how did manifest destiny shape us government policy?

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How did How did Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny shape US government shape US government

Policy?Policy?

Define: Define: Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny“The fulfillment of our manifest destiny to

overspread the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our

yearly multiplying millions”John L. O’Sullivan

U.S. Magazine & Democratic Review 1845

Manifest Destiny is the belief that it was America’s God given right to extend

across the continent to the Pacific Ocean

Why did Americans head Why did Americans head west?west?

The abundance of land was the greatest The abundance of land was the greatest attraction for westward expansionattraction for westward expansion Farming opportunityFarming opportunity Land speculationLand speculation Settlers viewed land ownership as an important Settlers viewed land ownership as an important

step toward prosperitystep toward prosperity As settlers moved west & towns were built, As settlers moved west & towns were built,

merchants & manufacturers followedmerchants & manufacturers followed Future trade with Asia created the need for Future trade with Asia created the need for

western portswestern ports MormonsMormons ( (Brigham YoungBrigham Young) migrated west to ) migrated west to

escape religious persecution, eventually settle escape religious persecution, eventually settle Salt Lake City, Utah Salt Lake City, Utah

Trails WestTrails West The The Santa Fe TrailSanta Fe Trail stretched 780 miles stretched 780 miles

from Independence, Missouri to Santa from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico (1821-48)Fe, New Mexico (1821-48) American traders, settlers used the trail to American traders, settlers used the trail to

move westmove west Travelers often clashed with Native Americas, Travelers often clashed with Native Americas,

settlements in Mexican owned territories lead to settlements in Mexican owned territories lead to conflicts with Mexicoconflicts with Mexico

The The Oregon TrailOregon Trail stretched from stretched from Independence to Portland OregonIndependence to Portland Oregon Travel was difficult & dangerousTravel was difficult & dangerous Caravans provided protection from possible Caravans provided protection from possible

attack by Native Americans attack by Native Americans

Impact on Native Impact on Native AmericansAmericans• Westward settlers clashed with Native Americans who

had already lived on western grounds

• Some NA’s attempted to assimilate, some were forced off native lands, others attempted to fight the settlers

• Conflicts between Settlers and NA’s resulted in Wars which forced NA’s west of the Mississippi River (and eventually onto reservations)

• Forced migration & hunting of the buffalo helped to destroy Native American culture & traditions

•Fort Laramie Treaty promises NA’s control of central plains in exchange for permission for US government to build roads, forts.

•As settlers move west, NA’s continue to be driven from their territories. (settlers don’t honor treaty)

Resolving Territorial Disputes:Resolving Territorial Disputes: Westward migration of Americans Westward migration of Americans

caused conflict with European nations caused conflict with European nations that held a claim to western territoriesthat held a claim to western territories

The US and Great Britain clashed over The US and Great Britain clashed over the the Oregon TerritoryOregon Territory

President James PolkPresident James Polk called for called for annexation of the entire Oregon annexation of the entire Oregon Territory (based his Presidency on MD) Territory (based his Presidency on MD)

The dispute centered on the 54-40 The dispute centered on the 54-40 boundary line (possibility of war v. GB)boundary line (possibility of war v. GB)

Newspapers adopted the slogan Newspapers adopted the slogan 54 40 54 40 or fight!or fight!

Polk believed that northern territories Polk believed that northern territories were unsuitable for farmingwere unsuitable for farming

Polk & Britain negotiated the new Polk & Britain negotiated the new border between the US and Canada on border between the US and Canada on the 49the 49thth parallel (current border) parallel (current border)

How did How did Manifest DestinyManifest Destiny shape US government shape US government Policy?Policy?

The US Government:

1.Encouraged settlers to move west: helped to created trails, roadways, encouraging the growth of western towns

2.Supported settlers with troops to combat Native Americans, built forts (towns would grow around forts)

3.Negotiated with foreign countries for western lands

4.Fought wars over western territories

Impact of Mexican Impact of Mexican IndependenceIndependence

Mexico gained Mexico gained Texas & Texas & CaliforniaCalifornia after it secured its after it secured its independence from Spainindependence from Spain

Mexico encouraged Mexico encouraged Americans to settle in Texas Americans to settle in Texas (to bring manufactured (to bring manufactured goods into the country)goods into the country)

Mexicans and Americans Mexicans and Americans begin to clash over cultural begin to clash over cultural differences & differences & the issue of the issue of Slavery Slavery (Mex. Against it)(Mex. Against it)

Stephen Austin Stephen Austin established established American colony in TexasAmerican colony in Texas

Texas Fights for Independence Texas Fights for Independence Slavery continues to fuel hostilities between Slavery continues to fuel hostilities between

Americans (living in Mexico) & MexicoAmericans (living in Mexico) & Mexico AustinAustin petitioned Mexico for self-government over petitioned Mexico for self-government over

TexasTexas Mexico refused, Austin believes that war is the only Mexico refused, Austin believes that war is the only

option.option. The American revolt against Mexico is put down at The American revolt against Mexico is put down at

the the AlamoAlamo Rebels led by Sam Houston, under the battle cry Rebels led by Sam Houston, under the battle cry

“Remember the Alamo”“Remember the Alamo” secure Texas’ secure Texas’ independence from Mexicoindependence from Mexico

Texas becomes the Texas becomes the “Republic of Texas”“Republic of Texas” ( (the Lone the Lone Star RepublicStar Republic))

Under Under President PolkPresident Polk, Texas was , Texas was annexedannexed into the into the United States (Mexico objected to the annexation) United States (Mexico objected to the annexation)

Polk & War With MexicoPolk & War With Mexico Polk is elected president Polk is elected president

because he campaigned as an because he campaigned as an expansionistexpansionist

Mexico objected to Polk’s Mexico objected to Polk’s annexationannexation of Texas of Texas

Polk sends an emissary to Polk sends an emissary to Mexico to purchase California, Mexico to purchase California, Tx, New Mexico for $25 millionTx, New Mexico for $25 million

Mexico refused, Polk ordered Mexico refused, Polk ordered General Zachary TaylorGeneral Zachary Taylor to the to the Rio Grande to prepare for warRio Grande to prepare for war

Mexico viewed this as an Mexico viewed this as an invasion into their territoryinvasion into their territory

Many northerners questioned Many northerners questioned the impending war with Mexicothe impending war with Mexico

American victoryAmerican victory over Mexico over Mexico secured the disputed territory secured the disputed territory (Manifest Destiny nearly (Manifest Destiny nearly complete)complete)

America Claims the Spoils of America Claims the Spoils of WarWar

Mexico lost 50,000 men in the warMexico lost 50,000 men in the war The US lost 13,000 men in the warThe US lost 13,000 men in the war The US enlarged its territory about 1/3!The US enlarged its territory about 1/3! The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo

officially ended the warofficially ended the war The US gained California, Nevada, New The US gained California, Nevada, New

Mexico, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado & Mexico, Utah, Arizona, parts of Colorado & WyomingWyoming

The US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million The US agreed to pay Mexico $15 million ((Mexican CessionMexican Cession) )

Gadsden PurchaseGadsden Purchase (Pierce Administration) (Pierce Administration) completed the borders of the 48 states completed the borders of the 48 states

Zachary Taylor’s Election Zachary Taylor’s Election War hero Zachary War hero Zachary

Taylor wins the Taylor wins the election of 1848 election of 1848 (Polk chose not to (Polk chose not to run due to poor run due to poor health)health)

The ongoing The ongoing controversy over controversy over slavery in the new slavery in the new territories continuesterritories continues

Taylor dies in office Taylor dies in office and is replaced by and is replaced by Millard FillmoreMillard Fillmore

The California Gold RushThe California Gold Rush GOLD GOLD was discovered at was discovered at

Sutter’s Mill in California Sutter’s Mill in California (Near San Francisco)(Near San Francisco)

Gold FeverGold Fever spread through spread through the country/Gold Rush causes the country/Gold Rush causes thousands to migrate to thousands to migrate to California in 1849 (California in 1849 (forty-forty-ninersniners))

California’s population California’s population exceeded 100,000!exceeded 100,000!

California outlawed slavery & California outlawed slavery & applied for statehoodapplied for statehood

CA. statehood increased CA. statehood increased tensions between the already tensions between the already strained North & South strained North & South

Conclusion: Westward Conclusion: Westward ExpansionExpansion

How did the US gain How did the US gain western territories?western territories?

Territories were Territories were acquired by:acquired by:

1.1. TreatiesTreaties//negotiations with negotiations with foreign countriesforeign countries

2.2. PurchasedPurchased from from foreign countriesforeign countries

3.3. War War with foreign with foreign nationsnations

How did expansion How did expansion impact the US?impact the US?

1.1. Native AmericansNative Americans were displaced/killedwere displaced/killed

2.2. SlaverySlavery spread to spread to some parts of the some parts of the new territoriesnew territories

3.3. The spread of The spread of slavery caused slavery caused greater conflict greater conflict between north & between north & south south