HOA Review: Day 2Upper vs. Lower CanadaCanadian ConfederationEmergence of CaudillosMexican-American War

U.S. Civil War

Government of the Canadas• What is responsible government? Why

did Canadians want this?• Lieutenant-Governor (appointed by King)• 2 branches of Legislature

– Legislative Council (appointed – upper house)

– Legislative Assembly (elected – lower house)

• Executive was not responsive to the lower house and had the power to veto legislation passed by them. Typically members of the Legislative Council were from the Family Compact or Chateau Clique.

Analyze the political and social problems of Upper and Lower Canada prior to the rebellions of 1837.

Rebellions of 1837Lower Canada (Quebec – French)

• Chateau Clique (British Loyalists)• French vs. English

– Wanted French-Canadian nation that would preserve French customs

– English threatened French culture, Catholicism and privileges

• Catholic• Louis Joseph Papineau• Mostly rural: no support for farmers, growing

population = unavailability of land, crop failures• Wanted responsible government• Conflict: Divisions between Chateau Clique

(English loyalists, fur trade, wealthy, urban, control of gov) vs. French Patriotes (farmers, rural, angry at ↓ ag. prices)

Upper Canada (Ontario – British)• Family Compact (powerful businessmen, most

were related, lived in Toronto, fought in War of 1812, and felt British ways were superior)

• Poor roads & education• William Lyon Mackenzie• Religion: Methodist, Quaker, Presbyterian, Roman

Catholic, Church of England but the Church of England was the only one that received government money and land

• Wanted responsible government• Conflict: Divisions between Family Compact

(English loyalists, business oligarchy, wealthy, urban, control of gov) vs. Reformers (Members of elected assembly, farmers, wanted public education, angered over no rep in gov, wanted responsible gov & elections, and ↓ role of church)

Analyze the similarities & differences between the 1837 rebellions of the Canadas.

Similarities • Shared a common government based on the principle of a “mixed

monarchy” (combination of monarchy, aristocracy, and parliamentary democracy)

• Advocated “responsible government” • Angered at non-elected Legislative Councils who were dominated by local

oligarchies that controlled local trade and the institutions of state and religion – Chateau Clique (Lower) & Family Compact (Upper)

• The economy was thrown into recession and farmers barely survived debt & crop failures

• Both provinces organized radical, democratic, political unions (Papineau & MacKenzie) – Formulated boycotts, protests, and eventually, revolt!

• Both rebellions failed b/c of disorganization

Differences• Rebellion in Lower Canada revolved around tensions between English and

French; conflict considered "'racial”• In Lower Canada the wealthy and ultra-conservative Catholic clergy supported

the continuation of a feudalistic, agrarian society– discouraged economic and political liberalization, which upset the rising French-Canadian

middle-class who were fighting for reform.• Lower Canada rebellion was widely supported by the population, resulting in

mass actions over an extended period of time, such as boycotts, strikes and sabotage. – Drew harsh response from government troops and militias (concentrated in Lower

Canada to deal with the crisis); burned entire villages• In contrast, the Upper Canada Rebellion was not as broadly supported by

local populations to begin with, was quickly quelled by relatively small numbers of pro-government militias and volunteers, and so was consequently less widespread and brutal in comparison.

How important was the Durham Report (1839) in the struggle by Canadians to

achieve responsible government?

This is NOT a question on the causes of the rebellions of the Canadas, but you should situate the Durham Report & change of government in the context of

these rebellions

How significant were the 1837 rebellions for the political development of Canada?

Durham Report• MAIN IDEA…….RESPONSIBLE GOVERNMENT!!!

– Appointment of executive branch, support for bills, 5 year elections• Unite Upper and Lower Canada into one province

– If they were combined, the French-Canadian people would have to adopt British ways (problem was Lower Canada = assimilation)

• Separate British affairs from local Canadian affairs– Allow Canadians to run local affairs, and Britain would continue to control

colony’s constitution• Grant Responsible Government

– Executive Council members should be chosen from the party that had the most seats in the Assembly. Gave the assembly more power than before and limited the power of the governor and Executive council.

• Durham’s conception of “responsible government” was founded on a relatively biased attitude towards the French Canadians

Explain why the caudillos emerged in Latin America in the nineteenth century.

PAGE 74 IN HOA TEXTBOOK!

Post-Revolution Latin America: Political/Social Problems• Struggled to achieve economic and political stability• Lower classes had few rights• Reliance on slave labor dominated the economy• Since there was little change in property ownership, the racial, ethnic, and social

class lines remained essentially the same. • Independence produced social upheaval:

– Opened the gap within the elite, dividing aristocratic supporters of the old social order from others who wanted a more democratic order and power to the middle class

• Even though the new constitutions granted Mestizoes, mulattoes, and natives more rights, they were still heavily oppressed by the white landowners.– Exclusion from the political process, intense exploitation by white

landowners, priests, and government officials– Increased the distrust and separation between the social classes

Post-Revolution Latin America: Economic Problems• After independence, economic life initially stagnated

– Reliant on foreign powers– European demand for Latin American goods was low– Goods could not compete with cheap, factory-made European imports– Latin American states did not trade with one another = wars

• The slow pace of economic activity, and absence of interregional trade encouraged local self-sufficiency, isolation, political instability, and even chaos.

• Because of these factors, the period from 1820-1870 was an age of violence, alternating dictatorship, and revolution

• Led to the emergence of caudillos: “strongman,” who attempted to solve these problems. – military/political leader at the head of authoritarian power; passionate/charismatic

Emergence of Caudillos • Reasons they came to power:

– Regionalism (differences between territories; isolation) – Ideological differences (liberalism vs. conservatism) – Foreign intervention (ties remained to Spain/Portugal) – Economic Problems (lack of trade, poverty)– Political instability (General feeling of insecurity)

• The complex social, political, and economic problems that ensued following the independence wars created contexts for these strong leaders to become forceful social actors in building and governing new nations.

Using examples from two countries, explain why caudillos emerged in Latin America in the nineteenth century.

GREEN CAUDILLO GRAPHIC ORGANIZER!!!

ARGENTINA (ROSAS) VS. PERU (CASTILLA)

Why did caudillos emerge post-revolution? Argentina (pg.76-79)• Political divisions

– Federales: Federalists, conservative, regionalists (Rosas)

– Unitarios: Unitarians, liberal, centralized government (Rivadavia)

• Territorial divisions– Buenos Aires: Spanish trade monopoly, key port

city, free-trade zone dominated by local government, wealthy, federalist

– Interior provinces: Suffered from European competition (wine/textiles), no political power, unstable, no access to BA ports, Unitarian

• Economic divisions– Power of estanciero class: owned estancias – large

estates used for farming, worked on by lower classes (Latin American estate owners)

Peru• Bolivar attempted to end slavery and

equalize power; considered everyone Peruvian citizens.

• When he left in 1826, the Creole government reinstated taxes on indigenous population and slaves (government depended on this revenue)

• Revolution ruined mines and plantation agriculture; could not compete with foreign powers

• Massive trade debt with England• Elite landowners were angry at social

revolts and instability• Absence of governing class and political

instability led to civil wars

All official newspapers under Rosas’ rule, carried

the slogan: “Death to the savage, filthy

Unitarians!”

Compare and Contrast the rule of two leaders in Latin America post-Revolution.

ROSAS VS. CASTILLA

Rule of CaudillosJuan Manuel Rosas (Argentina)• Governor of Buenos Aires in 1829• Supported by estanciero• Federalist!!! Believed Buenos Aires should stay

separate, but represent other provinces in foreign affairs (provinces could control own domestic affairs)

• A network of personal alliances, backed by force, allowed him to come to power

• For Rosas, and the ruling class of estancieros, the only economic concern was the export of hides and meat, and import of foreign goods

• Conquest of indigenous land = sell for profit!• Rosas wanted to uphold traditional values and customs

(religion) while curtailing liberal political through• Fear of the masses: used gauchos and private army to

control them– Colonial punishments: torture, whipping

Ramon Castilla (Peru)• Military General during independence

wars (mestizo)• Emphasis on guano exports (England)• Guano boom led to the creation of

railways • Social reforms – abolished slavery &

indigenous tribute• Slave owners received 40% of slave value• Freed blacks became farmers = increase in

cotton, sugar, and grain• Modernization in costal agriculture: use of

cotton gins, boilers, refinery equipment, and steam-drive tractors.

• After Castilla’s presidential term was over, Peruvian farmers depleted guano deposits and Peru went into a period of debt.

Analyze the social, political, and economic causes of the Mexican-American War.

Causes of the Mexican-American War• Vast nation covering 1/3 of North America with huge economic potential! (especially California!)• Not very many Mexicans settled in the territory (“backwater”) very attractive to the expansionist US• Internal divisions in Mexico weakened their government: rich vs. poor, educated vs. uneducated, elites

vs. peasants, liberals vs. conservatives• Political instability - monarchy, republican government, and caudillos (33 years = 49 presidents)• Economic problems and massive debt (mostly to Britain)• Santa Anna was adamantly against foreign intervention (anti-US)• Manifest Destiny, new immigrants, economic potential caused Americans to desire expansion• Stephen Austin granted permission by the Mexican government to settle 300 families in Texas……. Flood

gates opened as thousands of families followed• By 1830, Americans in Texas outnumbered Mexicans 4:1 – Mexico ordered end to immigration• Mexican soldiers tried to collect taxes from US……instead, promoted smuggling and friction between the

Texas militia and Mexican soldiers• Citizens of Texas (both Mexican and US) requested independence Santa Anna refused Texas declared

independence anyway (with military/economic aide from US) Texas won independence US annexed Texas (after long slavery debate) WAR!!!!

The State of Texas

Analyze the effects of the Mexican-American war on the region.

The question asks for effects on the region…….you NEED to address the impact

on both the U.S. AND Mexico!!

Effects of the Mexican American War: US• Geo-Political Effects• Most immediate effect…… HUGE gain of territory! (1.2 million sq.mi.)• Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo: US gained Mexican territories of California, New Mexico,

Arizona• Recognition of US annexation of Texas• Set the Rio Grande as the boundary between Mexico & US• US paid $15 million (also part of treaty)• Gadsden Purchase – 1853• Political Effects: (Particularly in terms of the debate over expansion of slave territory)• Strong “All-Mexico” movement advocated annexation of entire territory• Abolitionists opposed and fought for the exclusion of slavery from any new territory• Social Effects:• Victory affirmed the concept of “Manifest Destiny” • Surge of patriotism & nationalism• Helped train officers who later became military leaders on both sides of Civil War

Effects of the Mexican American War: Mexico• Geo-Political Effects• Lost 55% of its national territory• Rio Grande River became the boundary – Mexico never again claimed ownership of

Texas• Political Effects: • Government tried to colonize its remaining northern territories as a hedge against

further losses• Santa Anna was removed from power• Treaty destabilized Mexico for decades• Social Effects:• Vast majority of Mexicans remained in the US though they faced discrimination• Relocation of some Mexicans further South in Mexico• Latin American fears (some, resentment) of further US expansion

Analyze the causes of Westward expansion in the US.

To what extent did the U.S. achieve Manifest Destiny in the nation-building period?

Manifest Destiny• What was the Monroe Doctrine? How did it impact our relationship with

Latin America?• Manifest Destiny: it was the US “destiny” to expand from “sea to shining

sea”• Expansion as a moral duty (Social Darwinism, Eugenics, Western supremacy)• Expansion as a practical necessity (realism, military superiority, trade)• Economic reasons for expansion (sought markets beyond North America, US

oil/steel companies sought new markets & resources)• Political reasons for expansion (already a US presence in the Pacific, treaties

established formal trading relationships, protect US trade interests, naval bases

To what extent did the South use moral, economic, and political justifications for slavery?

Pro-Slavery South• Moral• Economic• Political

Analyze the causes of the US Civil War.

SPERM!!!!

Causes of the US Civil War• Sectionalism• Compromise of 1850

– prohibited the slave trade in Washington, D.C. – admitted California to the Union as a free state– gave newly acquired territories the right to decide for themselves whether to

permit slavery– included a strict fugitive slave law that required Northerners to return

escaped slaves to their owners• Kansas-Nebraska Act• Dred Scott Decision• American Two-Party System

To what extent was the victory of the North in the United States Civil War due to its superior resources and manpower?

Power to the North!• Overwhelming superiority in industry & manpower• Victory does not always go to the side that is stronger in numbers

(American Revolution)……so……• You need to address the extent to which these factors, as opposed to

others, were responsible for Northern victory…..• Lincoln’s leadership• Effects of Emancipation Proclamation• Grant’s tactics (Scorched Earth)• Anaconda Plan (blockade of the Southern ports & advance down the

Mississippi River to cut the South in two)• May also discuss why the South lost, but primarily on the North

Compare and Contrast the successes and failures of two leaders in the Americas between 1865 and 1929.

Maybe move to tomorrow…….