histoy 3 lecture 005 - architecture of post independence

MALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE IDENTITYPRIOR + POST INDEPENDECE

PRIOR + POST INDEPENDECEMALAYSIAN ARCHITECTURE IDENTITY

Prior MerdekaPost Independence Architecture

Malaysian Architectural IdentityRevivalismMetaphorMachine FunctionalismModernistic ExpressionismPrimitive Regionalism

• The British ‘Raj’ StyleBangunan Sultan Abdul Samad


• The British ‘Raj’ StyleBuildings in India


• Mogul EmpireTaj Mahal


• Mogul Empire16th and 17th Century


• MoorishCordoba Mosque, Cordoba, Spain


• Byzantine Byzantine Empire



“I then decided on the Mahometan style’ to reflect the Islamic mores of the country.” CE Spooner to Charles Norman


• The British ‘Raj’ StyleRailway Station, Kuala Lumpur, 1911

• An early picture of Kuala Lumpur railway station, the city’s oldest railway station. • Built in 1910, forming the central point of Malaya’s rail transport system. • Designed by A. B. Hubback, who was responsible for many of the buildings around Dataran Merdeka, Kuala Lumpur. • Hubback created a unique Moorish/ colonial building style, featuring arches, domes, and minarets


• The British ‘Raj’ StyleRailway Station, Kuala Lumpur


• Mogul influences on mosquesKapitan Kling Mosque, Georgetown, Penang


• Mogul influences on mosquesUbudiah Mosque, Kuala Kangsar


• Mogul influences on mosquesSyed Alwi Mosque in Kangar, Perlis


• Mogul influences on mosquesZahir Mosque in Alor Setar, Kedah


• Mogul influences on mosquesMasjid Jamek in Kuala Lumpur


• Western Influence influences on mosquesSultan Abu Bakar Mosque in Johore Bahru, 1892


• Western Influence influences on mosquesJamek Mosque in Muar, Johor, 1925


• Evolution of MosqueChanges in Mosque Style


• Art Deco1950s photograph of shophouses along Jalan Tuanku Abdul Rahman


• Art DecoArt Deco Buildings


http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/3b/Chrysler_building-_top.jpg

• Art DecoArt Deco Buildings


• Art DecoOriental Building, Kuala Lumpur, Clock Tower, Medan Pasar, Kuala Lumpur


• Art DecoOdeon Cinema, Kuala Lumpur


• Art DecoAnglo-Oriental Building (Wisma Ekran), Kuala Lumpur

• Shanghai Plaster• Steel frame windows with green cast gass


• Art DecoArt Deco Bungalow, Northam Road, Penang


• Art DecoCentral Market, Kuala Lumpur


. August 31, 1957 – MERDEKAIndependence Celebration at Merdeka Square

Post Independence Modernistic Expressionism, Modern Revivalism


• Post IndependenceModernism / International Style


• Le CorbusierAssembly Building- Modernistic Expressionism


• Post Independence Modernistic Expressionism / International Style


• Post IndependenceModernistic Expressionism- National Mosque, 1965

• Evolution of Mosque


Decorative elements were added during refubishment

• ModernismParliament House, Kuala LUmpur


• ModernismParliament House, Kuala Lumpur


• ModernismFederal Building, Petaling Jaya and Federal House, Kuala Lumpur


Modernism with legacy of Art Deco• Jalan Yap Ah Loy, Kuala Lumpur, Great Eastern Assurance Building, Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur


• Modernism with legacy of Art Deco The former Sime Darby Building, Jln Ampang, KL,


• Modernism with legacy of Art Deco The Harrison + Crossfield Building, KL


• ModernismLoke Yew Building, Kuala Lumpur


• ModernismBank Negara, Penang


Modern Vernacular RevivalismNational Museum, Kuala Lumpur


• New Satellite TownPetaling Jaya


During early 1980s, increasing urban migration & a rising middle-class population resulted - demand for mass residential housing.

The typologies – • Low-cost Houses

• Flats

• Medium-cost Linkhouses

• Apartments

• High-end Bungalows

• Luxury Condominiums

LARGE-SCALE HOUSING IN MALAYSIA

THE LINKHOUSE / TERRACE HOUSEThe typical form of housing in Malaysia

Single or double-storey.

Each house unit occupies a rectangular lot with a land area between 130 and 170 square metres.

With spatial constraints, the planning is usually predictable and mundane:

deep living spaces

a small rear kitchen

bedrooms with toilets on the upper floors


• A typical housing estate is made up of a grid-like network of infrastructure, comprising a main ring road and several feeder roads.

• linearly arranged back to back (with a service lane in between).

• Despite the adequate infrastructure, the design of many housing estates does not always conform to the practical needs of the average resident.


• Shortcomings in the design of the average linkhouse result of factors such as by law limitations and restrictive land codes.

• Car porch is not always large enough to fulfil its function due to setback rules

• Small, dry kitchen space often necessitates ad hoc extensions

• Garden space in front usually leaves little room for soft landscaping.


The typologies of typical terrace house are not necessarily moulded by the social and economic needs of a typical Malaysian family.

• Derived from the planning of the 18th-century shophouses in Penang and Melaka, the deep designs of the typical units often result in a lack of adequate daylight and natural ventilation in the inner spaces.

• Various regulations were imposed under the 1984 Uniform Building By-laws to ensure that clerestory windows and high-volume spaces were incorporated in the design to circumvent these inadequacies.

• Most, however, were implemented purely to satisfy the by-law in requirements without any serious thought to the practicality and workability of such elements.


LOW-COST HOUSING• Provision of low-cost housing has long been an important factor in

residential development in Malaysia.

• Relatively low profits to be gained, developers have not put as much effort into this sector as into the medium and high-end sectors.

• The search for a solution which meets the need for cheap houses which are, at the same time, socially acceptable.



Early low cost flat

CONDOMINIUM LIVING• Urban Malaysians are attracted to

condominium living because of such factors as privacy, quiet surroundings, security and exclusivity.

• Especially favoured are private, low or high rise apartment units with recreational facilities, security surveillance and choice-address locations.

• Condominiums are marketed on the basis of their design styles, which are purported to reflect different architectural periods in the West.


CONDOMINIUM LIVING• Many designs, however, appear cosmetic and

many are inappropriate in the Malaysian context. Imposition of such a Western concept on the Malaysian way of life inevitably takes its toll.

• The drying of laundry has to be done on a balcony

• Wall-mounted air-conditioning compressor units appear like pimples on building facades.


CONDOMINIUM LIVING • The concern of architects and

developers to provide a healthy social setting for condominium dwellers, with maximum interaction between residents, has resulted in designs which feature apartments clustered around swimming pools, barbecue pits and tennis courts.

• Construction work for apartments in hilly areas has resulted in the polluting of water catchments areas and the siltation of hill stations and, in the worst cases, has caused buildings to collapse.

• Never theless, condominium living is likely to increase to cater to Malaysia’s ever growing middle-class population.


histoy 3 lecture 005 - architecture of post independence

Documents

mosquesjamek mosque

mosquesubudiah mosque

mosqueszahir mosque

mosqueskapitan kling

mosque style prio

british raj stylebuildings

mosquessyed alwi mosque

mosquessultan abu bakar