The great structural similarity between fully cured silicone resins and natural quartz is the reason for the high affinity of silicone resins for silicate building materials, and for the exceptional durability of surfaces treated with these resins. Silicone resins boast excellent water repellency, and are completely resistant to many chemical, physical and biological influences. Organosilicon compounds have been recognized for over four decades as the ideal active agents for the hydrophobic impregnation of absorbent mineral building materials. However, it is not the ubiquitous silicone rubbers (joint sealants) and silicone fluids (release agents and lubricants) that are used in masonry protection, but the third important category of silicones, the silicone resins. Silicone resins are three-dimensionally cross linked polymers with a silicon and oxygen backbone. Each silicon atom carries an organic group R (usually a methyl group). When applied to the building material, these silicone resins react with water, the remaining alkoxy groups being split off, to form a three-dimensional, densely cross linked polysiloxane, which is firmly attached to the building material by way of covalent Si-O-Si bonds. The fully cured silicone resin is nothing but a quartz that has been modified with organic groups. The organic group R confers excellent water repellency on the silicone resins. Since they are also fully resistant to many chemical, physical and biological influences, the resin´s water-repellent property is maintained for decades.
Applications for Constructions
Core application
• Water repellent impregnating agents
Further activities ABOLIN pursues
• Special water repellents for concrete
• Damp proof injection agents
• Oil repellent impregnating agents
• Stone strengtheners
www.abolinco.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The main activity Abolin Co pursues is the vertical impregnation of masonry. There are additional activities Abolin Co serves, which are however more special. The damp proofing activity could be understood as a special horizontal impregnation, which is not applied onto the face of the masonry, but which is injected into it. Oil repellents prevent oily substances from penetrating into masonry. Stone strengtheners are mainly used for restoration and conservation. To impregnate means to saturate an absorbent material with a low-viscosity, capillary-active liquid. Water-repellent treatment means to impregnate (or treat) mineral substrates, especially facades of fair-faced masonry and cement, with hydrophobic impregnating agents. Impregnations in addition may serve to strengthen and consolidate the masonry, or to imbue it with facades from moisture and attendant damage by applying a colour less, non-film-forming agent, which prevents capillary uptake of water and the aggressive substances dissolved therein. Because the impregnating agent does not block the capillaries, it causes no appreciable impairment of the substrate's permeability. Facades that have been rendered water-repellent can easily be over painted with all paints that contain wetting agents, eg, silicone resin paints, emulsion paints and silicate emulsion paints. Wetting and adhesion difficulties are only encountered, as would be expected, with purely mineral-based coatings such as whitewash paints.
IMPREGNATING AGENTS Working principle of impregnating agents
Reinforcement of pores Water repellency Water vapour permeability
ABOLIN Co impregnating agents work by forming thin silicone resin films on substrate pores and penetrating into the substrate
pore lining => pores neither filled nor sealed
www.abolinco.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Unlike film-forming coatings organosilicone water repellents do not seal the pores at the surface of the mineral substrate, but form a very thin layer on the pore walls. Siliconized pores are not Ionger wetted by water, and so capillary water uptake is prevented. Unless the building material has pores which do not permit capillary action, capillary moisture absorption without doubt poses the most serious problem. Since the pores in hydrophobically treated masonry remain open, the building material retains its vapour permeability or "breathability". Accordingly, the passage of water vapour is impaired only slightly, if at all. This is of great importance, since moisture contained in the building material can diffuse to the outside without causing any damage, e.g, blistering and subsequent spalling, which frequently occur with thick surface coatings. Water-repellent treatment cannot render a building material resistant to groundwater or to driving rain, since the pores in the masonry are open. However, properly applied water repellents are perfectly sufficient to render many standard building materials, such as sand-lime brick, clinker brick and concrete, resistant even to rain driven by the wind at velocities up to 100 km/h. Properly applied means, that the resulting hydrophobic zone is not merely superficial but extends to a good depth.
Requirements for impregnating agents
www.abolinco.com
reduction of capillary water uptake ≥ 80 % impact on water-vapour permeability ≤ 10 % quick, deep penetration into the substrate resistance to alkalis and UV light no shiny or tacky finish no yellowing environmentally and toxicologically harmless
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Water-repellent treatment is certainly one of the best ways to protect the masonry from moisture damage. Water can no longer penetrate in liquid form into capillaries that have been rendered water-repellent, since, as a polar liquid, it is unable to interact with a non-polar, hydrophobic surface. Water repellents need to fulfil the following requirements: Drastic reduction in water uptake Minimal reduction in water-vapour permeability Extensive penetration Adequate resistance to alkalis Resistance to UV light Surfaces not rendered shiny or tacky, or caused to yellow No health risk Environmental compatibility
Factors determining the effectiveness of an impregnating agent
• Porosity of the substrate: number and size of pores
• Viscosity of the impregnating agent
• Particle size of active components
• Concentration of active ingredient
• Volatility and curing speed of the impregnating agent
• Chemical character of the active component
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Pure silanes as impregnating agents have the serious disadvantage of being extremely volatile. With warm, dry and windy conditions the hydrolytic reaction, i.e. the polymeric silicone resin network formation, is extremely slowly. Oligomeric siloxane particles are still small enough to ensure a sufficient depth of penetration, while, their higher molecular weight renders them practically non-volatile. Even under unfounded reaction conditions, they remain on the building material and sooner or later react to form the polymeric silicone resin. lt has proven especially useful to blend silanes and siloxanes to formulated water repellents, that are customized in terms of penetration power, water-beading, resistance to alkalis, etc. Impregnating agents may be used in concentrations ranging from highly diluted to undiluted. The more a product is diluted, the less fully it is able to occupy the walls of pores and capillaries within the masonry. The capillary absorbency of building materials varies enormously. A vertical bridge-concrete surface saturated with water repellent by flooding, will absorb 80-100 g/ml. An absorbent brick or sandstone facade, will easily take up ten times this amount under the same conditions. To ensure that the active agent penetrates to an acceptable depth into the low-absorbency concrete, it is necessary to use a much higher concentrated product than for the more absorbent sandstone or brick. In practice, even undiluted silanes or silane / siloxane mixtures are used to render concrete water-repellent, while for natural-stone facades it´s common to use products with only 5 to 10 % active agent.
Contact angle, water repellency and beading effect: Classification of performance
Rating Visual judgement Contact angle
1 Very good repellency > 130° 2 Good repellency 110 – 130° 3 Slight wetting 90 – 110° 4 Pronounced wetting 30 – 90° 5 Surface completely wetted < 30°
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The most important requirements which must be imposed on water repellents are a substantial reduction in water absorption, extensive penetration by the hydrophobic active agent, permeability to gas and water vapour, and a pronounced beading effect. The most important requirement, which a water repellent must fulfil is a significant reduction in capillary water uptake. A common specification is that the amount of water absorbed by a building material during 24 hours immersion in water be reduced by at least 80 %. To render the hydrophobic effects long lasting, it may be advantageous to have the hydrophobic zone range deep into the bulk phase of the respective material. It is difficult to generally answer the frequently-asked question as to exactly how deep this should be. For many substrates, a penetration depth of a few millimeters is adequate and economically acceptable. The third important criterion which water repellents must meet is the formation of a beading effect. This effect is measured objectively by means of the contact angle . The efficiency can be checked either by sophisticated contact angle determinations or by visual judgement. To classify the result the above given scheme is often used.
Contact angle and wetting
Pore lining with water repellent silicone impregnating agents => no wetting, big contact angle no water absorption
α α
No impregnating agent => excessive wetting, small contact angle water absorption into pores
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The degree of wetting can be determined quantitatively as the contact angle. Untreated surfaces of mineral building materials are wetted immediately by water, i.e, the drops of water spread out and are rapidly absorbed by the building material. lf the same building material is treated with an impregnating agent, the drops of water retain their spherical shape and do not penetrate into the substrate. The water is repelled in the form of beads.
Product
Product type Dilutant The Produkt is supplied
in undiluted liguid form
Cool Barrier Grip IPA
50 % silane / siloxane emulsion
Water
Silicone emulsion storage stable
Suitable for a wide variety of substrates such as brick, concrete and natural stone
The “user friendly” water repellent silane/siloxane impregnating agent
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
General purpose products are impregnating agents for acceptable water repellency on a large variety of mineral substrates, such as concrete, absorbent brick and natural stone. Cool Barrier Grip IPA, a 50 % silane / siloxane emulsion which is diluted with water in a ratio of 1:4 to 1:9 rapidly confers discernible water repellency on the building material. Depending on the alkalinity of the substrate, it takes a few days to some weeks for the active agent to form completely. The amount of active agent leached out by rain during the relatively long curing period is negligible.
Application modes for impregnating agents
Cool Barrier Grip IPA is to be applied without pressure: • flooding • for smaller parts dipping Flooding is usually carried out 2 - 3 times wet-in-wet The number of applications depends on the absorbing power of the material Ideal conditions: dry surface, temperature between 5 and 25°C
Applying water repellent
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Water repellents are easy to apply. Standard equipment includes electrical pumps and hand-held devices. The water repellent is applied without pressure by flooding. On no account should it be sprayed or atomized, but rather it should stream down the surface. This means that there must be a temporary excess of water repellent available. The flooding process is usually carried out two to three times, wet on wet, with the number of impregnations always depending on the absorbency and having to be determined in preliminary trials. The amount of material applied can in theory be determined by measuring the penetration depth. Apart from the flooding method mentioned above, an immersion method may be employed for smaller, moveable objects. The object is simply laid in a tub so as to ensure protracted, intimate contact between it and the water repellent. Particularly high penetration depths are feasible with this method. For a successful impregnation the construction material should be as dry and absorbent as possible. Dry, not too warm weather is best. Temperatures outdoors should where possible not exceed 25 °C as otherwise the solvents evaporate too quickly and the desired penetration depths are often not achieved. Temperatures during application should not be less than 5 °C in order that formation of the water repellency may not be retarded too much. Freshly treated surfaces must be protected against downpours. The water-repellent effect is generally developed within several hours.
Immersion time 5 min. Solvent products in white spirit, aqueous ones with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= average values in mm 3)= determined with water, 1 = very high contact angle, no wetting; 5= low contact angle, completely wetting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of various products applied to sand-lime brick. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen of each product was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
after 2 weeks after 2 years after 4 years after 5 years after 7 years
Impregnation of sand-lime brick: long term effect
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The diagram shows the test results for water uptake of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to sand-lime brick. White spirit with a low aromatics content was used as thinner for the solvent-dilutable products, and normal tap water for the aqueous products. All substrates were impregnated by means of immersion (immersion time 5 minutes). Water absorption was determined after the times given in the diagram by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured.
Immersion time 5 min. Dilution with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= in g/d 3)= g/m²d
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Water-vapour permeability is determined in accordance with DIN 52615: A sample of the substrate is mounted on a cup above a saturated salt solution. The salt solution provides for a constant specific relative humidity within the cup. In line with the standard, frequent use is made of ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, with which a relative humidity of precisely 93 % is obtained. The cup is kept under standard conditions at 23 °C and 50 % humidity. By weighing it repeatedly over a period of several days, it is possible to determine how much water vapour diffuses through the substrate. Since the surface area of the substrate is known, the water-vapour permeability, WVP, can be calculated in [g/(m²d)]. The table above shows the water vapour permeability of sand-lime brick specimens (diameter: 90 mm, thickness: 5 mm). Cool Barrier Grip IPA was applied by immersion (immersion time: 5 minutes). Once the WVP measurements had been completed, the discs were broken and the penetration depths determined. In all of the specimens, the hydrophobic zone extended through the entire thickness of the disc. As the table shows, the impregnating agent reduced the water vapour permeability, in spite of the fact that the hydrophobic zone extended through the entire thickness of the specimens, and that sand-lime brick is a relatively dense substrate. In the case of coarse pored building materials, e.g, many kinds of bricks, mineral plasters and aerated concrete, there is no measurable impairment of water vapour permeability whatsoever.
Dilution with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= average values in mm 3)= determined with water, 1 = very high contact angle, no wetting; 5= low contact angle, completely wetting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to Volcanic Tuff. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
0
5
10
15
20
Wat
er u
ptak
e [%
]
after 2 weeks 2,95 16,99after 3 years outdoorexposure
3,72 17,1
after 5 years outdoorexposure
2,77 17,31
CB GRIP 1PA 1:4 untreated
Impregnation of Volcanic Tuff: long term effects
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The diagram shows the test results for water uptake of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to Volcanic Tuff. The substrates was impregnated by means of immersion (immersion time 5 minutes). Water absorption was determined after the times given in the diagram by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering of water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured.
Dilution with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= average values in mm 3)= determined with water, 1 = very high contact angle, no wetting; 5= low contact angle, completely wetting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to sandstone. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
CB GRIP IPA 1:4 untreated
Wat
er u
ptak
e [%
]
fresh after 3 years outdoor exposureafter 5 years outdoor exposure
Impregnation of Yellow Sandstone long term effects
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The diagram shows the test results for water uptake of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to sandstone. The substrate was impregnated by means of immersion (immersion time 5 minutes). Water absorption was determined after the times given in the diagram by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering of water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured.
Brick Impregnating agent uptake1)
Penetration depth2)
Beading effect3)
Water uptake4)
Untreated -- -- 5 18.2 COOL BARRIER GRIP IPA,
1:9 1670 32 – 48 2 0.5
Impregnation of Brick
Dilution with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= in mm 3)= determined with water, 1 = very high contact angle, no wetting; 5= low contact angle, completely wetting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to brick. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen of each product was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
024
68
101214
161820
CB GRIP IPA 1:4 untreated
Wat
er u
ptak
e [%
]
after 2 weeks
after 3 years outdoor exposure
after 5 years outdoor exposure
Impregnation of Brick: long term effects
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The diagram shows the test results for water uptake of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to brick. The substrate was impregnated by means of immersion (immersion time 5 minutes). Water absorption was determined after the times given in the diagram by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering of water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured.
Dilution with tab water. 1)= in g/m² 2)= average values in mm 3)= determined with water, 1 = very high contact angle, no wetting; 5= low contact angle, distinct wetting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to clinker brick. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
3
3,5
CB GRIP IPA 1:4 untreated
Wat
er u
ptak
e [%
]
after 2 weeks
after 3 years outdoor exposure
after 5 years outdoor exposure
Impregnation of Clinker Brick: long term effects
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The diagram shows the test results for water uptake of Cool Barrier Grip IPA applied to clinker brick. The substrate was impregnated by means of immersion (immersion time 5 minutes). Water absorption was determined after the times given in the diagram by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering of water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured.
CONCLUSION
reduction of capillary water uptake
negligible impact on gas and water vapour
permeability
quick, deep penetration into the substrate
long term stable effects
Cool Barrier Grip IPA silicone based water repellent impregnating agent:
www.abolinco.com Cool Barrier Grip IPA
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Just a few select examples served to illustrate how Abolin Co’s water repellents, are able to protect buildings against water and attendant damage for decades due to their exceptional chemical, physical and biological stability.
Product
Product type Dilutant
The Produkt is supplied in aready to use liguid
form
Cool Barrier Grip IPS
10 % silane / siloxane emulsion
Organic Solvent
Silicone emulsion storage stable
www.abolinco.com
The “Generalist” : An all purpose water repellent silicone impregnating agent
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Cool Barrier Grip IPS MASONRY WATER REPELLENT
www.abolinco.com
Table 1
Mortar slabs (water/cement ratio)
Dilution Abolin’s agent absorption [g/m2]
Weight loss [g/d]
Water-vapor permeability [g/m2d]
Untreated - - 0.70 110.6
Cool Barrier Grip IPS
No 455 0.61 95.9
Table 1 shows, the Abolin Co agent reduced the water vapor permeability by less than 20 %.
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
www.abolinco.com
The Effectiveness of Cool barrier Grip IPS
Table 2, (following slides) shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool barrier Grip IPS applied to different substrates. Normal tap water was used as diluent for the aqueous products. All substrates were impregnated by means of immersion (immersion times: 1 minute for mortar and concrete, 5 minutes for all other substrates). Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with EN 12859). To determine the penetration depth, a specimen of each product was broken 14 days after Impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface.
The figure quoted below is intended as an application guide only:
www.abolinco.com
Cool barrier Grip IPS The Energy Saver AND much More
Thermal insulation, an issue closely associated with energy efficiency, can only be satisfactorily achieved by applying a water-repellent, impregnating agent. After all, optimum thermal insulation requires dry masonry. Five percent moisture content is enough to reduce the insulating ability by as much as 60 percent.
Long-Lasting Roof Tiles Hydrophobic roof tiles with Cool Barrier Grip IPS effectively prevent salt efflorescence and prolong the life- time of tiles.
Attractive Facades Facing bricks treated with Cool Barrier Grip IPS stay clean for a
long time. Cool Barrier Grip IPS allows mortar residue to be easily removed and prevents salt efflorescence. Furthermore,
it slows algal growth as well as dirt pickup.
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Cool barrier Grip IPS
www.abolinco.com
Product data*
*These figures are intended as a guide and should not be used in preparing specifications.
IMPREGNATING AGENTS
Applications Cool Barrier Grip IPS is suitable for imparting water repellency to absorbent, porous, mineral construction materials, e. g.:
•Brickwork •Mineral-based natural and artificial stone •Aerated concrete •Sand-lime brickwork •Cement fiberboards •Mineral paints •All kinds of concrete •Mineral plasters
www.abolinco.com
Cool barrier Grip IPS IMPREGNATING AGENTS
CONSTRUCTION CHEMICALS:
SPECIALITIES FOR FURTHER APPLICATIONS
www.abolinco.com
Specialties for impregnating concrete and natural stone
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The great structural similarity between fully cured silicone resins and natural quartz is the reason for the high affinity of silicone resins for silicate building materials, and for the exceptional durability of surfaces treated with these resins. Silicone resins boast excellent water repellency, and are completely resistant to many chemical, physical and biological influences. Organosilicon compounds have been recognized for over four decades as the ideal active agents for the hydrophobic impregnation of absorbent mineral building materials. However, it is not the ubiquitous silicone rubbers (joint sealants) and silicone fluids (release agents and lubricants) that are used in masonry protection, but the third important category of silicones, the silicone resins. Silicone resins are three-dimensionally cross linked polymers with a silicon and oxygen backbone. Each silicon atom carries an organic group R (usually a methyl group). When applied to the building material, these silicone resins react with water, the remaining alkoxy groups being split off, to form a three-dimensional, densely cross linked polysiloxane, which is firmly attached to the building material by way of covalent Si-O-Si bonds. The fully cured silicone resin is nothing but a quartz that has been modified with organic groups. The organic group R confers excellent water repellency on the silicone resins. Since they are also fully resistant to many chemical, physical and biological influences, the resin´s water-repellent property is maintained for decades.
IMPREGNATING AGENTS FOR CONCRETE
• alkaline environment passivates the steel reinforcement (no corrosion at pH > 9.5) (1)
• with water as vehicle acidic gases (particularly NOx, SO2) and salts (particularly chlorides) penetrate into the concrete and damage the reinforcement. (2)
• carbonation (conversion of Ca(OH)2 to CaCO3) reduces the alkalinity of the concrete (pH ~ 8) => passivation layer on steel breaks down; with water corrosion occurs (3)
• corrosion increases volume of steel: 2 Fe + 1.5 O2 + H2O => 2 FeO(OH) => pressure in the construction leads to cracks (4) 1 2 3 4
Corrosion of reinforcement of concrete
www.abolinco.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
While fresh concrete has a high alkalinity, that passivates the steel, gases in the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide, will over time neutralize the alkalinity of the surface. In the case of carbon dioxide this process is called carbonation. Eventually, this non alkaline carbonated zone reaches the reinforcing steel and destroys its passivating protective layer. Atmospheric oxygen and moisture can then begin to rust the steel. Ferrous metals greatly increase in volume when they rust, and the force of expansion causes spalling of the concrete layer, over the reinforcement, resulting in serious damage of the concrete. Similar patterns of damage are also caused by salts dissolved in water, particularly chlorides, e.g. de-icing salts, damaging bridges and roads. Irrespective of the alkalinity of the concrete, chloride ions can cause catastrophic corrosion within an extremely short time.
. 1)= in g/m² 2)= average values in mm 3)= with water, 1 = excellent; 5 = completely wettting 4)= in % after 24 h immersion 5)= in % after 14 d immersion
www.abolinco.com
IMPREGNATING AGENTS FOR CONCRETE
Presenter
Presentation Notes
The table shows test results for water uptake, beading and penetration depth of Cool Barrier Grip Creme applied to concrete G 35. The quantities of impregnating agent absorbed correspond approx. to the amounts absorbed when the products are applied to vertical surfaces by flooding in two wet-on-wet operations. Water absorption was determined 14 days after impregnation, again by way of immersion (specimens were covered with 5 cm of water, in accordance with DIN 18180). This method was chosen because the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the covering of water simulates, to a certain extent, the effect of driving rain, making the procedure more realistic than the sponge immersion test described in DIN 52617, in which only capillary absorption is measured. To determine the depth of penetration, a specimen was broken 14 days after impregnation and dyed water was dripped onto the fracture surface. The hydrophobic zone is not wetted by the dyed water.
The “Specialist” for impregnating concrete
Product
Product type
Cool Barrier Grip Creme
80 % silane as creme
Outstanding penetration into concrete
Optimum resistance to alkalis
Excellent water repellency
Water vapour permeability
Water based, solvent-free
Treated substrate can be coated
Cool Barrier Grip Creme High and verifiable coverage rates
Loss-free one-step application
Low evaporation
www.abolinco.com
Cool Barrier Grip Creme
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cool Barrier Grip Crème is a 100 % silane-based water repellent, which is used to confer water repellency on concrete and reinforced concrete. It is applied to the concrete by flooding (wet on wet) at least twice in undiluted form. It can be diluted with organic solvents or alcohols in any mixing ratio desired. The weaker the solution, the less the penetration of the active agent. Cool Barrier Grip Creme is the latest addition to Abolin Co's range of concrete impregnating agents. Unlike all the other products mentioned, it is not a liquid but a cream. Its creamy consistency makes it possible to apply the product without wastage even when working overhead. This is best done with the help of airless equipment. It is possible to apply up to 400 g/m² of Cool Barrier Grip Creme in a single operation, quantities, which often cannot be applied even in three operations with conventional liquid products on high-grade concrete. The impregnating agent penetrates completely into the concrete within a period of some minutes to some hours, the exact time depending on the quality of the concrete and the amount of impregnating agent applied. No visible traces of the cream are left on the surface, and very great depths of penetration can be achieved.
Chloride ingress into concrete B 35 10 days contact with 10 % NaCl-solution
0
0,5
1
1,5
2
2,5
surface 8-15 mm 17-20 mm
chlo
ride
cont
ent [
%]
untreated CB GRIP Creme 200 g/m²
www.abolinco.com
The “Specialist” for impregnating concrete Cool Barrier Grip Creme
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Chloride ingress into concrete G 35 is markedly reduced by treatment with Cool Barrier Grip Creme . The concrete treated with Cool Barrier Grip Creme has been exposed to sodium chloride solution and the amount of chloride, that penetrated into a certain depth of the substrate has been compared to the untreated material. To obtain the values for different penetration depths of the aggressive medium into the concrete, after exposure, the surface has been abraded to different depths and the chloride content has been analytically determined. As is seen from the above diagram, the amount of chloride penetrating into the construction material is drastically reduced by treatment with Cool Barrier Grip Creme.
Product class
Ethyl silicate
active content (% w/w) 100
Characteristics Clear colorless
Application Consolidation of stone
Cool Barrier Grip LS - The Liquid Stone
Cool Barrier Grip LS before cure: low viscous liquid
after cure: brittle hard solid
SiO2 SiCl4 [SiOx(OCH2CH3)4-x]y SiO2 quartz Cool Barrier Grip LS silica gel crystalline low viscous liquid amorphous
Cl2 EtOH H2O
www.abolinco.com
The “Specialist” for Stone Consolidation
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Ethyl silicates are compounds formed by the reaction of silicic acid with an alcohol. In lay terms, this is essentially a chemical reaction between quartz, which is often regarded as the precursor of all mineral compounds, and an alcohol to give a soluble compound. This soluble compound is then applied to the stone. On penetrating the stone, it is converted into silica gel with quartz like composition. The original alcohol is released and evaporates. This method therefore affords a way of introducing a purely mineral binder, silica gel, into stone. In contrast to quartz, the gel does not have a crystalline structure but is an amorphous system. A mineral binder of this type produces very little change in the physical properties of the strengthened stone. Thus, thermal and hygric expansion remain constant. The silica gel is also highly resistant to deterioration, so that the lost binder is replaced by a particularly stable product. Further major advantages of the ethyl silicates are their good penetrating power and the fact that the pores never become clogged. In other words, it is never possible to completely seal the stone. The open-pore microstructure is retained and gas permeability and water-vapour permeability are thus assured. In other words, the stone continues to "breathe".
Working principle for stone strengthening
• Deposition of fresh, weather-resistant, mineral binder • Penetration into the stone down to the undamaged core • Build-up of a uniform strength profile through the cross-section of the stone • No formation of harmful salt-like by- products • No discoloration of the stone surface • No impairment of water-vapour permeability, thermal and hygric behaviour • Reduced water and pollutant absorption
crust weathered zone
undeteriorated zone
intermediate zone
hardness profile of deteriorated stone
hardness profile of successfully consolidated stone
www.abolinco.com
Cool Barrier Grip LS - The Liquid Stone
Cool Barrier Grip LS
Presenter
Presentation Notes
A vast number of products are used for stone consolidation, extending from natural organic compounds, such as glue and gelatine , through purely inorganic products, such as water gIass, hydrofluoric acid and baryta water, to chemically produced organic resins and organosilicon compounds, such as ethyl silicate and silicones. With many of these products and processes, either the effect proved to be wishful thinking (as in the case of hydrofluoric acid and baryta water) or the processes are accompanied by so many structurally damaging side effects that they are more harmful than useful. On the basis of today´s knowledge, a stone conservation agent should meet the above given requirements. Stone strengtheners based on ethyl silicate meet these requirements the best. This is the reason why modern stone conservation almost always uses this class of products. The success of stone conservation hinges largely on the depth to which the conservation agent penetrates into the stone. In any event, the stone strengthener must penetrate through the weathered zone and replenish the depleted levels of binder with fresh binder. After treatment, the consolidated zone should not be stronger than the undeteriorated, intact core of the stone. Otherwise crusts might form that can cause the surface zone to undergo slate-like cleavage. The likelihood of a poor hardness profile can more or less be eliminated by performing preliminary tests to ascertain the amount of material needed, the penetration depth and required gel deposition rate.
SUMMARY: SPECIALTIES
Cool Barrier Grip Creme: Specialty for impregnating concrete. Cool Barrier Grip LS: Highly effective stone strengthener. More about Aboiln Co Products for Hydrophobic Impregnation of Concrete: http://www.abolinco.com/downloads.php
www.abolinco.com
Presenter
Presentation Notes
Cool Barrier Grip products are ideal for impregnating facades and concrete structures, consolidating stone, imparting oil repellency, and chemical damp-proofing. The best way to protect buildings against water is to impregnate the construction materials before damage can occur - prevention being better than cure. These applications are run on-site, where the construction is erected. There are Cool Barrier Grip products for gypsum, clay, aerated concrete, fibre reinforced concrete and mineral fibres as well as for mixtures of any combination of gypsum, cement and lime, and for all kinds of lightweight aggregates.
