Humanities DepartmentHumanities Department

The Crimean War 1854-1856The Crimean War 1854-1856The Crimean War appeared to be a war in which Russian The Crimean War appeared to be a war in which Russian Czar Nicholas I wished to protect the Greek Orthodox Czar Nicholas I wished to protect the Greek Orthodox Church in the Ottoman Empire. Church in the Ottoman Empire.

Upon further analysis, however, it becomes evident that Upon further analysis, however, it becomes evident that the czar had other motives for his actions. Among these the czar had other motives for his actions. Among these motives, the following were the strongest:motives, the following were the strongest:•He was anxious to possess a warm water port for trade.He was anxious to possess a warm water port for trade.•He wanted to control Constantinople as a preliminary He wanted to control Constantinople as a preliminary move in the conquest of India. move in the conquest of India. •He wanted to ward off any possible uprisings that might He wanted to ward off any possible uprisings that might stir up his already restless subjects, cause them to revolt stir up his already restless subjects, cause them to revolt against him, and eventually unseat him as czar. against him, and eventually unseat him as czar.

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• The war began as a battle between the The war began as a battle between the

Turks and the Russians. Turks and the Russians.

• The British became involved shortly after The British became involved shortly after Czar Nicholas suggested to Lord George Czar Nicholas suggested to Lord George Seymour that Russia and Britain dismantle Seymour that Russia and Britain dismantle and share the Ottoman territory.and share the Ottoman territory.

• But which side would the British But which side would the British enter on?enter on?

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• Seymour did not agree to the czar’s proposal Seymour did not agree to the czar’s proposal

since it would be a potential threat to British since it would be a potential threat to British naval interests in the Black Sea area if the naval interests in the Black Sea area if the Russians took control of the Dardanelles. Russians took control of the Dardanelles.

Dardanelles

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• British leaders were divided on the issue of how to British leaders were divided on the issue of how to

settle the matter of the Eastern question. Prime settle the matter of the Eastern question. Prime Minister Lord Aberdeen and Foreign Secretary Lord Minister Lord Aberdeen and Foreign Secretary Lord Clarendon believed that the settlement could be a Clarendon believed that the settlement could be a peaceful one, whereby Russia and Britain would sit peaceful one, whereby Russia and Britain would sit down with the other nations involved and reach a down with the other nations involved and reach a settlement. settlement.

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• The majority of the British people, however, The majority of the British people, however,

sided with Lord Palmerston, a former sided with Lord Palmerston, a former Foreign Secretary who felt that the only Foreign Secretary who felt that the only answer to Russian force was British force. answer to Russian force was British force.

• The press in Great Britain helped the The press in Great Britain helped the campaign by reminding readers how much campaign by reminding readers how much they loved Ottoman culture and how deep they loved Ottoman culture and how deep their anti-Russian feelings ran. their anti-Russian feelings ran.

• This pressure, coupled with the Russians’ This pressure, coupled with the Russians’ declaration of war on the Ottomans in declaration of war on the Ottomans in October 1853, increased the British pro-war October 1853, increased the British pro-war sentiment. sentiment.

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

Russia[claimed

protectorship over the Orthodox

Christians in the Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

The Crimean War (October 1853 – February 1856) was a conflict between the Russian Empire and an alliance of the French Empire, the British Empire, the Ottoman Empire, and the Kingdom of Sardinia. The war was part of a long-running

contest between major European powers for influence over territories of the declining Ottoman Empire.

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• In March 1854, both Britain and France In March 1854, both Britain and France

declared war on Russia. declared war on Russia.

• Britain entered to preserve her trade Britain entered to preserve her trade line and to keep Russia from spreading line and to keep Russia from spreading its territorial holdings. its territorial holdings.

• France entered primarily to endure that France entered primarily to endure that if any territorial changes took place, she if any territorial changes took place, she would have a part in the process. would have a part in the process.

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• The loss of life was great during this war. The loss of life was great during this war. • The largest single loss of life was most The largest single loss of life was most

probably the Battle of Balaklava, more probably the Battle of Balaklava, more commonly known as the Charge of the Lights commonly known as the Charge of the Lights Brigade, made famous by Alfred, Lord Brigade, made famous by Alfred, Lord Tennyson’s poem. Tennyson’s poem.

• During this battle, a misunderstanding of During this battle, a misunderstanding of orders sent six hundred British soldiers orders sent six hundred British soldiers charging into the deadly fire of Russian charging into the deadly fire of Russian artillery. artillery.

The Charge of the Light Brigade:The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

The Charge of the Light Brigade:The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

To learn more about Tennyson click here:

http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/tennybio.html

Half a league, half a league,   Half a league onward,All in the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred."Forward, the Light Brigade!"Charge for the guns!" he said:Into the valley of Death   Rode the six hundred…

The Crimean War con’tThe Crimean War con’t• In addition to deaths In addition to deaths

sustained in battle, many sustained in battle, many lives were lost due to an lives were lost due to an outbreak of cholera. outbreak of cholera.

• The war lasted about two and The war lasted about two and a half years, and casualties a half years, and casualties were estimated at two were estimated at two hundred and fifty thousand.hundred and fifty thousand.

• Russia was defeated when Russia was defeated when the British captured the the British captured the Russian port of Sevastopol. Russian port of Sevastopol.

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

http://www.who2.com/bio/florence-nightingale

Peace Negotiations: Treaty of ParisPeace Negotiations: Treaty of Paris• In Paris on February 25, 1856In Paris on February 25, 1856

• Did not Did not – lead to significant territorial changes lead to significant territorial changes – require Russia to pay reparations require Russia to pay reparations

• DidDid– guarantee the independence of the Ottoman Empire guarantee the independence of the Ottoman Empire

with freedom from Russian intervention on any level.with freedom from Russian intervention on any level.– provisions guaranteeing autonomy to Wallachia and provisions guaranteeing autonomy to Wallachia and

Moldavia (present-day Romania). Moldavia (present-day Romania). – the waters and ports of the Black Sea were to the waters and ports of the Black Sea were to

remain neutral an open to all nations. remain neutral an open to all nations.

Treaty of Paris [1856]Treaty of Paris [1856]

No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea.

All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted?

Who lost big?

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

The Crimean War

[1854-1856]

Let’s see if you learned anythingLet’s see if you learned anything……

• What reason did Czar Nicholas I give for initiating a What reason did Czar Nicholas I give for initiating a war with the Turks? war with the Turks?

• What were his real, underlying motives?What were his real, underlying motives?• Was all of Britain in favor of going to war with Was all of Britain in favor of going to war with

Russia?Russia?• What did Britain have to lose in this struggle?What did Britain have to lose in this struggle?• Why did France enter the war?Why did France enter the war?• What was the tragedy of the Battle of Balaklava?What was the tragedy of the Battle of Balaklava?• What were the results of the Treaty of Paris?What were the results of the Treaty of Paris?

Divisions in Italy ProvincesDivisions in Italy Provinces• Sprang from the inspiration given by the French Sprang from the inspiration given by the French

Revolution’s ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity. Revolution’s ideals of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

• Intellectuals and Middle Class sought to free the Intellectuals and Middle Class sought to free the peninsula from foreign control. peninsula from foreign control.

• Spanish Bourbons – kingdoms of Naples and SicilySpanish Bourbons – kingdoms of Naples and Sicily

• Austrian Empire (Hapsburg Princes) – Lombardy, Austrian Empire (Hapsburg Princes) – Lombardy, Venetia and indirect control of Modera, Lucca, Venetia and indirect control of Modera, Lucca, Parma, and TuscanyParma, and Tuscany

• Only the Papal States, which were controlled by the Only the Papal States, which were controlled by the Pope, and the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Pope, and the kingdom of Sardinia, which included Nice, Savoy, and Piedmont, were not controlled by Nice, Savoy, and Piedmont, were not controlled by foreign governments. foreign governments.

Count Cavour

[The “Head”]

Giuseppi Garibaldi

[The “Sword”]

King Victor Emmanuel

II

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Italian Nationalist LeadersItalian Nationalist Leaders

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821

Step #1: Carbonari Insurrections: 1820-1821

“Coalmen.”

Giuseppe MazziniGiuseppe Mazzini• Planted the first seeds of revolutionPlanted the first seeds of revolution• Carbonari (Society of Coal Burners)Carbonari (Society of Coal Burners)

– Naples and Turin (1820 & 1821)Naples and Turin (1820 & 1821)– Unsuccessful due to lack of Unsuccessful due to lack of

organization and supportorganization and support• 1831, founded a group known as 1831, founded a group known as

Young Italy to correct the weakness of Young Italy to correct the weakness of the Carbonari (not much more the Carbonari (not much more successful)successful)

• Effective speaker for Il Risorgimento Effective speaker for Il Risorgimento “the resurgence” – Roman national “the resurgence” – Roman national pridepride

• Giuseppe Garibaldi influential followerGiuseppe Garibaldi influential follower

Giuseppi Mazzini

[The “Heart”]

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

Step #2: Piedmont-Sardinia Sends Troops

to the Crimea

What does Piedmont-Sardinia get in return?

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Sardinia-Piedmont: The “Magnet”

Italian unification movement:

Risorgimento [“Resurgence

”]

Major Contenders:Major Contenders:Who would be the controlling force of a united Who would be the controlling force of a united

Italy?Italy?• Piedmont: Charles AlbertPiedmont: Charles Albert • Papal States: Pope Pius IXPapal States: Pope Pius IX

Revolution of 1848 Revolution of 1848 • Sicily forced the Bourbons to grant a Sicily forced the Bourbons to grant a

constitutionconstitution• Charles Albert granted a constitution to Charles Albert granted a constitution to

Piedmont and joined in the effort to fight off Piedmont and joined in the effort to fight off foreign controlforeign control

• When victory for Italy seemed inevitable, When victory for Italy seemed inevitable, the Papal States withdrew, refusing to war the Papal States withdrew, refusing to war with another Roman Catholic country with another Roman Catholic country

• This action caused all of the other territories This action caused all of the other territories to withdraw as well, leaving Charles Albert to withdraw as well, leaving Charles Albert alone to be defeated by Austriaalone to be defeated by Austria

• Italian Nationalists, upset, ran Pope Pius IX Italian Nationalists, upset, ran Pope Pius IX out of Rome. out of Rome.

• However, Louis Napoleon sent armies to However, Louis Napoleon sent armies to restore Rome to the Pope’s controlrestore Rome to the Pope’s control

Pope Pius IX: The “Spoiler”?

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30,

1849)

Garibaldi Defends Rome Against the French, (April 30,

1849)

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

Step #3: Cavour & Napoleon III Meet at

Plombières, 1858

What “deals” are made here?

Count Camillo CavourCount Camillo Cavour• Advisor to Charles Albert and his son Victor Advisor to Charles Albert and his son Victor

Emmanuel IIEmmanuel II• Master of ‘realpolitik’Master of ‘realpolitik’

– German origin that means practical or German origin that means practical or sometimes politics. sometimes politics.

• 1858, meet secretly with Napoleon III1858, meet secretly with Napoleon III– France promised to aid Piedmont in the battle to France promised to aid Piedmont in the battle to

drive out Austria drive out Austria

• Napoleon III pulled out of war a few months in Napoleon III pulled out of war a few months in due to pressure from the Catholics. He called due to pressure from the Catholics. He called for an for an armistice armistice with with Emperor Francis Joseph Emperor Francis Joseph of Austria. of Austria.

Results Results • Lombardy to PiedmontLombardy to Piedmont• Venetia remained under Austrian controlVenetia remained under Austrian control• Unification would be under Papal StatesUnification would be under Papal States

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #4: Austro-Sardinian War,

1859

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Step #5: Austro-Prussian War, 1866

Austria loses control of Venetia.

Venetia is annexed to Italy.

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #6: Garibaldi & His “Red Shirts” Unite with Cavour

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Step #7: French Troops Leave Rome, 1870

Italy is united!

Franco-Prussian War

A Unified Peninsula!A Unified Peninsula!

A contemporary British cartoon, entitled "Right Leg in the Boot at Last," shows Garibaldi helping Victor Emmanuel put on the Italian boot.

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

The Kingdom of Italy: 1871

What problems still remain for Italy?

Problems in the Problems in the Kingdom of Kingdom of ItalyItaly 1871 1871• LanguageLanguage

• A centralized government A centralized government

• Equity between the wealthy north and Equity between the wealthy north and the impoverished south the impoverished south

• TransportationTransportation

• Social reformsSocial reforms

Zollverein: German Customs Union

Zollverein: German Customs Union

Prussian goals: •as a political tool to eliminate Austrian influence in Germany;•as a way to improve the economies; •and to strengthen Germany against potential French aggression while reducing the economic independence of smaller states

Prussia/Austria RivalryPrussia/Austria Rivalry

Kaiser Wilhelm IKaiser Wilhelm I

• House of Hohenzollern

• Under his leadership and his Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, Prussia achieved the unification of Germany and the establishment of the German Empire

Helmut von MoltkeHelmut von Moltke•German Field Marshal

•He is regarded as one of the great strategists of the latter 19th century, and the creator of a new, more modern method of directing armies in the field.

• Austro-Prussian War• Franco-Prussian War

Chancellor Otto von BismarckChancellor Otto von Bismarck

“Blood&

Iron”

RealpolitikThe “IronChancello

r”

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]

Step #1:

The Danish

War[1864]The Peace of

ViennaThe Peace of

Vienna

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867

Step #3: Creation of the Northern German

Confederation, 1867Shortly following the victory of Prussia, Bismarck eliminated the Austrian led German Confederation.

He then established a new North German Confederation which Prussia could control Peace of Prague

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War

Step #4: Ems Dispatch [1870]:

Catalyst for War1868 revolt in Spain.

Spanish leaders wantedPrince Leopold von Hohenz.[a cousin to the Kaiser & aCatholic], as their new king.

France protested & his name was withdrawn.

The Fr. Ambassador asked the Kaiser at Ems to apologize to Nap. III for supporting Leopold.

Bismarck “doctored” the telegram from Wilhelm to the French Ambassador to make it seem as though the Kaiser had insulted Napoleon III.

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

Step #5: Franco-Prussian War

[1870-1871]

German soldiers “abusing” the French.

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Bismarck & Napoleon III After Sedan

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

[r. 1871–1888]

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

Prussian Junkers Swear Their Allegiance to the

Kaiser

German Imperial

Flag

German Imperial

Flag

German for “Empire.”

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck Manipulatingthe Reichstag

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Bismarck’s Kulturkampf:Anti-Catholic Program

Take education and marriage out of the hands of the clergy civil marriages only recognized.

The Jesuits are expelled from Germany.

The education of Catholic priests would be under the supervision of the German government.

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck’s Reapproachment

With the Catholic Church

Bismarck & Pope Leo XIII

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Kaiser Wilhelm II [r. 1888-1918]

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

Queen Victoria’s Grandchildren

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

“Dropping

thePilot”[1890]

Kaiser Wilhelm IIKaiser Wilhelm II

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Differing Nationalities in the

Austrian Empire

Austrian Imperial Flag

Austrian Imperial Flag

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

Emperor Franz Josef I [r. 1848-1916]

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Compromise of 1867:The Dual Monarchy Austria-

Hungary

The Hungarian Flag

Russian Imperial FlagRussian Imperial Flag

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the Crimean War.

Emancipation of the Russian serfs [1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification” program.

Jews forced migration to the Pale

Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion

The

Pale

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c

“The Sicker Man of Europe”