HOA Review Day 5: Great Depression and 20th Century Wars

Economy in the 1920’sCauses & Effects of the Great

DepressionLimited WarsGuerilla Wars

Examine the factors that contributed to a growing economy in the 1920’s.

Reasons for economic boom• United States: economy boomed post-WWI, Consumerism, credit, investments in stock

market, advertising, increased trade• Canada: Pre-WWI-dependent on imports from Britain. Due to wartime demand and the

decline of British imports, textile and chemical production expanded. War accelerated Canadian manufacturing and by the mid-1920’s the Canadian economy boomed, mostly due to trade with the U.S.– Post-WWI: Britain in debt & U.S. is the new world economic leader U.S. investment and trade with Canada

increased– Huge growth in 1920’s because of natural resources: paper, mining, forestry, branch plants– Urbanization

• Latin America: Since they focused on exports, LA countries were slow to develop their own industries. For finished goods, LA relied on imports and set up a system of dual reliance on the export-import trade: LA depended on export of resources for income, but also relied on foreign imports for industrial goods. During WWI, European economic problems caused a decline in export-import trade (supply > demand)

In what ways, and with what results, did the Stock Market Crash lead to the Great Depression.

With reference to at least one country of the region, to what extent was the Wall Street Crash of 1929 a cause of

the Great Depression?

Wall Street Crash a cause of the GD?• Might argue that the crash was only to some extent a cause of

the Depression• While the collapse of the stock market may have triggered

economic turmoil, it was not the sole cause of the Great Depression

• GD in the US was a combination of factures that matured throughout the 1920’s: Fewer than 5% of people owned stock so most were not directly affected. Really disastrous fall came in 1931-1932.

Causes of the GD in the U.S.• Uneven prosperity• Personal debt• Playing the stock market• Overproduction• After the crash…..• Massive selling of stocks• Lack of buying & lack of production = unemployment• Risky loans hurt banks• Bank Runs

Causes of the GD in Latin America• Initial effects of the Depression were similar to US and Canada• ↓ demand of LA goods = ↓ flow of capital• ↓ value of currency• ↓ employment• ↓ foreign investment• LA countries in debt to foreign banks• Due to foreign tariffs, LA goods become unaffordable• The difference???

– Gov. intervention in LA economy became the norm– Huge political effects = military takeovers & coup d'états

Analyze the social effects of the Great Depression.

• New jobs created by PWA & CCC• Hoovervilles• Dust Bowl• Radio• Sports• Photography• Art Programs• Impact on minorities• Political: more liberal turn in US (FDR = trickle up theory)

How successfully did any one Latin American country deal with the challenges brought about by the Great Depression?

How successfully did any one Latin American country deal with the challenges brought about by the Great Depression?

BRAZIL• High foreign debt & Manufactured goods came from overseas, so most profits from exports (coffee) were spent on imports =

no profit• Instead of intervention in the coffee industry, President Washington Luis focused on developing industry, saw decline as

temporary• Prestes (supported by Luis) won election of 1930 and instead of paying debts, bought coffee surplus & attempted to stabilize

prices• Most Brazilian rural workers were landless laborers that planters could no longer afford to pay• Migration to cities• Increased unemployment• Uprisings (Already deep-seated political issues, but economic crisis made it worse)• In October 1930, Vargas led a number of revolts, overthrew Prestes, and was installed as provisional president.• Political dominance and charismatic personality created political stability and allowed for a change in economic policies• Support the coffee industry while attempting to wean Brazil off it’s dependence on this crop• ↓ tree planting, ↓surplus so demand increases• Diversify the economy (livestock & cotton)• Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)• National Corporations created – steel, iron, aircraft, railroads, road construction

How successfully did any one Latin American country deal with the challenges brought about by the Great Depression?ARGENTINA

• Economic system was based on foreign investment (UK)• Most meat & wheat exported to UK, and imported British coal and oil• British investors built and owned bus/railways• After first democratic elections in 1916, Hipolito Yrigoyen was elected (wanted to decrease dependence on British oil)• GD = Immediate effect on demand for exports• Due to tariffs, value in cash crops ↓ 43%• High unemployment - blamed Radicals• In September 1930, Yrigoyen was overthrown and a military junta was established• In 1932, General Agustin Justo became president• Relied on the Concordancia – coalition of anti-Yrigoyen Radicals, Conservatives & socialists who maintained power

through electoral fraud and corruption. • Implemented policies not meant to change the economy, but to increase traditional areas of interest and income –

livestock and agriculture• Established agricultural regulatory boards• Restore positive trade with the UK• Import Substitution Industrialization• Helped create jobs & new industries: Public works projects: centered on developing infrastructure – highways, railroads

Political Changes in Latin America post-GD• Economic effects are often overshadowed by the political changes• Although countries recovered relatively quickly, it was under newly-

established military dictatorships that controlled the economy• Agricultural products continued to dominate• ISI used by Brazil and Argentina became a model for developing

countries to escape from economic dependence on the Western, industrialized economies

• New urban elite emerged with ISI – social inequalities continued• Political systems shifted towards authoritarianism, and from this

point forward, military leadership was dominant in the region.

Why was there opposition to the New Deal policies of Franklin D. Roosevelt?

• The New Deal attracted much opposition: from the political right and the political left. Candidates that choose to answer this question could focus on the groups, or individuals, and arguments of the opposition, or on the individual programs of the New Deal and opposition to them.

New Deal Opposition• Conservatives: government too involved in economy, stay out of

business, gave too much for relief• Liberals: FDR could do even more• Farmers: FDR did not represent farmers• Huey Long (share our wealth): distribute wealth even more• Francis Townsend: (old age revolving pension plan) – encourage elderly

to retire ($200/month) and jobs replaced by young unemployed• Father Coughlin: FDR did not do enough to change banking system;

blamed Jews• Supreme Court: too much power to Executive Branch

Analyze the principal causes of either the Algerian War or the Falklands War.

• This question requires that candidates produce an ANALYSIS which focuses clearly on the important causes of either war. A simple narration of events will not be scored well.

Causes of 20th Century WarsAlgerian War Falklands War

Analyze the reasons for, and results of, either the Algerian War (1954-1962) or The Gulf War (1991)

The Algerian WarReasons• Long-Term reasons that caused resentment of

French rule and the status of Algeria as a province of France: the colon population which controlled much of Algeria’s land, resources, and political power despite the overwhelming Muslim majority; failure of peaceful attempts post-war, resentment at the failure of Paris to recognize decolonization post-WWII, Setif Massacre

• Short-Term reasons: encouragement of the FLN by Vietnam, examples of colonial nationalism witnessed in French colonies of Morocco and Tunisia – both of which, obtained independence

Results • Human Costs (est. 300,000-1M)• Economic costs of the conflict for those

involved – not only FLN and France, but also impact on colons and refugees into France

• Examination of the types of warfare adopted by the sides in a conflict and its impact on relations between communities (FLN use of terror, French use of torture)

• Crisis of the Fourth Republic = de Gaulle coming to power

• Eventual independence of Algeria in 1962 (Evian Agreements)

The Gulf WarReasons• Long-Term: Conflict from Iran-Iraq War,

Saddam’s persecution of groups, economic problems

• Short-Term: Invasion of Kuwait (include his justification for the invasion – historical grounds, OPEC, attempt to impose Iraqi hegemony & boost economic strength), Saddam’s refusal to comply with UN resolutions, mistaken belief that the US would not intervene

• From the viewpoint of the “coalition:” the reasons for war ranged from the protection of the integrity of Kuwait, prevent possibility of Iraqi oil control, protection of Saudi Arabia & Isarel

Results• Losses suffered by Iraqi military (100,000) and

civilians (10,000)• Huge financial costs of war• Growth in refugee populations, not only in

war-affected areas, but also in other Arab states

• Promotion of unrest within Iraq by Kurds/Shi’ites = more oppression

• Liberation of Kuwait• Triumph of the coalition – but not the

toppling of Saddam, whose popularity actually rose in parts of the Arab world because of his attempts to avenge Palestine

• Environmental consequences of oil rigs

With reference to two twentieth century civil wars, to what extent do you agree with the claim that victory was decided by the nature and extent of foreign intervention.

Foreign intervention in 20th century Civil Wars

• Chinese Civil War• Korea• Vietnam• Whichever wars are chosen, responses are required to focus on both the nature and

extent = this requires specific detail as to what type of aide was provided (financial/raw materials/military technology/military personnel, etc.) and consideration as to whether victory for one side in the conflict was a consequence of such intervention.

• To what extent needs to be addressed, so other factors that played a role in victory should be examined – for example, popular support for one side, superior military strategy, possession of economic and logistical advantages, factionalism that weakened one particular side, failure of outside powers to maintain support

To what extent was the CCP’s victory in the Chinese Civil War due to guerilla warfare tactics?

• This question requires consideration of the EXTENT to which guerilla warfare was a significant factor in determining the outcome of civil war in China. Descriptive accounts of this period will NOT score well.

Guerilla Warfare in the Chinese Civil War• Reasons for/circumstances of the adoption of guerilla tactics

following the breakdown of the First United Front (1927)• Reasons for eventual victory of the CCP should include a

consideration of the ways in which guerilla warfare was used to ensure the survival and expansion of communism in China

• Reference retaliation to the conflict with the GMD & Japan• Counter-Arguments: errors made by GMD, appeal of communism to

the local populations, economic crisis that decreased support for GMD, conversion of the CP from guerilla to conventional warfare post-WWII and why that was possible, nationalism after the Long March

“Guerilla warfare was an important factor in achieving success in twentieth century wars.” To what extent do you agree with this statement?

• Candidates will be allowed to select evidence from a large number of wars where guerilla warfare was used – popular choices will include Vietnam, Korea, China

• Factors in achieving success may include: a secure base of operations; appropriate terrain; a strong political program to attract and maintain popular support; commitment to a long-term strategy to wear down enemy resistance; external support include men, arms, equipment and financial resources; strong ideological commitment; a well-organized and committed organization; skilled, charismatic leadership; use of terror and coercion; weak opposition which lacked popular appeal or alienates the population through oppressive/unpopular policies

• In their conclusion, candidates should make a judgment on the quotation, and note other factors….counter argument!

In what ways were wars “limited” in the twentieth century? Include specific reference to two wars from two different regions.

Limited WarFalklands Gulf War

Other practice prompts…..• “Many twentieth century wars had the characteristics of both a limited and a

total war.” With reference to two wars explain the extent to which you agree with this statement.

• In what ways, and with what results, did either the Korean War OR the Vietnam War bring about social and cultural changes in the countries involved?

• Define guerilla warfare, and discuss its significance in two wars, each chosen from a different region.

• To what extent did changes in military tactics and strategies determine the outcome of twentieth century wars?

• Assess the social and economic causes of one twentieth-century war. (Assess the social results of two wars, each chosen from a different country.)

Best way to study paper 2 topics….• Be able to explain the short/long term causes

& short/long term effects of:– One twentieth century war from each region– Two of each type of warfare (total, limited,

guerilla, civil)