HYDROELECTRIC ENERGY

Murat YakutMurat Yakut

Ismail YilmazIsmail Yilmaz

CONTENTCONTENT

• What is the Hydroelectric energy? What is the Hydroelectric energy? • History of Hydroelectric energy?History of Hydroelectric energy?• Potential Energy? Potential Energy? • Kinetic Energy?Kinetic Energy?• Mechanical energy?Mechanical energy?• How it works? How it works? • ComponentComponent• Type Of DamType Of Dam• Type Of TuribineType Of Turibine• Advantage/DisadvantageAdvantage/Disadvantage

What is the Hydroelectric energy?What is the Hydroelectric energy?

• Generally ,Using the power of water currents to generate electric power.Generally ,Using the power of water currents to generate electric power.

• Hydroelectric powerHydroelectric power is considered a is considered a renewable energy source.renewable energy source.

History of Hydroelectric energy?History of Hydroelectric energy?

• Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to Nearly 2000 years ago the Greeks used water wheels to grind wheat into flourgrind wheat into flour

• The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in The evolution of the modern hydropower turbine began in the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military the mid-1700s when a French hydraulic and military engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote engineer, Bernard Forest de Bélidor wrote Architecture Architecture HydrauliqueHydraulique..

Potential Energy?Potential Energy?

• Potential energy exists whenever an object Potential energy exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force which has mass has a position within a force field. field. 

Kinetic Energy?Kinetic Energy?

• Kinetic energyKinetic energy is the energy of motion. Any is the energy of motion. Any moving object has kinetic energy.moving object has kinetic energy.

Mechanical energy?Mechanical energy?

• Mechanical energyMechanical energy is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a is a form of kinetic energy, such as in a machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any machine. Mechanical energy has the ability to do work. Any object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.object that is able to do work has mechanical energy.

How it works? How it works?

• Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like Falling or flowing water turns a propeller like piece called a turbine. piece called a turbine.

• The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric The turbine turns a metal shaft in an electric generator which produces electricity.generator which produces electricity.

Block DBlock Diagramiagram

Component of Hydro PowerComponent of Hydro Power• DamDam ::  are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine and utilize the are massive barriers built across rivers and streams to confine and utilize the

flow of water for human purposes such as irrigation and generation of hydroelectricity.flow of water for human purposes such as irrigation and generation of hydroelectricity.

• IntakeIntake :: water from the river/spring/dam/irrigation channel is water from the river/spring/dam/irrigation channel is

diverted from its main course.Generally weir used to divertdiverted from its main course.Generally weir used to divertwater through intake into open channel.water through intake into open channel.

• PenstockPenstock:: pipeline supplying water from forebay to turbine. Mild steel, upvc and pipeline supplying water from forebay to turbine. Mild steel, upvc and

hdpe - most commonly used materials.hdpe - most commonly used materials.

• Power House:Power House: houses turbine ± generator with mechanical control valves and houses turbine ± generator with mechanical control valves and electrical control panels. Switch yard andelectrical control panels. Switch yard and connection to distribution system. connection to distribution system.

• Turbine : Turbine : hydro power in jet at end of penstock ransmitted to turbine runner - changes hydro power in jet at end of penstock ransmitted to turbine runner - changes to mechanical power.to mechanical power.

• Generator:Generator: electricity generated when turbine drives generator.electricity generated when turbine drives generator.

Type Of DamType Of Dam

• ArchArch Dam Dam

• GravityGravity Dam Dam

• ButtressButtress Dam Dam

• EmbankmentEmbankment Dam Dam

ArchArch Dam Dam

• Arch shape gives strengthArch shape gives strength

• Less material (cheaper)Less material (cheaper)

• Narrow sitesNarrow sites

• Need strong abutmentsNeed strong abutments

ArchArch Dam Dam

GravityGravity Dam Dam

• Weight holds dam in placeWeight holds dam in place

• Lots of concrete (expensive)Lots of concrete (expensive)

GravityGravity Dam Dam

ButtressButtress Dam Dam

• Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports Is a gravity dam reinforced by structural supports

• a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to a support that transmits a force from a roof or wall to another supporting structureanother supporting structure

• Face is held up by a series of supportsFace is held up by a series of supports

• Flat or curved faceFlat or curved face

ButtressButtress Dam Dam

Embankment (Embankment (EarthEarth)) Dam Dam

• They are trapezoidal in shapeThey are trapezoidal in shape• Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or Earth dams are constructed where the foundation or

the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the underlying material or rocks are weak to support the masonry dam or where the suitable competent the masonry dam or where the suitable competent rocks are at greater depth.rocks are at greater depth.

• Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and Earthen dams are relatively smaller in height and broad at the basebroad at the base

• They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, They are mainly built with clay, sand and gravel, hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock hence they are also known as Earth fill dam or Rock fill damfill dam

Embankment (Embankment (EarthEarth)) Dam Dam

Scale of HydropowerScale of Hydropower

• Large-hydro- More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity Large-hydro- More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity gridgrid

• Medium-hydro -15 -100 MW usually feeding a gridMedium-hydro -15 -100 MW usually feeding a grid

• Small-hydro -1 -15 MW -usually feeding into a gridSmall-hydro -1 -15 MW -usually feeding into a grid

• Mini-hydro -Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW ,Either stand alone Mini-hydro -Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW ,Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the gridschemes or more often feeding into the grid

• Micro-hydro -From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power Micro-hydro -From 5kW up to 100 kW Usually provided power for a small community or rural industryin remote areas away from for a small community or rural industryin remote areas away from the grid.the grid.

• Pico-hydro -From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas Pico-hydro -From a few hundred watts up to 5kW Remote areas away from the gridaway from the grid

Type Of TuribineType Of Turibine

• ImpulseImpulse TurbinesTurbines

Pelton turbinePelton turbine

Turgo turbineTurgo turbine

Michelle-Banki turbineMichelle-Banki turbine

• Reaction TurbinesReaction Turbines

Francis turbineFrancis turbine

KaplanKaplan turbineturbine

Gorlov turbineGorlov turbine

PELTON TURBINESPELTON TURBINES

• Entrance elbowEntrance elbow

• InjectorInjector

• RegulatorRegulator

• BunBun

• Blades or spoons.Blades or spoons.

How it Works?How it Works?

• The Pelton turbines are used with high height jumps.The Pelton turbines are used with high height jumps.• The gravitational power energy of the water dammed The gravitational power energy of the water dammed

becomes in kinetic energy.becomes in kinetic energy.• The injector throws the high speed water to the blades The injector throws the high speed water to the blades

that are glued to the bun.that are glued to the bun.• TThe water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the he water spurt transmits its kinetic energy to the

bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into bun, where it is transformed instantaneously into mechanical energy.mechanical energy.

PELTON TURBINESPELTON TURBINES

KAPLAN TURBINESKAPLAN TURBINES

• The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in The turbines that take his name have revolutionized in these years the use of jumps of little heightthese years the use of jumps of little height..

• The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial The Kaplan turbines are water reaction turbines of axial flow, with a bun that works in similar way to the helix of a flow, with a bun that works in similar way to the helix of a boat.boat.

• The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades The Kaplan turbine is a helix turbine in which the blades of the bun turn itself when it is on, adjusting automatically of the bun turn itself when it is on, adjusting automatically according the work to the conditions of optimal yield.according the work to the conditions of optimal yield.

KAPLAN TURBINESKAPLAN TURBINES

DERIAZ TURBINESDERIAZ TURBINES

• Deriaz invented later the turbine that takes his Deriaz invented later the turbine that takes his namename

• This turbine is reversibleThis turbine is reversible

• The price of the machinery is reduced using The price of the machinery is reduced using the same machine like pump and turbine.the same machine like pump and turbine.

DERIAZ TURBINESDERIAZ TURBINES

FRANCIS TURBINESFRANCIS TURBINES

• The Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbinesThe Francis turbine is one of the reaction turbines

• The radial flow causes the turn of the runnerThe radial flow causes the turn of the runner

• This turbine is reversibleThis turbine is reversible

• Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of Francis turbines may be designed for a wide range of heads and flowsheads and flows

FRANCIS TURBINESFRANCIS TURBINES

AdvantageAdvantage

• Hydropowers fuel supply (flowing water) is clean and isrenewed Hydropowers fuel supply (flowing water) is clean and isrenewed yearly by snow and rainfall.yearly by snow and rainfall.

• hydro plants do not emit pollutants into the air because they burn no hydro plants do not emit pollutants into the air because they burn no fuel.fuel.

• With growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions andincreased With growing concern over greenhouse gas emissions andincreased demand for electricity, hydropower may becomemore important in demand for electricity, hydropower may becomemore important in the future.the future.

• Hydropower facilities offer a range of additional benefits.Many Hydropower facilities offer a range of additional benefits.Many dams are used to control flooding and regulate water supply, and dams are used to control flooding and regulate water supply, and reservoirs provide lakes for recreational purposes,such as boating reservoirs provide lakes for recreational purposes,such as boating and fishing.and fishing.

• Low operating and maintenance costLow operating and maintenance cost

DisadvantageDisadvantage

• Damming rivers may permanently alter river systems and Damming rivers may permanently alter river systems and wildlife habitats. Fish, for one, may no longer be able to wildlife habitats. Fish, for one, may no longer be able to swimupstream.swimupstream.

• Hydro plant operations may also affect water quality bychurniHydro plant operations may also affect water quality bychurning up dissolved metals that may have been deposited ng up dissolved metals that may have been deposited byindustry long ago.byindustry long ago.

• Hydropower operations may increase silting, change water teHydropower operations may increase silting, change water temperatures, and lower the levels of dissolved oxygen.mperatures, and lower the levels of dissolved oxygen.

• Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation Degradation of upstream catchment areas due to inundation of reservoir area.of reservoir area.

• High initial capital cost.High initial capital cost.

THANK YOUTHANK YOU

• Hydropower is a renewable Hydropower is a renewable energy sourceenergy source