holt call to freedom chapter 11 : the expanding nation 1800-1815

Holt Call to Freedom

Chapter 11 : The Expanding Nation

1800-1815

11.1 Jefferson as President

Objectives:

• Analyze the views Thomas Jefferson expressed about political parties in his first inaugural address.

• Identify the Republican policies Jefferson introduced and the Federalist policies that he accepted.

• Evaluate the importance of Marbury v. Madison as an important court case.

© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 2

I. The Republican Victory


A. Jefferson’s Inauguration

1. Large crowds attended the inauguration of Thomas Jefferson in March 1801.

2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had defeated, refused to attend.


Source: http://museum.nist.gov/images/exhibits/24.jpg

Source: http://www.historyplace.com/specials/calendar/docs-pix/oct-j-adams.htm

A. Jefferson’s Inauguration

3. Republicans had won control of the White House and both houses of Congress.

4. Inauguration marked first transfer of power from one political party to another in U.S. history; peaceful transfer of power a rare achievement at that time.


Source: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/inaugural-exhibit.html

Featured hymn called "Pieces" dedicated to Jefferson, which includes an invocation, a hymn with chorus, and an oration, for a large city-wide celebration in Philadelphia on the occasion of Jefferson's inauguration

B. Inaugural Address

1. Jefferson stressed that he supported will of the majority but opposed mob rule.

2. Tried to reassure Federalists that he would run the government fairly and called for unity between political parties


II. Jefferson to Office


A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice

1. Jefferson chose James Madison as secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as secretary of treasury.

2. Jefferson lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army and the navy.


Source: http://img.tfd.com/authors/madison.jpg

Source: http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/ppet/gallatin/GALLATIN.jpg

A. Putting Republican Ideas into Practice

3. Hoped to use savings from military cuts to repay the national debt

4. Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the whiskey tax


B. Relations with the Federalists

1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the United States, which the Federalists had established and he had opposed, because the banking system seemed practical.

2. Replaced a number of Federalist officials with Republican appointees


Source: http://www.tax.org/Museum/1777-1815.htm

A receipt for the whiskey tax, 1798

III. Marbury v. Madison


Source: http://www.landmarkcases.org/marbury/cartoon.html

A. New Judicial Offices

1. Before Jefferson took office as president, Federalists in Congress passed a law creating many new judgeships and court offices.

2. President John Adams appointed Federalists to fill these positions.


A. New Judicial Offices

3. When Jefferson took office, some of these Federalists had not yet received their special commissions authorizing their appointments.

4. Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue the papers.


B. Marbury’s Case

1. William Marbury, one of the people who had not received a commission, asked the U.S. Supreme Court to order the executive branch to issue the document.

2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the court this power


Source: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/law/witt/images/lect9/fx23_william_marbury.jpg

Source: http://www.ushistory.org/tour/tour_1bank.htm

Oldest bank building in AmericaConsidered the oldest building in America with a classical facadeBank charter was in effect for only 20 yearsIt cost $110,168.05 to build!Ceased operations in 1811

C. The Court’s Ruling

1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, was a Federalist who disagreed with President Jefferson about many issues.

2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the Supreme Court did not have the power to force the executive branch to give Marbury his paper.


Source: http://faculty.smu.edu/jkobylka/ct-pix/John%20Marshall%20(large).jpg

C. The Court’s Ruling

3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by the Constitution.

4. Case established the power of judicial review – the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.


Source: http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/judiciary/judiary_act_of_1789.htm

Pictured to the right is the official portrait of Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Oliver Ellsworth and his wife Abigail. Ellsworth was the principle author of the Judiciary Act of 1789, the charter for the federal judiciary system and the Marshals Service.

11.2 The Louisiana Purchase

Objectives:

• Describe how and why the Louisiana Purchase took place.

• Explain what the Lewis & Clark expedition achieved.

• Define the purpose of Pike’s expedition.


I. French Louisiana


Source: http://www.lewis-clark.org/media/images/map_loupur3.jpg

A. French Ambitions

1. The leader of France, General Napoléon Bonaparte, wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America.

2. Planned to send troops to Louisiana


Source: http://utopia.utexas.edu/project/portraits/napoleon.jpg

A. French Ambitions

3. First, needed to recapture the former French colony of St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) to establish a supply base near Louisiana

4. Enslaved Africans had taken over St. Domingue in the 1790s to gain freedom.


Source: http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jeanmi.b/images/cartedomingue.jpg

A. French Ambitions

5. Former slave Toussaint-Louverture ruled the island.

6. Napoléon’s army failed to retake the island in 1802.


Source: http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/l/pics/louverture-toussaint.jpg

B. American Concerns

1. Jefferson learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to France and feared that French control of the region would block U.S. western expansion.

2. With control of New Orleans, France could also interfere with American trade along the Mississippi River.


II. The Louisiana Purchase


II. The Louisiana Purchase

A. Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to France to make an offer to buy New Orleans and West Florida from France.


Source: http://www.nps.gov/jeff/LewisClark2/images/LouisianaPurchaseMap_Large.jpg

B. A Surprising Offer

1. French officials offered to sell all of Louisiana to the United States.

2. France needed money because it was about to go to war against Britain.

3. Napoléon also hoped that if the United States owned Louisiana, it could challenge Britain’s power in North America.© Holt Call to Freedom Lecture Notes - Slide 39

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/history/us/1800/louisianapurchase/index.shtml

C. A Growing Nation

1. U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy Louisiana for $15 million.

2. Jefferson feared that he did not have the constitutional power to buy Louisiana but agreed to the purchase because it was in the country’s best interest.

3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803 almost doubled the size of the United States.


Source: http://geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/jack_slides/lousianapurchase18031819.jpg

III. Mission of Discovery


Source: http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/courses/his325/LOUISIAN.gif


A. Jefferson planned an expedition to explore western lands.



B. Meriwether Lewis, who had served as Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition.


Source: http://www.tngenweb.org/lewis/meriwether.lewis.gif


C. Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.


Source: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/books/RevWar/ss/p050.jpg

IV. The Lewis and Clark Expedition



A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark Expedition set out from St. Louis, in present-day Missouri.


Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark.shtml


B. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman, assisted the group.


Source: http://www.kshs.org/exhibits/blc/graphics/sacagawea.jpg

Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/l/lewisandclark.shtml


C. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky Mountains; reached Pacific in November 1805


Source: http://www.army.mil/cmh-pg/LC/The%20Mission/LC_Pamphlet/25.jpg


D. Returned to St. Louis in September 1806



E. Expedition learned much about western lands and paths, established relations with several American Indian groups, and collected valuable scientific information.


V. Pike’s Exploration



A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find the source of the Red River and perhaps to spy on settlements in New Spain.


Source: http://www.slvdweller.com/archives/ZebulonPike.jpg


B. Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day Colorado, climbed mountain now known as Pike’s Peak, continued on into present-day New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where the Spanish arrested him


Source: http://www.enchantedlearning.com/explorers/page/p/pike.shtml

Source: http://www.imagesofcolorado.com/pikespix2/pikespeak1r.jpg


C. After release, Pike reported that the Southwest offered good business opportunities for Americans.


11.3 The Coming of War

Objectives:

• Determine why the United States placed an embargo on France and Great Britain.

• Explain what Tecumseh wanted to accomplish and how successful he was.

• Analyze why the United States declared war on Great Britain in 1812.


I. Danger on the High Seas


I. Danger on the High Seas

A. U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids conducted by North African countries called the Barbary States.


Source: http://wps.ablongman.com/wps/media/objects/31/32716/figures/DIVI158.jpg

B. Problems with Great Britain

1. United States supplied goods and war materials to Great Britain and France, who went to war in 1803.

2. Each nation passed laws to stop the United States from trading with its enemy.



3. The British stopped and seized American ships and also searched them for runaway British sailors, who were then forced to return to the British navy.



4. Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens.


Source: http://www.heritage.nf.ca/exploration/impressment.html

The impressment of an American

seaman.In Newfoundland men

were exempt from impressment, an act

practiced in the United States.

From a drawing by Stanley M. Arthurs. From Captain A.T. Mahan, Sea Power and its Relations to

the War of 1812, Vol. I (London: Sampson

Low, Marston & Company, Limited,

1894) 102.

II. A Trade War


II. A Trade War

A. Many Americans called for an embargo, or the banning of trade, in response to Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality.


Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/catalogues/sket149.html

American merchants disliked the Embargo Act of 1807. They argued that it would be years before Britain and France actually felt its effect while American trade stagnated.

B. Trade Laws

1. Congress passed the Embargo Act, which banned trade with foreign nations.

2. Act damaged American economy, especially in New York and New England.


Source: http://www.newark.k12.ny.us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/jefferson/embargo.jpg

B. Trade Laws

3. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act, which banned trade with Britain, France and their colonies and stated the United States would resume trade with the first side to stop violating U.S. neutrality.


Source: http://www.historycentral.com/NN/Nonenter.html

The Non-Intercourse Act was designed to end the violations of US neutrality by the British and French. The Non-Intercourse Act superseded the Non-Importation Act, which barred all trading.

III. The Rise of Tecumseh



A. American Indians and American settlers in Northwest Territory clashed again.


Source: http://www.sd4history.com/Unit1/beginningslesson3.htm


B. British aided these American Indian groups in hopes of limiting U.S. expansion.



C. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to unite American Indians against the United States.


Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/catalogues/peop_tecumseh.html

IV. War on the Frontier



A. William Henry Harrison, governor of Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a threat.


Source: http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/fi/00000095.htm


B. In 1810 in the Battle of Tippecanoe, Harrison’s forces defeated American Indian forces, which caused Tecumseh to lose much of his support.


Source: http://home1.gte.net/vzn05sxc/tmap.jpg

V. The War Debate


A. The War Hawks

1. War Hawks were members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain.

2. Leaders included Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun; support strongest in South, West


Source: http://odur.let.rug.nl/~usa/B/hclay/hclay.htm

Source: http://www.newgenevacenter.org/portrait/calhoun.jpg

A. The War Hawks

3. Saw war as only answer, and some hoped war might expand the United States


Source: http://www.newark.k12.ny.us/staffpages/vanduyne/youngnation/madison/warhawks.jpg

B. Doves wanted peace

1. Federalists in New England feared war with Britain would hurt the economy.

2. Other Americans argued that war was unnecessary and costly and that the U.S. military was not prepared to fight powerful Britain.


VI. A Declaration of War


VI. A Declaration of War

A. President James Madison, a Republican who had been elected in 1808, told Congress that Britain was already in a state of war against the nation.


http://www.americanpresident.org/history/jamesmadison/biography/resources/images/PortraitMadison.image.jpg

B. Congress Acts

1. Southern and western representatives in Congress voted for war.

2. Delaware, New England states, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed war.


B. Congress Acts

3. War Hawks won, and Congress declared war for the first time in U.S. history.


11.4 The War of 1812

Objectives:

• Describe how the war progressed at sea and in the Great Lakes region.

• Explain how actions by American Indians aided the British during the war.

• Identify the strategy the British pursued in the East.

• Examine how the war came to an end.


I. The War at Sea


A. Advantages and Disadvantages

1. U.S. navy had fewer than 20 ships, while the British had hundreds.

2. U.S. government licensed private ships (called privateers) to attack British merchant ships.


A. Advantages and Disadvantages

3. U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new warships that carried more cannons than most British ships of the same size.


I. The War at Sea

B. Early in war, most British naval ships were scattered far from the United States.


I. The War at Sea

C. Britain then turned to patrolling seas in large groups and blockading U.S. ports.


II. The Canadian Border


II. The Canadian Border

A. Americans attempted to invade Canada, but British force, aided by American Indians under Tecumseh, defeated U.S. force and captured Fort Detroit.


B. The Great Lakes

1. By the end of 1812, the British controlled the strategic Great Lakes region.

2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie.


Source: http://housatonic.net/faculty/ABALL/US1Notes010.htm

Source: http://www.jimpoz.com/quotes/speaker.php?speakerid=621

B. The Great Lakes

3. At the Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813, Perry’s fleet defeated British forces, which were forced to withdraw.


Source: http://www.jrusselljinishiangallery.com/images/shilstone/shilstone-erie-map.jpg

III. The Frontier War


A. Tecumseh and the British

1. After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison pursued British into Canada.

2. At the Battle of the Thames in October 1813, Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their American Indian allies.


Source: http://www.galafilm.com/1812/e/maps/554mapfull.html

A. Tecumseh and the British

3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the Indian-British alliance.

4. Victory secured U.S. border with Canada.


B. The Creek War

1. Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle, took Fort Mims in present-day Alabama.

2. General Andrew Jackson led U.S. forces against the Creek.


Source: http://www.usgennet.org/usa/al/state1/baldwin/redeagle.JPG

Source: http://www.historyplace.com/specials/portraits/presidents/

B. The Creek War

3. At the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814, U.S. forces defeated the Creek force.

4. Victory ended Creek War, and Creek forced to give up millions of acres of land.


Source: http://www.socialstudiesforkids.com/graphics/horseshoebendbattlemaplarge.jpg

IV. The British on the Offensive

A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops and strengthened its blockade of U.S. ports.

B. British forces sacked Washington but failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore.


Source: http://images.myareaguide.com/aps/op/fomc.jpg

The valiant defense of the fort by 1,000 dedicated Americans inspired Francis Scott Key to write “The Star-Spangled Banner.”

V. The Battle of New Orleans


V. The Battle of New Orleans

A. British forces launched attack on New Orleans.

B. American forces defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans.


Source: http://www.napoleonguide.com/images/map_neworlean.jpg

VI. Ending the War


A. The Hartford Convention

1. New England Federalists against the war met at the Hartford Convention.

2. Some delegates wanted New England to withdraw from the United States.


Source: http://www.primaryresearch.org/PRTHB/Dane/Norton/1.jpg

Documents courtesy of the Massachusetts Historical Society

A. The Hartford Convention

3. Delegates decided to send a group to Congress to demand states’ rights.

4. War ended; Federalists were accused of treason and lost much political power.


B. The Peace Treaty

1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of 1812 on December 21, 1814.

2. Each nation returned all the territory it had conquered, treaty provided no solutions to problems of impressment or trade


Source: http://www.canadianheritage.org/reproductions/20020.htm

The signing ceremony of the Treaty of Ghent in Belgium, late December 1814, to end the War of 1812 and a close return to terms as they were before the war.

B. The Peace Treaty

3. Both sides agreed to continue to work on these problems once there was peace.


holt call to freedom chapter 11 : the expanding nation 1800-1815

Documents

freedom lecture notes

madison holt

office holt

republican policies

freedom chapter

republican appointees

republican victory holt

political parties holt