Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models 2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Holt Algebra 2

Warm Up

Lesson Presentation

Lesson Quiz

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Warm Up

Write the equation of the line passing through each pair of passing points in slope-intercept form.

1. (5, –1), (0, –3) 2. (8, 5), (–8, 7)

Use the equation y = –0.2x + 4. Find x for each given value of y.

3. y = 7 4. y = 3.5

x = –15 x = 2.5

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Fit scatter plot data using linear models with and without technology.

Use linear models to make predictions.

Objectives

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

regressioncorrelationline of best fitcorrelation coefficient

Vocabulary

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Researchers, such as anthropologists, are often interested in how two measurements are related. The statistical study of the relationship between variables is called regression.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

A scatter plot is helpful in understanding the form, direction, and strength of the relationship between two variables. Correlation is the strength and direction of the linear relationship between the two variables.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Try to have about the same number of points above and below the line of best fit.

Helpful Hint

If there is a strong linear relationship between two variables, a line of best fit, or a line that best fits the data, can be used to make predictions.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Example 1: Meteorology Application

Albany and Sydney are about the same distance from the equator. Make a scatter plot with Albany’s temperature as the independent variable. Name the type of correlation. Then sketch a line of best fit and find its equation.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

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Step 1 Plot the data points.

Step 2 Identify the correlation.

Notice that the data set is negatively correlated–as the temperature rises in Albany, it falls in Sydney.

Example 1 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

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Step 3 Sketch a line of best fit.

Draw a line that splits the data evenly above and below.

Example 1 Continued

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Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Step 4 Identify two points on the line.

For this data, you might select (35, 64) and (85, 41).

Step 5 Find the slope of the line that models the data.

Use the point-slope form.

An equation that models the data is y = –0.46x + 80.1.

y – y1= m(x – x1)

y – 64 = –0.46(x – 35)

y = –0.46x + 80.1

Point-slope form.

Substitute.

Simplify.

Example 1 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 1

Make a scatter plot for this set of data. Identify the correlation, sketch a line of best fit, and find its equation.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

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••••

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Step 1 Plot the data points.

Step 2 Identify the correlation.

Notice that the data set is positively correlated–as time increases, more points are scored

Check It Out! Example 1 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Step 3 Sketch a line of best fit.

Draw a line that splits the data evenly above and below.

Check It Out! Example 1 Continued

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•••••

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Step 4 Identify two points on the line.

For this data, you might select (20, 10) and (40, 25).

Step 5 Find the slope of the line that models the data.

Use the point-slope form.

A possible answer is p = 0.75x + 5.

y – y1= m(x – x1)

y – 10 = 0.75(x – 20)

y = 0.75x – 5

Point-slope form.

Substitute.

Simplify.

Check It Out! Example 1 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

The correlation coefficient r is a measure of how well the data set is fit by a model.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

To display the correlation coefficient r, you may have to turn on the diagnostic mode. To do this, press and choose the DiagnosticOn mode.

You can use a graphing calculator to perform a linear regression and find the correlation coefficient r.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Example 2: Anthropology Application

Anthropologists can use the femur, or thighbone, to estimate the height of a human being. The table shows the results of a randomly selected sample.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

••••

• • •

•a. Make a scatter

plot of the data with femur length as the independent variable.

The scatter plot is shown at right.

Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

b. Find the correlation coefficient r and the line of best fit. Interpret the slope of the line of best fit in the context of the problem.

Enter the data into lists L1 and L2 on a graphing calculator. Use the linear regression feature by pressing STAT, choosing CALC, and selecting 4:LinReg. The equation of the line of best fit is h ≈ 2.91l + 54.04.

Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

The slope is about 2.91, so for each 1 cm increase in femur length, the predicted increase in a human being’s height is 2.91 cm.

The correlation coefficient is r ≈ 0.986 which indicates a strong positive correlation.

Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

c. A man’s femur is 41 cm long. Predict the man’s height.

Substitute 41 for l.

The height of a man with a 41-cm-long femur would be about 173 cm.

h ≈ 2.91(41) + 54.04

The equation of the line of best fit is h ≈ 2.91l + 54.04. Use the equation to predict the man’s height. For a 41-cm-long femur,

h ≈ 173.35

Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 2

The gas mileage for randomly selected cars based upon engine horsepower is given in the table.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

•••••

•••••

Check It Out! Example 2 Continued

a. Make a scatter plot of the data with horsepower as the independent variable.

The scatter plot is shown on the right.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

b. Find the correlation coefficient r and the line of best fit. Interpret the slope of the line of best fit in the context of the problem.

Enter the data into lists L1 and L2 on a graphing calculator. Use the linear regression feature by pressing STAT, choosing CALC, and selecting 4:LinReg. The equation of the line of best fit is

y ≈ –0.15x + 47.5.

Check It Out! Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

The correlation coefficient is r ≈ –0.916, which indicates a strong negative correlation.

The slope is about –0.15, so for each 1 unit increase in horsepower, gas mileage drops ≈ 0.15 mi/gal.

Check It Out! Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

c. Predict the gas mileage for a 210-horsepowerengine.

Substitute 210 for x.

The mileage for a 210-horsepower engine would be about 16.0 mi/gal.

y ≈ –0.15(210) + 47.50.

The equation of the line of best fit is y ≈ –0.15x + 47.5. Use the equation to predict the gas mileage. For a 210-horsepower engine,

y ≈ 16

Check It Out! Example 2 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Example 3: Meteorology Application

Find the following for this data on average temperature and rainfall for eight months in Boston, MA.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

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Example 3 Continued

a. Make a scatter plot of the data with temperature as the independent variable.

The scatter plot is shown on the right.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

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b. Find the correlation coefficient and the equation of the line of best fit. Draw the line of

best fit on your scatter plot.

The correlation coefficient is r = –0.703.

The equation of the line of best fit is y ≈ –0.35x + 106.4.

Example 3 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

c. Predict the temperature when the rainfall

is 86 mm. How accurate do you think your prediction is?

Rainfall is the dependent variable.

The line predicts 58.3F, but the scatter plot and the value of r show that temperature by itself is not an accurate predictor of rainfall.

86 ≈ –0.35x + 106.4

–20.4 ≈ –0.35x

58.3 ≈ x

Example 3 Continued

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

A line of best fit may also be referred to as a trend line.

Reading Math

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 3

Use the equation of the line of best fit to predict the number of grams of fat in a sandwich with 420 Calories. How close is your answer to the value given in the table?

Find the following information for this data set on the number of grams of fat and the number of calories in sandwiches served at Dave’s Deli.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 3

a. Make a scatter plot of the data with fat as the independent variable.

The scatter plot is shown on the right.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 3

b. Find the correlation coefficient and the equation of the line of best fit. Draw the line of best fit on your scatter plot.

The correlation coefficient is r = 0.682. The equation of the line of best fit is y ≈ 11.1x + 309.8.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Check It Out! Example 3

c. Predict the amount of fat in a sandwich with 420 Calories. How accurate do you think your prediction is?

420 ≈ 11.1x + 309.8 Calories is the dependent variable.

110.2 ≈ 11.1x

9.9 ≈ x

The line predicts 10 grams of fat. This is not close to the 15 g in the table.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Lesson Quiz: Part I

Use the table for Problems 1–3.

1. Make a scatter plot with mass as the independent variable.

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Lesson Quiz: Part II

2. Find the correlation coefficient and the equation of the line of best fit on your scatter plot. Draw the line of best fit on your scatter plot.

r ≈ 0.67 ; y = 0.07x – 5.24

Holt Algebra 2

2-7 Curve Fitting with Linear Models

Lesson Quiz: Part III

3. Predict the weight of a $40 tire. How accurate do you think your prediction is?

≈646 g; the scatter plot and value of r show that price is not a good predictor of weight.