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  • Dch bi Summer RAin 2

    101 IU TI HC C T TRNG KIN TRC Matthew Frederick

    Gi ti Sorche, v cun sch ny v nhiu hn th.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 3

    LI NGI DCH

    C l chng ta nhng kin trc s tng lai u bit lnh vc ny khc nghit, gian kh, ngho v cn am m nhiu n th no. Trong khi , tht d dng thy nhng g chng ta ang hc qua : chng trnh ging dy kh khan, thiu thc hnh cho mt nghnh c th nh th, gio vin thiu nhit huyt hoc nu c cng khng th lm g hn l thy c tr chp N khng hng n s kch thch tr tng tng, cch lm ch t duy thit k v mang nhng tng sng to vo thc t. Nhng iu ny c th gy tm l bt mn hoc chn nn,bung xui cho nhng hc sinh cp 4 trng Kin trc.

    Nhng c mt cu ni rt hay rng :" Nu bn khng thch con ng m bn ang [phi] i, hy to ra mt con ng mi." Nu bn khng c dy d theo cch m bn ngh bn ng c hng (v n hp l) th hy t tm cch gio dc mnh vy. y l mt quyn sch b ch m ti mun chia s n vi cc bn.

    Mc d c xut bn nm 2007, mt s iu trong cun sch khin ti cm thy nh n ra i t nhng nm u ca th k XX. Tuy vy, nhng li khuyn hu ch th khng bao gi l c c. Mong cc bn c th tm thy nhng iu th v qua nhng thng ip ca tc gi.

    V vn phong ca bn gc sc tch, c ng trong mt n lc trnh by nhiu khi nim mi v tru tng, i ch c th gy kh hiu, ti ngha, ti mn php din gii theo cch hiu ca mnh ,thm nhng v d minh ha khi cn thit, mong mun lm r thm ca tc gi. Do thi gian v trnh c hn, khng th trnh khi nhng sai st, mong bn c lng th v ng gp kin ni dung cun sch c hon thin hn .

    Ngi dch Summer Rain.

    N

    g

    i

    d

    c

    h

  • LI TC GI

    Nhng iu chc chn cho sinh vin kin trc l rt t i. Ging dy kin trc l qu trnh rc ri v phc tp, lin quan n nhng gi dy lu di, vn bn dy c, v c s hng dn tr tr. Nu bi hc kin trc c hp dn i chng na, chng cng ngp trong rt nhiu ngoi l v phn i n mc sinh vin kin trc t hi liu c iu g l chc chn trong vic hc kin trc hay khng.

    S mp m trong nhng hng dn kin trc l cn thit. Kin trc, trn tt c, l mt lnh vc sng to, v th nhng kh khn c th hiu c cho ngi hng dn thit k khi c th ha cc bi ging l trnh p t nhng gii hn khng cn thit cho qu trnh sng to. Kt qu s ci m ny cung cp cho sinh vin thm nhiu hp dn trn con ng sng to mi, nhng thng km theo cm gic rng kin trc c xy dng trn nn ct yu hn l trn mt nn t chc chn. Quyn sch ny hng ti mc ch xc lp cc nn tng cho cc xng kin trc bng cch cung cp tp hp cc iu m qu trnh thit k c th tri qua. Nhng bi hc tip theo

    v thit k, bn v, qu trnh sng to, v thuyt trnh ban u vi ti nh nhng tia sng m o xuyn qua mn sng m hc vn ca ti. Nhng qua nm thng m ti tri qua l ngi thc hnh v nh gio dc, chng tr nn sng sa v r rng, chc chn hn.V nhng cu hi m chng gii quyt vn l nhng cu hi trung tm ca nn gio dc kin trc : hc tr ca ti vn ht ln ny n ln khc t cc cu hi v nhng nhm ln ca trng kin trc l ph bin. Ti mong bn t cun sch ny trn mt bn khi bn lm vic xng thit k, b ti c khi di chuyn trn cc phng tin giao thng cng cng, v kim tra ngu nhin khi bt tay vo gii quyt cc vn kin trc. D bn lm g vi nhng bi hc sau y, hy cm kch v ti khng th bn bn li ch ra v s cc ngoi l v cnh bo cho mi bi hc .

    Matthew Frederick, Architect

    08.2007

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 5

    1. CCH V MT NG THNG.

    1. Kin Trc S s dng nhng nt v khc nhau cho cc mc ch khc nhau, nhng loi nt mang tnh kin trc nht l loi nt c nhn mnh u v cui. Vic ny gn kt ng thng vo mt giy v lm cho bn v chc chn v mnh m. Nu nt bt ca bn m dn v cui nt, bn v trng s yu ui v m h. tp nhng nt bt cng cp, hy thc hnh v nt m nh u v cui mi nt v.

    2. Hy v cc ng thng giao nhau mt cht. Vic ny gi cho cc gc khi b bo trn.

    3. Khi v phc, ng vch vch tng nt nh, ng lm bn v trng khng r rng bi nhng nt ngn, chng cho ln nhau. Thay vo , di chuyn bt ch t u ti cui mt cch c kim sot. Bn s thy hu ch khi v mt nt dng hnh m trc khi v nt chnh. Khng cn xa nt dng hnh sau khi bn v hon thnh, v chng s to tnh cch v cuc sng cho bn v.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 6

    2.

    Mt hnh l mt thnh t hay mt dng c v trn giy, vi hay nn khc. Nn l khng gian ca t giy.

    Mt hnh FIGURE cng c gi l : Object

    Form

    Element

    Positive shape

    Mt nn GROUND cng c gi l : Space

    Resident space

    White space

    Field

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 7

    3.

    NGUYN L HNH NN pht biu rng :

    Mt khng gian c to nn t vic sp t cc hnh th cn c cn nhc mt cch cn thn nh chnh bn thn cc hnh th .

    Khng gian c to ra bi sp t cc hnh th nu c hnh dng c th th gi l POSITIVE SPACE Khng gian hin. Nu khng c hnh dng c th th gi l NEGATIVE SPACE khng gian n.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 8

    4.

    Khi nhng yu t hoc khng gian khng r rng,

    nhng tuy vy li hin nhin ( l thy c ) ngha l chng ta c th nhn thy chng cho d chng ta khng nhn thy chng thc s c gi l IMPLIED ng , hm , m ch.

    Hin nhin l thy c ch?(minh ha ND)

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 9

    5.

    NGUYN L C RNG l s phn nh ba chiu ca nguyn l Hnh Nn.

    Mt th tch khng gian nh hnh hoc c to bi s sp t cc vt th c, cng quan trng nh, hay cn quan trng hn, chnh bn thn cc vt th .

    Mt khng gian ba chiu c coi l Khng gian hin Positive space nu n c cnh xc nh, s cm nhn v ranh gii hoc mt li ra vo gia trong v ngoi. Mt khng gian c th c xc nh bi : im, ng, mt phng, khi tch c, cy, cnh cng trnh, ct, tng, nn t dc.....

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 10

    6.

    Mt sn trong thng l khng gian a thch trong k tc cho giao tip x hi v i do.

    Chng ta di chuyn qua khng gian n Negative Space v c tr trong khng gian hin Positive Space.

    Hnh dng v cht lng ca khng gian kin trc tc ng mnh m ln tri nghim v cch c x ca con ngi.

    Positive Space khng gian hin hu nh c tt c mi ngi a thch nn n, lu li v thc hin cc tng tc x hi.

    Negative Space khng gian n li c xu hng khuyn khch con ngi chuyn ng hn l lu li trong .

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 11

    7.

    Nhng ta nh ngoi l vt th t do trong khng gian. Nhng ta nh th thng hnh dng ha khng gian.

    Khi thit k nhng cng trnh hin nay, chng ta thng n lc tp trung vo hnh dng ca chng, cn nhng khng gian ngoi tri thng l nhng khng gian ngu nhin c li. Nhng khng gian ngoi tri ny, nh thng thy vng ph cn, l khng gian n Negative space bi nhng ta nh khng c sp xp nh dng cc khng gian vo gia chng.

    Cng trnh th Trung c, thng c thit k theo hng ngc li: hnh dng nh c t th hai sau hnh dng ca khng gian cng cng, mt vi ta nh cn gn nh v nh hnh, nhng qung trng, sn trong hay cc khng gian cng cng c kt ni s to ra cc khng gian hin Positive space, khin con ngi c cm gic mun lu li v s dng cc khng gian chung ny.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 12

    8.

    " KIN TRC L QU TRNH SNG TO KHNG GIAN MT CCH C SUY NGH !"

    _ LOUIS KAHN_

    9. TINH THN CA NI CHN.

    "Genius loci" c ngha en l thin ti ca ni chn, dng din t mt ni chn m gy n tng su sc v cht lng kin trc v tri nghim n mang li.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 13

    10.

    TRI NGHIM V KHNG GIAN KIN TRC CHU TC NG MNH M BI CCH CHNG TA DI CHUYN TRONG .

    1. Mt khng gian cao, sng sa s cao v sng hn nu n tng phn vi mt khng gian trn thp v nh sng yu cnh n.

    2. Mt khng gian tn gio hay tng nim s cm thy n tng hn khi t cui mt chui khng gian nh hn trc .

    3. Mt cn phng vi ca s hng Nam s cho tri nghim mnh m khi ta i xuyn sut qua mt dy khng gian hng Bc trc khi n .

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 14

    11.

    CHE GIU V GI M.

    Lm giu c thm nhng xc cm cho chuyn hnh trnh xuyn qua mi trng xy dng.

    Khi chng ta di chuyn qua cng trnh, th trn, thnh ph, chng ta lin kt vi nhng du hiu th gic xung quanh v nhu cu nh hng v c s mong i. S hp dn v phong ph ca tri nghim ny l kt qu ca nhng cch m nhng " kt ni " ny c to ra. " Che giu v gi m " c th l cng thc cho s lm giu tri nghim ny. Trong mt hnh trnh c thit k, hy "trnh din" cho ngi dng mt tm nhn ti ci ch ca h mt cu thang, mt li vo, mt i tng nim mt cch tc thi khi h tip cn cng trnh. M ra hng nhn v mc tiu t mt gc nhn khc hoc mt chi tit th v mi ca n. Dn ngi s dng vo nhng ng dn khng mong i to thm tnh tit hay cm gic mt mt tm thi, sau li "tng" cho h mt tri nghim th v hoc gc nhn khc.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 15

    12.

    THIT K MT KHNG GIAN KIN TRC PHI TNG THCH VI MT CHNG TRNH, MT TRI NGHIM HOC MT NH C TH.

    ng bao gi v mt hnh ch nht hay bt k mt hnh dng ty hng no trn mt bng, ghi tn cho n, ri gn cho n ph hp vi mt mc ch s dng no y.

    Hn th, phi iu tra chi tit yu cu ca chng trnh xc nh nhng c im ca cc hot ng din ra trong . Hy hnh dung nhng tnh hung thc t hoc nhng tri nghim s xy ra trong nhng khng gian , v thit k kin trc phi tng thch v lm tng gi tr ca chng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 16

    13.

    PHN CHIA KHNG GIAN L T CHC V SP XP KHNG GIAN CHO PH HP VI NHU CU CNG NNG.

    B tr khng gian l mt k nng c bn ca mt Kin Trc S, nhng sp xp khng gian t c yu cu cng nng th ch mt s t Kin Trc S lm c. Mt ngi b tr khng gian Space planner s trnh by tt c vn cng nng cho va vi cng trnh trn mnh t ca n; mt Kin Trc S cn quan tm n ngha ca khu t v cng trnh. Space planner to ra mt khng gian chc nng nhm chn cho nhn vin vn phng, Kin Trc S ghi nhn nhng tnh t nhin th hin trong mi trng vn phng, ngha ca n ti ngi lao ng, v gi tr vi x hi. Space planner cung cp mt khng gian chi bng r. trnh din, th nghim sn xut linh tinh.. hay qu trnh dn dng sn khu. Kin Trc S thm nhun nhng hot ng ny vi s xc ng mnh m, s giu c, nim vui, v p v chm bim.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 17

    14.

    KIN TRC BT U VI MT TUNG!

    Gii php thit k tt khng ch l s hp dn vt cht m cn c dn dt bi mt tng nm di n. Mt tng l mt cu trc tr tu m bi n, chng ta t chc, hiu v trao ngha cho nhng tri nghim bn ngoi v thng tin. Nu khng c tng bn trong nh hnh cng trnh, Kin Trc S ch thun ty l mt Space planner ngi sp t khng gian. Qu trnh "by bin" khng gian p dng cch trang tr 'gi trang" khng phi l kin trc. Kin trc nm trong ADN ca cng trnh, trong mt s nhy cm ng nh ngm vo ton b cng trnh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 18

    15.

    MT PARTI L TNG CH O HAY L KHI NIM V CNG TRNH.

    Mt Parti thng c coi l mt kiu trnh by bng s th hin cch t chc tng mt bng ca cng trnh, v ng s nhy cm thm m v y kinh nghim. Mt s Parti c th din t:

    - Khi Massing - Li vo Entrance - Trt t khng gian Spatial hierachy - Quan h khu t Site relationship - V tr li cng trnh Core locaton - Giao thng ni b Interior circulation - Khu vc cng cng/c nhn public/private zoning - c/trong sut Solidity/transparency

    ...

    V nhiu th lin quan khc. T l s ch vo mi yu t thay i a dng ty

    vo mi d n. Qu trnh thit k chnh l qu trnh u tranh to ra mt Parti thch hp duy nht cho d n.

    Mt s tranh lun rng: mt Parti l tng bao hm ton b cng trnh n thng bo mi kha cnh ca cng trnh t cu hnh tng th v h thng kt cu ca n, cho ti hnh dng ca tay nm ca. Mt s khc tin rng mt Parti hon ho l khng th no t c hay mong ch n tn ti.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 19

    16.

    PARTI C BT NGUN T NHNG HIU BIT PHI KIN TRC V PHI C NUI DNG TRC KHI HNH DNG KIN TRC HNH THNH.

    Trong tham vng ln nht ca mnh, Parti c bt ngun t nhng iu siu nhin hn l ch kin trc.

    Ch L xung t c th ph hp cho to nh chnh ph mi cho hai phe i lp nhau va to ra quc gia mi. Ngn tay vn ln khi cnh rng c th gi ln mt nim tin sinh thi v mi quan h gia rung v rng. S tia vi mt ch khuyt gi ln nguyn l rng s mt mt mi n nhng c hi.

    ( xem li hnh trang 18)

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 20

    Nh th cho tt c Nh th cho cu chin binh mi ngi. mang qun hm mu tm.

    17.

    TNG THIT K CNG C TH, SC LI CUN CA N CNG LN.

    khng c th trong mt n lc tho mn tt c mi ngi thng dn n kt qu l khng ai c. Nhng da trn mt s quan st c bit, mt pht biu su sc, mt quan im chm bim, mt s lin kt tr tu, s phn nh d dm, tranh ci chnh tr, hay mt nim tin khc bit trong cng vic sng to s gip bn sng to mt mi trng m nhng ngi khc s xc nh chng theo cch ca h.

    Thit k nhng bc thang cho mt ngy m c du hi hp bc trn chng. nh hnh mt khung ca s nhn ra mt ci cy p trong ngy thu th mng. Mt ban cng cho nh c ti din thuyt. To ra nhng ch ngi cho nhng a tr cu knh phn nn v b m v gio vin ca chng.

    Thit k theo mt cch c th khng gii hn cch m mi ngi s dng v hiu cng trnh ca bn. N gip mi ngi c php dch cng trnh theo cch ring ca h v khc bit ho cng trnh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 21

    18.

    BT K QUYT NH THIT K NO CN PHI C NH GI THEO T NHT HAI CCH.

    Mc ch c bn ca cu thang l cho php di chuyn gia cc tng, nhng nu thit k tt, n c th phc v nh mt khng gian tp hp, mt tc phm iu khc, hay mt nhn t nh hng trong ni tht to nh.

    Mt ca s c th nh mt khung nhn, khin mt bc tng trn nng, hng ngi dng ti quang cnh bn ngoi, c th din t b dy mt bc tng hoc h thng kt cu cng trnh v nhn bit mi quan h trc vi yu t kin trc khc. Mt hng ct c th cung cp mt s h tr kt cu, nh ra mt ng dn v phc v nh mt nhp iu n mnh thnh phn kin trc bt quy tc. Nhng c hi cho cn nhc thit k a dng c th tm thy hu ht cc yu t kin trc. Cng nhiu nh gi bn tm thy hay to ra cho mi thnh phn cng tt.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 22

    19.

    V MT CCH C H THNG TRT T.

    Khi v trn bt c cht liu no, khng bao gi v mc 100% chi tit ht t ny n t khc. Thay vo , bt u vi nhng yu t chung nht ca b cc v dn dn pht trin chi tit thm. Bt u bng b cc trn ton b t giy. Dng nhng ng dn nh, nhng lin kt hnh hc, v nhng k thut khc kim tra cho nhng t l, mi quan h, v tr cc thnh t m bn ang v ( hay dng bt k th g ). Khi bn thnh cng mt mc s phc, tip tc mc chi tit hn.

    Nu bn cm thy bn thn tp trung qu mc vo chi tit hay mt khu vc c th, hi lng mt cht thi, ri chuyn qua vng khc ca bn v. nh gi thnh qu lin tc, t nh gi tng a phng trong ng cnh ton bn v.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 23

    20.

    K S XY DNG C XU HNG CH QUAN TM TI NHNG VN VT CHT M THI. KIN TRC S QUAN TM TRC TIP HN TI S TNG TC GIA CON NGI VI VT CHT.

    21.

    KIN TRC S BIT MI TH MT T. K S BIT MI IU V MT VN .

    Kin Trc S l mt ngi tng hp, khng phi

    chuyn gia, l ngi nhc trng ca dn nhc, khng phi nhc cng chi nhc c mt cch hon ho, l mt ngi thc hnh, Kin Trc S lin kt mt i ng chuyn gia bao gm K S Kt cu v k thut, nh thit k ni tht t vn cng trnh, Kin Trc S cnh quan, ngi vit thuyt minh, nh thu v cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc. Thng th mi quan tm ca ngi ny s cnh tranh vi mi quan tm ca ngi khc. Kin Trc S phi bit mi chuyn nghnh iu ho v tng hp cc yu cu mu thun trong khi vn tn trng nhu cu ca khch hng v tnh nguyn vn ca ton b d n.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 24

    22.

    CCH VIT CH KIN TRC VIT TAY.

    Ch vit kin trc tt tun theo mt s nguyn tc v k thut.

    1. Tn trng s r rng v u n trn tt c. 2. S dng ng dn (thc hay tng tng) m

    bo s thng nht. 3. Nhn mnh im u im cui mi nt ct nhau

    nh nh nt v. 4. Nhng nt ngang nghing ln mt cht. Nu

    nghing xung trng chng s mt mi. 5. Nhng nt cong trn y nh bng bay. 6. Ch cn thn nhng khong trng gia cc ch

    ci. V d, ch E cn nhiu khng gian hn khi t sau ch I, hn l khi t sau ch S T.

    7. Vi font nt chun trong my tnh tng ng ch kin trc c th h tr bn: Stylus, City Blueprint, Bernhard fashion...

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 25

    23.

    Thc ti c th c nhn nhn mt cch ch quan, khi mt ngi nhn thy tnh duy nht trong vn anh ta quan tm, hoc mt cch khch quan bi nhng vn ring bit.

    Thc t khch quan Thc t ch quan Quan st bit lp Ha nhp trc tip

    Khch quan l lnh vc ca nh khoa hc, k thut vin, nh logic hc v nh ton hc. Ch quan l mi trng ca ngh s, nhc s, thn b v nhng t tng t do. Cng dn ca nn vn ha hin i c khuynh hng coi trng quan im khch quan, v do , n c hai hnh thi nhn thc u quan trng cho vic hiu v sng to kin trc.

    24.

    Khoa hc lm vic vi nhng khi v nhng mu v cc mnh ca s vic vi s lin tc gi nh, v [cc ngh s ] ch hot ng vi tnh lin tc ca s vt vi cc khi v cc mu v ming gi

    nh.

    ROBERT PIRSIG, ZEN AND THE ART OF MOTORCYCLE MAINTENANCE.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 26

    25.

    S DNG PARTI NH L CH DN THIT K NHIU HNH THI CNG TRNH.

    Khi thit k cu thang, ca s, ct, mi, hnh lang, li thang hay bt c hnh dng no khc ca cng trnh phi lun lun ch rng thit k chng nh th no din t v gia tng tng c bn ca cng trnh. V d, parti c xu hng din t cch t chc thnh lp layer, vi mi lp layer c mt cht lng kin trc duy nht. Khi , cu thang trung tm cng trnh c th :

    1. Ct qua layer, ngi s dng cng trnh c th i ngang qua cc layer khi i ln thang.

    2. Song song vi cc layer, v do , chnh n l mt layer.

    3. Nm bn ngoi h thng m bo tnh nguyn bn.

    4. Bt k phng n no khc m n c th ni ln rng, "cng trnh ny l cc layer"(v khng ni iu ngc li).

    Thang ct qua Layers Thang song song Layer

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 27

    26.

    Khi qu trnh thit k tin trin, s phc tp chc chn s gia tng. Nhng vn kt cu, nhng yu cu thay i lin tc ca khch hng. Kh khn trong gii quyt thot ngui, nhng phn ca chung trnh b b qun hoc mi khm ph ra, nhng cch hiu mi v nhng thng tin c, v nhiu nhiu na Parti ca bn tng l mt s khi u n tng t nhin i mt vi tht bi. Mt ngi thit k ngho nn s c gng gi ly mt Parti tht bi v c gng rp ni nhng sa cha vo nhng khu vc rc ri, v do dn n vic nh mt tnh thng nht ca ton th n. Mt s khc c th cm thy bt lc v t b vic theo ui mt hnh th thng nht. Nhng mt nh thit k tt hiu rng s bo mn ca Parti l ch dn hu ch bit n s i u tip theo. Khi s phc tp ca qu trnh thit k ph hng k hoch ca bn, thay i hoc nu cn thit hy t b Parti . Nhng ng t b vic c mt Parti, v ng chn vi ngoan c mt chng trnh m khng cn lm vic. Hy sng to mt Parti khc m lin kt ton th nhng g bn bit v cng trnh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 28

    27.

    MM , NT MM. CNG , NT CNG.

    Bt Marker , ch than, ch mu, sp mu, bt lng,

    ch mm . l nhng cng c gi tr khm ph nhng tung lc khi u ca qu trnh thit k, v bn cht t nhin ca chng l cho php nhng suy ngh thong v nhanh v trnh nhng quyt nh qu mn mng. Marker 5p v ch cng hu dng hn khi tin gn hn ti phng n gii quyt. Bn v gi tr c th gip th hin c sc thi v s tinh t ca phng n.

    Bn v Hard-line bn v t l vi thc thng hoc v bi my tnh tt nht cho vic chuyn ti thng tin mang tnh quyt nh c th v nh lng, nh l mt bng sn cui cng hoc mt ct tung chi tit. Chng cng c th hu ch i khi, trong qu trnh phc tho, khi cn kim tra kch thuc lm vic ca tng thit k. Tuy vy, khi lm dng qu mc nh mt cng c thit k, my tnh thng khuyn khch a ra mt lot cc kin hn l nui dng s hiu bit su sc v vn thit k m bn mun gii quyt.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 29

    28.

    MT KIN TRC S GII KHNG LO NGI

    PHI VT I MT TUNG HAY.

    Ch l v mt tng th v xut hin khng c ngha l n thuc v cng trnh ang thit k. a ra mi tng, ngh bt cht, s trm ngm t xut, v nhng gi hu ch trong mt s ghi nhn cn thn v ti hn. Thnh qu sng to ca bn nn c sng to nh mt th thng nht, ch khng phi lin kt tt c nhng tt nht vo cng trnh ca bn trong khi chng chng lin quan ti nhau. Hy ngh v mt Parti nh mt tc gi tm ra mt lun im, hay nh mt nh son nhc tm ra mt ch m nhc, khng phi tng no xut hin cng gn n vo cng trnh ngay c! Lu gi nhng tng hay nhng cha ph hp cho mt ln khc v mt d n khc vi mt thc rng, c th n cng li chng ph hp.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 30

    29.

    NH HNG VO QU TRNH (THIT K), CH KHNG PHI SN PHM (THIT K) L IU QUAN TRNG V K NNG KH NHT NGI THIT K PHT TRIN.

    nh hng qu trnh c ngha l :

    1. Tm kim s thu hiu vn thit k trc khi theo ui cc gii php.

    2. Khng p buc nhng gii php thch hp vi vn c vo vn mi.

    3. Vt b bn thn bn khi s u t ng t ho vo n ca bn v dn dn yu tung ca bn.

    4. iu tra v quyt nh thit k ng b (din t tt c cc kha cnh ca vn cng lc) hn l mt cch trnh t (tc l hon thnh ht mt kha cnh ca gii php ri mi nghin cu tip kha cnh khc).

    5. To ra nhng quyt nh thit k c iu kin ngha l, nhn thc rng chng c th hay khng th t c hiu qu khi tip tc hng ti gii php cui cng.

    6. Bit l khi no cn thay i v khi no phi kt hp vi nhng quyt nh trc .

    7. Chp nhn mt s tht l s lo lng thng n t nhng lc khng bit phi lm g.

    8. Lm vic linh ng gia t l khi nim ( concept ) v t l chi tit ( detail ) xem chng tc ng ti nhau nh th no.

    9. Lun lun hi Nu nh?? v vn bn cm thy hp dn th no vi gii php ca mnh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 31

    30.

    MT CNG TRNH THCH NG PHT TRIN MT CCH T NHIN, LOGIC V NN TH NGOI TT C CC IU KIN CA N.

    __ Louis Sullivan ___

    31.

    CI THIN QU TRNH THIT K, KHNG PHI MT CNG TRNH HON HO, L IU GI TR NHT M BN T C TRONG XNG THIT K V TIP TC A BN TIN LN.

    Mt gio vin hng dn, trn tt c, mun sinh vin ca h pht trin qu trnh thit k. Nu mt im tt c chm cho mt n ngho nn, c th l sinh vin th hin mt qu trnh tt. Cng vy, mt n tt c th nhn im trung bnh. WHY?? Bi v c th qu trnh to ra n l khng c h thng, cu trc pht trin ngho nn hoc l kt qu ca s may mn.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 32

    32.

    Ngi gii quyt vn SNG TO , HIU QU nht lun trn tr vn Meta thinking hay l ngh cch ngh .

    Meta thinking ngha l bn nhn thc c cch m bn suy ngh trong khi bn ang ngh. Mt ngui ngh nh vy s tin hnh cuc hi thoi lin tc bn trong vi vic kim tra, m rng, phn tch v nh hng li qu trnh h suy ngh.

    33.

    Nu bn mong mun thm m khng gian kin trc hoc yu t kin trc vi mt cht lng c bit, hy m bo l thc s cht lng .

    Nu bn mun mt bc tng cm thy dy, hy m bo

    l n DY . Nu bn mun mt khng gian cm thy cao, hy m bo

    l n CAO. S trnh by r rng ca ni dung thit k l iu thit yu cho mt nh thit k mi bt u vo ngh. Nhng nh thit k kinh nghim thng bit lm th no to n tng c bit vi nhng s khc bit tinh t.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 33

    34.

    DNG LN MT KHUNG NHN, NG TRNH DIN N.

    Mc d mt bc tng ca nhng chic ca s thng c coi l cch x l tt nht cho mt khung nhn kch tnh, th nhng tri nghim phong ph hn thng c tm thy trong nhng view nhn c ng khung, la chn che giu hoc t chi mt cch khn ngoan c suy xt. Hy lm vic cn thn vi hnh dng, kch c v t ca s theo mt cch c bit vi khung nhn v tri nghim m n mang li.

    35.

    Ti thch mt view nhn nhng ti thch ngi quay lng li vi n. (?!!)

    36.

    Nhng bn v vi bng v bng bn thn mang li nhiu cm xc hn bn v nt.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 34

    37.

    BT K CHT LNG THM M NO CNG THNG C GIA TNG BI S XUT HIN CA CI TNG PHN VI N.

    Khi tm kim mang li cht lng thm m c bit ( sng, ti, cao, trn, thng, ln sng, kiu hnh, thch th ) cho mt khng gian, mt thnh phn, hoc mt cng trnh, hy c gng lin h vi mt cht lng tng phn hoc i ngc to tc dng ti a. Mi thnh phn cng trnh u yu cu s tng phn : b mt th rp vi trn nhn, khi thng ng vi khi ngang, ct lp li vi tng lin tc, s sp t tuyn tnh vi khi cong, ca s ln vi nh, khng gian chiu sng t trn cao v t bn cnh. Mt khng gian lu chy vi nhng cn phng b chia ct. Nu bn mun mt cn phng cm thy cao v sng, th to ra mt li tip cn cht hp v thp. Nu bn mun mt snh gy cm gic nh hnh hc nguyn bn, trung tm mt cng trnh, hy bao quanh n bi nhng khng gian hu c hoc ngu nhin. Nu mun nhn mnh s phong ph v vt liu, lin h n vi mt yu t khim nhng, gin d, tinh t. V tng t nh th.

    Bn hy hnh dung v tng phn counterpoint : mt ng cong mm mi tng phn, i nghch vi 1 dy hnh vung u n.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 35

    38.

    BN HNG LA BN LIN H VI NHNG NGHA C TH GIA TNG TRI NGHIM KIN TRC

    NG : tr trung, v t, trong sng, ti mi. NAM : nng ng, sng sa, n gin. TY : tui gi, nghi vn, thng thi. BC : trng thnh, chp nhn, ci cht.

    Nhng lin kt ny khng hon ton, nhng c th, gip bn quyt nh nh v nhng khng gian v hot ng a dng phong ph trong khu t hoc trong cng trnh. Theo bn, hng no l ph hp cho v tr t nh tang l, mt khng gian th cng, mt snh thuyt ging gio dc cho ngi ln, hay phng chm sc tr nh?

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 36

    39. B CC TNH .

    .thng hin din cho s ngh ngi.

    B cc tnh thng l i xng. Nu thit k xut sc, chng gi ln sc mnh, s chc chn, tnh thuyt phc, v uy quyn, s vnh cu.

    Nhng kt qu km thnh cng thng mang n s bun t, km hp dn v t nht.

    40. B CC NG..

    . khuyn khch s khm ph th gic.

    B cc ng thng bt i xng. Chng gi ln s hot ng, s th v, hi hc. chuyn ng, s lu chuyn, cng kch v xung t.

    Nhng kt qu km thnh cng c th gy ra bc bi v mt nh hng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 37

    41.

    CC GII PHP V CC I TRNG.

    thit k mt b cc ng v cn bng, d l 2D hay 3D, hy a ra nhng quyt nh khi u mnh m, ng v khng cn bng, sau tip tc vi mt bin php i trng vi bin php u tin. Hy ngh v i trng nh l mt dng ca s bc b thm m: n tng t nhng khng hon ton ging ci tng phn. Khi mt s lng xc nh cc i trng, theo l thuyt, c th c to ra t bin php ban u cho. V d: Mt vng xoy n l, ln c th i trng vi mt vi hnh vung nh. Nhng hnh xoy ging nhau c th i trng vi nhng hnh zch zc ngc chiu, hay mt h mng nhn mnh s u n, hay mt lot nhng hnh trn tri ni, vvbi v mi i trng trn c cht lng m c mt s c tnh tri ngc vi cht lng ca hnh xoy.

    Gii php v i trng moves and counterpoints : ging nh hai v i ca mt cu i, chng tng xng nhng li i nghch nhau v ni dung hay cht lng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 38

    42.

    NHNG BI TP T NHT, NH NHT NM NHT THC S C NGHA NO VI KIN TRC.

    Rt nhiu sinh vin nm nht cm thy bun t v thiu kin nhn vi nhng bi tp thit k 2D 3D xng thit k. Nhng sinh vin nm sau , rt thy nhng bi tp rt hu ch, li thng tht bi trong vic nhn li nhng bi thit k bui u thy chng cung cp mt nn tng gii quyt cc vn phc tp ca kin trc nh th no. Nu ngi hng dn bn khng to ra s lin h r rng ca hnh mu 2D 3D ti kin trc thc s, hy yu cu v d. Hoc hi ngi hng dn trnh cao hn. Mt nn tng hon ho cc kin thc c bn v 2D v 3D s gip bn tin xa nht trn cuc ua di qua s phc tp ca kin trc.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 39

    43.

    KHI GP KH KHN TRONG GII QUYT MT BNG SN, MT BNG NN, MT NG, MT CT CNG TRNH HAY CC HNH TH, HY NHN NHN CHNG NH MT B CC 2D V 3D.

    iu ny s khuyn khch bn gi cn bng gia hnh dng v khng gian, gip bn lin kt cc phn ring bit ca h thng Schema phc ha, v ngn s tp trung qu mc vo nhng im nhn a thch ca mnh. Cu hi l:

    Liu b cc ny c mt s cn bng tng th khng?

    c s trn ln cc yu t vi kch c v cht liu khc nhau hp dn mt nhn t nhng li i v nhng khong cch khc nhau hay cha?

    c mt bin php chnh v mt hay nhiu i trng ca n cha?

    Liu c mt khu vc no ca b cc xut hin b b qua hay cha?

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 40

    44.

    L THUYT V MU SC CUNG CP MT

    NN TNG CHO VIC HIU CCH NG X VI NGHA CU MU SC.

    Mu sc c th lin h vi ma.

    NG : xm, trng, xanh lnh ... THU : vng, nu t, xanh oliu,nu tm, tng mu bn.. H : mu c bn v mu sng. XUN : tng ch mu.

    Mu sc c th phn ra thnh mu m v mu lnh.

    m : , nu, vng, xanh oliu Lnh : xanh da tri, xm,...

    Vng trn mu, trn cc mu nm i din nhau l cc mu b tr nhau, c s dng t chc mu sc. S dng cc mu b tr v d, xanh dng vi da cam s gip to ra s cn bng mu sc.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 41

    45. BA CP NHN THC!

    n gin SIMPLICITY : l th gii quan ca tr em hoc ngi ln cha

    trng thnh, hon ton nhn thc bng tri nghim c nhn v khng nhn thc c nhng iu nm bn di b mt ca thc ti trc tip.

    Phc tp COMPLEXITY : l s ghi nhn th gii quan ca ngi ln thng

    thng. N c nhn din bi s nhn thc c h thng phc tp c t nhin v x hi nhng khng c kh nng phn bit lm cho d hu cc kiu mu v cc lin kt.

    n gin nh hnh INFORMED SIMPLICITY : l gic ng c thc ti. Da trn kh nng nhn

    thc r rng v sng to nhng kiu mu d hiu bn trong mt hn hp phc tp. Nhn thc c cc kiu mu l k nng c bn ca Kin Trc S, ngi to ra nhng cng trnh c tnh trt t cao trong qu trnh rt nhiu tranh ua v nhng cn nhc thit k thng hay m mt.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 42

    46.

    Sng to s phong ph kin trc qua s "n gin nh hnh" hoc s " Tng tc ca nhng ci n gin " hn l tp hp c nhng th khng cn thit.

    Cho d thm m kin trc hng n ti gin hay phc tp, s tri nghim huyn b hay sng sa, khng gian Spartan hay s phong ph ca cc Layer, mt cng trnh phi l th c trt t cao. Sng to nhng kiu mu n gin trn mt bng l mt cch cho mn trt t trong khi cho php c v tri nghim nhiu ln. Mt vi v d cho s phc tp khng cn thit:

    + To ra hng t gii php thit k ring bit m thc ra ch cn ba gii php c cn nhc tt l t c. + Lm bn rn n vi nhng th doodads nhng th trang tr v vn ch v n bun chn nu khng c chng.

    + T tp tht nhiu yu t khng cn thit m khng quan tm ti s thng nht ca chng m ch bi v bn thn chng hp dn.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 43

    47.

    NHNG CN PHNG, CNG TRNH HNH VUNG RT KH T CHC CNG NNG.

    Bi v mt hnhh vung l mt hnh c hu bt ng, n t nhin khng gi ln chuyn ng. iu ny gy kh khn cho vic lp mt li, mt ng dn lu thng ng gi trong mt bng vung. Hn th na, phng ni tht trong mt ta nh hnh vung c th b ri xa nh sng v khng kh t nhin. Mt hnh dng khng vung, hnh ch nht, hnh trng, hnh trng khuyt.. c th dn xp mt cch t nhin hn nhng hnh mu ca chuyn ng, s tp hp v c tr.

    48.

    Nu bn khng th trnh by tng ca bn cho b ca bn hiu, th bn vn cha nm r ti ca mnh.

    Vi Kin Trc S, ngi hng dn, v sinh vin s dng ngn ng phc tp ( v thng v ngha ) trong s c gng c c s cng nhn v tn trng. Bn c th h phiu du vi chng, nhng ng bt chc h. Mt ngi chuyn nghip bit lnh vc ca h giao tip vi ngi khc bng ngn ng thng ngy.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 44

    49.

    CAO , GC V MU CA NH SNG NGY THAY I THEO HNG LA BN V THI GIAN. BC BN CU TH :

    1. nh sng hng Bc khng c bng , chan ha, c mu trung tnh hoc xm nh hu ht cc ngy trong nm.

    2. nh sng hng ng mnh nht vo bui sng. Cao thp, bng mm, di, mu vng xm.

    3. nh sng hng Nam ln t t cui bui sng ti cui bui chiu. N c xu hng phn chiu mu sc chnh xc nht v bng mnh r rng nht.

    4. nh sng hng Ty mnh nht cui bui chiu v sc thi mu cam vng mnh. N c th xm nhp vo cng trnh v i khi qu ti.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 45

    50.

    CA S MU TI VO BAN NGY.

    Khi render mt phi cnh ngoi tht, to ca s mu ti (tr khi knh phn x hoc c mnh, rm mu sng sau ca) s to hiu ng su v tht.

    51.

    CI P L S HI HA GIA CC YU T HN L BN THN CC YU T .

    chnh l cuc i thoi gia cc thnh phn ch khng phi bn thn cc thnh phn mi to ra hiu qu thm m.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 46

    52.

    S CM NHN THNG THC V S CN BNG BT I XNG C GHI NHN V DIN T MT KH NNG CAO HN V SUY NGH.

    Cho d to ra mt b cc n nh hay ng, ngi ngh s lun lun tm kim t c s cn bng. Cn bng l r rng trong mt b cc i xng, nhng b cc bt i xng c th cn bng hoc khng. Kt qu l, bt i xng thng c xu hng yu cu suy ngh phc tp hn v hiu bit su sc hn v tng th.

    53.

    MT CNG TRNH P GI M NHNG IM NHN KHC NHAU V BN THN N KHI GC NHN THAY I THEO KHONG CCH.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 47

    54.

    HNH DNG HNH HC C MT CHT LNG NNG NG R RNG S NH HNG N NHN THC V TRI NGHIM CA MI TRNG XY DNG.

    1. Mt hnh vung, r rng l n nh v khng nh hng. Kt qu l mt phng hnh vung hay b cc lp phng to cm gic tnh ti, cho d nu thit k khng cn thn, n c th gy cm gic u bun v m mt.

    2. Mt hnh ch nht, bi v hai cnh di v hai cnh ngn hn, r rng l c hng. Phng ch nht cng di cng khuyn khch s di chuyn vt l v th gic song song vi trc di.

    3. Mt hnh trn va t nh hng va v hng: mt cng trnh trn din t mi hng bng nhau v l mt im nhn hiu qu trong cnh quan.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 48

    55.

    V TR TT NHT T LI GIAO THNG QUA MT PHNG NH L XUYN THNG, CCH VI FEET T MT BN TNG.

    iu ny cho php nhng ngi s dng phng thng xuyn khng b chen ngang bi giao thng. Giao thng t nht l i cho qua cn phng hoc song song vi cnh di. Vic b tr ni tht s kh t c tin nghi trong trng hp nh th nhng ngi trong phng s c xu hng cm thy nu khng ni thc t l s trn li i ca nhng ngi i qua.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 49

    56.

    HU HT CC HNH DNG KIN TRC U C TH PHN LOI THNH :

    ADDITIVE FORMS Khi cng Tp hp cc thnh phn ring l.

    SUBTRACTIVE FORMS Khi tr Khi b c khot hoc ct t mt khi ln.

    SHAPED/MOLDED FORMS Khi "do" c nh hnh t mt vt liu do nh nhng lc tc dng trc tip.

    ABSTRACT FORMS Khi tru tng C ngun gc khng r rng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 50

    57.

    MT BUI THUYT TRNH HIU QU CHO MT N STUDIO BT U VI S KHI QUT V TIN TI S C TH.

    1. Pht biu vn thit k c giao. 2. Tho lun v gi tr, thi , v cch tip cn m

    bn mang vo vn thit k. 3. Trnh by qu trnh thit k v nhng tng,

    nhng khm ph ch yu m bn tri qua pht hin ra n theo con ng thit k .

    4. Pht biu Parti, hay mt Concept thng nht, ni bt trong qu trnh ca bn. Minh ha vi mt s n gin.

    5. Trnh by cc bn v ( mt bng, mt ct, mt ng v ha tit) v m hnh. Lun lun trnh by chng trong mi lin h vi Parti.

    6. Trnh by mt cch khim tn, t tin, t ph bnh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 51

    58.

    T L CA CNG TRNH CHNH L PHT BIU THM M V CCH M N C XY DNG.

    Kin trc truyn thng ( c xy dng trc khi xut hin k thut xy dng hin i vo cui th k XIX) c xu th nhp kt cu nh v ca s c t l theo chiu ng. Nhng cng trnh hin i thng c nhp kt cu di v ca s nm ngang.

    T l thng ng ca nh truyn thng l do di chu lc ca lintel c l lanh t ( dm qua pha trn ca khong m ca tng ) bng g hay b gii hn bi ni sn xut, ch to v vn chuyn bng tay. Cch duy nht m rng ca s khi chiu rng b gii hn l nng chiu cao ca n ln.

    K thut xy dng hin i vi thp v b tng cho php nhp kt cu di hn, do vy ca s trong cng trnh ng i c bt k t l no. Tuy nhin, thng chng hay c b cc ngang bi v, t nhiu th phn no l chng c thm m phn bit vi kin trc truyn thng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 52

    59.

    KIN TRC TRUYN THNG C TNG DY. KIN TRC HIN I C TNG MNG.

    Kin trc truyn thng s dng tng ngoi tht dy

    chu ti trng ca cng trnh. Nhng bc tng ny phi dy v n truyn ti trng ca sn, mi, v tng trn chng xung t. V d tng bao ca to nh mi hai tng Monadnock, khi dy ti 6ft = 2m.

    Cng trnh hin i s dng khung thp hay ct v dm b tng chu cc ti trng kt cu v truyn xung t. Tng ngoi tht c gn vo v h tr bi h khung ny, nn ch c tc dng nh l "ro chn" chng li tc ng ca thi tit. Do vy, chng c th mng hn nhng bc tng truyn thng, v hnh thc ngc li thng khng nm trn mt t. Khi hay gch c dng che ph nh cao c, gch khng c lt bn mi tng lin, m c treo bi siu cu trc mi mt hay hai tng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 53

    60.

    KIN TRC TRUYN THNG S DNG CNG THC BA PHN, THN MI.

    Phn ca kin trc truyn thng thng thit k din t s nng kt cu ca khi cho cc tng trn v truyn ti trng xung di. Mt khi in hnh c lm " nhm " v lin kt va c to hnh theo cch gi ln rng khi l rt nng v dy. nh ca nh cao tng truyn thng l biu tng ca vng min hay chic m nhm thng bo mc ch hay tinh thn ca to nh.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 54

    61.

    LESS IS MORE - T L NHIU..

    62.

    LESS IS BORE - T L BUN..

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 55

    63. Khi thay i cao sn, trnh s dng bc thang kiu Dick Van Dyke.

    Khong cch mt bc gia 2 cao sn him khi hiu qu cho vic to ngha khc bit trong khng gian. Thng th, iu ny gy bt tin cho nhng ngi t khi s dng cng trnh ( nh khch n chi, lm vic ..).

    Ba bc thng l khong cch ti thiu hp l.

    Ghi ch : Dick Van Dyke l din vin hi kch ni ting v nhng sai lm ng ngn gy xu h.

    64.

    NU QUAY HOC LM XIN MT BNG, LI CT, HAY MT KHA CNH CNG TRNH, HY LM CHO MT NGHA NO .

    t li ct khng gian, tng hay cc thnh phn khc ngoi hnh hc bi v bn nhn thy chng c lm tp ch thi trang kin trc no l mt s xc nh thit k ngho nn. Lm iu v mun to ra mt khng gian tp trung hng giao thng trc tip, nhn bit mt i tng nim, tp trung vo li vo, m ra mt vin cnh ph hp vi hnh dng ng, trnh din nh sng mt tri hay ch n gin l hng v Mecca [ l thnh a Hi gio Arp xut ] l mt l do hay hn nhiu.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 56

    65.

    LUN LUN TH HIN H CT KT CU NGAY TRN MT BNG TNG NGAY T RT SM TRONG QU TRNH THIT K.

    Th hin h kt cu trn mt bng trong sut qu trnh thit k, d khng c g hn vi du chm hay du x s gip bn t chc chng trnh, khuyn khch bn suy ngh s sng to ca mnh nh mt cng trnh thc s, v gip bn qun l c cc gii php kt cu thc s. Hn na, mt Kin Trc S khng ghi nhn mt cch thch ng kt cu c th s c nhng h kt cu khng mong mun gn thm vo cng trnh bi k s kt cu. V tr khong cch gia cc ct cng thng c th thc ha v s thng nht th gic v hiu qu trong xy dng.

    - Nh khung g thng thng in hnh ct hay tng chu lc cch nhau 10 18ft, hay 3 5,5m.

    - Cng trnh thng mi khung thp hoc b tng 20 25ft, hay 6 15m.

    - H kt cu cho snh trin lm, u trng hay khng gian tng t l 90ft, hay > 27m.

    1 Ft = 0,3048m.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 57

    66.

    CT KHNG CH L THNH PHN KT CU, N CN L CNG C T CHC V NH HNH KHNG GIAN.

    Cho d mc ch chnh ca ct l kt cu, ct cng l v gi theo mt s cch hiu khc:

    - Mt hng ct xc nh hai khng gian khc nhau hai bn n.

    - Phn bit li giao thng vi khng gian tp trung. - ng vai tr nh mt yu t tm ng trong ni

    tht cng trnh; v mt yu t nhp iu ngoi tht.

    Dng ct khc nhau cng mang li hiu ng khng gian khc nhau: ct vung trung lp, ko nh hng ; ct ch nht nh hng; ct trn ng gp vo s tri chy ca khng gian.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 58

    67.

    MT BUI THUYT TRNH N CN T IU KIN NHN THY C TRONG KHONG 10FT.

    Nhng yu t c bn ca bn v bn trnh by trn bi thuyt trnh thit k ha, c bit k hiu v tiu , nn d c trong khong cch 10ft = 3.048m.

    68. THIT K TRONG MT CT!!

    Ngi thit k tt lun chuyn qua li gia mt bng, mt ct, cho php ci ny nh hnh ci kia. Nh thit k ngho nn c nh mt bng v v mt ct sau nh l s ghi nhn cc quyt nh va c lm trn mt bng. Nhng mt ct, c th ni rng, th hin 50% s tri nghim cng trnh. Thc t mt s khu t (nh sn dc) v th loi cng trnh( kiu nh yu cu khng gian ni tht cao, s qun l cn thn mi lin h gia cc tng hoc ch s khc thng v chiu sng t nhin) yu cu bn thit k mt ct trc khi bn ngh v mt bng.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 59

    69.

    NHNG GI THUYT V CN C BT K.

    Mt mt bng trnh din s logic trt t ca cng trnh; cn Mt ct gn lin vi nhng tri nghim cm xc!

    70. THIT K TRONG PHI CNH!!

    Kin Trc S l chuyn gia trong c v dch cc bn v hnh chiu (mt bng, mt ct v mt ng) nhng ngay c ngi gii nht cng khng th hiu cng trnh mt cch ton din theo cch ny. Phc ha chnh xc bn v phi cnh mt hoc hai im t v cng trnh v ni tht trong sut qu trnh thit k s cho php bn kim tra s mong i v cch cng trnh c cm nhn nh th no, lm vic v cm gic tri nghim thc s v hnh nh ha nhng c hi thit k khng gian hin nhin nhn thy c trong bn v 2D.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 60

    71.

    CCH V PHI CNH NI THT MT IM T TRONG PHNG HNH CH NHT.

    1. V tng kt thc ca phng nd t l. v d, tng rng 8ft, cao 12ft, vy chiu cao bng 1,5 ln chiu rng.

    2. Dng ng chn tri Horizontal Line ngang qua trang giy. ng chn tri l chiu cao ca mt bn so vi sn.

    3. nh du im t. im t s th hin v tr ca bn, nh l ngi quan st lin h vi tng bn.

    4. V ng dn nh t im t n bn gc ca bc tng, sau ko di ra n cnh giy.

    5. t v tr u ngi nhn ngang vi ng chn tri, sau gim kch thc nhng ngi ng xa hn. Trn cng mt mt phng, mi ngi u thy ng chn tri chy qua ngang tm mt.

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    72. THIT K VI M HNH!!

    M hnh 3D c vt liu hay trn my tnh c th gip bn hiu n ca bn theo cch mi. M hnh hu dng nht cho thit k l m hnh Massing vi vt liu nhanh ( t st, ba, xp, nha, tm kim loi) vt liu nghin cu nhanh m nh bn d dng so snh v kim tra cc phng n di s ghi nhn. Nhng m hnh hon thnh chi tit cao, o gt cn thn khng hu ch nh l mt cng c thit k v mc ch ca chng l cung cp d liu cho quyt nh thit k ngay hn l lm tng gi tr ca tng c nghin cu.

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    73.

    HAI BIN PHP MU CHT T CHC MT BNG HIU QU L QUN L QUAN H C RNG V GII QUYT GIAO THNG.

    Trong mc ch thit k tng, ghi nhn li cng nng WC, kho, khu k thut, trc thang my, thang thot him .. mt cch c nh. Khng gian li thng c nhm li hoc t gn nhau. Khng gian trng rng hn l nhng c bn ca cng trnh snh, hnh lang, khng gian th cng, galelry trin lm, phng c th vin, phng tp th dc, vn phng.Gii quyt mt bng ngha l to mi quan h d chu v thc dng gia li v khng gian c bn.

    Giao thng mt cng trnh ni mi ngi i li nn lin kt chng trnh hot ng bng snh cu thang v thang my va logic va th v.

    Quy c khng gian hot ng li (ND) :

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    74.

    Rt nhiu loi cng trnh c quy nh trong studio kin trc, nh l bo tng, th vin, v cc cng trnh tp hp, c th t chc mt cch hiu qu theo l thuyt ca KAHN : Khng gian phc v Served v khng gian ph tr Servant. Khng gian phc v ph tr c mi quan h tng t nh khng gian hot ng li. KAHN nhm cc khng gian ph tr theo mt cch t c yu cu cng nng trong khi cho php cht th tnh lng gieo trong nhp iu ca tng th.

    75. V MT KHI BOX!

    Cng trnh v chng c cnh r nt v thng to bi cc ng thng nn rt d v bng cc ng n gin. Tuy vy, rt nhiu th Kin Trc S v xe, c, ngi l khng c ng thng. Khi mt vt th c v phc tp v, u tin mt khi hp m bn tng tng t n vo, sau v vt th bn trong ci hp n gin .

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    76. THIT K VT MC OVERDESIGN!

    Khi bt u qu trnh thit k, to khng gian ca bn ln hn 10% cn thit t c chng trnh yu cu. trong qu trnh thit k, cc nhu cu khng gian thm vo s tng ln cho phng k thut, ct kt cu, nh kho, khng gian lu thng, dy tng v hng trm th linh tinh khc khng tnh trc c khi cng trnh c sng to.

    im mu cht ca thit k vt mc overdesign khng phi to ra cng trnh ln hn cn thit m l hng ti kch thc ti u cui cng.

    77.

    KHNG MT H THNG THIT K NO L HAY NN L HON HO.

    Mt nh thit k thng b cn tr bi mt nim tin c tt nhng sai lm rng : mt gii php thit k tt l mt h thng hon ho v bao gm ton b kha cnh ca vn m khng c ngoi l. Nhng mt iu ph bin l nhng iu k cc li thng c th lm phong ph thm tnh nhn vn ca n. Nht l, ngoi l ca cc quy tc thng th v hn chnh cc quy tc .

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    78.

    S thnh cng ca mt kit tc khng nm qu nhiu vo nhng sai st S thc l chng ta khoan dung vi c nhng li lm ln nht trong s m nm s thuyt phc ln lao trong tm tr rng n nm vng hon ton quan im ca mnh.

    VIRGINIA WOOLF, THE DEATH OF THE MOTH

    79.

    Lun nh t thang thot him hai pha i din ca cng trnh, thm ch ngay buc u tin ca qu trnh thit k. Rt d c ngh rng Kin Trc S c nhiu mi quan tm ln hn l thang thot him nhng chng c mi lin quan mt thit ti mi hot ng trong ta nh. Nu bn khng a nhng ghi nhn v s an ton ca vo qu trnh thit k, bn ng mong rng c th bo v c nhng iu km hp dn trc hi ng v gim kho.

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    80.

    CC TIU BN V COOL CHO THIT K S PHC!!

    S dng bt Marker sng mu vi u bt to vit ch kin trc; sau vin bng vi bt en nh.

    81. CCH NM QUYN KIM SOT QU TRNH

    THIT K NG (CHUN) L C XU HNG NH MT KIM SOT QU TRNH NY.

    Qu trnh thit k thng c cu trc v phng php ha, nhng n khng phi l qu trnh k thut. Qu trnh k thut xc nh truc sn phm u ra, nhng qu trnh sng to l n lc t c ci g m cha tng tn ti truc y. Tr thnh thin ti sng to ngha l bn khng bit mnh ang i u, cho d bn c trch nhim dn dt qu trnh ny, iu ny yu cu khc vi qu trnh kim sot qun tr thng thng; mt si dy rng buc nhp nhng cn h tr. Cam kt qu trnh thit k vi s kin nhn, ng sao chp s miu t ca qu trnh sng to nh s ph thuc vo s gp gp hn lon, n l ca cm hng. ng c gng gii quyt t hp cng trnh ti mt ch hay trong mt tun. Chp nhn s khng chc chn. Cng nhn mt iu bnh thng rng cm gic mt phng hng khi tham gia qu su vo qu trnh thit k. ng tm cch trn an s lo lng ca bn bng cch kt hn vi v vi mt gii php thit k no ; n li d cng s c vit ngay sau thi. :)

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    82. PHONG CCH KIN TRC THC S KHNG N T N LC VO MT CI NHN C TH. N L KT QU GIN TIP THM CH TNH C BN NGOI QU TRNH TNG TH.

    Ngi th xy mt cng trnh phong cch thuc a M nm 1740 khng ngh nh chng ta ngy nay l: Ti thc s thch phong cch Thuc a, ti s xy mt cng trnh nh th . Hn th, nhng ngi nh c xy dng mt cch hp l, vi vt liu v cng ngh thch hp, vi ci nhn thch hp vi t l, quy m hi ha. Ca s thi thuc a nh, nhiu tm knh khng phi bi v n mong mun mang phong cch thuc a, m bi v cng ngh thi ch sn xut v vn chuyn nhng tm knh nh vi kch thuc c nh.

    83. TT C THIT K PHI PHN NH TINH THN CA THI I .

    ZEITGEST l mt t ting c, ngha l tinh thn ca thi i. ZEIGEST ngha l nhng quan nim v s nhy cm ch o ca thi i, tm trng chung ca con ngui, c im chung ca nhng cuc tranh lun cng cng, gia v ca cuc sng thung ngy, cc khuynh hng tr tu v nhng thnh kin nm dui n lc ca con ngui. Bi v tinh thn ca thi i , m nhng xu hng song song ( khng hon ton ging ht ) cng xy ra trong vn hc tn gio, khoa hc, ngh thut v cc hot ng sng to khc. C th lit k mt vi xu hng phng Ty nh sau:

    - C I : chp nhn s tht da trn huyn thoi - C IN HY LP : gi tr ha trt t, nh hng

    v dn ch. - TRUNG I : s ln t s tht ca tn gio c t

    chc. - PHC HNG : s gn kt hon ton gia khoa hc

    v ngh thut

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    - HIN I : s hp dn ca s tht c vn mn bi cc phng php khoa hc

    - HU HIN I : khuynh hng gi s tht mt cch tng i v khng th nhn bit uc.

    Tinh thn ca thi i hin nay!(minh ha ND)

    84. HAI QUAN IM V KIN TRC!

    Kin trc l mt bi tp ca s trung thc. Mt cng trnh chun c trch nhim vi kin thc tng th v hon ton trung thc trong s din t cng nng v vt liu ca n. Kin trc l bi tp ca s tng thut. Kin trc l mt phng tin k mt cu chuyn, l ci nn t ln nhng huyn thoi x hi, mt sn khu cho nh ht ca cuc sng hng ngy.

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    85.

    Nh nhng gi ln cht cht lung ca vt liu hn l v chng mt cch y . Bn v kin trc, d l v tay hay v my, s ging nh trong hot hnh, nu bn v chng nh tht. La chn nhng gi lm gi ln cht liu ca ca vt liu. ng v c bc tng vi tng vin gch mt, hay tng vin ngi trn mi nh

    86.

    QUN L CI TI CA BN!

    Nu bn mun c ghi nhn l thit k mt cng trnh tt, hay thm ch v i , hy qun bn mun cng trnh th no m thay vo hy hi cng trnh mun tr thnh ci g??. Mt vn thit k c th hin trong chnh bn thn n: nhu cu ca khch hng, s t nhin ca khu t, s thc t ca chng trnh Nhng

    nhn t ch hng ti mt trt t r rng m phi c nhn thc trc khi t din t c th i vo qu trnh thit k.

    N lc thch nghi v th hin mi quan tm tng th trong cng vic. Nhng yu cu nhn vn cho ngha v nhu cu..

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 70

    87. CC KHU VC C NEO GI CN THN C TH TO RA MT NI THT CNG TRNH TCH CC.

    Nhng ci neo l nhng yu t vn l thu ht mi ngi ch ti chng. V d, b phn kho hng v nhu cu thit yu, t cui gc khu thng mi v n thu ht rt nhiu khch. Liu c c hi no neo gi trong n ca bn?

    - t li vo v t ca phng tp th dc hai pha i din.

    - t bn ng k v thang my trong khch sn xa nhau hn mt cht so vi hiu qu ca n.

    - t li vo ca gara xe v hnh lang vn phng mt khong cch ln hn khong cch c th c coi l l tng.

    Trong nhng khng gian gia , sng to nhng tri nghim kin trc cho nhng khn gi b dn dt ca bn.

    88.

    Mt vt th, mt phng hoc khng gian s cm thy cn bng hn hoc mang tnh tng th hn khi c mt trc th hai chy i lp vi hnh hc c bn ban u. V d : Ct hnh ch nht thnh nhng on ngn theo trc di. Chia hnh trn theo trc hng tm ch khng ng tm.

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    89. Nhng cng trnh khung cnh, hay nhng cng trnh nn c mt s lng nhiu hn ca thnh ph. Cng trnh biu tng hoc pha trc c tm quan trng khc thng.

    Nhng cng trnh nn l nhng cng trnh c s

    dng cho mc ch hoc thng mi thng thng. trong nhng thnh ph thnh cng, nhng cng trnh nh hnh mt b mt vt l mch lc m gi mt kt cu x hi nm bn di. Nhng cng trnh biu tng l nh th, n th, cng trnh hnh chnh, tng i cng cngChng c xu hng ng nh nhng hoc kch tnh tch ra khi ng cnh ca chng.

    90.

    Cun trn bn v khi vn chuyn hoc ct gi vi hnh nh quay ra ngoi. iu ny gip t bn v ln bn hoc nh ln tng c d dng hn.

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    91. XY DNG BC TNG THNH PH.

    Khi thit k mt cng trnh hon thin th , t mt tin ca n v pha u tin ca ng ph, tr khi c l do hp dn lm khc. Nht l, iu ny c th hp dn nh nhiu Kin Trc S hin i khc bit ha cng trnh ca mnh bng cch quay lng li ng ph, nhng cuc sng ng ph c mong ch mt cch gn gi, i b c v trc tip lin h. Thit k cng trnh quay lng li ng do khin chng kh tip cn bi khch qua ng, lm gim gi tr kinh t ca kinh doanh tng mt, v lm yu i s nh ngh khng gian ca ng ph.

    92.

    Hy lun thit k mt iu g trong vic ghi nhn n trong ng cnh ln hn ca n mt chic gh trong mt cn phng, mt cn phng trong mt cn nh, mt cn nh trong mt ng cnh, mt ng cnh trong tng th thnh ph.

    _ ELIEL SAARINEN _

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 73

    93.

    NHNG C CH C BN CHNH QUYN QUY NH THIT K CNG TRNH L : LUT QUY HOCH, QUY CHUN XY DNG V QUY CHUN TIP CN.

    LUT QUY HOCH thng thng cp n cch cng trnh lin h vi mi trng xung quanh n. Chng thng quy nh chiu cao, mt , kch thc l t, khong li t ch gii ng , v bi xe.. ca khu dn c, thng mi, cng nghip.. QUY CHUN XY DNG c bn lin quan n vic cng trnh hot ng th no. Chng quy nh nhng im c bn nh vt liu xy dng, din tch sn. (ln hn cho vt liu kh chy hn), chiu cao (cao hn cho vt liu kh chy hn), s dng nng lng, h thng phng chy, chiu sng t nhin, thng gi t nhin v nhng th lin quan nh vy. QUY CHUN TIP CN dng cho nhng cng trnh thit k cho ngi tn tt. Chng quy nh ng dc, thang, tay vn, thit b toilet, k hiu, chiu cao ca mt bn v cng tc, v cc tnh nng khc. Tiu chun quc gia (M) l ADA. Hu ht nm mi bang ( M) u c quy chun tip cn ring.

    94.

    Mt con vt l mt cng trnh th n ng l th theo ngha en.

    ( ND : Ngha l ng c v 1 ci gi hng khng l v bo l cng trnh thit k, n chng c t ngha kin trc no c.)

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    95.

    Mt nh kho c trang tr l mt dng hnh thc xy dng thng thng truyn ti ngha thng qua k hiu hoc trang tr kin trc.

    96.

    Khong cch gia hai ngi vo ma h l 22 inches 55.88 cm. Khong cch gia hai ngi vo ma ng l 24 inches 60.96 cm.

    1 inches = 2.54 cm.

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    97.

    NHNG GII HN KHUYN KHCH SNG TO.

    ng bao gi phn nn v nhng gii hn ca vn thit k mt khu t qu nh, mt a hnh khng thun li, mt khng gian qu di, mt bng vt liu khng quen thuc, cc yu cu tri ngc t khch hng.. trong nhng gii hn chnh l gii php cho vn !! Mt khu t dc, git bc khin kh khn cho mt cng trnh thng thng? Vy hy to mt lin h khng gian theo chiu ng vi mt cu thang, mt ng dc hay mt snh th v. Mt bc tng xu x c k quay v cng trnh ca bn? Tm cch to mt khung nhn ca n, bin n thnh thnh th v v ng nh. Bn c yu cu thit k mt cng trnh, mt cn phng trong mt khu t cht hp v qu di?Hy bin b cc t l ny thnh mt hnh trnh th v vi mt s ngh ngi tuyt vi im cui.

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    98.

    Trong ting trung Quc, t khng hong to bi hai t nguy him v c hi .

    Mt vn thit k khng phi l ci g c th vt qua m l mt c hi chp nhn. Gii php thit k tt nht khng khin vn bin i, m n chp nhn vn rc ri l tnh trng cn thit ca th gii. Thng thng chng t i hn so vi mt pht biu hng hn ca rc ri.

    99.

    HY LM MT IU G !

    Khi mt vn thit k qu nng n n mc gn nh t lit, ng i mi th r rng hn mi bt u v. V khng ch n gin l cch miu t gii php thit k; bn thn n l cch hc hi v vn bn ang c gng gii quyt.

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    100. CHO N MT CI TN!

    Khi bn khi ng vi mt concept, parti, hoc mt tng b v no y, hy cho n mt ci tn: Ht d cn na, lp phng xi mn, hi ngh nhng ngi l, hay nhng ci bit danh khc tng t gip bn gii thch vi bn thn cch bn sng to ra chng. Khi qu trnh thit k tin trin v mnh hn b mt khi nim, hy cho php mt ci tn mi xut hin v ci tn c ra da.

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 78

    101.

    KIN TRC S L BNG HOA N MUN!

    Hu ht cc Kin Trc S t bc tin b trong chuyn mn khi t tui khong nm mi. C th khng c mt nghnh ngh no yu cu mt ngi tch hp mt phm vi kin thc rng ln nh th vo mt ci g c th v chnh xc. Mt Kin Trc S phi c kin thc v lch s, ngh thut, x hi hc, vt l, tm l hc, vt liu hc, biu tng hc, tin trnh chnh tr, v nhiu lnh vc khng m c, v sng to cng trnh p ng c cc quy chun xy dng, trnh c thi tit, chng li ng t, c h thng thang my v k thut phc tp, v tha mn cng nng phc tp v nhu cu cm xc ca ngi s dng. Hc cch tch hp tt c cc mi quan tm ny vo mt sn phm gn kt cn mt thi gian lu di, vi rt nhiu th nghim v sai lm trong . Nu bn nh tip tc trn con ng kin trc, th l mt hnh trnh di. N xng ng nh th!

  • Dch bi Summer RAin 79

    H BVNBKNBV

    9999tttttttttttTHHHTHWEAX

    9999999 TTHE END.