliveries in women with chronic hypertension found that uncomplicated chronic hypertension was still associated with a greater risk of cesarean delivery �RGGV�UDWLR�>25@�����������FRQÀGHQFH�LQWHUYDO�>&,@�����²����� DQG� SRVWSDUWXP� KHPRUUKDJH� �25�� ����� ���� &,�� ���²����� FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� ZRPHQ� ZLWKRXW�hypertension (2). Other adverse maternal outcomes in women with chronic hypertension include acceler-ated hypertension with resultant target organ dam-DJH��HJ��WR�WKH�KHDUW��EUDLQ��DQG�NLGQH\V���DOWKRXJK�LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKLV�LV�H[WUHPHO\�XQFRP-PRQ��:RPHQ�ZLWK�KLJKHU�SUHSUHJQDQF\�%3�RU�WKRVH�with secondary hypertension are at greater risk of developing severe hypertension during pregnancy. Chronic hypertension is associated with an increased ULVN�RI�JHVWDWLRQDO�GLDEHWHV��25�����������&,������²�������7��8���7KLV�PD\�UHÁHFW�VLPLODU�ULVN�IDFWRUV�IRU�ERWK�FRQGLWLRQV� �HJ�� REHVLW\�� DV�ZHOO� DV� VLPLODU�SDWKRJH-QHWLF�PHFKDQLVPV��HJ��LQVXOLQ�UHVLVWDQFH���7KH�ULVN�RI�abruptio placentae is increased threefold in women ZLWK� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� DOWKRXJK� PRVW� RI� WKH�increased risk is associated with superimposed pre-HFODPSVLD�����9��10���:RPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQ-sion in pregnancy are more likely to be hospitalized for hypertension (8).

Perinatal mortality is higher in pregnancies associ-DWHG�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��PRVW�RI�WKLV�LQFUHDVHG�attributable risk is the result of superimposed pre-HFODPSVLD����������7KH�UHODWLYH�ULVN�RI�SHULQDWDO�GHDWK�LV� UHSRUWHG� WR� EH� DSSUR[LPDWHO\� ���� LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�superimposed preeclampsia compared with those with uncomplicated chronic hypertension (8). Perinatal death also is higher in women with uncomplicated hypertension compared with normotensive controls �UHODWLYH�ULVN������������

Fetal growth restriction is more frequent with chronic hypertension and is usually associated with superimposed preeclampsia (6). Another risk associ-

ated with chronic hypertension in pregnancy is the H[SRVXUH�WR�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQV�LQ�XWHUR�WKDW�may cause growth restriction and fetal malformations; WKLV� KDV� EHHQ� H[WHQVLYHO\� HYDOXDWHG�� $OWKRXJK� PRVW�antihypertensive agents considered safe in pregnancy have not been shown to be associated with fetal mal-IRUPDWLRQV�� WKH� TXHVWLRQ� RI� ZKHWKHU� WKH\� KDYH� DQ�HŲHFW� RQ� JURZWK� LV� VWLOO� FRQWURYHUVLDO�� &OLQLFDO� WULDOV�WKDW� HYDOXDWHG� ORQJ�WHUP� RXWFRPHV� RI� H[SRVHG� RŲ-spring have been conducted with a limited number of DJHQWV��SULPDULO\��PHWK\OGRSD��

&KURQLF�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�:LWK�6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLD3UHH[LVWLQJ�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�LV�D�UHFRJQL]HG�ULVN�IDFWRU�IRU�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQG�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�DVVR-ciated with considerable maternal–fetal morbidity and mortality. Superimposed preeclampsia develops in ��²����RI�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��GHSHQG-LQJ� RQ� GLDJQRVWLF� FULWHULD�� HWLRORJ\� �HVVHQWLDO� YHUVXV�VHFRQGDU\���GXUDWLRQ��DQG�WKH�VHYHULW\�RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ���������$�PDMRU�UHDVRQ�IRU�WKLV�ZLGH�UDQJH�LQ�LQFLGHQFH�LV�WKDW�WKH�GHÀQLWLRQ�RI�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�liberally used in some studies.

3UHFRQFHSWLRQ�&RXQVHOLQJ3UHFRQFHSWLRQ�FRXQVHOLQJ�VKRXOG�LQFOXGH�H[SODQDWLRQ�of the risks associated with chronic hypertension and education about the signs and symptoms of preeclamp-sia. Maternal characteristics that increase the risk of superimposed preeclampsia include the presence of GLDEHWHV�� REHVLW\�� RU� UHQDO� GLVHDVH�� KLVWRU\� RI� SUH-HFODPSVLD�� SDUWLFXODUO\� HDUO\� SUHHFODPSVLD�� VHYHULW\�and duration of hypertension before pregnancy; and SUHVHQFH� RI� VHFRQGDU\� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� VXFK� DV� SKHR-FKURPRF\WRPD�DQG�UHQRYDVFXODU�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�����11). 0HGLFDWLRQV� ZLWK� NQRZQ� IHWDO� DGYHUVH� HŲHFWV� RIWHQ�prescribed to women with chronic hypertension should be discontinued before conception. In particu-ODU�� DQJLRWHQVLQ�FRQYHUWLQJ� HQ]\PH� �$&(�� LQKLELWRUV��DQJLRWHQVLQ� UHFHSWRU�EORFNHUV�� DQG�PLQHUDORFRUWLFRLG�DQWDJRQLVWV� DUH� FRQWUDLQGLFDWHG�� 6WDWLQV�� ZKLFK� DUH�widely used in individuals with hypertension who also KDYH�HOHYDWHG�FKROHVWHURO��VKRXOG�EH�DYRLGHG�EHFDXVH�WKHUH�LV�FRQÁLFWLQJ�HYLGHQFH�DERXW�WKH�VDIHW\�RI�WKHLU�use in pregnancy (12).

$QWHSDUWXP�0DQDJHPHQW

Initial Evaluation of Women With Known or Suspected Chronic Hypertension$OO�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHH[LVWLQJ�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�DV� sessed either before pregnancy or early in pregnancy

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 53

as outlined by the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure and the National High Blood Pressure Education Program guidelines to rule out secondary (and potentially curable) hypertension if appropriate and to seek out evidence RI�WDUJHW�RUJDQ�GDPDJH��XQOHVV�VXFK�HYDOXDWLRQV�ZHUH�previously performed. Baseline concentrations of VHUXP� FUHDWLQLQH�� HOHFWURO\WHV�� XULF� DFLG�� OLYHU�HQ]\PHV�� SODWHOHW� FRXQW�� DQG� XULQH� SURWHLQ� �HLWKHU�GLSVWLFN�WHVW�RU�TXDQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�XULQH�SURWHLQ��VKRXOG�be documented to use as comparators if superim-posed preeclampsia is suspected later in pregnancy. Glucose tolerance testing should be performed early in pregnancy for women at risk of gestational diabe-WHV��REHVH��KLVWRU\�RI�JHVWDWLRQDO�GLDEHWHV��RU�VWURQJ�family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus). Good clin-ical practice suggests performing assessment of left ventricular function with either echocardiography or electrocardiography in women with severe hyperten-VLRQ�RI�ORQJ�GXUDWLRQ��HJ��PRUH�WKDQ���\HDUV��

Screening for Secondary HypertensionThe most common cause of secondary hypertension LV� FKURQLF� NLGQH\� GLVHDVH�� DQG� VFUHHQLQJ� LV� HDVLO\�accomplished with routine blood chemistries and uri-QDO\VLV��,I�SURWHLQXULD�LV�GHWHFWHG�RQ�XULQDO\VLV�����RU�JUHDWHU���HLWKHU�D����KRXU�XULQH�VKRXOG�EH�FROOHFWHG�or a protein/creatinine ratio measured in a spot urine to quantify the level of proteinuria. If evidence of chronic kidney disease is detected (abnormal urinaly- VLV� RU� HOHYDWHG� VHUXP� FUHDWLQLQH��� RU� LI� WKHUH� LV� D�VWURQJ� IDPLO\� KLVWRU\� RI� NLGQH\� GLVHDVH�� WKHQ� UHQDO�ultrasonography should be performed to rule out SRO\F\VWLF�NLGQH\�GLVHDVH��WKH�PRVW�FRPPRQ�JHQHWLF�type of kidney disease. Other causes of secondary hypertension that may be present in women of child-EHDULQJ�DJH�LQFOXGH�SULPDU\�DOGRVWHURQLVP��UHQRYDV-FXODU�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SKHRFKURPRF\WRPD��DQG�&XVKLQJ�disease. Suggestive clinical features of secondary K\SHUWHQVLRQ� �UHVLVWDQW� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� K\SRNDOHPLD��SDOSLWDWLRQV�� ODFN� RI� IDPLO\� KLVWRU\� RI� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��and age younger than 35 years) warrant consider-ation of further diagnostic workup. Case series and case reports suggest that particular diagnoses such as pheochromocytoma and renovascular hypertension are associated with adverse maternal and fetal out-FRPHV��DQG�WKDW�LI�WKH�XQGHUO\LQJ�GLVRUGHU�LV�WUHDWHG��outcomes are improved. There is variability in the recommended strategies for diagnosing secondary K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKHUHIRUH��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�VXJJHVWV�UHIHU-ral to a hypertension specialist if secondary hyperten-sion is a consideration (%R[����).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with features suggestive of secondary K\SHUWHQVLRQ��UHIHUUDO�WR�D�SK\VLFLDQ�ZLWK�H[SHUWLVH�in treating hypertension to direct the workup is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Monitoring Blood PressureBlood pressure is checked monthly in all pregnant women as part of standard obstetric practice. Although increased frequency of BP monitoring has not been evaluated as a strategy for improving pregnancy out-FRPHV��JRRG�FOLQLFDO�SUDFWLFH�GLFWDWHV�LQFUHDVHG�PRQL-toring for women with BP above desired targets. Although most superimposed preeclampsia occurs QHDU�WHUP��LW�FDQ�RFFXU�EHIRUH����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��and there are even anecdotal reports of its occurrence EHIRUH� ��� ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ�� 7KHUHIRUH�� LQFUHDVHG�monitoring may be particularly useful in the second half of pregnancy. Because of a considerable body of literature of hypertension in patients who are not SUHJQDQW��ZKLFK�GRFXPHQWV�WKH�XVH�RI�KRPH�%3�PRQL-toring as an aid to achieving BP targets and monitor-LQJ�UHVSRQVHV�WR�WUHDWPHQW��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�VXJJHVWV�WKLV�approach for pregnant women.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension DQG�SRRUO\�FRQWUROOHG�%3��WKH�XVH�RI�KRPH�%3�PRQ-itoring is suggested.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

BOX 7-1. Findings Suggestive of Secondary Hypertension A

Any of the following findings are suggestive of secondary hypertension:

• Resistant hypertension

• Hypokalemia (potassium level less than 3.0 mEq/L)

• Elevated serum creatinine level (greater than 1.1 mg/dL)

• Strong family history of kidney disease

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54 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

White coat hypertension, GHÀQHG�DV�HOHYDWHG�%3�SULPDU-LO\� LQ� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RI� KHDOWK� FDUH� SURYLGHUV�� PD\�DFFRXQW� IRU� XS� WR� ��²���� RI� LQGLYLGXDOV�ZLWK� RűFH�hypertension. The prevalence in pregnancy is not known. Ambulatory BP monitoring is the preferred test to diagnose white coat hypertension in an individual ZKR�LV�QRW�SUHJQDQW��:KLWH�FRDW�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�VXVSHFWHG�LI�%3�LV�KLJKHU�LQ�WKH�GRFWRU·V�RűFH�FRP-pared with other settings. Failure to recognize white coat hypertension may result in overtreatment of BP DQG�XQQHFHVVDU\�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�RI�WUHDWPHQW�

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with suspected white coat hyperten-VLRQ��WKH�XVH�RI�DPEXODWRU\�%3�PRQLWRULQJ�WR�FRQÀUP�the diagnosis before the initiation of antihyperten-sive therapy is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG�

Treatment +\SHUWHQVLRQ�LV�D�VWURQJ�ULVN�IDFWRU�IRU�VWURNH��FRURQDU\�KHDUW�GLVHDVH��FRQJHVWLYH�KHDUW�IDLOXUH��NLGQH\�GLVHDVH��and death; lowering BP has been conclusively shown to prevent these complications in hypertensive individ-uals who are not pregnant. The course of vascular GDPDJH�DQG�FDUGLRYDVFXODU��&9��FRPSOLFDWLRQV�DVVRFL-ated with hypertension is years; stage 1 hypertension �%3�����²����PP�+J��V\VWROLF���²���PP�+J��GLDVWROLF��is associated with a 40% increased risk of stroke (com-pared with age-matched individuals without hyperten-VLRQ��� ZKLFK� LV� XVXDOO\� DSSDUHQW� DIWHU� ��� \HDUV� RI�untreated hypertension. In populations of individuals ZKR�DUH�QRW�SUHJQDQW��GHPRQVWUDWLRQ�RI�VXFK�EHQHÀWV�UHTXLUHV�\HDUV�RI�WUHDWPHQW��ZKHUHDV�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��WKH�goals of treatment are more focused on preventing acute complications of hypertension in the woman and maintaining a healthy pregnancy for as long as possi-ble. The goals of therapy also include minimizing risks WR� WKH� IHWXV� WKDW� DUH� DWWULEXWDEOH� WR� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� YDVFXODU�GLVHDVH��DQG�WKH�SRVVLEOH�HŲHFWV�RI�DQWLK\SHU-tensive medications that may alter maternal hemo- G\QDPLFV�DQG�UHGXFH�XWHURSODFHQWDO�SHUIXVLRQ��RU�WKDW�may cross the placenta and be harmful to the fetus. 3UHYHQWLQJ�ORQJ�WHUP�PDWHUQDO�&9�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRU-tality is not the primary concern during pregnancy.

Nonpharmacologic treatment. Treatment of hyperten-sive individuals who are not pregnant is focused on two basic strategies: 1) lowering BP and 2) mini-PL]LQJ�DGGLWLRQDO�&9�ULVN�IDFWRUV��1RQSKDUPDFRORJLF�approaches that have successfully lowered BP in indi-viduals who are not pregnant include regular aerobic

H[HUFLVH��PDLQWDLQLQJ�LGHDO�ERG\�ZHLJKW��PRGHUDWLRQ�RI�DOFRKRO�LQWDNH��DGRSWLQJ�VSHFLÀF�GLHWV��VXFK�DV�WKH�'$6+� >'LHWDU\� $SSURDFKHV� WR� 6WRS� +\SHUWHQVLRQ@�GLHW��D�GLHW�ZLWK�DEXQGDQW�IUXLWV�DQG�YHJHWDEOHV��ORZ�IDW� GDLU\� SURGXFWV�� DQG� KLJK� ÀEHU��� DQG� UHGXFLQJ� sodium intake. Some of these approaches are either not appropriate for pregnancy or have not been eval-XDWHG� LQ� WKH� FRQWH[W� RI� SUHJQDQF\��:HLJKW� ORVV� DQG�UHJXODU�DHURELF�H[HUFLVH�KDYH�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�EH�EHQH-ÀFLDO� LQ� K\SHUWHQVLYH� LQGLYLGXDOV�ZKR� DUH� QRW� SUHJ-QDQW�EHFDXVH�LW�ORZHUV�%3�DQG�IDYRUDEO\�DŲHFWV�ZHLJKW�and insulin sensitivity (13�� 14��� ([HUFLVH� UHJLPHQV�KDYH�EHHQ�WHVWHG�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��SULPDULO\�DV�D�VWUDWHJ\�IRU�SUHYHQWLQJ�H[FHVVLYH�ZHLJKW�JDLQ��15���DQG�PRG-erate-level physical activity in pregnant women without medical and obstetric complications is recom-mended (16). This approach has not been assessed as a strategy for lowering BP in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Observational research and VPDOO�FOLQLFDO�WULDOV�VXJJHVW�WKDW�H[HUFLVH�PD\�EH�EHQH-ÀFLDO� LQ�SUHYHQWLQJ�SUHHFODPSVLD������17���KRZHYHU��WKHVH�VWXGLHV�KDYH�QRW�VSHFLÀHG�WKH�HŲHFW�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK� FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��:KHWKHU�DQ\�H[HUFLVH�RU�YLJRURXV� DHURELF� H[HUFLVH� LV� KDUPIXO� LQ� ZRPHQ� with chronic hypertension has not been adequately studied.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

�� ,W� LV� VXJJHVWHG� WKDW� ZHLJKW� ORVV� DQG� H[WUHPHO\�low-sodium diets (less than 100 mEq/d) not be used for managing chronic hypertension in pregnancy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

• For women with chronic hypertension who are DFFXVWRPHG�WR�H[HUFLVLQJ��DQG�LQ�ZKRP�%3�LV�ZHOO�FRQWUROOHG�� LW� LV� VXJJHVWHG� WKDW�PRGHUDWH� H[HUFLVH�be continued during pregnancy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Antihypertensive pharmacologic treatment. Treatment RI�VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ³7KH�WDVN�IRUFH�IRXQG�OLPLWHG�evidence regarding the precise BP level at which anti-hypertensive therapy is indicated during pregnancy in women with chronic hypertension. Severe elevations in BP are associated with acute maternal cerebrovas-FXODU� DQG� FRURQDU\� HYHQWV�� DOWKRXJK� WKH� %3� OHYHO� DW�which risk of these adverse events increases is not pre-cisely known and is likely to vary and depend on FRPRUELGLWLHV� DQG� RWKHU� IDFWRUV� VXFK� DV� EDVHOLQH� %�3��DQG�UDWH�RI�LQFUHDVH��,Q�DQ�DGXOW�ZKR�LV�QRW�SUHJQDQW��antihypertensive therapy is recommended when the

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 55

systolic BP is 140 mm Hg or higher or the diastolic BP LV����PP�+J�RU�KLJKHU��DQG�WKLV�DSSURDFK�LV�VXSSRUWHG�by large clinical trials that have clearly demonstrated EHQHÀWV�RI�WUHDWPHQW��18).

Few clinical trials have been performed that VSHFLÀFDOO\�DGGUHVV� WKH�RSWLPXP�OHYHO�RI�%3�GXULQJ�SUHJQDQF\� LQ� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� SUHH[LVWLQJ� �FKURQLF��hypertension. Most studies that address this have not been limited to women with chronic hypertension and also have included women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia. Antihypertensive ther-DS\�KDV�EHHQ�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�SODFHER�RU�QR�WKHUDS\��and outcomes assessed in these studies have been YDULDEOH� �HJ�� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUH-HFODPSVLD�� SURJUHVVLRQ� RI� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� DQG� IHWDO�weight and survival.) A Cochrane systematic review of drug treatment for severe hypertension during SUHJQDQF\��ZKLFK�LQFOXGHG����WULDOV�LQYROYLQJ�������ZRPHQ��LQFOXGHG�IHZ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQ-sion (19). Drug therapy was instituted when diastolic %3�OHYHOV�UHDFKHG�RU�H[FHHGHG����²����PP�+J��DQG�LQ�WKH�PDMRULW\�RI�WKH�VWXGLHV��QRW�XQWLO� WKH�WKLUG�WUL-PHVWHU��:RPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�ZHUH�JHQHU-DOO\� H[FOXGHG��DQG� LI� LQFOXGHG��QR� VXEJURXS�DQDO\VLV�ZDV� UHSRUWHG�� 7KXV�� WKHUH� LV� D� SDXFLW\� RI� HYLGHQFH�addressing thresholds for initiating antihypertensive drugs in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Future placebo-controlled trials addressing the treat-ment of severe hypertension are unlikely to be init- iated and are not recommended given ethical consid-HUDWLRQV�� 7KHUHIRUH�� UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV� IRU� WUHDWLQJ�women with chronic hypertension with severely ele-vated BP are based on indirect evidence from treating pregnant women with new acute onset of severe ges-tational hypertension or preeclampsia (19). Given the limitations of the data as well as the higher likelihood of outpatient therapy with less frequent BP monitor-ing among pregnant women with chronic hyperten-VLRQ�� WUHDWPHQW� LV� VXJJHVWHG�DW�D� ORZHU�GLDVWROLF�%3�threshold of 105 mm Hg. Most of these trials focused RQ�GLDVWROLF�%3��DQG�VSHFLÀF�FXWRŲ�YDOXHV�IRU�WKH�WUHDW-PHQW�RI�HOHYDWHG�V\VWROLF�%3�DUH�QRW�DV�ZHOO�GHÀQHG��KRZHYHU��LI�LQGLUHFW�HYLGHQFH�IURP�WKHVH�WULDOV�DQG�WKH�Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Pre-vention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure recommendations for adults who are not pregnant are applied to pregnant women with FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� SKDUPDFRORJLF� WUHDWPHQW�should be used to maintain systolic BP below 160 PP�+J� ����� �����2YHUO\� DJJUHVVLYH� %3� ORZHULQJ� LV�discouraged because of concerns that uteroplacental EORRG� ÁRZ�PD\� EH� FRPSURPLVHG� DW� SKDUPDFRORJL� cally induced low BP.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For pregnant women with persistent chronic hyper-tension with systolic BP of 160 mm Hg or higher or GLDVWROLF�%3�RI�����PP�+J�RU�KLJKHU��DQWLK\SHUWHQ-sive therapy is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

7UHDWPHQW�RI�PLOG�WR�PRGHUDWH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ³:KHQ�and how to use antihypertensive drugs in women with chronic hypertension in pregnancy who do not have severely elevated levels of BP is less clear. To justify the use of antihypertensive therapy during pregnancy in women with chronic hypertension with mild to moder-ately elevated BP (systolic BP of 140 mm Hg or higher and less than 160 mm Hg or diastolic BP of 90 mm Hg RU� KLJKHU� DQG� OHVV� WKDQ� ����PP�+J��� WKH�PDWHUQDO�EHQHÀW�DQG� LPSURYHPHQW� LQ�SHULQDWDO�RXWFRPHV� WKDW�are due to treatment must outweigh the potential risk RI�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�RQ�IHWDO�DQG�QHRQDWDO�VDIHW\��LQFOXG-ing the possibility that pharmacologic reductions in maternal systemic BP result in compromised uteropla-FHQWDO�EORRG�ÁRZ��

Results from seven placebo-controlled randomized trials that involved 650 women with mild to moderate chronic hypertension did not demonstrate an improve-ment in either maternal or perinatal outcomes with DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� WKHUDS\� ���� 20–26). Published in ������D�&RFKUDQH�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�DQWLK\SHUWHQ-sive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension in pregnancy (including all diagnoses) that included 46 WULDOV� ������� ZRPHQ�� FRQFOXGHG� WKDW� WUHDWPHQW�reduced the risk of developing severe hypertension but KDG�QR�HŲHFW�RQ�WKH�LQFLGHQFH�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��27). 7KHUH�ZHUH�QR�HŲHFWV��HLWKHU�SRVLWLYH�RU�QHJDWLYH��RQ�SHULQDWDO�RXWFRPHV�VXFK�DV�SUHWHUP�ELUWK��VPDOO�IRU�JHV-WDWLRQDO�DJH��6*$��LQIDQWV��RU�IHWDO�GHDWK��2I�WKH�VWXG-LHV� LQFOXGHG�� RQO\� ÀYH� WULDOV� IRFXVHG� H[FOXVLYHO\� RQ�women with chronic hypertension. Similar to the over-DOO�ÀQGLQJV��WKHUH�ZDV�D�ULVN�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�SURJUHVVLRQ�to severe hypertension with treatment in this subgroup �55������������&,������²������EXW�QR�HŲHFW�RQ�SHULQD-tal outcomes (27). No harm was associated with treat-PHQW��7KXV��WKH�FXUUHQWO\�DYDLODEOH�HYLGHQFH�VXJJHVWV�SRWHQWLDO�PDWHUQDO� EHQHÀW� RI� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� WUHDW-ment by reducing the progression to severe hyperten-VLRQ�� EXW� QR� GLUHFW� IHWDO� EHQHÀW� RU� VLJQLÀFDQW�improvement in perinatal outcomes among women with chronic hypertension.$OWKRXJK� WKH������&RFKUDQH� UHYLHZ�GLG�QRW�ÀQG�

HYLGHQFH�RI� IHWDO�KDUP�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK� ORZHULQJ�%3��WZR�PHWD�UHJUHVVLRQ�DQDO\VHV�HYDOXDWHG� WKH�HŲHFW�RI�

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56 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

ORZHULQJ� %3� VSHFLÀFDOO\� RQ� IHWDO� ELUWK� ZHLJKW�� WKHUH�were seven trials of women with chronic hypertension and 38 trials of women with late-onset hypertension in pregnancy (27–29). A decrease of 10 mm Hg (mean arterial pressure) was associated with an average GHFUHDVH�LQ�LQIDQW�ELUWK�ZHLJKW�RI�����J��KRZHYHU��WKH�relationship between a decrease in BP and SGA was less FRQYLQFLQJ�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SRVVL-bly because of the limited power of the overall study. A ����� FDVH²FRQWURO� DQDO\VLV� RI� WKH� 4XHEHF� 3UHJQDQF\�Registry data reported that after adjusting for potential FRQIRXQGHUV�� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� PHGLFDWLRQ� XVH� GXULQJ�the second trimester or third trimester of the pregnancy ZDV� VLJQLÀFDQWO\� DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK� DQ� LQFUHDVHG� ULVN� RI�6*$� �25�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������ �30). Another important issue regarding treatment of maternal hyper-tension during pregnancy is the risk of teratogenicity DWWULEXWDEOH�WR�GUXJV��7KHUH�LV�FRQÁLFWLQJ�HYLGHQFH��WZR�SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�VWXGLHV�VXJJHVW�WKDW�H[SRVXUH�WR�DQ\�antihypertensive medication may be associated with an increased risk of fetal cardiac abnormalities (31��32���EXW�WKHVH�ÀQGLQJV�ZHUH�QRW�FRUURERUDWHG�E\�RWK-HUV������33). 0DQ\� OLPLWDWLRQV� H[LVW� WR� WKHVH� SRSXODWLRQ�EDVHG�

VWXGLHV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�VPDOO�QXPEHUV�RI�PDOIRUPDWLRQV�RYHUDOO�� IXUWKHUPRUH�� LW� LV� QRW� SRVVLEOH� WR� GLVFHUQ�ZKHWKHU�WKHVH�DUH�VSHFLÀF�PHGLFDWLRQ�HŲHFWV��HŲHFWV�RI�HOHYDWHG�%3��RU��DOWHUQDWLYHO\��HŲHFWV�RI�ORZ�%3�VHFRQG-ary to treatment. Although the increased number of PDOIRUPDWLRQV�DUH�PRGHVW��WKHVH�GDWD�VXSSRUW�WKH�JHQ-eral strategy of being cautious when prescribing any GUXJ� GXULQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� SDUWLFXODUO\� GXULQJ� WKH� ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�� DQG� HPSKDVL]H� WKH� QHHG� IRU� DGGLWLRQDO��well-conducted prospective trials to clarify risks and EHQHÀWV��7KHUHIRUH��LQ�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�VWURQJ�HYLGHQFH�supporting use of antihypertensive therapy for mild to PRGHUDWH� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� GXULQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� initiation of therapy is not suggested unless BP approach-es 160 mm Hg systolic or higher or 105 mm Hg dia-VWROLF�RU�KLJKHU��RU�ERWK���

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension and BP less than 160 mm Hg systolic or 105 mm Hg GLDVWROLF�DQG�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�HQG�RUJDQ�GDPDJH��LW�is suggested that they not be treated with pharma-cologic antihypertensive therapy.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

%ORRG�SUHVVXUH�WDUJHWV�IRU�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�WUHDWPHQW³Minimal data address the ideal target BP once antihy-

pertensive therapy is initiated in pregnant women with chronic hypertension. Two pilot randomized tri-als that included women with either mild to moderate chronic or gestational hypertension were included in a &RFKUDQH�UHYLHZ������ZRPHQ��WKDW�FRPSDUHG�´WLJKWµ�(systolic BP less than 130 mm Hg and diastolic BP less WKDQ����PP�+J��%3�ZLWK�´OHVV�WLJKWµ��V\VWROLF�%3�OHVV�than 140 mm Hg and diastolic BP less than 90 mm Hg) BP control (34–37���1R�VLJQLÀFDQW�DGYHUVH�RXWFRPHV�ZHUH� LGHQWLÀHG��DQG�WKH�HYLGHQFH�ZDV� LQVXűFLHQW� WR�determine optimal BP control needed to improve maternal and fetal or neonatal outcomes.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For pregnant women with chronic hypertension WUHDWHG� ZLWK� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� PHGLFDWLRQ�� LW� LV� suggested that BP levels be maintained between ����PP�+J�V\VWROLF�DQG����PP�+J�GLDVWROLF��DQG�160 mm Hg systolic and 105 mm Hg diastolic.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Treatment of women receiving antihypertensive WKHUDS\�SULRU�WR�SUHJQDQF\³,Q�ZRPHQ�ZKR�HQWHU�SUHJ-nancy with well-controlled or mild hypertension with PHGLFDWLRQ��WKHUH�DUH�PLQLPDO�GDWD�WR�JXLGH�GHFLVLRQV�as to continuing or discontinuing therapy. A review of 298 women in whom medication dosage was reduced RU�VWRSSHG�UHSRUWHG�QR�LQFUHDVH�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��DEUXS-WLR� SODFHQWDH�� DQG� SHULQDWDO� GHDWK� FRPSDUHG� ZLWK�untreated groups (8). A recent case–control study also IRXQG�QR�GLŲHUHQFH�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD�RU�HFODPSVLD�ZLWK�GLVFRQWLQXDWLRQ�RI�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�GUXJV�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WUL-mester (37). Although decision making must be individ-XDOL]HG�� GLVFRQWLQXLQJ� PHGLFDWLRQV� GXULQJ� WKH� ÀUVW�trimester and restarting them if BP approaches the severe range is reasonable practice. For women with HQG�RUJDQ�GDPDJH��VXFK�DV�FKURQLF�UHQDO�GLVHDVH�RU�FDU-GLDF�GLVHDVH��%3�JRDOV�DUH�ORZHU��V\VWROLF�%3�OHVV�WKDQ�140 mm Hg and diastolic BP less than 90 mm Hg) to avoid progression of disease during pregnancy and DVVRFLDWHG�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��$V�QRWHG�SUHYLRXVO\��HQG�RU-gan damage of the kidney and heart should be assessed EHIRUH�SUHJQDQF\�RU�GXULQJ�HDUO\�SUHJQDQF\��RU�ERWK��$�detailed review of the medical history as well as base-OLQH�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�UHQDO�IXQFWLRQ��VHUXP�FUHDWLQLQH��FUH-DWLQLQH� FOHDUDQFH�� DQG�XULQDU\�SURWHLQ� H[FUHWLRQ�� DQG�cardiac function (echocardiography or electrocardiog-UDSK\��LV�XVHIXO��DQG�ZRPHQ�VKRXOG�EH�PRQLWRUHG�FORVH-ly if medications are withdrawn. This is clearly a case in which an informed discussion with the pregnant patient should guide the choice of therapy or no therapy.

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 57

Types of Antihypertensive Medication :KHQ�FKRRVLQJ�DQ�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQ�WR�XVH�for the treatment of chronic hypertension in preg- QDQF\��DQ�LPSRUWDQW�FRQVLGHUDWLRQ�LV�WKH�JRDO�RI�WKHUDS\��which is either 1) acute lowering of severe hyperten-sion in the hospital setting (Table 7-1) or 2) chronic WUHDWPHQW�RI�%3�WR�NHHS�OHYHOV�EHORZ�WKH�VHYHUH�UDQJH��often in the outpatient setting (Table 7-2).

Drugs for urgent lowering of blood pressure. Thirty- ÀYH� UDQGRPL]HG�FRQWUROOHG� WULDOV� WKDW� LQYROYHG�������women were included in a Cochrane systematic review that compared antihypertensive medications with each other for acute lowering of severely elevated BP in pregnancy (19). Most of these trials included only women with preeclampsia or gestational hypertension LQ�WKH�WKLUG�WULPHVWHU�DQG�H[FOXGHG�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�NQRZQ�chronic hypertension or previous antihypertensive WKHUDS\�XVH��+\GUDOD]LQH��ODEHWDORO��DQG�FDOFLXP�FKDQ-nel blockers are among the medications that were com-SDUHG�ZLWK� HDFK� RWKHU�� %DVHG� RQ� WKH� ÀQGLQJV� RI� WKH�V\VWHPDWLF� UHYLHZ�� HYLGHQFH� LV� LQDGHTXDWH� WR� GHPRQ-VWUDWH� WKH� VXSHULRU� VDIHW\� RU� HűFDF\� RI� DQ\� RI� WKHVH�PHGLFDWLRQV�������7KHUHIRUH��WKH�DXWKRUV�FRQFOXGH�WKDW�the choice of antihypertensive medication should GHSHQG�RQ�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�DQG�FRQWUDLQGL-FDWLRQV�DV�ZHOO�DV�WKH�LQGLYLGXDO�FOLQLFLDQ·V�H[SHULHQFH�and familiarity with a particular drug (19). Given the XQOLNHOLKRRG� RI� IXWXUH� WULDOV� IRFXVLQJ� VSHFLÀFDOO\� RQ�acute treatment of pregnant women with chronic K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� LW� LV�UHDVRQDEOH�WR�H[WUDSRODWH�PDQDJH-ment recommendations based on these data. Intrave-QRXV� ODEHWDORO�� LQWUDYHQRXV� K\GUDOD]LQH�� RU� RUDO�QLIHGLSLQH� DUH� UHDVRQDEOH� ÀUVW�OLQH� DJHQWV� IRU� DFXWH�lowering of BP in the hospital setting (Table 7-1). There is theoretical concern that the combined use of nifedip-

ine and intravenous magnesium sulfate can result in hypotension and neuromuscular blockade. One review concluded that the combined use of these drugs does not increase such risks (38���KRZHYHU��JLYHQ�WKH�SODXVL-ELOLW\�RI�WKH�PHFKDQLVP��ERWK�DUH�FDOFLXP�DQWDJRQLVWV���careful monitoring of women receiving both is advis-DEOH��,Q�YLHZ�RI�WKHVH�GDWD��LQ�ZRPHQ�UHTXLULQJ�DQWLK\-SHUWHQVLYH� PHGLFDWLRQV� IRU� VHYHUH� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH�choice and route of administration of drugs should be based primarily on the physician’s familiarity and H[SHULHQFH�� DGYHUVH� HŲHFWV� DQG� FRQWUDLQGLFDWLRQV� WR�WKH�SUHVFULEHG�GUXJ��ORFDO�DYDLODELOLW\��DQG�FRVW�

Drugs for continuous management. Oral agents are used for outpatient treatment of pregnant women with chronic hypertension (39). Randomized con-trolled trials of drug therapy have focused on methyl- GRSD� �LQFOXGHG� LQ� ÀYH� WULDOV�� ���²���� ���� ���� DQG�labetalol (included in one trial) (26). The largest trial that included pregnant women with chronic hyperten-VLRQ�UDQGRPL]HG�����ZRPHQ�WR�ODEHWDORO��PHWK\OGRSD��RU� QR� WUHDWPHQW�� WKHUH� ZHUH� QR� GLŲHUHQFHV� LQ� RXW-comes or safety (29). Commonly used oral agents for chronic hypertension management in pregnancy are summarized in Table 7-2. 0HWK\OGRSD��D�FHQWUDOO\�DFWLQJ�DOSKD���DGUHQHUJLF�

DJRQLVW�� UHPDLQV� D� FRPPRQO\� XVHG� GUXJ� PDLQO\�because of the long history of use in pregnancy and childhood safety data. Blood pressure control is grad-XDO��RYHU��²��KRXUV��DV�D�UHVXOW�RI�WKH�LQGLUHFW�PHFKD-nism of action. Methyldopa has been prospectively VWXGLHG� VSHFLÀFDOO\� LQ� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� FRP-SDUHG�ZLWK�SODFHER����²�������������DV�ZHOO�DV�LQ�D�PL[HG�JURXS�RI�K\SHUWHQVLYH�ZRPHQ��40–42). There DUH�QR�DSSDUHQW�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�RQ�XWHURSODFHQWDO�RU�IHWDO�KHPRG\QDPLFV�RU�RQ�IHWDO�ZHOO�EHLQJ������43).

TABLE 7-1. Antihypertensive Agents Used for Urgent Blood Pressure Control in Pregnancy A

Drug Dose Comments

Labetalol 10–20 mg IV, then 20–80 mg Considered a first-line agent every 20–30 min to a maximum Tachycardia is less common and fewer dose of 300 mg adverse effects or Contraindicated in patients with asthma, Constant infusion 1–2 mg/min IV heart disease, or congestive heart failure

Hydralazine 5 mg IV or IM, then 5–10 mg IV Higher or frequent dosage associated with every 20–40 min maternal hypotension, headaches, and fetal or distress—may be more common than other Constant infusion 0.5–10 mg/h agents

Nifedipine 10–20 mg orally, repeat in May observe reflex tachycardia and headaches 30 minutes if needed; then 10–20 mg every 2–6 hours

Abbreviations: IM, intramuscularly; IV, intravenously.

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58 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

%LUWK�ZHLJKW�� QHRQDWDO� FRPSOLFDWLRQV�� DQG� GHYHORS-PHQW� DW� �� \HDU� ZHUH� VLPLODU� LQ� LQIDQWV� H[SRVHG� WR�methyldopa in utero compared with no therapy (44��45). A follow-up study of children at 7 years of age GLG�QRW�VKRZ�DQ\�GLŲHUHQFH�LQ�QHXURFRJQLWLYH�GHYHO-opment or intelligence compared with controls (46). 6HULRXV� DGYHUVH� HŲHFWV� LQFOXGH� KHSDWLF� G\VIXQFWLRQ�and necrosis as well as hemolytic anemia. Methyldo-SD�PD\�EH�OHVV�HŲHFWLYH�LQ�SUHYHQWLQJ�VHYHUH�K\SHU-tension based on the Cochrane analysis of a subset of studies compared with ȕ-blocker and calcium chan-QHO� EORFNHU� FODVVHV� FRPELQHG� �25�� ������ ���� &,��0.59–0.94) (27). /DEHWDORO��D�QRQVHOHFWLYH�ȕ-blocker with vascular

DOSKD�UHFHSWRU�EORFNLQJ�DELOLW\��LV�FRPPRQO\�XVHG�LQ�SUHJQDQF\�� ,Q� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKHUH�ZHUH�QR�VLJQLÀFDQW�GLŲHUHQFHV�LQ�SHULQDWDO�RXW-comes when compared with placebo or methyldopa ����� ����� %DVHG� RQ� FRPSDULVRQV� ZLWK� SODFHER� RU� other antihypertensive agents for mild to moderate K\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��ODEHWDORO�LV�D�UHDVRQDEOH�choice in women with chronic hypertension (27). $GYHUVH�HŲHFWV�LQFOXGH�OHWKDUJ\��IDWLJXH��VOHHS�GLVWXU-EDQFHV��DQG�EURQFKRFRQVWULFWLRQ��/DEHWDORO�VKRXOG�EH�DYRLGHG� LQ� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� DVWKPD�� KHDUW� GLVHDVH�� RU�congestive heart failure. Beta-blockers alone have EHHQ�XVHG�H[WHQVLYHO\�LQ�SUHJQDQF\�DQG�DUH�HŲHFWLYH�LQ� ORZHULQJ� %3� ������ +RZHYHU�� ȕ-blockers may be DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�6*$�LQIDQWV��55������������ &,�� ����²������ FRPSDUHG� ZLWK� SODFHER� RU� QR�treatment (47).

Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs that KDV�QRW�EHHQ�H[WHQVLYHO\�VWXGLHG�LQ�SUHJQDQW�ZRPHQ�ZLWK� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� ([WUDSRODWLRQ� IURP� WKH�comparison trials for mild to moderate hypertension in

SUHJQDQF\�� LQ� ZKLFK� QLIHGLSLQH� ZDV� WKH� PRVW� FRP� PRQO\� SUHVFULEHG� FDOFLXP� FKDQQHO� EORFNHU�� LQGLFDWHV�QR� LQFUHDVH� LQ� DGYHUVH� SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPHV� �����48). )XUWKHUPRUH��QLIHGLSLQH�GRHV�QRW�DSSHDU�WR�DGYHUVHO\�DŲHFW�XWHULQH�RU�XPELOLFDO�EORRG�ÁRZ��49��50).

Diuretics are generally considered second-line drugs for the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy (51). Theoretical concern has been raised regarding the potential for diuretics to cause intravascular vol-ume depletion and thereby lead to fetal growth restric-WLRQ�� +RZHYHU�� WKLV� LV� QRW� VXSSRUWHG� EDVHG� RQ� GDWD�from a meta-analysis of nine randomized trials as well as a Cochrane systematic review of diuretics for the prevention of preeclampsia (52��53���7KXV��GLXUHWLFV�may be used in pregnancy with dose adjustments to PLQLPL]H�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�DQG�ULVNV�VXFK�DV�K\SRNDOH-mia. They may be especially useful in women with NQRZQ�VDOW�VHQVLWLYH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SDUWLFXODUO\�LQ�WKH�setting of reduced renal function.

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers used in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy are associated with fetal DEQRUPDOLWLHV� �LQFOXGLQJ� UHQDO� IDLOXUH�� ROLJRK\GUDP-QLRV�� SXOPRQDU\� K\SRSODVLD�� FDOYDULDO� DEQRUPDOLWLHV��and fetal growth restriction) as well as postdelivery HŲHFWV�VXFK�DV�ROLJXULD�DQG�DQXULD��54). Serious con-FHUQV� DOVR� KDYH� EHHQ� UDLVHG� UHJDUGLQJ� ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�H[SRVXUH�DQG�FRQJHQLWDO�DQRPDOLHV��%DVHG�RQ�D�UHYLHZ�RI� ������� 7HQQHVVHH� 0HGLFDLG� UHFRUGV�� ���� LQIDQWV�ZHUH�H[SRVHG�WR�$&(�LQKLELWRUV� LQ� WKH�ÀUVW� WULPHVWHU�with an RR for congenital malformations of 2.71 �����&,������²������FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�ZRPHQ�QRW�WDN-ing antihypertensive drugs (55). Cardiac and central nervous system anomalies were most common. In the .DLVHU� 1RUWKHUQ� &DOLIRUQLD� GDWDEDVH�� ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�

TABLE 7-2. Common Oral Antihypertensive Agents in Pregnancy A

Drug Dosage Comments

Labetalol 200–2,400 mg/d orally in two to Well tolerated three divided doses Potential bronchoconstrictive effects Avoid in patients with asthma and congestive heart failure

Nifedipine 30–120 mg/d orally of a slow- Do not use sublingual form release preparation

Methyldopa 0.5–3 g/d orally in two to three Childhood safety data up to 7 years of age divided doses May not be as effective in control of severe

hypertension

Thiazide diuretics Depends on agent Second-line agent

Angiotensin-converting Associated with fetal anomalies enzyme inhibitors/ Contraindicated in pregnancy and angiotensin receptor preconception period blockers

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 59

ACE inhibitor use was associated with a higher rate of cardiac malformations compared with normal controls �DGMXVWHG�25������������&,�����²�������EXW�QRW�VLJQLÀ-cantly higher than women with chronic hypertension ZLWK�RU�ZLWKRXW�RWKHU�PHGLFDWLRQV��DGMXVWHG�25������������&,������²�������%DVHG�RQ�WKH�FXUUHQWO\�DYDLODEOH�GDWD��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�

recommends discontinuation of ACE inhibitors and DQJLRWHQVLQ�UHFHSWRU� EORFNHUV�� DV� ZHOO� DV� DVVRFLDWHG�classes of medications such as the renin inhibitors and PLQHUDORFRUWLFRLG� UHFHSWRU� DQWDJRQLVWV�� GXULQJ� SUHJ-nancy (33). Because 50% of pregnancies are un- SODQQHG�� WKHVH� PHGLFDWLRQV� VKRXOG� EH� DYRLGHG� LQ� women of reproductive age. If these medications are XQDYRLGDEOH� RU� VWURQJO\� LQGLFDWHG� �HJ�� SURWHLQXULF�UHQDO� GLVHDVH��� WKHQ� ZRPHQ� VKRXOG� EH� FRXQVHOHG�UHJDUGLQJ� ULVNV� DQG� HŲHFWLYH� FRQWUDFHSWLRQ� UHFRP-mended. In select and rare cases in which there is a compelling reason to continue ACE inhibitors until con-FHSWLRQ�� H[WHQVLYH� FRXQVHOLQJ� RI� ULVN� DQG� EHQHÀWV� LV�warranted.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• For the initial treatment of pregnant women with chronic hypertension who require pharmacologic WKHUDS\�� ODEHWDORO�� QLIHGLSLQH�� RU� PHWK\OGRSD� DUH�recommended above all other antihypertensive drugs.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women with uncomplicated chronic hyper- WHQVLRQ� LQ� SUHJQDQF\�� WKH� XVH� RI� $&(� LQKLELWRUV�� DQJLRWHQVLQ�UHFHSWRU�EORFNHUV��UHQLQ�LQKLELWRUV��DQG�mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists is not rec-ommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

• For women of reproductive age with chronic hyper-WHQVLRQ�� WKH� XVH� RI� $&(� LQKLELWRUV�� DQJLRWHQVLQ� UHFHSWRU� EORFNHUV�� UHQLQ� LQKLELWRUV�� DQG�PLQHUDOR-corticoid receptor antagonists is not recommended XQOHVV� WKHUH� LV� D� FRPSHOOLQJ� UHDVRQ�� VXFK� DV� WKH�presence of proteinuric renal disease.

Quality of evidence: Low6WUHQJWK�RI�UHFRPPHQGDWLRQ��4XDOLÀHG

Prevention of superimposed preeclampsia.�9DULRXV�QXWUL-WLRQDO�PRGLÀFDWLRQV��DGGLWLRQ�RI�VXSSOHPHQWDO�YLWDPLQV��and medications have been evaluated in large random-ized controlled trials designed to prevent preeclampsia.

The task force could locate few studies that have been SHUIRUPHG�H[FOXVLYHO\�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQ-VLRQ��KRZHYHU��K\SHUWHQVLYH�ZRPHQ�KDYH�EHHQ�LQFOXGHG�as subgroups in trials of high-risk women.

Meta-analysis and systematic reviews have demon-VWUDWHG� WKDW� WKH� XVH� RI� DQWLSODWHOHW� DJHQWV� �HJ�� ORZ�dose aspirin) is associated with a small but statistically VLJQLÀFDQW� UHGXFWLRQ� ������ LQ� SUHHFODPSVLD� �56). :RPHQ�FRQVLGHUHG�WR�EH�DW�KLJK�ULVN��LQFOXGLQJ�WKRVH�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��PD\�H[SHULHQFH�D�EHQHÀW�DV�JUHDW�DV�D�����UHGXFWLRQ������&,����²����UHGXF-tion) (57���6PDOO�HŲHFWV��DSSUR[LPDWHO\�D�����UHGXF-tion) on fetal outcomes (fetal survival or preterm birth) also were observed. Another meta-analysis sug-JHVWHG�WKDW�EHQHÀWV�ZHUH�JUHDWHU�ZKHQ�ORZ�GRVH�DVSL-rin was initiated earlier in pregnancy (58). &DOFLXP�VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�DOVR�KDV�EHHQ�H[WHQVLYHO\�

studied for the prevention of preeclampsia. A Cochrane PHWD�DQDO\VLV�RI����VWXGLHV��PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ��concluded that calcium supplementation of 1 g or JUHDWHU� ZDV� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� DQ� DSSUR[LPDWH� ����reduction in BP and development of preeclampsia ������7KH�HŲHFW�ZDV�JUHDWHVW�IRU�KLJK�ULVN�ZRPHQ��ÀYH�WULDOV������ZRPHQ��ULVN�UDWLR�>55@������������&,������²0.42) and those with low baseline calcium intake �HLJKW�WULDOV���������ZRPHQ��55������������&,������²�������3UHWHUP�ELUWK�ZDV�UHGXFHG�PRGHVWO\��55������������&,������²������DQG�DPRQJ�ZRPHQ�DW�KLJK�ULVN�RI�developing preeclampsia recruited to four small trials ����� ZRPHQ�� 55�� ������ ���� &,�� ����²������� $GGL� WLRQDO�SUHYHQWLYH�VWUDWHJLHV�WKDW�KDYH�EHHQ�WHVWHG��SUL-PDULO\� LQ� ORZ�ULVN�ZRPHQ�� KDYH� QRW� EHHQ� VKRZQ� WR�reduce the rate of preeclampsia or improve maternal and fetal outcomes.

• For women with chronic hypertension who are at a greatly increased risk of adverse pregnancy out-comes (history of early-onset preeclampsia and preterm delivery at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gestation or preeclampsia in more than one prior SUHJQDQF\��� LQLWLDWLQJ� WKH� DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ� RI� GDLO\�low-dose aspirin (60–80 mg) beginning in the late ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�LV�VXJJHVWHG� �

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

0HWD�DQDO\VLV�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ZRPHQ�LQ�UDQGRPL]HG�trials of aspirin to prevent preeclampsia indicates a small reduction in the incidence and morbidity of preeclampsia DQG�UHYHDOV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�DFXWH�ULVN��DOWKRXJK�ORQJ�WHUP�IHWDO�HŲHFWV�FDQQRW�EH�H[FOXGHG��7KH�QXPEHU�RI�ZRPHQ�WR�WUHDW�WR�KDYH�D�WKHUDSHXWLF�HŲHFW�LV�GHWHUPLQHG�E\�SUHYD-OHQFH��,Q�YLHZ�RI�PDWHUQDO�VDIHW\��D�GLVFXVVLRQ�RI�WKH�XVH�RI�DVSLULQ�LQ�OLJKW�RI�LQGLYLGXDO�ULVN�LV�MXVWLÀHG�

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60 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

Fetal Surveillance for Women With Chronic HypertensionThe risk of fetal growth restriction is higher in preg-nant women with chronic hypertension. In patients ZLWK�PLOG�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��WKH�LQFLGHQFH�RI�6*$�LQIDQWV�LV��²�������EXW�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH� LQFLGHQFH�PD\� EH� DV� KLJK� DV� ���� �������59). Fetuses with growth restriction are at an increased risk of perinatal morbidity (60). ,GHDOO\�� LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ� RI� IHWDO� JURZWK� UHVWULFWLRQ�

should allow obstetric interventions to decrease peri-natal risks. Two methods primarily used to screen for fetal growth restriction are 1) measurement of fundal height and 2) ultrasonographic estimation of fetal weight. Fundal height measurements are more suit-able in women who are at low risk of fetal growth restriction. The sensitivity for fundal height measure-ment to detect fetal growth restriction is inadequate for high-risk women (61). In pregnancies at high risk of fetal growth restriction based on maternal disease VXFK� DV� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH� SUHIHUUHG� PHWKRG� IRU�screening is ultrasonography. Based on observational GDWD��WKH�EHVW�SUHGLFWRU�RI�IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ�LV�serial ultrasonographic assessments of either fetal weight or abdominal circumference (62). The opti-PDO� WLPLQJ� DQG� IUHTXHQF\� RI� H[DPLQDWLRQV� LV� QRW�known. The timing and frequency of ultrasonography IRU�IHWDO�JURZWK�LV�EDVHG�RQ�WKH�FOLQLFDO�VFHQDULR��VXFK�DV� SULRU� REVWHWULF� KLVWRU\�� VHYHULW\� RI� K\SHUWHQVLRQ��DQG�FRH[LVWLQJ�PRUELGLWLHV��

It remains unclear whether the antenatal detection of fetal growth restriction decreases perinatal mor- WDOLW\��,Q�D�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI�PRUH�WKDQ��������ORZ�ULVN� ZRPHQ�� VFUHHQLQJ� FRPSDUHG�ZLWK� QR� VFUHHQLQJ�with ultrasonography after 24 weeks of gestation did not improve perinatal outcomes (63). In high-risk SUHJQDQFLHV��QR�GDWD�H[LVW�WR�DGGUHVV�WKLV�LVVXH��%DVHG�RQ� H[SHUW� RSLQLRQ�� HDUO\� GHWHFWLRQ� DQG� DSSURSULDWH�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ�LV�H[SHFWHG�WR�decrease the stillbirth rate by 20% (64).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

�� )RU�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� WKH�XVH�RI�ultrasonography to screen for fetal growth restric-tion is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

Doppler velocimetry studies of the fetoplacental unit can be used antenatally to detect increased placental resistance and fetal vascular response. Umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry is often used in conjunction with

antenatal testing to determine the optimal timing of delivery in a fetus with growth restriction. Absent HQG�GLDVWROLF�ÁRZ�DQG�UHYHUVHG�HQG�GLDVWROLF�ÁRZ�DUH�indicative of fetal compromise. If umbilical artery Dop-SOHU�YHORFLPHWU\�LV�DEQRUPDO��WLPLQJ�RI�WKH�GHOLYHU\�LV�based on the gestational age and the severity of the Doppler velocimetry abnormality. ,Q�D�V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ�RI��������KLJK�ULVN�SUHJQDQ-

FLHV�IURP����UDQGRPL]HG�VWXGLHV��WKH�XVH�RI�XPELOLFDO�artery Doppler testing compared with either no Dop-pler or nonstress test (NST) alone reduced perinatal PRUWDOLW\�E\������55������������&,������²������ZLWK-RXW� LQFUHDVLQJ�UDWHV�RI� LQGXFWLRQ�RI� ODERU��55������������&,�� ����²������ RU� FHVDUHDQ� GHOLYHU\� �55�� ���������� &,�� ����²������� 6WXGLHV� LQFRUSRUDWHG� LQWR� WKLV�analysis were not of high quality and were not limited to patients with hypertension with or without fetal growth restriction (65).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• If evidence of fetal growth restriction is found in ZRPHQ� ZLWK� FKURQLF� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� IHWRSODFHQWDO�assessment to include umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry as an adjunct antenatal test is recom-mended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

)HWDO� DQWHQDWDO� VXUYHLOODQFH�ZLWK� HLWKHU� DQ� 167�� ELR-SK\VLFDO�SURÀOH��%33���RU�D�PRGLÀHG�%33�PD\�EH�EHQH-ÀFLDO�LQ�UHGXFLQJ�SHULQDWDO�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\�LQ�high-risk pregnancies (66). In patients with chronic K\SHUWHQVLRQ��GDWD�IRU�WKH�VSHFLÀF�WLPH�WR�LQLWLDWH�DQWH-QDWDO�WHVWLQJ��WKH�WHVWLQJ�LQWHUYDO��DQG�WKH�PRVW�HŲHF-tive antenatal test to use are lacking. Based on observational studies in populations at high risk of LQWUDXWHULQH�IHWDO�GHPLVH��DQWHSDUWXP�IHWDO�VXUYHLOODQFH�with either is often recommended to decrease perinatal morbidity. Patients with chronic hypertension at high-est risk of perinatal mortality have either fetal growth restriction or superimposed preeclampsia.

A systematic review of NSTs compared with no or FRQFHDOHG� 167V� LQ� ������ KLJK�ULVN� ZRPHQ� IURP� VL[�randomized or quasi-randomized trials showed no dif-IHUHQFH� LQ� SHULQDWDO� PRUWDOLW\� �55�� ������ ���� &,������²������ RU� SRWHQWLDOO\� SUHYHQWDEOH� GHDWKV� �55������������&,������²������������:KHQ�%33V�ZHUH�FRP-SDUHG� ZLWK� 167V� RU� PRGLÀHG� %33V� LQ� D� V\VWHPDWLF�UHYLHZ� RI� ÀYH� WULDOV� WKDW� LQYROYHG� ������ KLJK�ULVN� ZRPHQ��WKHUH�ZDV�QR�VLJQLÀFDQW�GLŲHUHQFH�LQ�SHULQD-WDO� GHDWKV� EHWZHHQ� WKH� JURXSV� �55�� ������ ���� &,��0.60–2.98) (67).

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 61

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with chronic hypertension complicated E\� LVVXHV� VXFK� DV� WKH� QHHG� IRU�PHGLFDWLRQ�� RWKHU�XQGHUO\LQJ�PHGLFDO�FRQGLWLRQV�WKDW�DŲHFW�IHWDO�RXW-FRPH��DQ\�HYLGHQFH�RI�IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ��DQG�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQWHQDWDO�IHWDO�WHVWLQJ�is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

,QWUDSDUWXP�0DQDJHPHQWThe optimal delivery time to reduce maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality in women with chronic hyper-WHQVLRQ��ZLWK�RU�ZLWKRXW�PDWHUQDO�RU� IHWDO� FRPSOLFD-WLRQV�� KDV� QRW� EHHQ� VWXGLHG�� 7ULDOV� WKDW� KDYH� EHHQ�conducted included women with hypertensive disor-GHUV� RI� SUHJQDQF\�� VXFK� DV� JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DQG�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK�RU�ZLWKRXW�SUHH[LVWLQJ�K\SHU-WHQVLRQ��+\SHUWHQVLYH�GLVRUGHUV�RI�SUHJQDQF\�DŲHFW�D�KHWHURJHQHRXV�SRSXODWLRQ��EXW�GDWD�DUH�RIWHQ�H[WUDSR-lated to women with chronic hypertension.

In women with chronic hypertension and without DQ\�REVWHWULF�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��D�VPDOO�FOLQLFDO�WULDO�VXJ-gests that the risk of adverse perinatal outcomes is similar to women without chronic hypertension (59). Findings in a population-based cohort study suggest that the optimal timing for women with uncomplicated hypertension is between 38 weeks of gestation and 39 weeks of gestation (68). Delivery in this gestational age group optimizes fetal outcomes while decreasing neonatal morbidity. In a systematic review of 22 stud-LHV� WKDW� LQYROYHG� DOPRVW� ��� PLOOLRQ� LQIDQWV�� ODWH�preterm birth is associated with increased neonatal FRPSOLFDWLRQV� DQG�GHDWK�ZLWKLQ� WKH� ÀUVW� \HDU� RI� OLIH�(69���:LWKRXW�D�NQRZQ�PDWHUQDO�RU� IHWDO�EHQHÀW�EXW�ZLWK� NQRZQ� ULVN� RI� QHRQDWDO� FRPSOLFDWLRQV�� GHOLYHU\�before 38–39 weeks of gestation is not warranted in SDWLHQWV� ZLWK� RQO\� LVRODWHG�� XQFRPSOLFDWHG� FKURQLF�hypertension (70).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with chronic hypertension and no ad-GLWLRQDO�PDWHUQDO�RU�IHWDO�FRPSOLFDWLRQV��GHOLYHU\�before 38 0/7 weeks of gestation is not recom-mended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

Superimposed Preeclampsia

'HÀQLWLRQ�DQG�'LDJQRVLV�Superimposed preeclampsia refers to women with chronic hypertension who develop preeclampsia. Dis-tinguishing superimposed preeclampsia from benign gestational increases in BP and proteinuria that are often observed in women with chronic hypertension can be quite challenging. Given the higher risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes with superimposed pre-HFODPSVLD��RYHUGLDJQRVLV�PD\�EH�SUHIHUDEOH��ZLWK�WKH�goal of increasing vigilance and preventing catastro- SKLF� PDWHUQDO� DQG� IHWDO� RXWFRPHV�� $OWHUQDWLYHO\�� D�PRUH�VSHFLÀF�DQG�VWUDWLÀHG�DSSURDFK�EDVHG�RQ�VHYHULW\�and predictors of adverse outcome may be useful in guiding clinical management and avoiding unneces-sary preterm births.%DVHG�RQ�WKHVH�FRQVLGHUDWLRQV��WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�SUR-

SRVHV� WKDW� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD� EH� VWUDWLÀHG�into two groups to guide management: 1) superim-posed preeclampsia and 2) superimposed preeclamp-sia with severe features.

Superimposed preeclampsia is likely when any of the following are present:

• A sudden increase in BP that was previously well controlled or escalation of antihypertensive medi-cations to control BP

• New onset of proteinuria or a sudden increase in proteinuria in a woman with known proteinuria before or early in pregnancy

The diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia with severe features is established when any of the follow-ing are present:

• Severe-range BP despite escalation of antihyper- tensive therapy

• Thrombocytopenia (platelet count less than ��������PLFUROLWHU�

• Elevated liver transaminases (two times the upper limit of normal concentration for a particular labo-ratory)

�� 1HZ�RQVHW�DQG�ZRUVHQLQJ�UHQDO�LQVXűFLHQF\�

• Pulmonary edema

• Persistent cerebral or visual disturbances

Clinicians should recognize that there is often ambiguity in the diagnosis of superimposed pre-eclampsia and that the clinical spectrum of disease is EURDG��)XUWKHUPRUH��ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUH-eclampsia can progress and develop end-organ

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62 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

LQYROYHPHQW� DQG� DGYHUVH� RXWFRPHV�� 7KHUHIRUH��LQFUHDVHG�VXUYHLOODQFH�EXW�QRW�LQWHUYHQWLRQ��HJ��GHOLY-ery) is warranted even if the diagnosis is suspected DQG�QRW�GHÀQLWLYH�� )XWXUH� LQYHVWLJDWLRQ� LV�QHHGHG� WR�IXUWKHU� UHÀQH� WKH� GLDJQRVLV�� SRWHQWLDOO\� LQFOXGLQJ�markers that are predictive of adverse outcome.

,QLWLDO�(YDOXDWLRQ�RI�:RPHQ�:LWK� 6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLDInitial evaluation of women with superimposed pre-eclampsia should occur in a hospital setting to con-ÀUP� WKH� GLDJQRVLV�� HYDOXDWH� PDWHUQDO²IHWDO� VWDWXV��and monitor for progressive worsening of the disease. The clinical workup should include questions about symptoms associated with preeclampsia (neurologic V\PSWRPV�� HSLJDVWULF� RU� ULJKW�XSSHU� TXDGUDQW�SDLQ��QDXVHD� DQG� YRPLWLQJ�� YDJLQDO� EOHHGLQJ�� DQG� IHWDO�movement). Serial BP measurements should be REWDLQHG��3K\VLFDO�H[DPLQDWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�SHUIRUPHG�with attention to signs of preeclampsia and associated complications. Proteinuria should be assessed by a protein/creatinine ratio or 24-hour urine collection. Laboratory evaluation should also include a complete EORRG�FRXQW�ZLWK�SODWHOHWV��OLYHU�WUDQVDPLQDVHV��ODFWLF�GHK\GURJHQDVH��DQG�FUHDWLQLQH�DVVHVVPHQW��8ULF�DFLG�assessment also may be helpful if uric acid concentra-tions are known from early pregnancy because hyper-uricemia is associated with adverse outcomes in superimposed preeclampsia and also with early renal G\VIXQFWLRQ�� ZKLFK� PD\� EH� SUHVHQW� ZLWK� FKURQLF�hypertension (71�� 72��� ,GHDOO\�� WKHVH� ODERUDWRU\�results are compared with baseline information obtained in early pregnancy. If abnormalities are of QHZ�RQVHW��WKHQ�WKH�GLDJQRVLV�RI�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUH-HFODPSVLD��HQG�RUJDQ�LQYROYHPHQW��RU�KHPRO\VLV��HOH-YDWHG�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�ORZ�SODWHOHW�FRXQW��+(//3��V\QGURPH� FDQ� EH� FRQÀUPHG�� ,I� DEQRUPDOLWLHV� DUH�ORQJ�VWDQGLQJ�RU�RI�XQNQRZQ�GXUDWLRQ��UHVXOWV�VKRXOG�EH�FDXWLRXVO\�LQWHUSUHWHG�EHIRUH�D�GHÀQLWLYH�GLDJQR-sis is established. Although not included in the diag-QRVWLF� FULWHULD� IRU� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� IHWDO�growth and well-being should be assessed when superimposed preeclampsia is suspected. Additional testing or interventions or both may be warranted if there are concerns regarding fetal status.

$QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�7UHDWPHQW�IRU� 6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLD�Clinical trials that have evaluated antihypertensive therapy that included women with chronic hyperten-VLRQ�KDYH�QRW�VSHFLÀFDOO\�DGGUHVVHG�ORZHULQJ�%3�RQFH�the diagnosis of superimposed preeclampsia is estab-

OLVKHG�� 7KHUHIRUH�� UHFRPPHQGDWLRQV� UHJDUGLQJ� DQWL-K\SHUWHQVLYH�WUHDWPHQW�LQ�WKLV�JURXS�DUH�H[WUDSRODWHG�from the evidence based on chronic hypertension in pregnancy and preeclampsia. Pharmacologic antihy-pertensive therapy should be used for women with hypertension (systolic BP 160 mm Hg or higher or diastolic BP 105 mm Hg or higher) or at even lower levels if there is evidence of end-organ involvement to prevent acute maternal cerebrovascular and coronary events (19). Treatment of women with systolic BP 140–160 mm Hg or diastolic BP 90–105 mm Hg has QRW�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�EH�EHQHÀFLDO�LQ�GHFUHDVLQJ�DGYHUVH�perinatal outcomes but reduces progression to severe hypertension (27). Initiation of antihypertensive medications or an increase in dosages because of worsening BP in the setting of superimposed pre-eclampsia should occur in the hospital setting while monitoring for worsening maternal–fetal status. Acute lowering of severe hypertension may be accom-plished by intravenous or oral medications (intrave-QRXV� ODEHWDORO�� LQWUDYHQRXV� K\GUDOD]LQH�� RU� RUDO�nifedipine) (Table 7-1). Long-term treatment of BP that maintains levels below the severe range generally LQYROYHV�WKH�XVH�RI�RUDO�DJHQWV�VXFK�DV�ODEHWDORO��QLIHG-LSLQH��RU�PHWK\OGRSD�DV�LQLWLDO�DJHQWV��7DEOH�������

$QWHSDUWXP�0DQDJHPHQW�RI�6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLDGeneral considerations in the antepartum manage-ment of women with superimposed preeclampsia include the administration of antenatal corticosteroids DQG�XVH�RI�PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�IRU�VHL]XUH�SURSK\OD[LV��Ongoing management and timing of delivery is based on gestational age and the severity of disease.

Antenatal Corticosteroids:RPHQ� ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD� GLDJQRVHG�before 37 weeks of gestation are at increased risk of SUHWHUP�GHOLYHU\��7KHUHIRUH��DQWHQDWDO�FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�should be administered at less than 34 weeks of gesta-WLRQ�IRU�IHWDO�OXQJ�PDWXULW\�EHQHÀW�WR�GHFUHDVH�QHRQD-tal morbidity and mortality (73).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia who UHFHLYH�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�DW�OHVV�WKDQ��������ZHHNV�RI� JHVWDWLRQ�� WKH�DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI� FRUWLFR-VWHURLGV� IRU� IHWDO� OXQJ�PDWXULW\� EHQHÀW� LV� UHFRP-meded.

Quality of evidence: HighStrength of the recommendation: Strong

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 63

Magnesium Sulfate for Seizure ProphylaxisEclampsia is associated with maternal mortality in the UDQJH�RI����²���DQG�VHULRXV�PRUELGLW\��LQFOXGLQJ�UHQDO�IDLOXUH�� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� DVSLUDWLRQ� SQHXPRQLD��VWURNH��DQG�FDUGLRSXOPRQDU\�DUUHVW��74). There also is HYLGHQFH�RI�ORQJ�WHUP�PDWHUQDO�VHTXHODH��VXFK�DV�SHU-sistence of white-matter lesions and impaired cognitive function (75��76). Magnesium sulfate has been shown to be superior to a number of other agents for the pre-vention of seizures in women with preeclampsia.

The frequency of eclampsia in women with chronic hypertension and superimposed preeclampsia is not ZHOO�GHÀQHG�EXW�UDQJHV�IURP����WR������DV�UHSRUWHG�in observational and small retrospective studies (77��78���&XUUHQWO\��QR�GDWD�DSSHDU�WR�VSHFLÀFDOO\�DGGUHVV�WKH�XVH�RI�PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�IRU�VHL]XUH�SURSK\OD[LV�for the subgroup of women with superimposed pre-HFODPSVLD�� 7KHUHIRUH�� HYLGHQFH� IURP� WKH� JHQHUDO� preeclampsia literature must be used to guide manage-ment. For women with chronic hypertension and VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� WKH�task force recommends the administration of intrapar-tum–postpartum parenteral magnesium sulfate to pre-YHQW�HFODPSVLD��,Q�WKH�DEVHQFH�RI�GDWD�WKDW�VSHFLÀFDOO\�address superimposed preeclampsia without any VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV��WKH�FROOHFWLYH�RSLQLRQ�RI�WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�is against the use of magnesium sulfate for seizure pro-SK\OD[LV� GXULQJ� ODERU� DQG� GHOLYHU\� LQ� WKLV� VXEJURXS��+RZHYHU��VLJQV�DQG�V\PSWRPV�WKDW�KDYH�WUDGLWLRQDOO\�EHHQ�FRQVLGHUHG�SUHPRQLWRU\�WR�HFODPSVLD��HJ��QHXUR-ORJLF� V\PSWRPV�� FORQXV�� DQG� ULJKW� XSSHU� TXDGUDQW�SDLQ��� DV�ZHOO� DV�ZRUVHQLQJ� FOLQLFDO� FRXUVH� WR� VHYHUH�GLVHDVH��VKRXOG�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�LQ�WKH�GHFLVLRQ�WR�LQLWLDWH�magnesium during labor and delivery.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with chronic hypertension and super-LPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD� ZLWK� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� WKH� administration of intrapartum–postpartum paren-teral magnesium sulfate to prevent eclampsia is recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of recommendation: Strong

Timing and Indications for Delivery Indications for and timing of delivery in superimposed SUHHFODPSVLD�DUH�EDVHG�RQ�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH��VHYHULW\�RI�GLVHDVH�� SURJUHVVLRQ� RI� GLVHDVH�� DQG� RQJRLQJ� DVVHVV-PHQW� RI� PDWHUQDO� DQG� IHWDO� ZHOO�EHLQJ�� :LWK� DQ\�DWWHPSWV� WR� SURORQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� WKH� SRWHQWLDO� IHWDO²QHRQDWDO�EHQHÀWV�PXVW�EH�ZHLJKHG�DJDLQVW�PDWHUQDO�and fetal morbidity and mortality.

Gestational age of 37 weeks or older. Delivery is sug- gested for superimposed preeclampsia diagnosed at term (37 weeks of gestation or more). Neonatal out-FRPHV� DUH� IDYRUDEOH�� DQG� FRQWLQXDWLRQ�RI� SUHJQDQF\�incurs risk to the woman and her fetus (70).

Gestational age of less than 37 weeks. In the absence of VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV�DQG�ZLWK�UHDVVXULQJ�IHWDO�VWDWXV��H[SHFW-ant management with ongoing close maternal and fetal surveillance is reasonable. There is a paucity of data to support outpatient management of superimposed pre-HFODPSVLD�� +RZHYHU�� LI� DQ� RXWSDWLHQW� DSSURDFK� LV�XQGHUWDNHQ��PDWHUQDO�DGKHUHQFH�WR�KRPH�%3�PRQLWRU-LQJ��UHSRUWLQJ�RI�V\PSWRPV��SK\VLFLDQ�YLVLWV�RQH�WR�WZR�WLPHV�D�ZHHN��ZHHNO\�ODERUDWRU\�WHVWLQJ��DQG�IHWDO�VXU-YHLOODQFH� DUH� LPSRUWDQW�� :RPHQ� ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK�ZRUVHQLQJ�GLVHDVH��VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV��or concern for fetal well-being should be monitored as LQSDWLHQWV��VHH�WKH�IROORZLQJ�VHFWLRQ�´0DQDJHPHQW�RI�6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLD�:LWK�6HYHUH�)HDWXUHVµ��

Optimal delivery timing between 34 weeks of ges-tation and 37 weeks of gestation in superimposed pre-eclampsia without any evidence of severe features or worsening disease is unclear. A retrospective cohort VWXG\�WKDW�XVHG�D�SHULQDWDO�GDWDEDVH�IRXQG�QR�GLŲHU-ence in perinatal outcomes between superimposed SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�SUHHFODPSVLD��KRZHYHU��WKHUH�ZDV�D�higher rate of delivery at less than 34 weeks of gesta-tion (17.3% versus 8.7%; P���������FHVDUHDQ�GHOLYHU\�(46.2% versus 36.3%; P��������� DQG� QHRQDWDO� LQ� tensive care unit admission (16.3% versus 11.4%; P<0.002) (79). These data indicate a higher risk of intervention-related events and morbidity among women with superimposed preeclampsia compared ZLWK�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKXV�UDLVLQJ�WKH�LVVXH�of potentially unnecessary iatrogenic preterm births ZLWK�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��,I�H[WUDSRODWHG�IURP�WKH�JHQHUDO�SUHHFODPSVLD�OLWHUDWXUH��GHOLYHU\�IRU�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD� �H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQDJHG�� LV� VXJJHVWHG� DW�34 weeks of gestation and at 37 weeks of gestation for SUHHFODPSVLD� ZLWKRXW� VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV� ����� 80�� 81). The task force suggests that superimposed preeclamp-sia with severe features be managed in a manner similar to severe preeclampsia and superimposed pre- eclampsia without severe features be managed in a manner similar to preeclampsia without severe fea-tures. Future research and investigation is needed to EHWWHU�GHOLQHDWH�WKH�ULVN²EHQHÀW�EDODQFH�RI�SUHJQDQF\�continuation between 34 weeks of gestation and 37 weeks of gestation among women with superimposed preeclampsia. If the disease has remained stable with-RXW�HYLGHQFH�RI�SURJUHVVLRQ�RU�VHYHUH�IHDWXUHV��GHOLY-ery at 37 weeks of gestation is suggested.

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64 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with-out severe features and stable maternal and fetal FRQGLWLRQV�� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� XQWLO� �������weeks of gestation is suggested.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of the recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG�

0DQDJHPHQW�RI�6XSHULPSRVHG�3UHHFODPSVLD�:LWK�6HYHUH�)HDWXUHV%HIRUH����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��PDQDJHPHQW�RSWLRQV�for superimposed preeclampsia with severe features are as follows: immediate delivery after maternal sta-ELOL]DWLRQ��VKRUW�WHUP�SURORQJDWLRQ�WR�DFKLHYH�VWHURLG�EHQHÀW� IRU� WKH� IHWXV�� RU� ORQJ�WHUP� SURORQJDWLRQ��H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��WR�LQFUHDVH�JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH�and improve neonatal outcomes. Given the paucity of clinical trials and prospective studies in women with VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�LQGLFDWLRQV�DQG�WLP-ing of delivery are based on indirect evidence from the management of preeclampsia (11). Two random-ized trials that included 133 women and a number of observational studies provide the basis for manage-ment of severe preeclampsia (80–82). Because of the VLJQLÀFDQW�PDWHUQDO²IHWDO�RU�PDWHUQDO²QHRQDWDO�PRU-ELGLW\�� LPPHGLDWH� GHOLYHU\� DIWHU� PDWHUQDO� VWDELOL]D-tion is recommended if any of the following are SUHVHQW��XQFRQWUROODEOH�VHYHUH�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��HFODPS-VLD�� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� GLVVHPLQDWHG� LQWUDYDVFXODU�FRDJXODWLRQ��QHZ�RU� LQFUHDVLQJ�UHQDO�G\VIXQFWLRQ�RU�ERWK��DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH��RU�QRQUHDVVXULQJ�IHWDO�VWD-WXV��0DQ\�RI�WKHVH�VWXGLHV�GR�QRW�FOHDUO\�GLŲHUHQWLDWH�between immediate delivery and an attempt to DFKLHYH�VRPH�OHYHO�RI�VWHURLG�EHQHÀW�����������*LYHQ�WKH�QHRQDWDO�EHQHÀW�RI�DQWHQDWDO�FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�DQG�VRPH�GDWD�VXSSRUWLQJ�WKH�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�+(//3� V\QGURPH� DQG� IHWDO� JURZWK� UHVWULFWLRQ� �����83–85���LW�LV�UHDVRQDEOH�WR�GHOD\�GHOLYHU\�LQ�D�VXEVHW�RI�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�GLVHDVH�WR�DFKLHYH�WKH�EHQHÀWV�RI� DQWHQDWDO� FRUWLFRVWHURLG� XVH� ���� KRXUV���:RPHQ�ZLWK�QHXURORJLF�RU�HSLJDVWULF�SDLQ�V\PSWRPV��+(//3�V\QGURPH�RU�SDUWLDO�+(//3�V\QGURPH��WKURPERF\WR-SHQLD��HOHYDWHG� OLYHU� WUDQVDPLQDVHV��RU� IHWDO�JURZWK�restriction are potential candidates for short-term pregnancy prolongation with close inpatient moni-WRULQJ�DQG�UHDGLO\�DYDLODEOH�WHUWLDU\�REVWHWULF��QHRQD-WDO��DQG�DQHVWKHVLD�VHUYLFHV��'HOLYHU\�LV�UHFRPPHQGHG�if there is worsening of maternal or fetal status. Par-enteral magnesium sulfate is recommended for sei-]XUH�SURSK\OD[LV�

For women with superimposed preeclampsia diag-QRVHG� EHIRUH� ���ZHHNV� RI� JHVWDWLRQ�� SXEOLVKHG� GDWD�

UHJDUGLQJ�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�EH\RQG�WKH����KRXUV�WR�DFKLHYH�VWHURLG�EHQHÀW�DUH�OLPLWHG��7KXV��PDQDJH-PHQW� LV� EDVHG� RQ� H[WUDSRODWLRQ� RI� LQGLUHFW� HYLGHQFH�IURP�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��DV�ZHOO�DV�GLUHFW�HYLGHQFH�IURP�UHWURVSHFWLYH�VWXGLHV�RI�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� RI� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� ([SHFW-ant management beyond the 48 hours of antenatal cor-ticosteroid administration in two randomized trials of severe preeclampsia at less than 34 weeks of gestation ZDV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK� VLJQLÀFDQW�SURORQJDWLRQ�RI�SUHJ-QDQF\�� UHGXFWLRQ� LQ�QHRQDWDO� UHVSLUDWRU\�GLVWUHVV� V\Q-GURPH��IHZHU�GD\V�LQ�WKH�QHRQDWDO�LQWHQVLYH�FDUH�XQLWV��and higher birth weight with reasonable maternal safe-W\�LQ�WKH�H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQDJHG�JURXS����²�����:RPHQ�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZHUH�FDQGLGDWHV�IRU�H[SHFW-DQW�PDQDJHPHQW�LI�%3�ZDV�FRQWUROOHG��WKHUH�ZDV�QR�HYLGHQFH�RI� VHYHUH�HQG�RUJDQ� LQYROYHPHQW��DQG� IHWDO�status was reassuring without growth restriction.

The subgroup of women with superimposed pre-eclampsia diagnosed before 34 weeks of gestation is W\SLFDOO\�H[FOXGHG�IURP�VWXGLHV�IRFXVLQJ�RQ�WKH�H[SHFW-DQW� PDQDJHPHQW� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� DQG� LI� LQFOXGHG��their outcomes are generally not reported separately ���������86��87). Prospective studies of women with FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DOOXGH�WR�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��EXW� WKLV�LVVXH�LV�QRW�FOHDUO\�DGGUHVVHG��)RU�H[DPSOH��LQ�D�SUR-spective cohort of 861 women with chronic hyperten-VLRQ�HQUROOHG�LQ�WKH�9LWDPLQV�LQ�3UHHFODPSVLD�7ULDO��WKH�LQFLGHQFH� RI� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD� ZDV� �����and 51% of these women gave birth before 37 weeks of gestation (77). The average antenatal inpatient stay ZDV�����GD\V�� VXJJHVWLQJ� WKDW�DQ�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJH-ment approach was taken in at least a subset of patients with superimposed preeclampsia. A retro-VSHFWLYH�FDVH�VHULHV�RI�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�SUH-HFODPSVLD� VSHFLÀFDOO\� UHSRUWHG� RQ� D� VXEVHW� RI� ���women with superimposed preeclampsia (88). Com-pared with women with severe preeclampsia in this VHULHV��ZRPHQ�ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD� KDG�similar latency periods (8.4 days versus 8.5 days) and QR�GLŲHUHQFH�LQ�WKH�UDWHV�RI�DEUXSWLR�SODFHQWDH��ROLJX-ULD��RU�+(//3�V\QGURPH��

Another retrospective review focused on women with superimposed preeclampsia at a single institu-WLRQ�LQ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�ZKR�ZHUH�H[SHFWDQWO\�PDQ-DJHG�EH\RQG����KRXUV�WR�DFKLHYH�VWHURLG�EHQHÀW�DQG�gave birth before 37 weeks of gestation (78). In this VHULHV� RI� ���ZRPHQ�� WKH�PHGLDQ� JHVWDWLRQDO� DJH� DW�GLDJQRVLV�ZDV������ZHHNV��DQG�WKH�PHDQ�WLPH�IURP�GLDJQRVLV�WR�GHOLYHU\�ZDV�����GD\V��ZLWK�D�ZLGH�UDQJH�RI� �²���GD\V��7KHUH�ZHUH�QR�SHULQDWDO� GHDWKV�� DQG�adverse outcomes included two cases of abruptio

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CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 65

SODFHQWDH�� RQH� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� RQH� FDVH� RI� SUR-JUHVVLRQ�WR�+(//3�V\QGURPH��DQG�DQ�DYHUDJH�QHRQD-tal intensive care unit stay of 17.9 days. Although WKHVH�VWXGLHV�DUH�VPDOO�DQG�IUDXJKW�ZLWK�OLPLWDWLRQV��they suggest that the rate of adverse outcomes and latency periods are comparable with those observed ZLWK�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�SUHWHUP�VHYHUH�SUH-HFODPSVLD� ������ 7KXV�� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� LQ�women with superimposed preeclampsia before 34 ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�KRVSLWDO�VHWWLQJ��DV�HVSRXVHG�ZLWK� SUHWHUP� VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD�� DSSHDUV� UHDVRQ-able. Prospective studies are needed to quantify the ULVNV�DQG�EHQHÀWV�RI�WKLV�DSSURDFK��

For women with superimposed preeclampsia with VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV� XQGHUJRLQJ� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW�EHIRUH����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��LQSDWLHQW�PDQDJHPHQW�LV�recommended with delivery at 34 weeks of gestation. This is based on the morbidity associated with severe preeclampsia and the approach taken in randomized FOLQLFDO�WULDOV���������������$V�ZLWK�WKH�H[SHFWDQW�PDQ-DJHPHQW� RI� VHYHUH� SUHHFODPSVLD�� SDUHQWHUDO� PDJQH-sium sulfate is recommended during the initial evaluation and stabilization period (generally 24 hours) EHIRUH�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW��$V�ZLWK�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD��LI�VXSHULPSRVHG�SUH-

eclampsia with severe features is newly diagnosed DIWHU����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��GHOLYHU\�VKRXOG�EH�DFFRP-plished after stabilization of maternal status.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATIONS

• Delivery soon after maternal stabilization is recom-mended irrespective of gestational age or full corti-FRVWHURLG� EHQHÀW� IRU� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� VXSHULPSRVHG�preeclampsia that is complicated further by any of the following:

– uncontrollable severe hypertension– eclampsia– pulmonary edema– abruptio placentae– disseminated intravascular coagulation– nonreassuring fetal status

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of the recommendation: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with severe features at less than 34 0/7 weeks of gesta-WLRQ�ZLWK�VWDEOH�PDWHUQDO�DQG�IHWDO�FRQGLWLRQV��LW�LV�recommended that continued pregnancy be under-taken only at facilities with adequate maternal and neonatal intensive care resources.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of evidence: Strong

• For women with superimposed preeclampsia with VHYHUH� IHDWXUHV�� H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� EH\RQG� 34 0/7 weeks of gestation is not recommended.

Quality of evidence: ModerateStrength of the recommendation: Strong

Management of Women With Chronic Hypertension in the Postpartum Period:RPHQ�ZLWK�FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�EHIRUH�DQG�GXULQJ�pregnancy will usually require treatment with antihy-SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�SRVWSDUWXP�SHULRG��HYHQ�if they were not treated during pregnancy. Because the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists HQFRXUDJHV�DOO�ZRPHQ�WR�EUHDVWIHHG�WKHLU�LQIDQWV��DQWL-hypertensive medications that are safe for breastfeed-LQJ��LH��WKH\�WHQG�QRW�WR�EH�VHFUHWHG�LQWR�EUHDVW�PLON��should be prescribed.

The task force is not aware of clinical trials that VSHFLÀFDOO\�DGGUHVV�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�SRVWSDUWXP�K\SHU-tension in women with any form of hypertension in pregnancy. Blood pressure in the postpartum period is RIWHQ�KLJKHU�FRPSDUHG�ZLWK�DQWHSDUWXP�OHYHOV��SDUWLF-XODUO\� LQ� WKH� ÀUVW� �²�� ZHHNV� �89�� 90). Medication should be adjusted to maintain BP in a safe range (less than 160 mm Hg systolic and 100 mm Hg diastolic). 8VH� RI� QRQVWHURLGDO� DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\� DJHQWV� VKRXOG�be avoided in the postpartum period in women with FKURQLF�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��SDUWLFXODUO\�WKRVH�ZLWK�VXSHULP-SRVHG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� ([WHQVLYH� GRFXPHQWDWLRQ� H[LVWV�WKDW�QRQVWHURLGDO�DQWLLQÁDPPDWRU\�DJHQWV�LQFUHDVH�%3�and sodium retention in patients who are not preg-nant. Although use of these medications have not been LQYHVWLJDWHG� LQ� WKH� SRVWSDUWXP� SHULRG�� DOWHUQDWLYH�strategies are recommended.

Magnesium sulfate is indicated if there are signs and symptoms of persistent or new-onset superim-SRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD�� VXFK�DV� VHYHUH�KHDGDFKH��YLVXDO�GLVWXUEDQFHV��VKRUWQHVV�RI�EUHDWK��DQG�VLJQV�RI�+(//3�V\QGURPH��2OGHU�ZRPHQ��ZRPHQ�ZLWK�FRPRUELGLWLHV��REHVLW\��GLDEHWHV��RU�NLGQH\�GLVHDVH���DQG�WKRVH�ZLWK�an onset of hypertension at an earlier gestational age may be at greater risk of prolonged elevations in BP postpartum (89). It also has been observed that eclampsia and adverse cerebrovascular events associ-ated with pregnancy are more likely to occur in the postpartum period (90). The role of BP control in preventing these outcomes has not been well studied; KRZHYHU�� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQV�PD\� EH� XVHG�PRUH�OLEHUDOO\� LQ�WKH�SRVWSDUWXP�SHULRG��DQG�LI�FHUH-EUDO� V\PSWRPV� DUH� SUHVHQW�� %3� VKRXOG� EH� ORZHUHG�� If hypertension in the postpartum period remains severe despite adequate doses of two antihypertensive

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66 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

PHGLFDWLRQV��WKH�ZRPDQ�VKRXOG�EH�UHIHUUHG�WR�D�K\SHU-tension specialist to rule out secondary causes.

%UHDVWIHHGLQJGood clinical practice suggests that women with chronic hypertension should be encouraged to breast-IHHG��DOWKRXJK�WKH�WDVN�IRUFH� LV�QRW�DZDUH�RI�FOLQLFDO�trials that have assessed either maternal or fetal out-FRPHV� LQ� WKLV�SDWLHQW�SRSXODWLRQ��0DQ\�� LI�QRW�PRVW��W\SHV�RI�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQV�DUH�GHWHFWDEOH��DOEHLW�DW�ORZ�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV��LQ�EUHDVW�PLON�,Q�JHQHUDO��GUXJV�WKDW�DUH�ERXQG�WR�SODVPD�SURWHLQV�

are not transferred to breast milk. Lipid-soluble drugs may achieve higher concentrations compared with ZDWHU�VROXEOH� GUXJV��0HWK\OGRSD� LV� FRQVLGHUHG� VDIH��and concentrations in breast milk are low. Several ȕ�EORFNHUV�DUH�FRQFHQWUDWHG�LQ�EUHDVW�PLON��ZLWK�DWHQR-ORO� DQG�PHWRSURORO� UHVXOWLQJ� LQ� KLJK� FRQFHQWUDWLRQV��and propranolol and labetalol resulting in low concen-trations. Both captopril and enalapril concentrations LQ�EUHDVW�PLON�KDYH�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG�DV� ORZ��DQG�PDQ\�consider these drugs to be safe for breastfeeding; how-HYHU��LQ�ZRPHQ�ZKR�UHTXLUH�KLJK�GRVHV��RWKHU�DJHQWV�are appropriate. There are only limited reports of cal-cium channel blockers and their transfer into breast PLON��QR�DGYHUVH�HŲHFWV�KDYH�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG��$OWKRXJK�the concentration of diuretics in breast milk is usually ORZ��WKHVH�DJHQWV�PD\�UHGXFH�WKH�TXDQWLW\�RI�PLON�SUR-duction and interfere with the ability to successfully breastfeed. The task force is unaware of clinical trials WKDW�HYDOXDWH�RXWFRPHV�RI�FKLOGUHQ�H[SRVHG�WR�DQWLK\-pertensive medications in breast milk.

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�����%OXPHQWKDO�-$��%DE\DN�0$��6KHUZRRG�$��&UDLJKHDG�/��/LQ�3+��-RKQVRQ�-��HW�DO��(ŲHFWV�RI�WKH�GLHWDU\�DSSURDFKHV�to stop hypertension diet alone and in combination with H[HUFLVH�DQG�FDORULF�UHVWULFWLRQ�RQ�LQVXOLQ�VHQVLWLYLW\�DQG�lipids. Hypertension 2010;55:1199–205. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

������+DDNVWDG�/$��%R�.��(ŲHFW�RI�UHJXODU�H[HUFLVH�RQ�SUHYHQ-WLRQ�RI�H[FHVVLYH�ZHLJKW�JDLQ�LQ�SUHJQDQF\��D�UDQGRPLVHG�controlled trial. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care 2011;16:116–25.�>3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

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������&KREDQLDQ�$9��%DNULV�*/��%ODFN�+5��&XVKPDQ�:&��*UHHQ�/$��,]]R�-/�-U��HW�DO��6HYHQWK�UHSRUW�RI�WKH�-RLQW�1DWLRQDO�&RPPLWWHH� RQ� 3UHYHQWLRQ�� 'HWHFWLRQ�� (YDOXDWLRQ�� DQG�Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Joint National Com-

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������YRQ�'DGHOV]HQ�3��2UQVWHLQ�03��%XOO�6%��/RJDQ�$*��.RUHQ�*��0DJHH� /$�� )DOO� LQ�PHDQ� DUWHULDO� SUHVVXUH� DQG� IHWDO�growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta- analysis. Lancet 2000;355:87–92. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

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�����/HQQHVWDO�5��2WWHUEODG�2ODXVVRQ�3��.DOOHQ�%��0DWHUQDO�XVH�of antihypertensive drugs in early pregnancy and delivery RXWFRPH��QRWDEO\�WKH�SUHVHQFH�RI�FRQJHQLWDO�KHDUW�GHIHFWV�in the infants. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2009;65:615–25. >3XE0HG@ A

������&DWRQ�$5��%HOO�(0��'UXVFKHO�&0��:HUOHU�00��/LQ�$(��%URZQH� 0/�� HW� DO�� $QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� PHGLFDWLRQ� XVH�during pregnancy and the risk of cardiovascular malfor-mations. National Birth Defects Prevention Study. Hypertension 2009;54:63–70. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����/L�'.��<DQJ�&��$QGUDGH�6��7DYDUHV�9��)HUEHU�-5��0DWHUQDO�H[SRVXUH�WR�DQJLRWHQVLQ�FRQYHUWLQJ�HQ]\PH�LQKLELWRUV�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�DQG�ULVN�RI�PDOIRUPDWLRQV�LQ�RŲVSULQJ��a retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2011;343:d5931. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����0DJHH�/$��YRQ�'DGHOV]HQ�3��&KDQ�6��*DIQL�$��*UXVOLQ�$��+HOHZD�0��HW�DO��7KH�&RQWURO�RI�+\SHUWHQVLRQ�,Q�3UHJ-nancy Study pilot trial. CHIPS Pilot Trial Collaborative *URXS�� %-2*� �������������� H��²��� >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@�A

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������1DEKDQ�$)��(OVHGDZ\�00��7LJKW�FRQWURO�RI�PLOG�PRGHU-DWH�SUH�H[LVWLQJ�RU�QRQ�SURWHLQXULF�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQ-sion�� &RFKUDQH� 'DWDEDVH� RI� 6\VWHPDWLF� 5HYLHZV� ������Issue 7. Art. No.: CD006907. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD006907.pub2. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������1DNKDL�3RXU�+5��5H\�(��%HUDUG�$��'LVFRQWLQXDWLRQ�RI�DQ-WLK\SHUWHQVLYH�GUXJ�XVH�GXULQJ�WKH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�RI�SUHJ-nancy and the risk of preeclampsia and eclampsia among women with chronic hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;201:180.e1–8. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������0DJHH� /$�� 0LUHPDGL� 6�� /L� -�� &KHQJ� &�� (QVRP� 0+�� &DUOHWRQ�%��HW�DO��7KHUDS\�ZLWK�ERWK�PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH�and nifedipine does not increase the risk of serious mag-QHVLXP�UHODWHG�PDWHUQDO�VLGH�HŲHFWV�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUH-eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;193:153–63. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������3RG\PRZ�7��$XJXVW� 3�� $QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� GUXJV� LQ� SUHJ-nancy. Semin Nephrol 2011;31:70–85. >3XE0HG@ A

������)LGOHU�-��6PLWK�9��)D\HUV�3��'H�6ZLHW�0��5DQGRPLVHG�FRQ-WUROOHG�FRPSDUDWLYH�VWXG\�RI�PHWK\OGRSD�DQG�R[SUHQRORO�in treatment of hypertension in pregnancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983;286:1927–30.�>3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

�����*DOOHU\�('��5RVV�05��*\RU\�$=��$QWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�WUHDW-PHQW� LQ� SUHJQDQF\�� DQDO\VLV� RI� GLŲHUHQW� UHVSRQVHV� WR� R[SUHQRORO� DQG� PHWK\OGRSD�� %U� 0HG� -� �&OLQ� 5HV� (G��1985;291:563–6. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������3ORXLQ� 3)�� %UHDUW� *��0DLOODUG� )�� 3DSLHUQLN� (�� 5HOLHU� -3��&RPSDULVRQ� RI� DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH� HűFDF\� DQG� SHULQDWDO�safety of labetalol and methyldopa in the treatment of hypertension in pregnancy: a randomized controlled tri-al. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95:868–76. >3XE0HG@ A

�����0RQWDQ�6��$QDQGDNXPDU�&��$UXONXPDUDQ�6��,QJHPDUVVRQ�,��5DWQDP�66��(ŲHFWV�RI�PHWK\OGRSD�RQ�XWHURSODFHQWDO�and fetal hemodynamics in pregnancy-induced hyper-tension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1993;168:152–6. >3XE0HG@�A

�����0XWFK�/0��0RDU�9$��2XQVWHG�0.��5HGPDQ�&:��+\SHU-WHQVLRQ� GXULQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� ZLWK� DQG� ZLWKRXW� VSHFLÀF� hypotensive treatment. II. The growth and development RI� WKH� LQIDQW� LQ� WKH� ÀUVW� \HDU� RI� OLIH�� (DUO\� +XP� 'HY�1977;1:59–67. >3XE0HG@�A

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������0XWFK�/0��0RDU�9$��2XQVWHG�0.��5HGPDQ�&:��+\SHU-WHQVLRQ� GXULQJ� SUHJQDQF\�� ZLWK� DQG� ZLWKRXW� VSHFLÀF� hypotensive treatment. I. Perinatal factors and neonatal morbidity. Early Hum Dev 1977;1:47–57. >3XE0HG@ A

������&RFNEXUQ� -��0RDU� 9$�� 2XQVWHG�0�� 5HGPDQ� &:�� )LQDO� report of study on hypertension during pregnancy: the HŲHFWV�RI�VSHFLÀF�WUHDWPHQW�RQ�WKH�JURZWK�DQG�GHYHORS-ment of the children. Lancet 1982;1:647–9. >3XE0HG@ A

������0DJHH�/��'XOH\�/��2UDO�EHWD�EORFNHUV�IRU�PLOG�WR�PRGHU-ate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database RI�6\VWHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����$UW��1R���&'��������DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002863. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@�A

������1LIHGLSLQH� YHUVXV� H[SHFWDQW� PDQDJHPHQW� LQ� PLOG� WR�moderate hypertension in pregnancy. Gruppo di Studio Ipertensione in Gravidanza. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:718–22. >3XE0HG@ A

������/LQGRZ�6:��'DYLHV�1��'DYH\�'$��6PLWK�-$��7KH�HŲHFW�RI�VXEOLQJXDO� QLIHGLSLQH� RQ� XWHURSODFHQWDO� EORRG� ÁRZ� LQ� hypertensive pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95: 1276–81. >3XE0HG@ A

������5L]]R�*��$UGXLQL�'��0DQFXVR�6��5RPDQLQL�&��(ŲHFWV�RI�nifedipine on umbilical artery velocity waveforms in healthy human fetuses. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1987;24: 151–4. >3XE0HG@ A

�����5REHUWV� -0�� 3HDUVRQ�*�� &XWOHU� -�� /LQGKHLPHU�0�� 6XP�mary of the 1+/%,�:RUNLQJ�*URXS�RQ�5HVHDUFK�RQ�+\-SHUWHQVLRQ�'XULQJ�3UHJQDQF\��1+/%,�:RUNLQJ�*URXS�RQ�Research on Hypertension During Pregnancy. Hyperten-sion 2003;41:437–45. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������&ROOLQV�5��<XVXI�6��3HWR�5��2YHUYLHZ�RI�UDQGRPLVHG�WULDOV�of diuretics in pregnancy. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1985; 290:17–23.�>3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����&KXUFKLOO�'��%HHYHUV�*'��0HKHU�6��5KRGHV�&��'LXUHWLFV�for preventing pre-eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Sys-WHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����$UW��1R���&'��������'2,��10.1002/14651858.CD004451.pub2. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

�����/DXEH�*)��.HPSHU�0-��6FKXELJHU�*��1HXKDXV�7-��$QJLR-tensin-converting enzyme inhibitor fetopathy: long-term outcome. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2007;92: F402–3. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������&RRSHU�:2��+HUQDQGH]�'LD]�6��$UERJDVW�3*��'XGOH\�-$��'\HU�6��*LGHRQ�36��HW�DO��0DMRU�FRQJHQLWDO�PDOIRUPDWLRQV�DIWHU�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�H[SRVXUH�WR�$&(�LQKLELWRUV��1�(QJO�-�Med 2006;354:2443–51. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������$VNLH� /0�� 'XOH\� /�� +HQGHUVRQ�6PDUW� '-�� 6WHZDUW� /$�� Antiplatelet agents for prevention of pre-eclampsia: a meta-analysis of individual patient data. PARIS Collab-orative Group. Lancet 2007;369:1791–8. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������'XOH\�/��+HQGHUVRQ�6PDUW�'-��0HKHU�6��.LQJ� -)��$QWL-platelet agents for preventing pre-eclampsia and its com-plications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R��� &'�������� '2,�� ��������� 14651858.CD004659.pub2. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������%XMROG�(��5REHUJH�6�� /DFDVVH�<��%XUHDX�0��$XGLEHUW� )��0DUFRX[�6��HW�DO��3UHYHQWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�LQWUD-uterine growth restriction with aspirin started in early pregnancy: a meta-analysis. Obstet Gynecol 2010;116: 402–14. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

�����6LEDL�%0��$EGHOOD�71��$QGHUVRQ�*'��3UHJQDQF\�RXWFRPH�in 211 patients with mild chronic hypertension. Obstet Gynecol 1983;61:571–6. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gyne-cology@ A

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������0RUVH�.��:LOOLDPV�$��*DUGRVL�-��)HWDO�JURZWK�VFUHHQLQJ�by fundal height measurement. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2009;23:809–18. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������&KDQJ�7&��5REVRQ�6&��%R\V�5-��6SHQFHU�-$��3UHGLFWLRQ�RI�the small for gestational age infant: which ultrasonic measurement is best? Obstet Gynecol 1992;80:1030–8. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@�A

������%ULFNHU�/��1HLOVRQ�-3��'RZVZHOO�7��5RXWLQH�XOWUDVRXQG�LQ�late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation). Cochrane Da-WDEDVH� RI� 6\VWHPDWLF� 5HYLHZV� ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R���CD001451. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001451.pub3. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

�����,PGDG�$��<DNRRE�0<��6LGGLTXL�6��%KXWWD�=$��6FUHHQLQJ�and triage of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) in general population and high risk pregnancies: a system-atic review with a focus on reduction of IUGR related VWLOOELUWKV��%0&�3XEOLF�+HDOWK���������6XSSO��6�������11-S3-S1. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

������$OÀUHYLF�=��6WDPSDOLMD�7��*\WH�*0��)HWDO�DQG�XPELOLFDO�Doppler ultrasound in normal pregnancy. Cochrane Data- EDVH� RI� 6\VWHPDWLF� 5HYLHZV� ������ ,VVXH� ��� $UW�� 1R���CD001450. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001450.pub3. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

66. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Antepartum fetal surveillance. ACOG Practice Bulletin 9. :DVKLQJWRQ��'&��$&2*��������A

�����/DORU�-*��)DZROH�%��$OÀUHYLF�=��'HYDQH�'��%LRSK\VLFDO�SUR-ÀOH�IRU�IHWDO�DVVHVVPHQW�LQ�KLJK�ULVN�SUHJQDQFLHV��&RFKUDQH�'DWDEDVH�RI�6\VWHPDWLF�5HYLHZV�������,VVXH����$UW��1R���CD000038. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000038. pub2. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������+XWFKHRQ�-$��/LVRQNRYD�6��0DJHH�/$��9RQ�'DGHOV]HQ�3��:RR�+/��/LX�6��HW�DO��2SWLPDO�WLPLQJ�RI�GHOLYHU\�LQ�SUHJ-QDQFLHV� ZLWK� SUH�H[LVWLQJ� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� %-2*� ������ 118:49–54. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������7HXQH�0-��%DNKXL]HQ�6��*\DPÀ�%DQQHUPDQ�&��2SPHHU�%&��YDQ�.DDP�$+��YDQ�:DVVHQDHU�$*��HW�DO��$�V\VWHPDWLF�review of severe morbidity in infants born late preterm. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011;205:374.e1–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������6SRQJ�&<��0HUFHU�%0��'DOWRQ�0��.LOSDWULFN�6��%ODFNZHOO�6��6DDGH�*��7LPLQJ�RI�LQGLFDWHG�ODWH�SUHWHUP�DQG�HDUO\� term birth. Obstet Gynecol 2011;118:323–33.�>3XE0HG@�[Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

������3DUULVK� 0�� *ULűQ�0�� 0RUULV� 5�� 'DUE\� 0�� 2ZHQV� 0<�� Martin JN Jr. Hyperuricemia facilitates the prediction of maternal and perinatal adverse outcome in patients with severe/superimposed preeclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:1451–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������$XJXVW�3��+HOVHWK�*��&RRN�()��6LVRQ�&��$�SUHGLFWLRQ�PRG-el for superimposed preeclampsia in women with chron-ic hypertension during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1666–72.�>3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

68 CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA

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73. Antenatal corticosteroids revisited: repeat courses. NIH Consens Statement 2000;17:1–18. >3XE0HG@ A

�����0DWWDU� )�� 6LEDL� %0�� (FODPSVLD�� 9,,,�� 5LVN� IDFWRUV� IRU� maternal morbidity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182: 307–12. >3XE0HG@�A

������$XNHV� $0�� GH� *URRW� -&�� $DUQRXGVH� -*�� =HHPDQ� **��Brain lesions several years after eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009;200:504.e1–e5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����$XNHV�$0��:HVVHO�,��'XERLV�$0��$DUQRXGVH�-*��=HHPDQ�GG. Self-reported cognitive functioning in formerly ec-lamptic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007;197:365.e1–6.�>3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����&KDSSHOO�/&��(Q\H�6��6HHG�3��%ULOH\�$/��3RVWRQ�/��6KHQQDQ�AH. Adverse perinatal outcomes and risk factors for preeclampsia in women with chronic hypertension: a prospective study. Hypertension 2008;51:1002–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@�A

������6DPXHO�$��/LQ�&��3DUYLDLQHQ�.��-H\DEDODQ�$��([SHFWDQW�management of preeclampsia superimposed on chronic hypertension. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2011;24: 907–11. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������7XXOL�0*��5DPSHUVDG�5��6WDPLOLR�'��0DFRQHV�*��2GLER�AO. Perinatal outcomes in women with preeclampsia and VXSHULPSRVHG�SUHHFODPSVLD��GR�WKH\�GLŲHU"�$P�-�2EVWHW�Gynecol 2011;204:508.e1–7. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

80. Sibai BM. Evaluation and management of severe pre-eclampsia before 34 weeks' gestation. Publications Com-PLWWHH��6RFLHW\�IRU�0DWHUQDO�)HWDO�0HGLFLQH��$P�-�2EVWHW�Gynecol 2011;205:191–8. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������6LEDL�%0��0HUFHU�%0��6FKLŲ�(��)ULHGPDQ�6$��$JJUHVVLYH�YHUVXV�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�VHYHUH�SUHHFODPSVLD�DW�28 to 32 weeks' gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1994;171:818–22. >3XE0HG@ A

������2GHQGDDO�+-��3DWWLQVRQ�5&��%DP�5��*URYH�'��.RW]H�7-��$JJUHVVLYH�RU�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW� IRU�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�severe preeclampsia between 28–34 weeks' gestation: a

randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 1990;76: 1070–5. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@�A

������6LEDL�%0��'LDJQRVLV��FRQWURYHUVLHV��DQG�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�WKH�V\QGURPH�RI�KHPRO\VLV��HOHYDWHG�OLYHU�HQ]\PHV��DQG�low platelet count. Obstet Gynecol 2004;103:981–91. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@ A

�����YDQ�3DPSXV�0*��:ROI�+��:HVWHQEHUJ�60��YDQ�GHU�3RVW�-$��%RQVHO�*-��7UHŲHUV�3(��0DWHUQDO�DQG�SHULQDWDO�RXWFRPH�DIWHU�H[SHFWDQW�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�WKH�+(//3�V\QGURPH�FRP-pared with pre-eclampsia without HELLP syndrome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1998;76:31–6. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

������9LVVHU�:��:DOOHQEXUJ�+&��7HPSRULVLQJ�PDQDJHPHQW�RI�severe pre-eclampsia with and without the HELLP syn-drome. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1995;102:111–7.�>3XE0HG@�A

�����+DGGDG�%��'HLV�6��*RűQHW�)��3DQLHO�%-��&DEURO�'��6LED�%0��0DWHUQDO�DQG�SHULQDWDO�RXWFRPHV�GXULQJ�H[SHFWDQW�management of 239 severe preeclamptic women between 24 and 33 weeks' gestation. Am J Obstet Gy-necol 2004;190:1590–5; discussion 1595–7. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����6KHDU�50��5LQIUHW�'��/HGXF�/��6KRXOG�ZH�RŲHU�H[SHFWDQW�management in cases of severe preterm preeclampsia with fetal growth restriction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;192:1119–25. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@�A

������9LJLO�'H�*UDFLD�3��/DVVR�0��0RQWXIDU�5XHGD�&��3HULQDWDO�outcome in women with severe chronic hypertension during the second half of pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2004;85:139–44. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

������3RG\PRZ�7��$XJXVW�3��3RVWSDUWXP�FRXUVH�RI�JHVWDWLRQDO�hypertension and preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2010;29:294–300. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

90. Sibai BM. Etiology and management of postpartum hypertension-preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:470–5. >3XE0HG@�>)XOO�7H[W@ A

CHRONIC HYPERTENSION IN PREGNANCY AND SUPERIMPOSED PREECLAMPSIA 69

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71

Later-Life Cardiovascular Disease in Women With Prior Preeclampsia

CHAPTER8

Several large epidemiologic studies demonstrate that all women with a history of preeclampsia KDYH�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�FDUGLRYDVFXODU��&9��GLVHDVHV�ODWHU�LQ�OLIH��)RU�PDQ\�\HDUV��WKH�ROGHU�

literature was misinterpreted to suggest that women ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�RQO\�LQ�D�ÀUVW�SUHJQDQF\�ZHUH�QRW�DW� LQFUHDVHG� ULVN��+RZHYHU��PRUH� UHFHQW� VWXGLHV�ZLWK�larger numbers of participants and longer follow-up LQGLFDWH�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�ODWHU�OLIH�&9�GLVHDVH�HYHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�D�ÀUVW�SUHJQDQF\��1). This risk is much greater if the woman has recurrent preeclampsia (2���JDYH�ELUWK�SUHWHUP��OHVV�WKDQ����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWD-WLRQ���RU�KDG�D�SUHJQDQF\�ZLWK�IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ�����3��4���ZLWK�ULVN�UDWHV�DW�OHDVW�HTXDOLQJ�WKH�&9�ULVN�with obesity or smoking (5��� ,Q� ������ WKH�$PHULFDQ�Heart Association added preeclampsia to its list of risk IDFWRUV� IRU� &9� GLVHDVH� �6). Prepregnancy risk factors and preeclampsia may both contribute to the develop-PHQW�RI� ORQJ�WHUP�&9�GLVHDVH�ULVN��7���3UHHFODPSVLD��SDUWLFXODUO\� ZKHQ� DVVRFLDWHG� ZLWK� SUHWHUP� GHOLYHU\��VKRXOG�EH�FRQVLGHUHG�DV�D�VWURQJ�ULVN�IDFWRU�IRU�&9�GLV-HDVH��GDWD�H[LVW�WR�VXSSRUW�WKDW�LW�LV�TXDQWLWDWLYHO\�VLP-ilar in magnitude to the increase in the risk of having diabetes) (7). These individuals are at increased risk RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�DQG�&9�GLVHDVH��P\RFDUGLDO�LQIDUFWLRQ��

VWURNH��DQG�FRQJHVWLYH�KHDUW�IDLOXUH������DQG��WKHUHIRUH��should be advised to 1) maintain ideal body weight; ���HQJDJH�LQ�DHURELF�H[HUFLVH�UHJXODUO\��ÀYH�WLPHV�SHU�ZHHN������HDW�D�GLHW�KLJK�LQ�ÀEHU��YHJHWDEOHV��DQG�IUXLWV�and low in fat (the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hyper-tension diet); and 4) avoid tobacco. Evaluation for risk RI� ODWHU�OLIH� &9� GLVHDVH� UHTXLUHV� KHDOWK� FDUH� SURYLGHU�and patient consideration (%R[����).

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• For women with a medical history of preeclampsia who gave birth preterm (less than 37 0/7 weeks of gestation) or who have a medical history of recur-UHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD��\HDUO\�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�EORRG�SUHV-VXUH��OLSLGV��IDVWLQJ�EORRG�JOXFRVH��DQG�ERG\�PDVV�LQGH[�LV�VXJJHVWHG�

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation:�4XDOLÀHG

*Although there is clear evidence of an association EHWZHHQ�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�ODWHU�OLIH�&9�GLVHDVH��WKH�YDOXH�and appropriate timing is not yet established. Health care providers and patients should make this decision based RQ�WKHLU�MXGJPHQW�RI�WKH�UHODWLYH�YDOXH�RI�H[WUD�LQIRUPD-WLRQ�YHUVXV�H[SHQVH�DQG�LQFRQYHQLHQFH�

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72 LATER-LIFE CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE IN WOMEN WITH PRIOR PREECLAMPSIA

References

� ����,UJHQV� +8�� 5HLVDHWHU� /�� ,UJHQV� /0�� /LH� 57�� /RQJ� WHUP�mortality of mothers and fathers after pre-eclampsia: population based cohort study. BMJ 2001;323:1213–7. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����)XQDL�()��3DOWLHO�2%��0DODVSLQD�'��)ULHGODQGHU�<��'HXWVFK�/��+DUODS�6��5LVN�IDFWRUV�IRU�SUH�HFODPSVLD�LQ�QXOOLSDURXV�and parous women: the Jerusalem perinatal study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2005;19:59–68. >3XE0HG@ A

� ����0RQJUDZ�&KDűQ�0/��&LULOOR�30��&RKQ�%$��3UHHFODPS-sia and cardiovascular disease death: prospective evi-dence from the child health and development studies cohort. Hypertension 2010;56:166–71. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

BOX 8-1. Evaluation for Risk Factors A

• How many pregnancies have you had?

• How many miscarriages have you had?

• Were any of your babies born early (more than 3 weeks before your due date)? – How many?– Did this occur spontaneously or were the babies delivered early because you were ill?

• Did you have preeclampsia in any of your pregnancies?– Which pregnancy?– How many times?– Was the baby delivered early because you had preeclampsia?– How many weeks before your due date was the baby delivered?

• Did you have high blood pressure in any pregnancy?– Did you have protein in your urine in that pregnancy?– Do you have a family history of preeclampsia? Is there a history of preeclampsia in your partner’s

family?

• Did you have gestational diabetes?– Were you treated with insulin or blood glucose-lowering pills?

• What were the birth weights of your babies, and how many weeks before your due date were they delivered?

• Do you have a medical history of high blood pressure or chronic kidney disease?

Modified from Roberts JM, Catov JM. Pregnancy is a screening test for later life cardiovascular disease: now what? Research recommendations. Womens Health Issues 2012;22:e123–8.

� ���5D\�-*��9HUPHXOHQ�0-��6FKXOO�0-��5HGHOPHLHU�'$��&DU-diovascular health after maternal placental syndromes (CHAMPS): population-based retrospective cohort study. Lancet 2005;366:1797–803. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����5REHUWV�-0��+XEHO�&$��3UHJQDQF\��D� VFUHHQLQJ� WHVW� IRU�ODWHU� OLIH�FDUGLRYDVFXODU�GLVHDVH��:RPHQV�+HDOWK�,VVXHV�2010;20:304–7. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����0RVFD�/��%HQMDPLQ�(-��%HUUD�.��%H]DQVRQ�-/��'RORU�5-��/OR\G�-RQHV�'0��HW�DO��(ŲHFWLYHQHVV�EDVHG�JXLGHOLQHV�IRU�the prevention of cardiovascular disease in women--2011 update: a guideline from the American Heart Associa-tion. American Heart Association [published erratum DSSHDUV�LQ�-�$P�&ROO�&DUGLRO�������������@��-�$P�&ROO�Cardiol 2011;57:1404–23.�>3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����5RPXQGVWDG�35��0DJQXVVHQ�(%�� 6PLWK�*'��9DWWHQ� /-��Hypertension in pregnancy and later cardiovascular risk: common antecedents? Circulation 2010;122:579–84. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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Patient Education

CHAPTER9

Many millions of dollars have been spent on clinical and laboratory research in an HŲRUW�WR�GLVFRYHU�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�SUR-phylactic measures for and optimal treat-

ment of preeclampsia. Although these goals are of the XWPRVW�LPSRUWDQFH��D�PRUH�HŲHFWLYH�XVH�RI�FXUUHQWO\�available information and resources may reduce the burden of morbidity and mortality that arises in asso- ciation with preeclampsia. Health services interven-WLRQV��LQFOXGLQJ�SDWLHQW�HGXFDWLRQ��PD\�QRW�RQO\�KHOS�WR�UHGXFH�WKLV�EXUGHQ��SDUWLFXODUO\�DPRQJ�SRSXODWLRQV�DW�JUHDWHVW�ULVN��HJ��WKRVH�ZLWK�ORZ�KHDOWK�OLWHUDF\�RU�DW�KLJKHVW�ULVN�RI�GHYHORSLQJ�SUHHFODPSVLD���EXW�DOVR�may reach that goal at a relatively low cost. Patient and health care provider education is key to the suc-cessful recognition and management of preeclampsia. Health care providers need to inform women during the prenatal and postpartum periods of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia and stress the importance of contacting health care providers if these are evi-dent. This can be accomplished without increasing SDWLHQW�DQ[LHW\��1).

Little is understood about how to best educate women about preeclampsia and provide them with the information needed to seek prompt and appropriate FDUH��:KDW�LV�NQRZQ�LV�WKDW�WKH�SRSXODWLRQ��LQ�JHQHUDO��KDV�GLűFXOW\�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ� HYHQ�EDVLF� KHDOWK� LQIRU-PDWLRQ�� DQG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� VSHFLÀFDOO\�� LV� D� SRRUO\�understood complication of pregnancy (2). Education techniques that are appropriate for patients with poor

literacy skills have been researched and described in the literature. These can be applied to patient educa-tion about preeclampsia with the goal of ensuring that the best possible outcomes are achieved with the resources currently available.

Importance of Patient Education

,Q� WKH� GHYHORSHG� ZRUOG�� WKH� IUHTXHQF\� RI� DGYHUVH�maternal and perinatal events related to preeclampsia UHPDLQV�PDUNHGO\�ORZHU�WKDQ�LQ�GHYHORSLQJ�FRXQWULHV��largely because of the greater number of available resources and routine hypertension and proteinuria screening (3–5). Interventions for women with disease LQFOXGH� LQFUHDVHG� PRQLWRULQJ�� PDJQHVLXP� VXOIDWH��DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�PHGLFDWLRQV��FRUWLFRVWHURLGV�IRU�IHWDO�OXQJ�PDWXUDWLRQ�� DQG� GHOLYHU\�� 7R�PD[LPDOO\� EHQHÀW�IURP�WKHVH�UHVRXUFHV��KRZHYHU��ZRPHQ�PXVW�ÀUVW�VHHN�medical care in a timely fashion.

The possibility that women do not seek timely care may be increased if they have a poor understanding of the signs and symptoms of preeclampsia. Several recent studies emphasized the potential value of educating patients to report and their health care providers to act on signs and symptoms of severe preeclampsia that FRPPRQO\� SUHFHGH� HFODPSVLD�� K\SHUWHQVLYH� HQFHSKD-ORSDWK\�� SXOPRQDU\� HGHPD�� RU� VWURNH� �6–11). This hypothesis is further supported by studies of women in ZKRP� SUHHFODPSVLD� ZDV� GLDJQRVHG�� UHFHLYHG� WLPHO\�DQG�SURSHU�VXUYHLOODQFH��DQG�KDG�IHZHU�DGYHUVH�HYHQWV�

73

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74 PATIENT EDUCATION

than those with delayed diagnosis (12). Regardless of OLWHUDF\�OHYHO�DQG�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKLV�NQRZOHGJH� GHÀFLW� DSSHDUV� WR� EH� PRGLÀDEOH� EHFDXVH�women who acknowledge receiving information about WKH�GLVHDVH�GHPRQVWUDWH�JUHDWHU�SUHHFODPSVLD�VSHFLÀF�knowledge (2). %H\RQG� LPSURYLQJ� RXWFRPHV�� LW� LV� WKH� HWKLFDO�

responsibility of the health care system and the health care providers who work within that system to ensure that patients have been educated about the implica-WLRQV� DQG� FRPSOLFDWLRQV� RI� D� VSHFLÀF� KHDOWK� VWDWH���including pregnancy. According to the American Med-LFDO�$VVRFLDWLRQ��́ 3DWLHQWV�KDYH�WKH�ULJKW�WR�XQGHUVWDQG�healthcare information that is necessary for them to VDIHO\�FDUH�IRU�WKHPVHOYHV��DQG�WR�FKRRVH�DPRQJ�DYDLO-able alternatives. Health care providers have a duty to SURYLGH� LQIRUPDWLRQ� LQ� VLPSOH�� FOHDU� DQG� SODLQ� ODQ-guage and to check that the patients have understood WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�EHIRUH�HQGLQJ�WKH�FRQYHUVDWLRQµ��13).

Patient Education Strategies

Although few would debate the importance of patient HGXFDWLRQ��WKH�TXHVWLRQ�VWLOO�UHPDLQV�DV�WR�KRZ�EHVW�WR�provide such education about preeclampsia. The solu-WLRQ� LV�FRPSOH[�EHFDXVH� LW� LV�HVWLPDWHG�WKDW�DSSUR[L-mately one half of the American population has a OLPLWHG� FDSDFLW\� WR� REWDLQ�� SURFHVV�� DQG� XQGHUVWDQG�basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions (14��15���,Q�DGGLWLRQ��DQ�overall paucity of published research addresses patient HGXFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�SUHJQDQF\��&RQVHTXHQWO\��models for successful interventions that address KHDOWK�UHODWHG�RXWFRPHV�DUH�IRXQG�RXWVLGH�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�SUHJQDQF\��,Q�������WKH�$PHULFDQ�0HGLFDO�$VVRFLD-tion Foundation published a monograph summarizing research related to health literacy. The publication also provided recommendations on how health care pro-

YLGHUV�FDQ�HŲHFW�FKDQJH�LQ�WKH�SUDFWLFH�HQYLURQPHQW�DV�it relates to patient education when considering a pop-ulation with limited health literacy (16). A summary of recommendations is listed in %R[����. 3UHGLFWLQJ�ZKR�LV�DŲHFWHG�E\�LQDGHTXDWH�KHDOWK�OLW-

eracy skills is challenging because the problem is ubiq-XLWRXV��VSDQQLQJ�DOO�UDFHV�DQG�LQFRPH�DQG�HGXFDWLRQ�OHYHOV��&HUWDLQO\��DQ�REVWHWULF�FDUH�SURYLGHU�FDQ�UHOD\�both the symptoms of preeclampsia in nonmedical lan-JXDJH� �%R[� ����� DQG� WKH� DSSURSULDWH� DFWLRQV� WKDW�should be taken should those symptoms arise; how- HYHU�� LI� WKDW�PHVVDJH� LV� UHOD\HG� LQ� D�PDQQHU� WKDW� LV�SRRUO\�XQGHUVWRRG�E\�WKH�SDWLHQW�� LW� LV�RI� OLWWOH� WR�QR�YDOXH��+HQFH��DQ\�HGXFDWLRQDO�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�VKRXOG�EH�created so that patients with even limited literacy skills can understand and act on the information.

It is not only important that medical care providers RŲHU� HDV\�WR�XQGHUVWDQG� DQG� VWUDLJKWIRUZDUG� YHUEDO�FRPPXQLFDWLRQ�� EXW� DOVR� WKDW� DSSURSULDWH� DLGV� DUH�XVHG� IRU�ZRPHQ� WR� WDNH�ZLWK� WKHP� WKDW� RŲHU� YLVXDO�reminders at home. These should be written at no JUHDWHU�WKDQ�D�ÀIWK�JUDGH�RU�VL[WK�JUDGH�UHDGLQJ�OHYHO��EH�JUDSKLF�EDVHG��DQG�EH�FXOWXUDOO\�VHQVLWLYH��16–21). )RU�H[DPSOH��UHOD\LQJ�WR�D�SDWLHQW�WKDW�VKH�VKRXOG�QR� WLI\�KHU�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURYLGHU� LI� VKH�H[SHULHQFHV� ULJKW�XSSHU�TXDGUDQW�SDLQ��KHDGDFKH��RU�YLVXDO�DOWHUDWLRQV�may be confusing to the patient and her family. The KHDOWK� FDUH�SURYLGHU� VKRXOG� LQVWHDG�H[SODLQ� WKDW� WKH�patient should notify her health care provider if she KDV�SDLQ�LQ�KHU�VWRPDFK��KDV�D�KHDGDFKH��RU�VHHV�VSRWV��The health care provider could then point to the areas RI�FRQFHUQ��DEGRPHQ��KHDG��DQG�H\HV��DQG�SURYLGH�D�graphic-based tool intended to relay the same concept (22��23). A group of researchers found that after dis-tributing a card depicting pictures of preeclampsia signs and symptoms to women in certain Jamaican SDULVKHV��ZRPHQ�IURP�WKHVH�SDULVKHV�KDG�ORZHU�UDWHV�of preeclampsia-related morbidity than women from

BOX 9-1. Key Components of Effective Health Communication and Patient Education A

• Do not assume a patient’s literacy level or understanding based on her appearance.

• In both oral and written communication, use plain, nonmedical language.

• Speak slowly.

• Organize information into two or three components.

• Ask the patient to “teach back” information to confirm understanding.

Data from Nielsen-Bohlman L, Panzer AM, Kindig DA, editors. Health literacy: a prescription to end confusion. Committee on Health Literacy, Board on Neuroscience and Behavioral Health, Institute of Medicine. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press; 2004. p. 345.

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PATIENT EDUCATION 75

parishes who had not received the card (22). The health care provider should also ask the patient to ´WHDFK�EDFNµ�WKH�LQIRUPDWLRQ�WR�FRQÀUP�WKH�SDWLHQW·V�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ��$Q�H[DPSOH�ZRXOG�LQFOXGH��´:H�KDYH�JRQH�RYHU�D�ORW�RI�LQIRUPDWLRQ��,Q�\RXU�RZQ�ZRUGV��FDQ�\RX� WHOO�PH�ZKDW�ZH� GLVFXVVHG� WRGD\"�:KDW�ZRXOG�make you call your health care provider or come to the KRVSLWDO"µ�7KLV� VKRXOG� WDNH� WKH�SODFH�RI�FORVH�HQGHG�TXHVWLRQV�VXFK�DV��´'LG�\RX�XQGHUVWDQG�WKH�PDWHULDO�GLVFXVVHG�WRGD\"µ������

Grouping information together and then checking IRU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ³´FKXQN�DQG�FKHFNµ³DOVR�LV�D�ZD\�to provide information that is easier to understand and UHPHPEHU��:KHQ�DSSO\LQJ�WKLV�FRQFHSW�WR�SUHHFODPS-VLD��D�KHDOWK�FDUH�SURYLGHU�FRXOG�EUHDN�GRZQ�WKH�FRQ-YHUVDWLRQ�E\�H[SODLQLQJ�WKH�V\QGURPH��LWV�LPSOLFDWLRQV��WKH�DVVRFLDWHG�V\PSWRPV��DQG�WKH�DSSURSULDWH�DFWLRQV�WKDW�VKRXOG�EH�XVHG�LI�D�SDWLHQW�H[SHULHQFHV�V\PSWRPV��Each of these broad ideas could include two or three details (%R[� ���). The health care provider should check for understanding using the teach-back method EHIRUH�PRYLQJ�RQ�WR�WKH�QH[W�LGHD�������

Mobile applications are increasingly being used to reach diverse populations. More than 85% of Ameri-FDQV�RZQ�D�FHOO�SKRQH��DQG�����RI� FHOO�SKRQH�XVHUV�VHQG� RU� UHFHLYH� WH[W� PHVVDJHV� �24��� 7H[W�%DE\�� D�WH[W�PHVVDJLQJ�SURJUDP�WKDW�VHQGV�RXW�WLPHG�SUHQDWDO�and postpartum information to registered mobile SKRQHV�� UHFHQWO\� UHSRUWHG� SRVLWLYH� UHVXOWV� VLQFH� LWV�launch in February 2010 (25). Time spent in the patient reception area can be used to convey information by ZD\�RI�79�PRQLWRUV�DQG�SULQW�PDWHULDO�ZULWWHQ�DW�WKH�

ÀIWK�JUDGH�WR�VL[WK�JUDGH�UHDGLQJ�OHYHO��*URXS�SUHQDWDO�FDUH��RIWHQ�FDOOHG�́ FHQWHULQJ�SUHJQDQF\�µ�KDV�EHHQ�IRXQG�WR�EH�HŲHFWLYH�LQ�FRQYH\LQJ�LQIRUPDWLRQ�DQG�LPSURYLQJ�perinatal outcomes at no added cost (26).

Patient Education Barriers

There are several barriers that may preclude a health care provider’s ability to educate patients about pre-eclampsia (%R[����). The amount of time available for HDFK�SUHQDWDO�YLVLW�LV�OLPLWHG��DQG�D�JUHDW�GHDO�RI�LQIRU-mation has to be relayed in a typical prenatal appoint-ment. It is important to note that many of the aforementioned techniques actually require little time. If they are spread out over several visits starting as HDUO\�DV����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��EXW�QR� ODWHU� WKDQ����ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ��DQG�UHYLHZHG�VHYHUDO�WLPHV�GXULQJ�WKH�FRXUVH�RI�WKH�SUHJQDQF\��LW�ZRXOG�RQO\�WDNH�D�IHZ�PLQXWHV�WR�GLVFXVV�WKLV�LQIRUPDWLRQ��,Q�VRPH�VHWWLQJV��health care systems have successfully used a centering SUHJQDQF\� PRGHO�� ZKHUHE\� ZRPHQ� DUH� JURXSHG�together by due dates for prenatal education and sup-port (27–29). Some may believe that providing a patient with information about preeclampsia will pro-GXFH� XQQHFHVVDU\� DQ[LHW\�� 7KHUH� LV� HYLGHQFH� WR� WKH�contrary because failure to educate patients about pre-HFODPSVLD� PD\� FDXVH� ZRPHQ� WR� H[SHULHQFH� JUHDWHU�fear because of lack of information (1).

Evidence suggests that health care providers who fail to inform patients about preeclampsia may do so because the health care provider is underinformed. A 2002 survey of obstetrician–gynecologists revealed

BOX 9-2. Chunk-and-Check A

What is it?

Definition of preeclampsia in layman’s terms: “Preeclampsia is a serious disease related to high blood pressure. It can happen to any pregnant woman.”

Why should you care?

Explanation of risks to the patient and her infant, emphasizing the seriousness of responding in a timely manner: “There are risks to you: seizures, stroke, organ damage, or death; and to your baby: premature birth or death.”

What should you pay attention to?

Explanation of potentially concerning signs and symptoms accompanied by graphics and simply written description: “Symptoms include…”

What should you do?

Explanation of appropriate actions that should be taken if a patient experiences symptoms: "If you experience any concerning symptoms, call you health care provider right away. Finding preeclampsia early is important for you and your baby.”

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76 PATIENT EDUCATION

great disparities in their knowledge and clinical man-agement of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (30). Health care providers need to understand that pre-eclampsia without severe features can progress quickly DQG�XQH[SHFWHGO\��WKDW�SURWHLQXULD�LV�QRW�DOZD\V�SUHV-HQW��HYHQ�LQ�VHYHUH�IRUPV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKDW�ZRPHQ�remain at risk of preeclampsia postpartum; and that a woman’s symptoms should not be dismissed without a proper assessment. This is corroborated by thousands RI� SDWLHQW� H[SHULHQFHV� UHSRUWHG� WR� WKH� 3UHHFODPSVLD�Foundation (31). Many clinicians and patients are unaware that preeclampsia can still occur after deliv-ery. Postpartum hypertension or preeclampsia either is a new-onset condition or is secondary to persistence or H[DFHUEDWLRQ�RI�K\SHUWHQVLRQ�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHYLRXV�JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� SUHHFODPSVLD�� RU� FKURQLF�hypertension (32). In cases of late postpartum eclamp-VLD�� UHVHDUFKHUV� IRXQG�WKDW�DOPRVW�DOO�RI� WKH�SDWLHQWV�KDG�DW�OHDVW�RQH�SURGURPDO�V\PSWRP��DQG�RQH�KDOI�KDG�more than one symptom that heralded the seizure. +RZHYHU�� RQO\� ����RI�ZRPHQ� VRXJKW� FDUH� IRU� WKHLU�V\PSWRPV�� VXJJHVWLQJ� WKDW� SURSHU� SDWLHQW� HGXFDWLRQ�may have led to better outcomes (9).,Q�DGGLWLRQ�� LW� VKRXOG�EH� UHFRJQL]HG� WKDW�PDQ\�RI�

the pamphlets developed with the intention of educat-ing women about issues related to obstetrics and gyne-cology may be written at a higher readability level than that recommended for the general public (33). There-IRUH��WKRVH�ZKR�SURYLGH�REVWHWULF�FDUH�FDQQRW�DVVXPH�WKDW�DOO�DYDLODEOH�SDWLHQW�OLWHUDWXUH�ZLOO�EH�HŲHFWLYH��7KH�limited number of appropriately written materials available to educate women about preeclampsia is a perceived and underresearched barrier to providing patient education about preeclampsia (23). :KHQ� ZRPHQ� NQRZ� KRZ� WR� UHFRJQL]H� WKH� VLJQV�

and symptoms and they understand the information RŲHUHG��WKH\�KDYH�WKH�RSSRUWXQLW\�WR�UHSRUW�V\PSWRPV�PRUH�SURPSWO\��UHTXHVW�DSSURSULDWH�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�DQG�IROORZ�XS��UHGXFH�WKHLU�IHDU�DQG�DQ[LHW\��DQG�DGKHUH�WR�

prescribed management. This all leads to improved pregnancy outcomes.

TASK FORCE RECOMMENDATION

• It is suggested that health care providers convey in-IRUPDWLRQ�DERXW�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�WKH�FRQWH[W�RI�SUH-natal care and postpartum care using proven health communication practices.

Quality of evidence: LowStrength of recommendation: 4XDOLÀHG

This chapter was developed with the assistance of :KLWQH\�<RX��0'�

References ����6DXYp�1��3RZULH�52��/DUVRQ�/��3KLSSV�0*��:HLW]HQ�6��

)LW]SDWULFN�'��HW�DO��7KH�LPSDFW�RI�DQ�HGXFDWLRQDO�SDP-SKOHW� RQ� NQRZOHGJH� DQG� DQ[LHW\� LQ� ZRPHQ� ZLWK� SUH-eclampsia. Obstet Med 2008;111–7. A

� ����<RX�:%��:ROI�0��%DLOH\�6&��3DQGLW�$8��:DLWH�.5��6REHO�50��HW�DO��)DFWRUV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�SDWLHQW�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2012;31:341–9. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����/HLWFK�&5��&DPHURQ�$'��:DONHU�--��7KH�FKDQJLQJ�SDWWHUQ�of eclampsia over a 60-year period. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997;104:917–22.�>3XE0HG@ A

� ����6DIWODV�$)��2OVRQ�'5��)UDQNV�$/��$WUDVK�+.��3RNUDV�5��Epidemiology of preeclampsia and eclampsia in the Unit-HG�6WDWHV������²������$P�-�2EVWHW�*\QHFRO����������� 460–5.�>3XE0HG@ A

� ����*ROGHQEHUJ�5/��0F&OXUH�(0��0DFJXLUH�(5��.DPDWK�%'��Jobe AH. Lessons for low-income regions following the reduction in hypertension-related maternal mortality in high-income countries. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2011;113: 91–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

� ����2JXQ\HPL�'��%HQDH�-/��8NDWX�&��,V�HFODPSVLD�SUHYHQW-able? A case control review of consecutive cases from an urban underserved region. South Med J 2004;97:440–5. >3XE0HG@�A

� ����0DWWK\V�/$��&RSSDJH�.+��/DPEHUV�'6��%DUWRQ�-5��6LEDL�%0��'HOD\HG�SRVWSDUWXP�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQ�H[SHULHQFH�RI�

BOX 9-3. Most Commonly Reported Barriers to Providing Preeclampsia Education A

• Health care providers have too many important issues to address and not enough time.

• Information overload is causing women to be too anxious about their pregnancies.

• Materials that are written simply, available in other languages, and affordable, are not available.

• Health care providers are unsure about what information needs to be provided that will affect out-comes.

Page 88: Hypertensionin pregnancy ACOG Actualización diciembre 2013

PATIENT EDUCATION 77

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������:ROI�06�� 'DYLV� 7&�� %DVV� 3)�� &XUWLV� /0�� /LQGTXLVW� /$��:HEE�-$��HW�DO��,PSURYLQJ�SUHVFULSWLRQ�GUXJ�ZDUQLQJV�WR�promote patient comprehension [published erratum ap-SHDUV� LQ� $UFK� ,QWHUQ�0HG� ������������@�� $UFK� ,QWHUQ�Med 2010;170:50–6. >3XE0HG@ A

������'RZVH�5��(KOHUV�06��7KH�HYDOXDWLRQ�RI�SKDUPDFHXWLFDO�pictograms in a low-literate South African population. Patient Educ Couns 2001;45:87–99. >3XE0HG@�A

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������:LOVRQ�($��3DUN�'&��&XUWLV�/0��&DPHURQ�.$��&OD\PDQ�0/��0DNRXO�*��HW�DO��0HGLD�DQG�PHPRU\��WKH�HűFDF\�RI�video and print materials for promoting patient educa-tion about asthma. Patient Educ Couns 2010;80:393–8. >3XE0HG@ A

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������6PLWK�$��$PHULFDQV�DQG�WKHLU�JDGJHWV��:DVKLQJWRQ��'&��3HZ�5HVHDUFK�&HQWHUV�,QWHUQHW��$PHULFDQ�/LIH�3URMHFW��2010. Available at: http://pewinternet.org/~/media//Files/Reports/2010/PIP-Americans%20and%20their%20Gadgets.pdf��5HWULHYHG�)HEUXDU\�����������A

������+RŲ�$��0DUWLQH]�.��/DFRXUVLHUH�<��%DLOH\�.��0H\HU�3��0D-WHUQDO��QHZERUQ�KHDOWK��D�ORFDOL]HG�WH[W�EDE\�VHUYLFH�WR�include local San Diego information. American Public +HDOWK� $VVRFLDWLRQ� $QQXDO� 0HHWLQJ� >DEVWUDFW@�� ������$YDLODEOH� DW�� KWWSV���DSKD�FRQIH[�FRP�DSKD����DP�ZHESURJUDP�3DSHU�������KWPO��5HWULHYHG�)HEUXDU\�����2013. A

������,FNRYLFV� -5�� .HUVKDZ� 76�� :HVWGDKO� &�� 0DJULSOHV� 8��0DVVH\�=��5H\QROGV�+�� HW� DO��*URXS�SUHQDWDO� FDUH� DQG�perinatal outcomes: a randomized controlled trial [pub-OLVKHG�HUUDWXP�DSSHDUV�LQ�2EVWHW�*\QHFRO�������������@��Obstet Gynecol 2007;110:330–9. >3XE0HG@ [Obstetrics & Gynecology@�A

27. Conde C. Center of attention: new pregnancy program LPSURYHV� SUHQDWDO� FDUH�� 7H[� 0HG� �����������²����>3XE0HG@ A

������.OLPD�&��1RUU�.��9RQGHUKHLG�6��+DQGOHU�$��,QWURGXFWLRQ� of Centering Pregnancy in a public health clinic. J Mid- ZLIHU\�:RPHQV�+HDOWK�����������²����>3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

������5REHUWVRQ�%��$\FRFN�'0��'DUQHOO�/$��&RPSDULVRQ�RI�FHQ-tering pregnancy to traditional care in Hispanic mothers. Matern Child Health J 2009;13:407–14. >3XE0HG@�A

������5HSNH� -7��3RZHU�0/��+RO]PDQ�*%��6FKXONLQ� -��+\SHU� WHQVLRQ� LQ� SUHJQDQF\� DQG� SUHHFODPSVLD�� .QRZOHGJH� and clinical practice among obstetrician-gynecologists. J Reprod Med 2002;47:472–6.�>3XE0HG@ A

31. Preeclampsia Foundation Our Stories. Melbourne (FL): Preeclampsia Foundation; 2013. Available at: http://www.preeclampsia.org/get-support/our-stories. Retrieved )HEUXDU\�����������A

32. Sibai BM. Etiology and management of postpartum hypertension-preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:470–5. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

�����$JDUZDO� 1�� +DQVEHUU\� '5�� 6DERXULQ� 9�� 7RPHO� ./�� Prestigiocomo CJ. A comparative analysis of the quality of patient education materials from medical specialties. JAMA Intern Med 2013;173:1257–9. >3XE0HG@ [Full 7H[W@ A

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State of the Science and Research Recommendations

CHAPTER10

An important charge of the American Col-lege of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy was to review the state of the science and

to develop corresponding research recommendations relating to management of hypertension during preg-QDQF\��7KH� ODVW� VXFK� IRUPDO� UHYLHZ�RI� VFLHQWLÀF�GDWD�dates back to the National High Blood Pressure Ed-ucation Program’s presentation in 2000 (1). Summa-rized as follows is the progress of research from 2000 WKURXJK�������ZLWK�VXJJHVWHG�DUHDV�LQ�ZKLFK�IRFXVHG�investigations are needed or should continue.

Fundamental Advances in the Understanding of Preeclampsia3UHHFODPSVLD�� DW� OHDVW� HDUO\�RQVHW� SUHHFODPSVLD�� LV�believed to evolve in two stages (2–7���7KH�ÀUVW�VWDJH�(less than 20 weeks of gestation) involves poor placen-WDWLRQ��DW�ZKLFK�WLPH�WKHUH�DUH�QHLWKHU�VLJQV�QRU�V\PS-toms of the disorder. The second stage involves the FRQVHTXHQFHV�RI�SRRU�SODFHQWDWLRQ��SUREDEO\�HYRNHG�E\�UHODWLYH� SODFHQWDO� K\SR[LD� DQG� K\SR[LD� UHSHUIXVLRQ��resulting in a damaged syncytium and limited fetal JURZWK��ZLWK�WKHVH�DQG�RWKHU�HYHQWV�OHDGLQJ�WR�WKH�FOLQ-LFDO�ÀQGLQJV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��7KH�OLQN�EHWZHHQ�WKH�UHO-DWLYHO\� K\SR[LF� SODFHQWD� DQG� WKH�PDWHUQDO� V\QGURPH�

LQFOXGHV�D�FDVFDGH�RI�VHFRQGDU\�HŲHFWRU�PHFKDQLVPV��including altered proangiogenic and antiangiogenic IDFWRU�EDODQFH��LQFUHDVHG�PDWHUQDO�R[LGDWLYH�VWUHVV��DQG�HQGRWKHOLDO�DQG�LPPXQRORJLFDO�G\VIXQFWLRQ���������)XU-ther elucidation of these mechanisms will hopefully lead to a more complete understanding of the patho-SK\VLRORJ\�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�WR�VSHFLÀF�DQG�VXFFHVV-ful therapeutic intervention.

$EQRUPDO�,PSODQWDWLRQ�DQG�9DVFXORJHQHVLV�Although the underlying molecular mechanisms that OHDG� WR� WKH�SUHHFODPSVLD� V\QGURPH�DUH�QRW� FOHDU�� D�PDMRU�PHFKDQLVP�LV�EHOLHYHG�WR�EH�SODFHQWDO�LQVXű-ciency due to inadequate remodeling of the maternal vasculature perfusing the intervillous space. During QRUPDO� SUHJQDQF\�� IHWDOO\� GHULYHG� F\WRWURSKREODVWV�LQYDGH�WKH�PDWHUQDO�XWHULQH�VSLUDO�DUWHULHV��UHSODFLQJ�WKHLU�HQGRWKHOLXP��DQG�GLŲHUHQWLDWLQJ�LQWR�DQ�HQGR-thelial-like phenotype (8��� 7KLV� FRPSOH[� SURFHVV�UHVXOWV� LQ� D� FRQYHUVLRQ� RI� WKH� KLJK�UHVLVWDQFH��VPDOO�GLDPHWHU� YHVVHOV� LQWR� KLJK�FDSDFLWDQFH�� ORZ� resistance vessels and ensures adequate delivery of maternal blood to the developing uteroplacental unit. In the woman destined to develop preeclamp-VLD��SRRUO\�XQGHUVWRRG�HUURUV�LQ�WKLV�FDUHIXOO\�RUFKHV-trated scheme lead to inadequate delivery of blood to the developing uteroplacental unit and increase the

79

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80 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

GHJUHH�RI�K\SR[HPLD�DQG�R[LGDWLYH�DQG�HQGRSODVPLF�reticulum stress.7KH�H[DFW�PHFKDQLVPV� UHVSRQVLEOH� IRU� WKH�DEQRU-

mal trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling in SUHHFODPSVLD�DUH�XQFOHDU��EXW�D�VHULHV�RI�VWXGLHV�KDYH�now appeared that are enhancing the understanding of these important adaptations and of potential mech-anisms that may lead to maladaptations (2–7). In RQH� VWXG\�� UHVHDUFKHV� SURYLGHG� HYLGHQFH� WKDW� 1RWFK�signaling may be a crucial component of the process whereby fetal trophoblast cells invade and remodel maternal blood vessels (9). They reported that failure of this physiologic transformation in the absence of Notch2 is associated with reduced vessel diameter and SODFHQWDO� SHUIXVLRQ�� 7KHLU� ÀQGLQJV� WKDW� SHULYDVFXODU�DQG�HQGRYDVFXODU�F\WRWURSKREODVWV�RIWHQ�IDLO�WR�H[SUHVV�WKH�1RWFK�OLJDQG��JAG1, in preeclampsia provides fur-ther evidence that defects in Notch signaling may be an important part of the pathogenesis of this preg- nancy complication.

Other studies also have suggested that variability of immune system genes that code for major histocom-SDWLELOLW\�FRPSOH[�PROHFXOHV�DQG�QDWXUDO�NLOOHU�UHFHS-WRUV� DOVR�PD\� DŲHFW� KXPDQ� SODFHQWDWLRQ� �10). They UHSRUWHG�WKDW�VSHFLÀF�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�IHWDO�PDMRU�KLV-WRFRPSDWLELOLW\�FRPSOH[�PROHFXOHV�DQG�PDWHUQDO�QDWX-ral killer receptor genes in humans correlate with the ULVN�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��UHFXUUHQW�PLVFDUULDJH��DQG�IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ��5HVHDUFKHUV�KDYH�EHJXQ�WR�H[SORUH�WKH� VLPLODULWLHV� DQG� GLŲHUHQFHV� EHWZHHQ� KXPDQ� DQG�mice natural killer cells and potential trophoblast ligands with the aim of developing mouse models that will elucidate how natural killer cell–trophoblast inter-actions contribute to placentation.6WXGLHV� OLNH� WKH� DIRUHPHQWLRQHG� VWXGLHV�� KDYH�

established abnormalities in vasculogenic and angio-genic signaling pathways as important candidates to H[SODLQ�PHFKDQLVPV�E\�ZKLFK�SODFHQWDWLRQ�JRHV�DZU\�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��OHDGLQJ�WKH�WDVN�IRUFH�WR�VWURQJO\�UHF-ommend the need for more emphasis on the study of placentation during pregnancy and preeclampsia. Although genetic manipulation in mouse models can be an important tool in providing insights into the pro-FHVV� RI� SODFHQWDWLRQ�� WKH� SODFHQWDV� RI� WKHVH� DQLPDOV�GLŲHU�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�IURP�WKRVH�LQ�ZRPHQ��XQGHUVFRULQJ�D�FULWLFDO�QHHG�WR�SHUIRUP�VXFK�UHVHDUFK�LQ�SULPDWHV��where placentation is similar to that in humans. ,Q� DGGLWLRQ�� XVH� RI� VWDWH�RI�WKH�DUW� WHFKQRORJLHV� DQG�H[SHULPHQWDO�DSSURDFKHV�VXFK�DV�JHQRPLF��SURWHRPLF��PHWDERORPLF��DQG�PLFUR51$�DQDO\VHV�VKRXOG�SURYLGH�new and important information regarding molecular pathways involved in the process of placentation.

(QGRWKHOLDO�$FWLYDWLRQ�DQG�'\VIXQFWLRQ�The maternal vascular endothelium of women destined to develop preeclampsia appears to be an important tar-get of factors that are presumably generated through SODFHQWDO�LVFKHPLD�DQG�K\SR[LD��������11). The vascular HQGRWKHOLXP�KDV�PDQ\�LPSRUWDQW�IXQFWLRQV��LQFOXGLQJ�control of smooth muscle tone through the release of vasoconstrictors and vasodilators and the regulation of DQWLFRDJXODWLRQ��DQWLSODWHOHW��DQG�ÀEULQRO\WLF�IXQFWLRQV�E\�UHOHDVH�RI�GLŲHUHQW�VROXEOH�IDFWRUV��$OWHUDWLRQV�LQ�WKH�circulating concentration of many markers of endo- thelial dysfunction have been reported in women that GHYHORS�SUHHFODPSVLD�������������7KLV�VXJJHVWV�WKDW�WKH�disease is an endothelial cell disorder. The fact that this endothelial dysfunction can be demonstrated before overt disease supports a causal role.0DWHUQDO� VWDWXV� PD\� LQÁXHQFH� WKH� HQGRWKHOLDO�

response to factors triggered by placental ischemia and K\SR[LD�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��7KHUH�LV�FRPSHOOLQJ�HYLGHQFH��IRU�H[DPSOH�� WKDW�REHVLW\��D�PDMRU�HSLGHPLF� LQ�GHYHO-RSHG�FRXQWULHV��LQFOXGLQJ�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV��LQFUHDVHV�WKH�ULVN�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��$�ERG\�PDVV�LQGH[��FDOFXODWHG�as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared) characteristic of obesity (greater than 39) increases this risk threefold (12). Despite this and PDQ\�RWKHU�VWXGLHV�OLQNLQJ�REHVLW\�WR�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�pathophysiologic mechanisms whereby obesity in- creases the risk of developing preeclampsia are unclear. 7KXV��IXUWKHU�UHVHDUFK�LQWR�KRZ�REHVLW\�DQG�PHWDEROLF�IDFWRUV� VXFK� DV� OHSWLQ�� LQVXOLQ�� DQG� IUHH� IDWW\� DFLGV��DŲHFW�WKH�YDULRXV�VWDJHV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�ZDUUDQWHG�

)DFWRUV�/LQNLQJ�3ODFHQWDO�,VFKHPLD�DQG� +\SR[LD�:LWK�WKH�0DWHUQDO�6\QGURPH

Angiogenic Factors ,Q� UHVSRQVH� WR�SODFHQWDO�K\SR[LD�� WKH�SODFHQWD� LV�SUR-posed to produce pathogenic factors that enter the maternal blood stream and are responsible for the endo-thelial dysfunction and other clinical manifestations of the disorder. A variety of molecules are released but DPRQJVW� WKHP�� DQWLDQJLRJHQLF� DQG� DXWRLPPXQH� RU�LQÁDPPDWRU\�IDFWRUV�KDYH�UHFHQWO\�UHFHLYHG�WKH�JUHDWHVW�attention (13��14���,Q�WKHVH�UHVSHFWV��SHUKDSV�WKH�PRVW�intensely studied pathway in the manifestation of pre-eclampsia is that related to vascular endothelial growth IDFWRU� �9(*)�� VLJQDOLQJ�� 9DVFXODU� HQGRWKHOLDO� JURZWK�IDFWRU� DQG� SODFHQWDO� JURZWK� IDFWRU� �3O*)����� EHVLGHV�WKHLU� UROH� LQ� DQJLRJHQHVLV�� DOVR� DUH� LPSRUWDQW� LQ� WKH�maintenance of proper endothelial cell function. This signaling pathway came to prominence with the discov-ery of elevated circulating and placental concentrations RI�WKH�VROXEOH�IRUP�RI�WKH�9(*)�UHFHSWRU�)OW����V)OW�����

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STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 81

7KH�VROXEOH�IRUP�RI�WKH�9(*)�UHFHSWRU�)OW���LV�D�FLUFXODW-LQJ�VROXEOH�UHFHSWRU�IRU�ERWK�9(*)�DQG�3O*)��WKDW�ZKHQ�increased in maternal plasma leads to less circulating IUHH�9(*)�DQG�IUHH�3O*)��WKXV�SUHYHQWLQJ�WKHLU�DYDLODELO-ity to stimulate angiogenesis and maintain endothelial LQWHJULW\��,Q�WKH�NLGQH\��WKLV�LQDFWLYDWLRQ�RI�IUHH�9(*)�LV�believed to cause glomerular endotheliosis with conse-TXHQW�SURWHLQXULD�����������6WXGLHV�RI�WKH�UHJXODWLRQ�RI�sFlt-1 in cell culture and placental tissue in vitro have demonstrated that sFlt-1 is released from placental villi DQG�WURSKREODVW�FHOOV�LQ�UHVSRQVH�WR�UHGXFHG�R[\JHQ�WHQ-sion similar to that seen in an ischemic placenta. A promising pilot study demonstrated that sFlt-1 could be removed from the maternal circulation by apheresis VDIHO\�� DQG� WKDW� WKLV� WKHUDS\� UHGXFHG� ERWK� EORRG� SUHVVXUH� �%3�� DQG� SURWHLQXULD�� ZLWK� D� WUHQG� WRZDUG�increased gestational duration (15).

Although compelling data derived from animal and human studies suggest an important role for angio- genic imbalance in the pathophysiology of preeclamp-VLD��WKHUH�DUH�PDQ\�XQDQVZHUHG�TXHVWLRQV�DQG�PDQ\�RSSRUWXQLWLHV� IRU� IXWXUH� UHVHDUFK�� )RU� H[DPSOH�� WKH�molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of sFlt-1 production have yet to be fully elucidated. More-RYHU��DOWKRXJK�V)OW���DSSHDUV�WR�SOD\�DQ�LPSRUWDQW�UROH�LQ�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��VSHFLÀF�LQKLELWRUV�RI�V)W���SURGXFWLRQ�DUH�QRW�DYDLODEOH�DW�WKLV�WLPH��7KXV��UHVHDUFK� LQWR� WKH�GLVFRYHU\�RI� LQKLELWRUV�RI� V)OW����RU�ZD\V� WR� VWLPXODWH� JUHDWHU� SURGXFWLRQ� RI� 9(*)� DQG�3O*)��LV�RI�FULWLFDO�LPSRUWDQFH�

,PPXQH�)DFWRUV�DQG�,QÁDPPDWLRQ�One of the earliest and most persistent theories about the origins of preeclampsia was that it is a disorder of LPPXQLW\�DQG�LQÁDPPDWLRQ��16). Of interest is work WKDW� VXJJHVWV� WKH� LQÁDPPDWRU\� UHVSRQVH� LV� WULJJHUHG�by particles shed from the syncytial surface of the human placenta ranging from large deported multinu-clear fragments to subcellular components. These cir-culating particles are increased in preeclampsia. In this UHVSHFW��UHVHDUFKHUV�KDYH�SURSRVHG�WKDW�WKH�IUDJPHQWV�LQFOXGH�SURLQÁDPPDWRU\�SURWHLQV�WKDW�PD\�FRQWULEXWH�WR�WKH�V\VWHPLF�LQÁDPPDWRU\�UHVSRQVH�LQ�QRUPDO�SUHJ-QDQF\�DQG�WKH�H[DJJHUDWHG�LQÁDPPDWRU\�UHVSRQVH�LQ�preeclampsia (16). There is new evidence from the same researchers of a large hidden population of PLFURYHVLFOHV�DQG�QDQRYHVLFOHV��LQFOXGLQJ�H[RVRPHV���not easily studied because of their small size (17). Using nanoparticle tracking analysis to measure the size and concentration of syncytiotrophoblast vesicles SUHSDUHG�E\�SODFHQWDO�SHUIXVLRQ��WKH\�IRXQG�WKDW�YHVL-cles range in size from 50 nanometers to 1 micrometer ZLWK� WKH� PDMRULW\� EHLQJ� OHVV� WKDQ� ���� QDQRPHWHUV��

ZKLFK� LQFOXGHV� ERWK� H[RVRPHV� DQG� PLFURYHVLFOHV��7KH\�VSHFXODWH�WKDW�FKDQJHV�QRW�RQO\�LQ�WKH�QXPEHUV��EXW�DOVR�LQ�WKH�VL]H��EHQHÀFLDO�V\QF\WLRWURSKREODVW�H[R-VRPHV�DQG�KDUPIXO�PLFURYHVLFOHV���PLJKW�EH�LPSRUWDQW�in the maternal syndrome of preeclampsia.

Another area related to the immune component of preeclampsia is research relating to the agonistic anti-body AT1-AA (18��19���7KHVH�DXWRDQWLERGLHV��LVRODWHG�more than a decade ago in women who had preeclamp-VLD�� KDYH� EHHQ� VWXGLHG� PRUH� LQWHQVLYHO\� UHFHQWO\�� LQFOXGLQJ�WKHLU�LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�LQ�WKH�FLUFXODWLRQ�RI�UDWV�undergoing placental ischemia. These antibodies appear to be induced by the production of the cyto-NLQH��WXPRU�QHFURVLV�IDFWRU��71)��α because infusion of TNF-α into pregnant rats also results in production of the antibody at concentrations comparable to that seen in pregnant women with preeclampsia and the Reduced Uterine Perfusion Pressure (RUPP) rat (20). It also has been demonstrated that infusion of AT1-AA directly into pregnant rats results in moderate hyper-WHQVLRQ��+RZHYHU��WKH�SDWKRJHQLF�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�WKHVH�antibodies remains to be fully elucidated because their presence has been noted postpartum in a subset of patients who had preeclampsia with no discernible SKHQRW\SH�� )XUWKHU� VWXGLHV� DUH� QHHGHG�� LQFOXGLQJ�determining how these unique antibodies are produced and how they interact with the other pathogenic agents in preeclampsia to produce the clinical phenotype.

(QGRWKHOLQThere is growing evidence to suggest an important role for endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathophysiology of SUHHFODPSVLD��*LYHQ�WKH�P\ULDG�H[SHULPHQWDO�PRGHOV�RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� �SODFHQWDO� LVFKHPLD�� V)OW��� LQIXVLRQ��TNF-α� LQIXVLRQ�� DQG� $7��$$� LQIXVLRQ�� WKDW� KDYH�proved susceptible to ETA�DQWDJRQLVP��FRXOG�WKH�(7���system be a potential therapeutic target for the treat-ment of preeclampsia (21)? Because there is evidence that interfering with the ETA receptor in early animal pregnancy may abort the pregnancy or lead to devel-RSPHQWDO�DQRPDOLHV��UHVHDUFK�KHUH�VKRXOG�IRFXV�ODWHU�in gestation where ETA-receptor antagonists might SURYH� VDIH� DQG� HűFDFLRXV�� ZKLFK� LV� VWDUWHG� ZKHQ� V\PSWRPV�DSSHDU��$OWHUQDWLYHO\��GHYHORSPHQW�RI�(7A- UHFHSWRU�DQWDJRQLVWV��ZKLFK�GR�QRW�FURVV�WKH�SODFHQWDO�EDUULHU�� ZRXOG� EH� ZHOFRPH�� 5HVHDUFKHUV� UHFHQWO\�reported that a selective ETA-receptor antagonist had limited access to the fetal compartment during chronic maternal administration late in pregnancy (22).

1LWULF�2[LGH�6WXGLHV�KDYH�VXJJHVWHG�LPSRUWDQW�UROHV�IRU�QLWULF�R[LGH�as a regulator of arterial pressure under various physi-

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82 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

RORJLF�DQG�SDWKRSK\VLRORJLF�FRQGLWLRQV������1LWULF�R[LGH��SURGXFWLRQ�LV�HOHYDWHG�LQ�QRUPDO�SUHJQDQF\��DQG�WKHVH�increments appear to play an important role in the vaso-GLODWDWLRQ� RI� SUHJQDQF\�� 7KXV�� LW� ZDV� SRVWXODWHG� WKDW�QLWULF� R[LGH� GHÀFLHQF\� GXULQJ� SUHHFODPSVLD�PLJKW� EH�involved in the disease process. Studies from several ODERUDWRULHV�KDYH� IRXQG� WKDW�FKURQLF�QLWULF�R[LGH�V\Q-thase inhibition in pregnant rats produces hypertension DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�SHULSKHUDO�DQG�UHQDO�YDVRFRQVWULFWLRQ��SURWHLQXULD�� LQWUDXWHULQH� JURZWK� UHVWULFWLRQ�� DQG� LQ� FUHDVHG�IHWDO�PRUELGLW\��D�SDWWHUQ�UHVHPEOLQJ�WKH�ÀQG-LQJV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD������+RZHYHU��ZKHWKHU�WKHUH�LV�D�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�QLWULF�R[LGH�SURGXFWLRQ�GXULQJ�SUHHFODPS-sia is controversial. Much of the uncertainty originates IURP�WKH�GLűFXOW\� LQ�GLUHFWO\�DVVHVVLQJ� WKH�DFWLYLW\�RI�WKH�QLWULF�R[LGH�V\VWHP�LQ�D�FOLQLFDO�VHWWLQJ��$VVHVVPHQW�RI�ZKROH�ERG\�QLWULF�R[LGH�SURGXFWLRQ�E\�PHDVXUHPHQW�RI����KRXU�QLWUDWH²QLWULWH�H[FUHWLRQ�KDV�\LHOGHG�YDULDEOH�UHVXOWV�EHFDXVH�RI�GLűFXOWLHV�LQ�FRQWUROOLQJ�IRU�IDFWRUV�VXFK�DV�QLWUDWH�LQWDNH��WKXV��WKH�UHODWLYH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�QLWULF�R[LGH�GHÀFLHQF\�LQ�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�SUHHFODPS-sia has yet to be fully elucidated.

2[LGDWLYH�DQG�(QGRSODVPLF�5HWLFXOXP�6WUHVV�2[LGDWLYH� VWUHVV� DOVR� KDV� EHHQ� LPSOLFDWHG� LQ� SUH-eclampsia because increased concentration of several R[LGDWLYH�VWUHVV�PDUNHUV�DOVR�KDYH�EHHQ�UHSRUWHG�V\V-WHPLFDOO\� LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD��DPRQJ�WKHVH�SHUR[\QLWULWHV��23��24���3HUR[\QLWULWH�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�LQ�vascular endothelium were much higher in women with preeclampsia compared with women with nor-PDO�SUHJQDQFLHV�� FRQFXUUHQW�ZLWK�GHFUHDVHG�FRQFHQ-WUDWLRQV� RI� VXSHUR[LGH� GLVPXWDVH� DQG� QLWULF� R[LGH�synthase (25���7KHUH�DOVR�LV�HYLGHQFH�RI�LQFUHDVHG�R[L-dative stress during gestation in the RUPP rat hyper-WHQVLYH� PRGHO�� VXJJHVWLQJ� D� OLQN� EHWZHHQ� SODFHQWDO�LVFKHPLD�DQG�K\SR[LD�ZLWK�WKH�SURGXFWLRQ�RI�UHDFWLYH�R[\JHQ�VSHFLHV������7UHDWLQJ�WKLV�PRGHO�ZLWK�WZR�GLI-IHUHQW�DQWLR[LGDQWV�����YLWDPLQ�&�DQG����YLWDPLQ�(��KDG�QR�HŲHFW�RQ�WKH�JHVWDWLRQDO�K\SHUWHQVLRQ��7KH�VXSHU-R[LGH�GLVPXWDVH�PLPHWLF�GUXJ�� WHPSRO��KRZHYHU�� OHG�WR�VLJQLÀFDQW�DWWHQXDWLRQ�RI�WKH�K\SHUWHQVLYH�UHVSRQVH��,Q�D�UHODWHG�VWXG\��DGPLQLVWUDWLRQ�RI�WKH�UHGXFHG�IRUP�RI� QLFRWLQDPLGH� DGHQLQH� GLQXFOHRWLGH� SKRVSDWH� R[L-GDVH�LQKLELWRU��DSRF\QLQ��DOVR�VLJQLÀFDQWO\�DWWHQXDWHG�5833�LQGXFHG� JHVWDWLRQDO� K\SHUWHQVLRQ�� LPSOLFDWLQJ�that enzyme as an important source of pathogenic UHDFWLYH�R[\JHQ�VSHFLHV�LQ�WKH�5833�DQLPDO������)DLO-XUH�RI�WKH�GUXJ�WR�IXOO\�QRUPDOL]H�%3��KRZHYHU��OHDYHV�RSHQ� WKH� SRVVLELOLW\� WKDW� DOWHUQDWLYH� UHDFWLYH� R[\JHQ�species production pathways are at work in the RUPP model. Further studies into the mechanism of reactive R[\JHQ� VSHFLHV� SURGXFWLRQ� LQ� DQLPDO�PRGHOV� RI� SUH-

eclampsia should help shed further light into the LPSRUWDQFH�RI�R[LGDWLYH�VWUHVV�LQ�WKH�SDWKRSK\VLRORJ\�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�DQG�SHUKDSV�DOORZ�WKH� LGHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�XVHIXO�DQWLR[LGDQW�VWUDWHJLHV��,W�UHPDLQV�WR�EH�VHHQ�ZKHWKHU� UHDFWLYH�R[\JHQ� VSHFLHV�SURGXFWLRQ� LV�D�SUL-mary or secondary cause of preeclampsia pathophysi-RORJ\��DQG�KRZ�HŲHFWLYH�PDQLSXODWLRQ�RI� WKH�V\VWHP�ZLOO�EH�LQ�WKH�VHDUFK�IRU�HŲHFWLYH�WKHUDSLHV�7KHUH�DOVR�DSSHDUV�WR�EH�DQ�H[FHVV�RI�HQGRSODVPLF�

reticulum stress in placentas from women with early- onset preeclampsia (26). Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates a number of signaling pathways aimed at restoring homeostasis. Researchers have proposed that this homeostatic mechanism fails and apoptotic path-ways are activated to alter placental function in women who develop preeclampsia (26). In addition FKURQLF�� ORZ�FRQFHQWUDWLRQV�RI�HQGRSODVPLF�UHWLFXOXP�stress during the second trimester and third trimester may result in a growth restricted phenotype. They also propose that higher concentrations of endoplasmic UHWLFXOXP�VWUHVV�OHDG�WR�DFWLYDWLRQ�RI�SURLQÁDPPDWRU\�pathways that may contribute to maternal endothelial cell activation. Although endoplasmic reticulum stress LV�NQRZQ�WR�RFFXU�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��WKH�LPSRUWDQFH�RI�this abnormality in the pathophysiology has yet to be fully elucidated.

+HPHR[\JHQDVH,W� DOVR� DSSHDUV� WKDW� WKH� VWUHVV� UHVSRQVH�JHQH��KHPH��R[\JHQDVH����+2�����DQG�LWV�FDWDO\WLF�SURGXFW��FDUERQ�PRQR[LGH�DOVR�PD\�EH�LQYROYHG�LQ�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�preeclampsia (27). Genetic or pharmacologic block-ade of HO-1 in pregnant animals lead to preeclampsia- like phenotypes (27). It also appears that induction of WKH�+2���JHQH�PD\�EH�LQYROYHG�DQG��WKXV��WKLV�WRR�LV�DQ�DUHD� LQ�ZKLFK� WR�H[SORUH� WKHUDSHXWLF�DSSURDFKHV��There are several lines of evidence that HO-1 and its catalytic products may protect against the progression of preeclampsia by interfering at sites in the pathway WKDW� OLQNV� SODFHQWDO� K\SR[LD� DQG� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� �28–30���2I�LQWHUHVW��LQ�WKLV�UHVSHFW��DUH�VWXGLHV�VXJJHVWLQJ�WKDW�FRPEXVWLRQ�SURGXFWV�RI�WREDFFR��VXFK�DV�FDUERQ�PRQR[LGH�� UHGXFH� WKH� ULVN� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� E\�PRUH�WKDQ�����������,Q�DGGLWLRQ��71)�α mediated cellular GDPDJH�LQ�SODFHQWDO�YLOORXV�H[SODQWV�FDQ�EH�SUHYHQWHG�by up-regulating HO-1 enzyme activity (28). Heme R[\JHQDVH�SDWKZD\V�KDYH�DOVR�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�LQKLELW�the release of sFlt-1 in several in vitro models (30). Induction of the HO-1 enzyme or chronic administra-tion of HO-1 metabolites have also been reported to ameliorate hypertension in several animal models of hypertension that involve BP regulatory factors similar to that observed in women with preeclampsia. More

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STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 83

compelling evidence that supports the concept that HO-1 and its catalytic products may protect against the progression of preeclampsia are data that indicate that chronic administration of an HO-1 enzyme inducer �FREDOW�SURWRSRUSK\ULQ�,;�FKORULGH��RU�FDUERQ�PRQR[-LGH� UHOHDVLQJ� PROHFXOH�$�� VLJQLÀFDQWO\� DWWHQXDWHV�hypertension in response to placental ischemia (31). 7KHVH�ÀQGLQJV��WDNHQ�WRJHWKHU��PDNH�KHPH�R[\JHQDVH�a potential target for studies to improve the treatment RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��,Q�WKLV�UHVSHFW��WKH�FDUGLRYDVFXODU��&9��GUXJV�� VWDWLQV�� KDYH� EHHQ� VKRZQ� WR� VWLPXODWH� +2���H[SUHVVLRQ�DQG�LQKLELW�V)OW���UHOHDVH�LQ�YLYR�DQG�LQ�YLWUR��WKXV��WKH\�KDYH�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�WR�DPHOLRUDWH�HDUO\�RQVHW�preeclampsia. The pavaStatin to Ameliorate Early Onset Pre-eclampsia trial is underway to address this DQG��LI�SRVLWLYH��LWV�RXWFRPH�FRXOG�OHDG�WR�WKHUDSHXWLF�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�WR�SURORQJ�DŲHFWHG�SUHJQDQFLHV�

Summary of Fundamental Research Recommendations by the Task Force$V�QRWHG�� WKHUH�KDV�EHHQ�HQRUPRXV�SURJUHVV� WRZDUG�understanding the pathophysiology of preeclampsia GXULQJ�WKH�SDVW�WZR�GHFDGHV��EXW�PDQ\�XQUHVROYHG�DQG�critical questions remain. The full elucidation of the molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the various stages of the disease process will hopefully lead to a more complete understanding of the etiology of preeclampsia and eventually lead to successful ther-apeutic intervention through the targeted disruption of new and novel pathways. As follows are basic sci-ence research recommendations to attempt to resolve VRPH�RI�WKHVH�XQVROYHG�TXHVWLRQV�RYHU�WKH�QH[W�VHYHUDO�years:

�� 0RUH� UHVHDUFK� RQ� WKH� VWXG\� RI� SODFHQWDWLRQ�� LQ� cluding immunological abnormalities and abnor-malities of angiogenic signaling pathways during SUHJQDQF\�DQG�SUHHFODPSVLD��LV�QHHGHG�

• Continued research on the role of genetic and epi-genetic factors in preeclampsia is warranted.

• Research on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors also is needed.

• Research into the discovery of novel inhibitors of sFlt-1 is of critical importance.

• Further development of animal models is needed.

$GYDQFHV�LQ�&OLQLFDO�5HVHDUFKClinical research stimulated by and performed follow-ing the last National High Blood Pressure Education Program report also has led to important advances in

WKH� PDQDJHPHQW� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� &RJHQW� H[DPSOHV�are the clinical trials of magnesium sulfate to prevent and treat eclampsia that resolved decades of contro-versy. Obstetricians in the United Sates used magne-sium sulfate for almost 70 years with little attention from other parts of the world and with scorn from the QHXURORJLFDO�FRPPXQLW\��+RZHYHU��VWXGLHV�LQ�WKH�SDVW�two decades have now established that magnesium VXOIDWH�FDQ�EH�XVHG�VDIHO\��LQFOXGLQJ�DGPLQLVWHULQJ�LW�LQ�developing countries. Magnesium sulfate therapy was shown to be superior to phenytoin or diazepam for WUHDWLQJ�HFODPSVLD�DQG�LV�PRUH�HŲHFWLYH�WKDQ�SKHQ\WR-in or placebo for preventing preeclampsia (32–34). 7KLV�KDV�KDG�D�PDMRU� HŲHFW�RQ�PRGLI\LQJ� WUHDWPHQW�outside the United States. In the United States magne-sium sulfate is accepted as the drug of choice but the answer to the question of whom to treat remains XQFOHDU�� ,Q�&KDSWHU��� ´Management of Preeclampsia and HELLP Syndrome�µ�WKH�DYDLODEOH�GDWD�DUH�UHYLHZHG�and recommendations are made to guide rational use of the drug. $W� WLPHV� HPSLULFDOO\� JXLGHG�� EXW� DOVR� JXLGHG� E\�

UHVHDUFK�UHVXOWV��D�SOHWKRUD�RI�SRWHQWLDO�SUHGLFWLYH�WHVWV�KDYH�EHHQ�H[DPLQHG��1RQH�RI�WKHVH�KDYH�EHHQ�VKRZQ�WR�EH�FOLQLFDOO\�XVHIXO��DOWKRXJK�FXUUHQW�LQYHVWLJDWLRQV�using combinations of tests has engendered cautious optimism that clinically useful ways to predict pre-eclampsia may be on the horizon (35�� 36). In this UHVSHFW��WKH�XVH�RI�FRPELQDWLRQV�RI�DQDO\WHV�DQG�ELR-SK\VLFDO�WHVWLQJ��HJ��XWHULQH�DUWHU\�'RSSOHU�YHORFLPH-try) has encouraging preliminary results (35).

Prevention is another critical focus of clinical stud-LHV�� 6HYHUDO� VWUDWHJLHV� KDYH� EHHQ� WHVWHG�� UHWHVWHG�� RU�UHDQDO\]HG�ZLWK��DW�EHVW��PLQLPDO�HYLGHQFH�RI�VXFFHVV��The latest entry into prevention testing was the use of DQWLR[LGDQW�YLWDPLQV��7KH�SUHVHQFH�RI�R[LGDWLYH�VWUHVV�in preeclampsia has been evident for many years in multiple tissues (although there has been some contro- versy) (37��38). By the late 1990s the evidence seemed VXűFLHQW�WR�ZDUUDQW�D�WULDO�RI�WKH�DQWLR[LGDQWV�YLWDPLQ�&�DQG�YLWDPLQ�(��WR�PRGLI\�WKH�SDWKRSK\VLRORJ\�RI�SUH-HFODPSVLD��,Q�D�VPDOO�SLORW�VWXG\��SHUIRUPHG�LQ�(QJODQG��vitamin C and vitamin E were administered in phar-PDFRORJLF�GRVHV��IDU�H[FHHGLQJ�WKRVH�SUHVHQW�LQ�SUHQD-tal vitamins) with the intent of reducing evidence of endothelial activation (39���$QWLR[LGDQW�YLWDPLQ�WUHDW-ment was associated not only with reduced endothe- OLDO� DFWLYDWLRQ�DQG� UHGXFHG�R[LGDWLYH� VWUHVV�� EXW� DOVR�ZLWK�D� VLJQLÀFDQW� UHGXFWLRQ� LQ� WKH� IUHTXHQF\�RI�SUH-HFODPSVLD�� 7KH� ÀQGLQJV� VWLPXODWHG� ODUJH� WULDOV� LQ�(QJODQG��&DQDGD��$XVWUDOLD��DQG�WKH�8QLWHG�6WDWHV�DQG�in developing countries. Both low-risk and high-risk ZRPHQ�ZHUH� VWXGLHG�� +RZHYHU�� QRQH� RI� WKH� VWXGLHV�

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GHPRQVWUDWHG�DQ\�HYLGHQFH�RI�D�EHQHÀFLDO�HŲHFW��40). :KHWKHU�WKH�ODFN�RI�VXFFHVV�ZDV�GXH�WR�WLPLQJ��GRVDJH��RU�WKH�SDUWLFXODU�DQWLR[LGDQW�XVHG�LV�QRW�NQRZQ��EXW�LW�is clear that the use of vitamin C and vitamin E in unse-lected low-risk or high-risk women is not indicated for the prevention of preeclampsia.7KH�ÀQGLQJV�ZLWK�YLWDPLQ�&�DQG�YLWDPLQ�(�PLUURU�

WKH�ÀQGLQJV�RI�VWXGLHV�WKDW�XVHG�ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�DQG�FDOFLXP�WR�SUHYHQW�SUHHFODPSVLD��,Q�DOO�VWXGLHV��WKHVH�DJHQWV�ZHUH�VXFFHVVIXO�LQ�LQLWLDO�VPDOO�VWXGLHV��EXW�WKDW�success was not validated in larger trials (41–45). The PRVW�OLNHO\�H[SODQDWLRQ�IRU�WKLV�GLVFUHSDQF\�LV�WKDW�WKH�VPDOO� VWXGLHV� DUH� XQGHUSRZHUHG� DQG� UHÁHFW� SXEOLFD-WLRQ�ELDV��7KDW�LV��VPDOO�VWXGLHV�WKDW�DUH�VXFFHVVIXO�DUH�UHSRUWHG��ZKHUHDV� VPDOO� VWXGLHV� WKDW�GR�QRW� VXFFHHG�are not likely to be reported and published. There are other interesting possibilities. One treatment may not EH�HŲHFWLYH� IRU� DOO� FDVHV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��7KXV�� VXF-cesses in small studies in homogenous populations are QRW�VXEVWDQWLDWHG�LQ�ODUJHU�VWXGLHV��ZKLFK�FKDUDFWHULV-tically are not only larger but also more heterogeneous because they are usually performed in several centers. This was a consideration in the studies of calcium to prevent preeclampsia where the early small successful trials largely took place in developing countries where PDQ\� ZRPHQ� KDG� ORZ� FDOFLXP� LQWDNH�� ZKHUHDV� WKH�large unsuccessful trial was conducted in the United States where the vast majority of women had ade-TXDWH�FDOFLXP�LQWDNH�����������7KH�:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJD-nization tested this possibility in a study in which calcium was supplemented in pregnant women from populations known to have a low calcium intake (46). There was no reduction in the incidence of preeclamp-VLD�ZLWK�FDOFLXP�WUHDWPHQW��+RZHYHU��WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�VHYHUH� DGYHUVH� RXWFRPHV�� LQFOXGLQJ� HFODPSVLD� DQG�VHYHUH� K\SHUWHQVLRQ� ZDV� ORZHU�� )XUWKHU�� WUHDWPHQW�reduced a composite outcome of adverse maternal outcomes. Although the body of the calcium studies supports the concept of prevention with a particular DJHQW� EHLQJ� SHUWLQHQW� LQ� VRPH�� EXW� QRW� DOO�� SRSXOD-WLRQV��LW�DOVR�LQGLFDWHV�FDOFLXP�VXSSOHPHQWDWLRQ�LV�QRW�useful in a population with adequate calcium intake as occurs in the United States. $Q�DWWHPSW�ZDV�PDGH� WR� HYDOXDWH� WKH� HűFDF\� RI�

ORZ�GRVH� DVSLULQ� E\� PHWD�DQDO\VLV� RI� DSSUR[LPDWHO\�������� ZRPHQ� ZKR� KDG� EHHQ� LQFOXGHG� LQ� WULDOV� RI�aspirin to prevent preeclampsia. There was no evi-GHQFH�RI�VLJQLÀFDQW�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�DQ\�RI� WKH� ODUJH� LQGLYLGXDO� WULDOV�� +RZHYHU�� LQ� WKH�PHWD�DQDO\VLV� RI� WKLV� ODUJH� QXPEHU� RI� SDUWLFLSDQWV��WKHUH�ZDV�D�VLJQLÀFDQW�UHGXFWLRQ�LQ�WKH�IUHTXHQF\�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��SUHPDWXUH�ELUWKV��DQG�SHULQDWDO�PRUWDO-ity with low-dose aspirin therapy (47). Based on the

FDOFLXP� VXFFHVV�� LW� FRXOG� EH� SRVWXODWHG� WKDW� WKHUH�might be a subset of women with preeclampsia in ZKRP� ORZ�GRVH� DVSLULQ� WKHUDS\� ZRXOG� EH� HŲHFWLYH��7KLV�ZDV�VWXGLHG�XVLQJ�DQ�DSSURDFK�WHUPHG�´LQGLYLGX-DO�SDWLHQW�PHWD�DQDO\VLVµ�LQ�ZKLFK�WKH�GDWD�IURP�VWXG-LHV�DUH�EURXJKW�WRJHWKHU�IRU�UHDQDO\VLV��,Q�WKLV�VWXG\��LW�was not possible to identify any subset of patients in ZKRP�WKHUDS\�ZDV�XQLTXHO\�HŲHFWLYH��48). The study GLG� FRQÀUP� WKH� VLJQLÀFDQW� HŲHFWV� RI� DVSLULQ� WKHUDS\�reported in standard meta-analysis to prevent pre-HFODPSVLD�� DQG� WR� UHGXFH� SUHPDWXULW\� DQG� SHULQDWDO�PRUWDOLW\��+RZHYHU��WKH�HŲHFWV�RI�DVSLULQ�ZHUH�QRW�FOLQ-ically useful in these analyses because the usual preva-lence of preeclampsia in low-risk populations was �²����WKHUHIRUH������ZRPHQ�ZRXOG�QHHG�WR�EH�WUHDWHG�LQ�RUGHU�WR�SUHYHQW�RQH�FDVH�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD��+RZHYHU��it is important to remember that as the prevalence of a GLVHDVH�LQFUHDVHV��WKH�QXPEHU�RI�SDWLHQWV�QHFHVVDU\�WR�WUHDW�IRU�D�VXFFHVVIXO�RXWFRPH�UHGXFHV��7KXV��LQ�LQGL-YLGXDOV�ZKR�KDYH�SUHH[LVWLQJ�ULVN�IDFWRUV�WKDW�LQFUHDVH�SUHHFODPSVLD�SUHYDOHQFH�WR������LW�ZRXOG�RQO\�UHTXLUH�treating 50 patients to prevent one case of preeclamp-sia. For this reason the task force suggests low-dose DVSLULQ� SURSK\OD[LV� LQ� SDWLHQWV� DW� KLJK� ULVN� RI� SUH-HFODPSVLD�� 6SHFLÀFDOO\�� ORZ�GRVH� DVSLULQ� LV� UHFRP-PHQGHG�EHJLQQLQJ�ODWH�LQ�WKH�ÀUVW�WULPHVWHU�IRU�ZRPHQ�with a medical history of preeclampsia in more than one prior pregnancy or in whom preeclampsia in a prior pregnancy resulted in the birth of an infant at less than 34 weeks of gestation. These women have a SUHYDOHQFH� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD� RI� DW� OHDVW� ����� 7KXV��DSSUR[LPDWHO\����ZRPHQ�ZRXOG�QHHG�WR�EH�WUHDWHG�WR�SUHYHQW� RQH� FDVH� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� $GGLWLRQDOO\�� WKH�WUHDWPHQW�RI��������ZRPHQ�ZLWK�ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ�LQ�the numerous previous trials indicated no acute adverse outcomes for the woman or her infant. How-HYHU��WKHUH�LV�QR�LQIRUPDWLRQ�RQ�WKH�ORQJ�UDQJH�VDIHW\�RI�WKH�GUXJ��%DVHG�RQ�WKLV�LQIRUPDWLRQ��LW�ZRXOG�VHHP�reasonable to discuss the possibility of low-dose aspi-ULQ�WKHUDS\�ZLWK�DQ�LQGLYLGXDO�ZRPDQ�DW�OHVV�H[WUHPH�ULVN��SRLQWLQJ�RXW�WKH�SRWHQWLDO�EHQHÀW�WR�KHU�DQG�WKH�HVWDEOLVKHG� VDIHW\� RI� WKH� GUXJ� DFXWHO\�� EXW� DOVR� WKH�unknown long-term safety. The decision for therapy would then be based on the importance of these par-ticular factors to the particular woman.

Another possibility that arises from the failure of predictors to predict preeclampsia and therapy based on well-established pathophysiology to prevent pre-eclampsia is that preeclampsia may actually be more than one disease. This possibility certainly is supported E\�FOLQLFDO�DQG�HSLGHPLRORJLF�GDWD��ZKLFK�LQGLFDWH�SUR-IRXQGO\� GLŲHUHQW� HŲHFWV� RI� WKH� GLVRUGHU� LQ� GLŲHUHQW�ZRPHQ�DQG�DW�GLŲHUHQW�WLPHV�LQ�SUHJQDQF\�DQG�GLŲHU-

84 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

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STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 85

HQW�ORQJ�WHUP�&9�RXWFRPH�ZLWK�HDUO\�RQVHW�SUHHFODPS-sia and late-onset preeclampsia (49���7KXV�� WKH� WDVN�force encourages attempts to identify subtypes of pre-eclampsia as one of the targets for future research. The analogy of diabetes in which the disease is recognized as insulin-resistant or is insulinopenic with each subset WKDW� UHTXLUHV�GLŲHUHQW� WKHUDS\� LQGLFDWHV� WKH�YDOXH�RI�this approach. ,Q� D� FOLQLFDO� WULDO� SHUIRUPHG� LQ� WKH� 1HWKHUODQGV��

LQYHVWLJDWRUV�H[DPLQHG�ZKHWKHU�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�PLOG�preeclampsia or mild gestational hypertension (hyper-WHQVLRQ��EXW�QR�SURWHLQXULD��LW�LV�VDIHU�IRU�WKHP�WR�JLYH�birth at 37 weeks of gestation or it is safer to observe them (50). The study showed a reduction in adverse maternal outcomes with delivery at 37 weeks of gesta-tion compared with observation. There was no increase in neonatal morbidity. For this reason the task force recommends delivery at 37 weeks of gestation in women with mild preeclampsia and mild gestational K\SHUWHQVLRQ��1RQHWKHOHVV��WKLV�VWXG\�VKRXOG�EH�UHSOL-cated in a U.S. population.

A problem inherent in this recommendation must be resolved by future research. There is abundant evi-dence that gestational hypertension is not simply a PLOG� IRUP� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�� 7ZHQW\� ÀYH� SHUFHQW� RI�women in whom gestational hypertension is diag-nosed at 34 weeks of gestation will later develop pro-teinuria and thus preeclampsia (51). It also is likely that another portion of the women have preeclampsia without developing proteinuria by the time they give birth. Another portion of women with gestational hypertension have chronic hypertension that was masked by the decrease of BP in early pregnancy. +RZHYHU�� LW� LV�DOVR�HYLGHQW�WKHUH� LV�DQRWKHU�JURXS�RI�women with mild gestational hypertension in whom there is no risk other than hypertension. This is evident from studies of women with mild gestational hyper-WHQVLRQ�LQ�ZKRP��DV�WKH�FRPSRQHQWV�RI�WKH�V\QGURPH�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�GHFUHDVH��HJ��QR�HYLGHQFH�RI�K\SHUXUL-FHPLD�RU�DQ�LQFUHDVH�LQ�FHOOXODU�ÀEURQHFWLQ���WKH�OLNHOL-KRRG�RI�DGYHUVH�RXWFRPHV�LV�UHGXFHG�XQWLO�LW�LV�GLűFXOW�WR�GLŲHUHQWLDWH�WKHLU�RXWFRPH�IURP�WKDW�RI�QRUPRWHQ-sive women (52��53���7KXV��D�WDUJHW�IRU�UHVHDUFK�UHF-ommended by the task force is to develop tests that can be performed on women with gestational hyper-tension to predict the likelihood that they have or will proceed to preeclampsia or adverse outcome.)RU�PDQ\� \HDUV�� LW� KDV� EHHQ� HYLGHQW� WKDW�ZRPHQ�

ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�KDYH�DQ�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�&9�GLVHDVH�later in life. Recent epidemiological studies indicate WKLV� WR� EH� DQ� DSSUR[LPDWH� WZRIROG� LQFUHDVH� IRU� DOO�women with a history of preeclampsia (54���+RZHYHU��women with preeclampsia who give birth before 34

ZHHNV�RI�JHVWDWLRQ�KDYH�DQ��²���IROG� LQFUHDVHG�ULVN��and women with recurrent preeclampsia have an LQFUHDVH�LQ�GHDWK�IURP�&9�GLVHDVH�HDUOLHU�LQ�OLIH�WKDQ�ZRPHQ�ZKR�RQO\�KDYH�SUHHFODPSVLD�LQ�WKHLU�ÀUVW�SUHJ-nancies (55). It seems most likely that the increase in &9�GLVHDVH�LQ�ODWHU�OLIH�LQ�ZRPHQ�ZLWK�SUHHFODPSVLD�LV�due to common risk factors for both conditions although a component of residual injury from pre-HFODPSVLD�FDQQRW�EH�FRPSOHWHO\�H[FOXGHG��7KH�$PHUL-can Heart Association recognized the relationship of SUHHFODPSVLD� DQG� ODWHU�OLIH� &9� GLVHDVH� LQ� LWV� UHFHQW�guidelines (56). These guidelines list a pregnancy his-WRU\�DV�D�SDUW�RI�WKH�DVVHVVPHQW�RI�&9�ULVN�IRU�ZRPHQ��They also state that preeclampsia and gestational dia-EHWHV�VKRXOG�EH�SDUW�RI�WKH�ULVN�VFRUH�IRU�&9�GLVHDVH��The challenge is to determine how to use this informa-tion (57). This raises the idea that a history of pre-eclampsia might suggest that these women be tested IRU�&9�GLVHDVH�HDUOLHU�WKDQ�DJH����\HDUV��

In reviewing the recommendations that the task IRUFH�KDV�SUHSDUHG��LW�EHFRPHV�HYLGHQW�WKDW�WKHUH�DUH�few clinical issues for which there is strong evidence. 7KHUHIRUH�� WKH� WDVN� IRUFH�KDV�SUHSDUHG� WKH� IROORZLQJ�lists of research recommendations to attempt to resolve some of these problems in the near future.

7DVN�)RUFH�5HFRPPHQGDWLRQV�IRU�&OLQLFDO�5HVHDUFK3UHGLFWLRQ�DQG�5LVN�6WUDWLÀFDWLRQ

• Prospective clinical trials should be performed to demonstrate the clinical utility of biomarkers or their combinations with biophysical variables that can GLUHFWO\�DŲHFW�PDQDJHPHQW�GHFLVLRQV�DV�IROORZV�

²� :D\V� WR� GLŲHUHQWLDWH� ZRPHQ� GHVWLQHG� WR� GH� velop preeclampsia from those who will not at a period during gestation when available inter-ventions will improve outcome.

²� &ODULÀFDWLRQ� LI� VXFK�PDUNHUV� RU� %3� WKUHVKROGV�can identify an increased risk of perinatal mor-bidity in subsets of women

²� &ODULÀFDWLRQ� LI� XULF� DFLG� OHYHO� DVVHVVPHQW� ZLOO�serve as a biomarker given its ease and minimal cost of its measurement.

�� 7KHUH�LV�HYLGHQFH�WKDW�VXEVHWV�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�H[LVW�FKDUDFWHUL]HG�E\�JHVWDWLRQDO� DJH�RQVHW�� JHVWDWLRQDO�DJH� DW� GHOLYHU\�� WKH� SUHVHQFH� RU� DEVHQFH� RI� IHWDO�JURZWK�UHVWULFWLRQ��RU�WKH�ORQJ�WHUP�ULVN�RI�PDWHUQDO�&9� GLVHDVH�� $GGLWLRQDO� UHVHDUFK� LV� QHHGHG� WR� KHOS�verify and characterize the subsets of the disease in a manner that helps clarify morbidity and mortality ULVNV�DV�ZHOO�DV�VSHFLÀF�PDQDJHPHQW�RSWLRQV�

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86 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

• Additional evaluation is needed to show whether WKH�PDJQLWXGH�RI����KRXU�SURWHLQ�H[FUHWLRQ�GLVFULP-LQDWHV�WKH�RQJRLQJ�ULVN�RI�PRUELGLW\�LQ�SUHHFODPSVLD��DQG��LI�VR�ZKDW�WKH�LGHDO�FXWRŲ�QHHGV�WR�EH�

�� )XWXUH�UHVHDUFK�RQ�PRUH�QRYHO�WHFKQRORJLHV��VXFK�DV�SODVPD�RU�XULQH�PHWDEROLWH�SURÀOHV�DQG�FLUFXODW-LQJ�PLFUR51$V��PD\�SURYH�WR�QRW�RQO\�EH�XVHIXO�IRU�XQGHUVWDQGLQJ�WKH�SDWKRJHQHVLV�RI�WKH�GLVHDVH��EXW�also in the development of novel therapies.

• Identify biophysical variables or biomarkers (or combinations) that distinguish women with mild gestational hypertension who will not have adverse RXWFRPHV� ZLWK� D� QHJDWLYH� SUHGLFWLYH� YDOXH� VXű-cient to allow follow-up and management as a low-risk patient.

• All of these recommended studies should focus not only on clinical usefulness but how they directly DŲHFW�REVWHWULFLDQ·V�PDQDJHPHQW�GHFLVLRQV��LPSURYH�KHDOWK�RXWFRPHV��DQG�UHGXFH�FRVWV�WR�WKH�KHDOWK�FDUH�system.

7KHUDS\�DQG�3UHYHQWLRQ�RI�3UHHFODPSVLD��(FODPSVLD��and HELLP Syndrome

�� 5HVHDUFK� FROODERUDWLRQ�EHWZHHQ� LQYHVWLJDWRUV�� WKH�SKDUPDFHXWLFDO� LQGXVWU\�� DQG�JRYHUQPHQWDO� DJHQ-cies should be encouraged to develop novel thera-pies for the treatment of preeclampsia.

• The role of potent corticosteroids to prevent pro-gression and accelerate recovery from HELLP syn-drome requires further study in a large randomized prospective clinical trial that is appropriately struc-tured to include only patients who do not require corticosteroids for fetal indications (greater than 34 weeks of gestation).

• Research should be directed at determining the most appropriate antihypertensive treatment for persistent postpartum hypertension.

• The optimal use of diuretics in the postpartum PDQDJHPHQW� RI� SDWLHQWV�ZLWK� SUHHFODPSVLD�� HF-ODPSVLD��DQG�+(//3�V\QGURPH�UHTXLUHV�VWXG\�DQG�FODULÀFDWLRQ� WR� DXJPHQW� FXUUHQW� PDQDJHPHQW�schemes.

• The administration of potent corticosteroids appears WR�EHQHÀW�SDWLHQWV�ZLWK�FHUHEUDO�HGHPD��7KH�SRWHQ-WLDO�UROH�RI�DQ\�RI�WKHVH�DJHQWV�WR�EHQHÀW�SDWLHQWV�with eclampsia or patients developing cerebral edema or posterior reversible encephalopathy syn-drome deserves investigation.

• Major perinatal morbidity with HELLP syndrome occurring before 23–24 weeks of gestation has not been improved with any current management scheme used because delivery is usually mandated. :RUN�LV�QHHGHG�WR�GHYHORS�HŲHFWLYH�WKHUDSHXWLF�LQ-terventions to safely prolong pregnancy to viability of the fetus without endangering maternal welfare.

�� 7KHUDS\� WR� HŲHFWLYHO\� WUHDW� SDWLHQWV� ZLWK� SUH-eclampsia that fails to improve or resolve postpartum XVLQJ� VWDQGDUG� WKHUDS\� UHTXLUHV� PRUH� H[WHQVLYH� investigation and standardization.

• A Clinical Trials Network for the performance of preeclampsia-focused research should be consid-ered for implementation.

0DQDJHPHQW�RI�3UHHFODPSVLD��(FODPSVLD��DQG�+(//3�Syndrome

• More research should be performed to determine the most appropriate antihypertensive treatment for persistent postpartum hypertension.

• Randomized trials to determine optimum delivery timing in women with mild gestational hyperten-sion and preeclampsia should be repeated in U.S. populations.

• Maternal mortality data should be assessed to bet-ter identify causes of death in hypertensive preg-nant women.

• Some cases of eclampsia appear to be manifesta-tions of posterior reversible encephalopathy syn-drome. It should be determined whether or not women with preeclampsia and milder cerebrovas-cular symptoms (headache or visual disturbances) also have posterior reversible encephalopathy syn-drome.

�� ,GHQWLÀFDWLRQ�RI�HDUO\�SRVWHULRU� UHYHUVLEOH�HQFHSKD-lopathy syndrome and prevention of its progression might prevent eclampsia. Studies are needed to determine if posterior reversible encephalopathy syn-drome can be detected without a magnetic resonance LPDJLQJ�H[DPLQDWLRQ�DQG�ZKHWKHU�DQ\�LQWHUYHQWLRQ�VXFK�DV�PDJQHVLXP�VXOIDWH��VWHURLGV��GLXUHWLFV��RU�RWK-er agents can be targeted to patients at greatest risk.

• Management of eclampsia occurring before 34 weeks of gestation requires further investigation to determine if delay of delivery for 24 –72 hours may VLJQLÀFDQWO\� LPSURYH� SHULQDWDO� RXWFRPH� ZLWKRXW�DGYHUVHO\�DŲHFWLQJ�PDWHUQDO�RXWFRPH�

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STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS 87

• How often to evaluate patients in the postpartum period with severe forms of preeclampsia following hospital discharge remains unclear. Protocols to evaluate possible management schemes are desir-able to undertake so that best practices can be determined and implemented.

• Nifedipine use for BP control in the patient with preeclampsia receiving magnesium sulfate requires further study to determine the limits of safety for use of both drugs concurrently.

• Persistent moderate hypertension several days into the puerperium in patients with a severe form of preeclampsia requires study as to which antihyper-tensive agents are best to administer and how best WR�PRQLWRU�DQG�DVVHVV�WKHLU�HŲHFWLYHQHVV�

• A subset of patients with HELLP syndrome present with evidence of renal compromise early in the course of the disease. The factors leading to this and the optimal management of the adversely DŲHFWHG�NLGQH\V�LQ�WKHVH�SDWLHQWV�UHTXLUHV�IXUWKHU�investigation.

• The role of umbilical artery Doppler velocimetry DQG�LWV�HŲHFW�RQ�SHULQDWDO�PRUELGLW\�DQG�PRUWDOLW\�LQ� WKH� FRPSOLFDWHG� SUHJQDQFLHV� ZLWKRXW� ,8*5��including pregnancies complicated by hyperten-VLRQ��GLDEHWHV��DQG�RWKHU�GLVRUGHUV�DVVRFLDWHG�ZLWK�placental abnormalities requires further investi- gation.

Mechanistic Clinical Research

• Research is needed to identify the mechanisms that DFFRXQW�IRU�WKH�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�&9�GLVHDVH�LQ�ZRP-en with a medical history of preeclampsia.

• Research on the molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation of proangiogenic and antiangiogenic factors is needed.

• Research on the mechanisms whereby obesity DŲHFWV�SODFHQWDWLRQ�LV�ZDUUDQWHG�

• Research on the mechanisms whereby chronic hypertension increases the risk of developing pre-eclampsia is needed.

• Further studies of the renal abnormalities in pre-HFODPSVLD�DUH�ZDUUDQWHG�WR�EHWWHU�H[SODLQ�WKH�EDVLV�IRU� WKH� GHFUHDVHG� JORPHUXODU� ÀOWUDWLRQ� UDWH� DQG�strategies to reverse the renal pathology and GHFUHDVLQJ�JORPHUXODU�ÀOWUDWLRQ�UDWH�

/RQJ�5DQJH�)ROORZ�8S�RI�:RPHQ�:KR�+DYH�+DG�3UH-eclampsia

• Studies are needed to determine the best immedi-ate and remote postpartum follow-up procedures LQ� UHODWLRQ� WR� WKH� LQFUHDVHG� UHPRWH�&9�GLVHDVH� LQ�women who have had preeclampsia. The following questions need to be answered:

²� :KHQ�DQG�KRZ�RIWHQ�WKH\�VKRXOG�EH�HYDOXDWHG"

²� :KDW�WHVWV�VKRXOG�EH�SHUIRUPHG"

²� &DQ� ULVN� EH� VWUDWLÀHG� ZLWK� FRQVLGHUDWLRQV� LQ� DGGLWLRQ� WR� HDUO\�RQVHW�� VHYHUH�� UHFXUUHQW� SUH-eclampsia?

– Are there women with normal pregnancy out-FRPHV�ZLWK�LQFUHDVHG�ULVN�RI�&9�GLVHDVH�ZKR�FDQ�EH� LGHQWLÀHG� E\� DVVHVVPHQWV� RI�PHWDEROLF� DQG�vascular changes during pregnancy?

�� 0RUH�UHVHDUFK�RQ�IHWDO�SURJUDPPLQJ�RI�&9�GLVHDVHV��LQ� XWHUR� LQÁXHQFHV� RQ� WKH� GHYHORSPHQW� RI� &9� issues later in life) is needed.

�� 6WXGLHV� RI� WKH� SV\FKRORJLF� HŲHFW� RI� SUHHFODPSVLD�are needed.

Chronic Hypertension

• Current data regarding teratogenicity of drugs that decrease angiotensin production or their actions have been questioned. This combined with the problem of stopping therapy in some women with K\SHUWHQVLYH�SUHHFODPSVLD��GLFWDWHV�PRUH�UHVHDUFK�WR�GHWHUPLQH� WKH�HŲHFWV�RI� UHQLQ�DQJLRWHQVLQ� V\V-tem inhibitors during early pregnancy on fetal out-comes.

• More clinical evidence is needed to guide the man-agement of hypertension during pregnancy. Specif-LFDOO\��LW�LV�QRW�NQRZQ�ZKHWKHU�ORZHULQJ�PRGHUDWH�chronic hypertension (greater than 150 mm Hg sys-tolic and 95 mm Hg diastolic; less than 160 mm Hg systolic and 110 mm Hg diastolic) confers either PDWHUQDO�RU�IHWDO�ULVN�RU�EHQHÀW�GXULQJ�SUHJQDQF\��&OLQLFDO� WULDOV� VKRXOG� HYDOXDWH� VSHFLÀF�%3� WDUJHWV��XVLQJ�VSHFLÀF�DQWLK\SHUWHQVLYH�DJHQWV��DQG�HYDOXDW-ing meaningful clinical outcomes such as preterm ELUWK��,8*5��DQG�VHYHUH�PDWHUQDO�GLVHDVH��LQFOXGLQJ�eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.

Education

�� (YDOXDWLRQ�RI� WKH�HŲHFW�RI�SUHQDWDO� HGXFDWLRQ� IRU�women with low literacy on pregnancy outcomes is needed.

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88 STATE OF THE SCIENCE AND RESEARCH RECOMMENDATIONS

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������6LEDL�%0��&DULWLV�61��7KRP�(��.OHEDQRŲ�0��0F1HOOLV�'��5RFFR�/��HW�DO��3UHYHQWLRQ�RI�SUHHFODPSVLD�ZLWK�ORZ�GRVH�DVSLULQ� LQ� KHDOWK\�� QXOOLSDURXV� SUHJQDQW� ZRPHQ�� 7KH� National Institute of Child Health and Human Develop-

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������9LOODU�-��$EGHO�$OHHP�+��0HULDOGL�0��0DWKDL�0��$OL�00��=DYDOHWD�1��HW�DO��:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]DWLRQ�UDQGRPL]HG�trial of calcium supplementation among low cal- FLXP� LQWDNH�SUHJQDQW�ZRPHQ��:RUOG�+HDOWK�2UJDQL]D-tion Calcium Supplementation for the Prevention of Pre-eclampsia Trial Group. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006;194: 639–49. >3XE0HG@ >)XOO�7H[W@ A

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