HYDRO ELECTRIC• THIS CAN BE MAINLY LOCATED AT WHERE THE

WATER RESOUCE AVAIALABLE.• THE ENERGY UNTILIZED FOR HYDROELECTRIC

GENERATION IS ITS POTANTAIL OR KINETIC ENERGY.• KINETIC ENERGY OF WATER IS IN ITS MOTION & ITS

MASS WHERAS THE POTENTIAL ENERGY IS THE DIFFERENCE IN WATER LEVEL BETWEEN THE POINTS.

• WATER IS COLLECTED AT HIGH POINT IN A RESERVIORS .A GOOD AMOUNT OF CIVIL ENGG WORK MUST HAVE GONE IN BUILDING DAMS OR CACHMENT AREA.

SELECTION OF SITE

• QUANTITY OF WATER AVIALABLE:• THIS IS ESTIMATED BASED ON THE M/S OF

STREAM FLOW OVER THE LONG PERIOD.• PREVIOUS RECORDS OF RAINFALL ARE

STUDIED,MIN & MAX WATER AVIALABLE DURRING THE YEAR ARE CALUCATED INCORPORATING THE LOSSES DUE TO EVOPARATION ETC.

• STORAGE OF WATER :WIDE VARIATION IN RAINFALL MAKES IT NESSASARY TO STORE THE WATER .IT CAN BE DONE JUST TO LAST LONG FOR ONE SEASON OR IT SHOULD EVEN SUFFCIENT IN CASE OF SHORT RAINFALL.

• HEAD OF WATER :IT MAINLY DEPENDS UPON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AREA WHICH DEPENDS UPON THE ECONOMY OF POWER GENERATION.

• LOW FALLS WITH UNREGULATED VARIATIONS IS LEAST PREFFERED AS COMPARED TO HIGH FALLS WITH REGULATED O/P.

• DISTANCE OF POWER STATION SITES FROM THE LOAD CENTERS:IN CASE DISTANCE IS TOO MUCH COST OF TRANSMISSION & LOSSES WILL BE VERY HIGH.

• ACCESSIBILITY OF THE SITE:THE SITE SHOULD BE EASILY ACCESSED BY THE RAIL & ROAD.

CLASSIFICATION OF HYDRO PLANTS

• BASED ON QUANTITY OF WATER AVAILABLE:• RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WIHOUT PONDAGE:• IT DOES NOT STORE THE WATER .DURRING

RAINY SEASON SOME WATER MAY GET WASTE & IN DRY SEASON THERE MAY NOT BE GENERATION OF POWER DUE TO SHORTAGE OF WATER .

• SO THIS TYPE OF SYSTEM IS UNRELIABLE .

• RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WITH PONDAGE:• IT STORES THE WATER & IT PERMITS ITS USE

DURRING THE PEAK PERIODS BY ACCUMULATING IT IN OFF PEAK PERIODS.

• IT IS POSSIBLE TO COPE UP WITH HOURLY OR WEEKLY FLUCTUATIONS.

• THIS IS MORE RELIABLE & TAIL RACE CONDITIONS MAY BE PROVIDED FOR THE PONDAGE TO MAKE SURE THAT FLOODS WILL NOT RAISE THE WATER LEVEL & REDUCING THE EFFECTVENESS OF THE HEAD.

• RESERVIOR PLANTS: THESE STORE WATER SUCH THAT CARRY WATER FROM WET TO DRY SEASON .

• WATER IS STORED BEHIND THE DAM & WITH BETTER CONTROL THROUGHT THE YEAR.

• THIS CAN BE USED AS THE BASE PLANT OR PEAK CAPACITY PLANT.

• MAJORITY OF THE HYDRO ELECTRIC PLANTS ARE OF THIS TYPE.

CLASSIFICATION BASED ON HEADS

• A PLANT IS SAID TO BE HIGH HEAD PLANTS IF OPERATING HEAD IS 300 METERS .HERE WATER IS STORED AT HIGH ELEVATIONS DUE TO RAINS OR MELTING SNOW.

• WATER IS CARRIED FROM THE DAM INTO SURGE TANK INTO THE PENSTOCK TO THE POWER HOUSE WHICH IS AT THE BOTTOM .

• PELTON WHEELS ARE USED FOR HIGH HEADS.

FIG ON HIGH HEAD

• LOW HEAD PLANTS WHICH HAS HEAD AT 30 METERS HEIGHT .FRANCIS TURBINE ARE USED.

• THE DAM IS BUILT ACROSS THE RIVER & WATER IS ALLOWED TO FLOW ACROSS THE RIVER .

• MEDUIM HEAD PLANTS ARE LIE BETWEEN HIGH & LOW HEADS.IN SUCH PLANTS WATER IS CARRIED FROM THE OPEN BAY TO FOREBAY & THEN TO POWERHOUSE IN PENSTOCKS.

• USUALLY FRANICS,KALPAN OR PROPELLER TUBINES ARE USED.

FIG ON LOW HEADS

BASED ON NATURE OF LOAD

• BASE LOAD PLANTS:THESE ARE VERY LARGE PLANTS WHICH SUPPLIES BASE LOAD CONSATANTLY GENERALLY RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WITHOUT PONDAGE CAN BE USED AS THESE PLANTS.

• PEAK LOAD PLANTS:RUN OFF RIVER PLANTS WITH PONDAGE CAN BE USED FOR THIS PURPOSE.

• PUMPED STRAGE PLANTS WITH PEAK LOADS:• THESE PLANTS CAN BE USED IN PLACES WHERE

MAINLY WATER IS INSUFFCIENT.• IT IS POSSIBLE TO POND AT HEAD WATER & TAIL

WATER LOCATIONS ,WATER AFTER PASSING THROUGH TURBINE CAN BE PUMPED BACK TO THE HEAD POND .

• WATER IS POURED DOWN THROUGH THE PENSTOCK TO THE TURBINE TO GENARATE THE POWER DURRING THE PEAK PERIOD & DURRING THE OFF PEAK PERIOD WATER IS PUMPED BACK INTO HEAD WATER POND.

• RECENT DEVELOPMENT IN THIS FIELD IS USE REVERSIBLE TURBINE PUMP UNIT.

• THIS UNIT CAN BE USED AS TURBINE WHILE GENARATING POWER & PUMP WHILE PUMPING THE WATER.

• IT WORK AS GENERATOR & AS WELL AS MOTOR.• THESE KIND OF SYSTEMS CAN BE USED AS

INTERCONNECTING WITH STEAM PLANTS & CAN BE USED MORE ECONOMICALLY.

ADV & DISADV OF HYDRO STATION• IT CAN BE PUT TO SERVICE INSTATLY.• LOW MAINTAINANCE COST.• NO FUEL IS BURNT.• THE PLANT IS QUEIT CLEAN.• THE WATER AFTER RUNNING THROUGH THE TURBINE

CAN BE USED FOR IRRIGATION.• DISADV:CAPITAL COSTS ARE VERY HIGH.• HIGH COST OF TRANSMISSION.• LONG DRY SEASON MAY EFFECT DELIVERY OF

POWER.

FIG ON STRUCTURE OF THE HYDRO STATION

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT

• THE PLANT IS LOCATED GENERALLY WHERE THERE IS LARGE AMOUNT OF WATER IS AVAIALABLE.

• SOURCE OF WATER IS GENRALLY LAKE OR RESERVOIR WHICH IS FOUND AT HIGH PLACE STORED WITH HELP OF THE DAM.

• THE WATER SURFACE IN THE STORAGE RESERVOIR IS CALLED AS THE HEAD RACE.

• WATER IS CARRIED TO THE POWER HOUSE USING THE PENSTOCK OR CANALS.

• PENSTOCKS ARE MADE UP OF WOOD ,STEEL OR CONCRETE STRICTURES WHICH CARRY THE WATER FORCIBLY TO THE TURBINE.

• THEY ARE OF TWO TYPES MEDIUM OR HIGH PRESSURE.THE FACTOR UPON WHICH THEY ARE CHOOSEN ARE VELOCITY OF WATER & ECNOMICS.

• SOMETIMES SMALL RESERVIOR AT THE TOP OF THE HEAD WHICH WILL CARRY EXTRA WATER IN THE NEED MAY ALSO BE CONSTRUCTED.

• IF THE STATION IS LOCATED AT THE BASE OF THE NO RESRVIOR MAY BE REQUIRED.

• IF IT IS LOCATED AT THE DISATANCE THEN FOREBAY MAY BE PROVIDED AS THE INTERMEDIATE STORGAE FOR THE WATER.

WATER AFTER PASSING THROUGH THE TURBINE IS IS DISCHARGED INTO THE TAIL RACE.

• THERE CAN BE SURGE TANK WHICH MAY BE PROVIDED MAINLY NEAR THE TUBINE IF THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE DAM & POWERHOUSE IS LONGER.

• IF LOAD ON THE TURBINE DECRAESE SURGE TANK REDUCES THE SPEED OF THE WATER OR WHEN LOAD INCREASES IT RELEASES THE ADDITIONAL WATER .

• THUS IT CONTOLS THE PRESSURE VARIATION RESULTING IN RAPID VARIATION OF WATER IN PENSTOCK THERBY PREVENTING WATER HAMMERING EFFECTS.

• SPILLWAY-IT IS CONSIDERD TO BE A SAFETY VALVE FOR THE DAM .IT DISCHARGES EXCESS WATER IN THE RESERVOIR BEYOND THE PERMISSIBLE LEVEL.

• POWER HOUSE-IF IT IS NEARER TO THE DAM LOSS OF HEAD DUE TO FRICTION IN THE PENSTOCK WOULD BE LESS.BUT IF IT IS FURTHER TURBINE CAN BE USED MAX.

• IN SOME LOCATION IT IS ECNOMICAL & SAFE TO USE POWERHOUSE UNDERGROUND.

• IT CONSSISTS OF TWO PARTS A SUBSTRUCTURE TO HOUSE THE ELECTRIC EQUIPMENT & SUPERSTRUCTURE TO PROTECT THE EQUIPMENT.

• THE TURBINES WHICH VERTICAL AXIS CAN BE KEPT BELOW THE FLOOR LEVEL BUT WHICH ROTATES ON HORIZONTAL AXIS CAN BE KEPT ON THE FLOOR ALONSIDE WITH GENERATOR.

• PRIME MOVER-THE PURPOSE OF IT TO CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY OF THE WATER TO MECHANICAL ENERGY

COMPARISON

• KALPAN IS MORE COMPACT• IT CAN ROTATE FASTER.• FLOW OF WATER IS AXIAL.• BLADES IN KALPAN ARE MAX 6 IT INCRAESES

EFFCIECNCY.• WHERAS FRANCIS IS BIT LARGE & IT CANT ROTATE

FASTER.• FLOW OF WATER IS RADIAL & EFFCEIENCY IS NOT

GREAT DUE TO FRICTION OF LARGE NO OF BLADES UPTO 16.

• HYDRO ELECTRIC GENERATOR ARE LOW SALIENT POLE ALETRNATOR WITH LOW SPEED & HIGH P.F.

• THE EFFCIECNY VARIES FROM 95 % TO 98 % .• A PROPER FLY WHEEL CONCEPT IS ESSENTIAL

IN CASE OF LARGE SYSTEM FOR SPEED REGULATION FOR SUDDEN CHANGES IN LOAD.

• FOR LARGE NO OF GENERATORS OPERATING IN PARALLEL CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN TO AVOID HUNTING & UNSTABILITY UNDER FAULTY CONDITIONS.

• SYSTEMS CAN BE CLASSIFED AS• ADEQUATE & SECURE• INADEQUATE & SECURE• ADEQUATE & INSECURE.• INADEQUATELY & INSECURE.

NESSESITY OF RELIBALITY EVALUVATION

• ECONOMICS-THE POWER SHOULD BE CHEAPLY AVAILABLE TO THE CONSUMERS.

• ENVIRONMENTAL-IT SHOULD NOT CAUSE POLLUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENTMAINLY IN CASE OF COAL OR NUCELAR RECATORS.

• SOCIAL-IT SHOULD UP THE STANDARD OF LIVING,REDUCE THE CRIMES & THEFTS ETC.

• RELIABALE-IT SHOULD NOT CAUSE ANY INTERRUPTIONS AND MAINLY IN THE CASE OF INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL CUSTOMERS INT COST SHOOTS UP ENEV THERE IS SECONDS OF INTERRUPTIONS.

• QUALITY-THE SUPPLY QUALITY SHOULD BE GOOD IN TERMS OF ITS FREQUNECY ,POWER FACTOR & VOLTAGE OR CURRENT LEVEL WITH FREE OF HARMONICS.

• SAFETY-IT SHOUL ABLE TO OPRATE ALL EQUPIMENTS IN A SYSTEM SAFELY WITHOUT CAUSING HAZARD TO ENVIRONMENT ,LIVESTOCK & HUMANS.

FUNCTIONAL ZONES

SIMPLE REPRESENTATION

• LOSS OF GENERATION AT HLI LEAD TO WHOLE SYSTEM SHUT DOWN.

• AT HLII-LOSS IN TRANSMISION MAY LEAD TO LOSS IN GENERATION UPTO CERTAIN EXTENT.

• AT HLII-LOSS WILL NOT AFFECT MANY PEOPLE AS LOAD CONNECTION WILL CURTAIL DOWN TO INDIVJUAL CUSTOMERS SUCH AS INDUSTRIAL,COMMERCIAL,AGRICULTURAL OR HOUSEHOLD BUT LOSS IN GENERATION MAY HAVE TO BE COMPONSATED BY LOAD SHEDDING,LOAD CURTAILEMENTS OR LOAD SCHEDULING.