history, theories, principles of urban and regional planning

HISTORYTHEORIESPRINCIPLES

the

of urban and regional planning

RAGENE ANDREA L. PALMA, [email protected]

and

HOW TO REMEMBER CONCEPTS

JOT DOODLE CONNECT

TELL ME IF YOU NEED ME TO

STOP REPEAT ELABORATE

I will discuss everything I can The more you draw, the betterI arranged the lecture so that concepts are clustered I pulled together the highlightsBut out of my 200 slides about 5-10 topics will just pop out in the exam

WHAT WE’LL LEARN ABOUT

1  The history and foundation of urban and regional planning

2  Theories3  Evolution of urban forms4  Types of planning5  The role of a planner

?Urban and regional planningTown and country planning

Environmental planningHuman settlements planning

City planningMaster planning

“urban”

“regional”

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg/900px-Skyscrapers_of_Shinjuku_2009_January_(revised).jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg/2000px-Regional_Internet_Registries_world_map.svg.png

“urban”of, relating to, characteristic of, or constituting a city (Merriam Webster)

LARGE CITY

LARGE AMOUNT

SIGNIFICANTLY-DEVELOPED AREA

http://www.investorwords.com/5192/urban.html

DISTANCE BETWEEN BUILDINGS IS VERY SMALL

“regional”

Google

of or relating to a particular region, district, area, or part, as of a country; sectional; local

LOCALIZED

A PART OF

TERRITORIAL

PROVINCE

DISTRICTDIVISION

SECTION

QUARTER

ZONE

BELT

PART

“rural”

“environmental”

“rural”

“environmental”https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Barossa_Valley_South_Australia.jpg

http://www.breakingnewstime.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/in.jpg

“rural”

LOW POPULATION

OFTEN AGRICULTURALLY-BASED

of or relating to the country and the people who live there instead of the city

COUNTRYSIDE

SPARSELY POPULATED

AREA

“environmental”relating to the natural world and the impact of human activity on its condition

PERSON’S SURROUNDINGS

LIVING ORGANISM

SOIL

CLIMATE CHANGE

PLANTS AND ANIMALS

NATURAL FORCES

http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/articles/con_urbanrural.asp

http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/group-business-people-meeting-planning-41699625.jpg

What is planning?

“planning”PROCESS

SEQUENCE

ACTIVITY

ORGANIZATION

PROFESSIONDISCIPLINE

INVOLVES ALLOCATION

STRATEGY-MAKING

GOAL AND OBJECTIVE

IDENTIFICATION

OUTLINING OF TASKS

ORDERLY

STEP-BY-STEP

PLACE-MAKING

Environmental planning, also known as urban and regional planning, city planning, town and country planning, and/or human settlements planning, refers to the multi-disciplinary art and science of analyzing, specifying, clarifying, harmonizing, managing and regulating the use and development of land and water resources, in relation to their environs, for the development of sustainable communities and ecosystems. (RA 10587)

I’M A

PLANNER.

In the Philippines, an environmental planner refers to a person who is registered and licensed to practice environmental planning and who holds a valid Certificate of Registration and a valid Professional Identification Card from the Board of Environmental Planning and the Professional Regulation Commission.(RA10587)

http://img.freeflagicons.com/thumb/waving_flag/philippines/philippines_640.png

what is

my role? o  One who creates and

recommends plans on land use and other planning fields

o  An advisor and regulator to the government, private sector, and the communities

o  An urban designero  Someone who looks far into

the future for the welfare of a place

o  A capacity builder, facilitator, and educator

o  An advocate of causes

Let’s start history with the Ancients.

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MESOPOTAMIA10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

•  “Fertile crescent” means land between rivers•  Scope of the Tigris and Euphrates river systems•  Water as a basis of urban development

MESOPOTAMIA

http://lhmrramsey.com/Mesopotamia.jpg

Sketch what you just saw.They say planners see things that

other’s don’t. What can you derive from

Mesopotamia?

http://lhmrramsey.com/Mesopotamia.jpg

ZIGGURAT

MOAT

HIGHER BUILDINGS

SMALLER HOUSES

AGRICULTURAL LANDS

MESOPOTAMIA10,000 BC – 7TH CENTURY AD

•  Sumer was one of the early civilizations•  15 city-states created•  Religion was power

purpleteal.wordpress.com

ANCIENT EGYPThttp://newlinetravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ancient-Egypt-Pyramids-4.jpg

ANCIENT EGYPT3,000 – 300 BC

•  Religion still powerful: Ancient Egyptians worshipped kings as gods

•  Once buried, lives forever•  Pyramids constructed in capital cities•  Cities of dead people (necropolis)

http://newlinetravel.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Ancient-Egypt-Pyramids-4.jpg

PYRAMID IS A TOMB

PHAROAH HEAD ONMORTUARY TEMPLE

TEMPLES

ANCIENT GREECE

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/acropolis-athens-H.jpeg

HIPPODAMUS OF MILETUS498-408 BC

•  “Inventor / father of formal city planning”•  Made the Hippodamian Plan or the grid city to

maximise winds in the summer and minimise them in winter

•  Has a geometric, arranged style in design•  Also worked on the Piraeus Port and Alexandria

PIRAEUS GRID

museumofthecity.org

PIRAEUS

museumofthecity.org

CHICAGO

BUENOS AIRES

PLATO428 - 347 BC

•  Established the Polluter Pays Principle

“If any one internationally pollutes the water of another, whether the water of a spring, or collected in reservoirs, either by poisonous substances, or by digging, or by theft, let the injured party bring the cause before the wardens of the city, and claim in writing the value of the loss; if the accused be found guilty of injuring the water by deleterious substances, let him not only pay damages, but purify the stream or the cistern which contains the water, in such manner as the laws… order the purification to be made by the offender in each case.”

PLATO428 - 347 BC

•  Polluter Pays is in our Environmental Code (PD1152)

It shall be the responsibility of the polluter to contain, remove, and clean-up water pollution incidents at his own expense. In case of his failure to do so, the government agencies concerned shall undertake containment, removal, and clean-up operations and expenses incurred in said operations shall be against the persons and/or entities responsible for such pollution.

ARISTOTLE384 - 322 BC

•  Provided the foundation for the concept of intergenerational equity

•  For our children’s children

Human well-being is realised only partly by satisfying whatever people’s preferences happen to be at a particular time; it is also necessary for successive generations to leave behind sufficient resources so that future generations are not constrained in their preferences.”

ARISTOTLE384 - 322 BC

INTERGENERATIONAL EQUITY

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE

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THE ROMAN EMPIRE29 BC – 393 AD

•  Excelled in military science and engineering•  Designs and inventions looked at improving

transport and military strategies

ROME, THE IMPERIAL CITY


WALLED FOR PROTECTION

“CASTRA” OR CAMP

GRID STREETS

VIA APPIA


THE ROMAN FORUMhttp://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/roman-forum.jpg

COLOSSEUM



•  Heavily dependent on water•  Engineered sewerage, canals, hydraulics

roman aqueducts.info

ROMAN AQUEDUCT


•  Socio-political events resulted to religious divisions, absence of military discipline, murder, and citizen unrest

•  Moral decay led to the fall of Rome•  Vikings destroyed the Aqueduct

roman aqueducts.infohttps://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/236x/68/7f/81/687f81ef16dffa0ea4774ead7df18a2a.jpg

THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD

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THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD 5TH – 15TH CENTURY AD

•  The church and monasticism•  Rise of Islam•  Byzantine empire•  State power•  The Crusades•  Carolingian dynasty


https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Lorenzetti_amb.effect2.jpg

HIGH WALLS

CENTER OF ACTIVITIES

MUNICH, GERMANYmaps.google.com

CATHEDRAL IN CENTER

WITH DEFINED

BOUNDARY

RADIAL GROWTH

CATHEDRAL CITIES

•  Cathedral or monument as a focal point of the city

•  Radial growth•  Retained the walled city from Roman practice•  Enclosure caused problems such as epidemics

and limited resources


RENAISSANCE

https://daliennation.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/renaissance.jpg

RENAISSANCE14TH TO 17TH CENTURY AD

•  Commerce as a driving factor•  Called for accessibility and mobility•  Like the Medieval Period, had a radial growth

pattern•  Plans began to follow the topography of an

area


RENAISSANCE

maps.google.com

VENICE, ITALY

FINGERS

LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI1404-1472

•  Wrote the De Re Aedificatoria: Ten books of planning and design principles

Growth is characterized by a star-shaped

form

GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN 1809-1891

PLAN AND RENOVATION OF PARIS

GEORGES-EUGENE HAUSSMANN 1809-1891

travellingandfood.com

ARC DE TRIOMPHE AS CENTER

RADIATING OUTWARD AVENUES

LINED WITH TREES AND

POCKET PARKS

Paris, the best planned city

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT

https://nextdaybetter.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/DC.jpg

CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT1800s – 1900s

•  Emphasized beauty and aesthetics•  Think monuments, grand buildings, parks,

perfect landscapes, lakes, and circular road systems


DANIEL HUDSON BURNHAM1846-1912

•  Father of American City Planning

•  Together with Frederick Law Olmstead and John Wellborn Root, designed the World’s Columbian Exposition, the first comprehensive planning document in the US


“Make no little plans; they have no magic to stir men’s blood and probably themselves will not be realized. Make big plans; aim high in hope and work, remembering that a noble, logical diagram

once recorded will never die, but long after we are gone will be a living thing, asserting itself with ever- growing insistency. Remember that our sons and

grandsons are going to do things that would stagger us. Let your watchword be order and your

beacon beauty.”

CHICAGO MANILA BAGUIO

burnhampi.files.wordpress.com

•  Greatest feat was the Plan of Chicago (called Paris on a Prairie); other plans include Manila, Baguio, Cleveland, and San Francisco


CANBERRA

http://www.capitalmetro.act.gov.au/__data/assets/image/0020/802730/Canberra-Carosel.jpg

MELBOURNEhttp://accorhotels.com.au/files/MelbourneBridge_2400x1350_0.jpg

SIR EBENEZER HOWARD 1850 - 1928

•  Wrote the book Garden Cities of Tomorrow•  Addressed population and pollution that came about by

the industrial revolution by creating garden cities

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Garden_City_Concept_by_Howard.jpg

5,000-acre CENTRAL CITY 58,000 PEOPLE

1,000-acre GARDEN CITIES 30,000 PEOPLE

CONNECTED BY ROADS AND RAILWAYSGREEN SPACES

http://33.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_mb1k1lYqWy1rsuub0o1_500.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Howard-three-magnets.png

SIR RAYMOND UNWIN Architect – city planner for LetchworthWrote Nothing Gained by Overcrowding

SIR FREDERIC JAMES OSBORN Championed garden cities

LOUIS DE SOISSONSArchitect of Welwyn

http://www.letchworth.com/sites/default/files/images/letchworth_aerial_photos_142.jpg

http://www.shropshirestar.com/wpmvc/wp/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/6114828.jpg

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg/2000px-The_Metropolitan_Green_Belt_among_the_green_belts_of_England.svg.png

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vanessa_Carlow/publication/279057647/figure/fig1/AS:294368092147716@1447194230827/Figure-1-London-Green-Belt-official-map-Graphics-by-VM-Carlow-Data-source-London.png

questionWhat do you call the area

between a city and the outskirts?

say itURBAN FRINGE

LE CORBUSIER (CHARLES EDOUARD JEANNERET)1887-1965

•  Created the Radiant City•  Modernist, futuristic, and orderly•  But socially disadvantageous and unrealistic for

settlements•  Criticized because he tried to solve congestion with

more congestion•  Wrote the books Urbanisme and The City of Tomorrow

and Its Planning

http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg

LE VILLE RADIEUSE(THE RADIANT CITY)

http://alanamuir.wikispaces.com/file/view/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg/333908066/Corbusier_cartesian_skyscrapers.jpg

LE VILLE RADIEUSE(THE RADIANT CITY)

GRIDS

CUBIST AESTHETICS

ORDERLY, RATIONAL CITY BLOCKS

BOX-TYPE HOUSES

60-STOREY BUILDINGS

?

GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY

GARDEN CITY RADIANT CITY

FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT1867-1959

•  Champion and proponent of urban decentralisation•  Involved communities•  Designed the 1,000-hectare Broadacre City•  included social services in the forms of schools, trains,

and museums, as well as employment in the forms of markets, offices, nearby farms, and industrial areas

•  Plan included a helicopter, which was criticized

http://metropolismag.com/images/cache/cache_a/cache_6/cache_b/broadacre1-9c603b6a.jpeg?ver=1415421530&aspectratio=1.7808219178082

http://mediaarchitecture.at/architekturtheorie/broadacre_city/content/quadruple_block_plan_jss_022802_wright_008.jpg

HENRY WRIGHT1878-1936

CLARENCE STEIN 1882-1975

RADBURN

http://www.fradkinmcalpin.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/1130x640-fradkin-mcalpin-nyc-architects-projects-3-radburn-nj-1130x640.jpg

GARDEN CITY

SEPARATES VEHICLES FROM PEDESTRIANS

CUL-DE-SACS

SUPERBLOCK

https://c2.staticflickr.com/8/7070/6974616023_cfc849f274_b.jpg

CLARENCE STEIN 1882-1975

•  Initiated plans to produce greenbelt resettlements all over the US

•  Wrote the book Toward New Towns for America

HENRY WRIGHT1878-1936

•  Created the superblock

https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/564x/60/57/b8/6057b80059133de5d5d850cbe9f8e621.jpg

GARDEN ISLAND

CUL-DE-SACS

THOROUGHFARES

HOMES

CLARENCE PERRY1872-1944

•  Conceptualized the neighborhood unit

•  Similar to the superblock

•  Bounded by major streets

•  Has a church, school, and shops

•  200 sqm to 2 sqkm

Wikipedia

https://www.bartlett.ucl.ac.uk/planning/research/urban-regional-development-governance/images/from-the-sky

SIR PATRICK GEDDES1954-1932

•  Introduced the notion of a region•  Became the Father of Regional Planning•  Biologist, sociologist, and geographer•  Dissected the planning environment by analysing

occupational activities•  Used observation and rational methods•  Instead of gridiron planning, used conservative surgery

Wikipedia

spur.org

THE VALLEY SECTION

spur.org

THE VALLEY SECTION

RIDGE-TO-REEF

SIR PATRICK GEDDES1954-1932

•  Introduced the term conurbation, which means “an aggregation of continuous network of urban communities.”

•  Emphasized the relationships of people and cities, thus the city-region term.

•  Used the rational planning method of Survey Analysis

•  Wrote the book Cities in Evolution

Israel.travel

SIR LESLIE PATRICK ABERCROMBIE1954-1932

•  Created the post-war plans for London, and combatted sprawling by resettlement

•  Made the London Country Plan (1944) and the Greater London Plan (1943)

thesemaphoreline.wordpress.com

SOCIAL AND FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS

CENTRAL COMMUNITIES

SUBURBAN COMMUNITIES

OPEN SPACES

SHOPPING CENTERS

LEWIS MUMFORD 1895-1990

•  A historian-sociologist who studied cities and architecture

•  From his 23 books, the most prominent in city planning is The City in History, which pointed out how technology and nature could be harmonious

•  Gave the concept of an organic city •  Rationalised how planning has various disciplines

Wikipedia

Mumford was friends with City Beautiful advocates Frank Lloyd Wright, Clarence Stein, and Frederic Osborn. Mumford and Wright exchanged transatlantic letters on professional and personal matters.

news.rracution.com

BENTON MCKAYE1879-1975

•  Originator of the 3,500 km Appalachian Trail in the eastern United States (Georgia to Maine)

•  Was a forester and conservationist, and co-founded the Wilderness Society

•  Championed regional conservationism

atc.civicore.com and daveallenphotography.com

personal.umich.edu, Wikipedia, ak-cahce.legacy.net, boiseplanning.wordpress.com

THE FOUNDERS: Clarence Stein, Benton McKaye, Lewis Mumford, Alexander Bing (a real estate developer), and Henry Wright

https://www.vectoropenstock.com/media/users/2049/76727/raw/83c2a55cb583cdb1c73f9313b3f719c0-industrial-cityscape-silhouettes.jpg

EDWARD BASSETT1863-1948

•  Urban planner and lawyer who was the Father of American Zoning. He was the first to use zoning as a means of implementing land use in New York. He wrote books about zoning.

•  Also coined the term freeway and parkway

DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA1844-1920

•  Made the concept Linear City, which has many parallel and specialized functions

Wikipedia

DON ARTURO SORIA Y MATA1844-1920

The linear city gears away from the usual centric urban forms. The lines help control the expansion of a city.

prezi.com

TONY GARNIER 1869-1948

•  Made the concept Linear Industrial City, which has many parallel and specialized functions

•  Used the concept of zoning and labeled space into leisure, industry, work, and transport

Wikipedia

aria.archi.fr and s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com

•  Plan caters to 35,000 residents•  Follows the principles of funciton, greeneries, open

space, and exposure to the sunlight•  City is linked by circular patterns

THOMAS ADAMS1871-1940

•  Worked primarily on low-density residences or garden suburbs

•  Founded the British Town Planning Institute•  Wrote the book Rural Planning and Development•  Pushed for planning legislation by mandate, local

plans, zoning, building regulations, and recognized the responsibility of a licensed or professional planner

http://ekistics.com/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/first_forest_img_02.jpg

CONSTANTINOS APOSTOLOS DOXIADIS1914-1975

•  Studied the science of human settlements, called ekistics

•  Looks into the culture, economics, and society in varying scales

http://photos1.blogger.com/blogger2/7109/397093975058892/320/eki_circles.1.png

skyscrapercity.com

GRID

PRINCIPLES OF EKISTICS

ISLAMABAD

FRANCIS STUART CHAPIN 1888-1974

•  As a sociologist and educator, he stressed the importance of quantifying social activities in an evolving city through statistics.

•  He was the first to write the textbooks on urban and regional planning

Amazon

http://financialtribune.com/sites/default/files/field/image/07_AH_Transportation%20439-ab-ED.jpg

IRA LOWRY

•  Published A Model of Metropolis, a computer model for spatial organization of anthropogenic activities in a metropolitan area

•  This generates an assessment that can be the basis for urban policy decisions

•  Worked with Robert Garin on a model that looks at the relationship and logic to the spatial arrangement of human activities

•  Expands to gravity modeling, or trip distribution in transport planning, or distance decay in physics

Amazon

say itdistance decay

h"ps://www.cmu.edu/joss/content/ar4cles/volume4/KrempelPlumper_files/m1.jpg

(The farther the distance, the more interaction declines)

Wikipedia

WILLIAM LEVITT1907-1994

•  Father of American Suburbia / The King of Suburbia / The Inventor of the Suburb

•  Mass produced houses that were affordable

http://www.dailytexanonline.com/sites/default/files/styles/large/public/images/2013/10/2013-10-18_Traffic_I-35_Joe.Capraro21231.jpg?itok=rbss2CM4

CARS WERE PUT ON A PEDESTAL

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Saskatoon_gated_community.JPG

SO COMMUNITIES BECAME GATED

twisted sifter.comSUCH A TERRIBLE WASTE OF SPACE. L

http://thewestendmuseum.org/wordpress/wp-content/gallery/urban-renewal/urban_web.jpg

CATHERINE BAUER WURSTER 1905-1964

•  An advocate of social and public housing. She authored the American Housing Act of 1937 and was an adviser to five presidents.

•  Wrote the book Modern Housing•  She also worked with Lewis Mumford

ROBERT MOSES1888-1981

•  The Master Builder of New York•  His plans had parkways, expressways, and housing

development •  One of the most controversial figures in the history of

urban planning

http://untappedcities.com/2013/12/18/5-things-in-nyc-we-can-blame-on-robert-moses/

http://www.shropshirepcas.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/Pcas-support-250x300.jpg

SAUL DAVID ALINSKY1909-1972

•  Founder of modern community organizing•  Wrote the book Rules for Radicals •  Worked with the poorer communities, and influenced

neighbourhood organisations

SHERRY ARNSTEIN 1909-1972

•  Social and health worker•  Published an article on the ladder of citizen

participation, which gave not only a voice but power to the citizens. This addressed how citizens were being victimised, and led the way to participatory planning.

lithgow-schmidt.dk 8 RUNGS OF CITIZEN PARTICIPATION

Can you give me some examples of advocacies in

planning?

Can you give me some examples of advocacies in

planning?

PARTICIPATORY

CO-MANAGEMENT

SOCIAL INCLUSION

SUSTAINABILITY

https://www.cnu.org/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_slider/public/UptownNormal_hero_0.jpg?itok=XEvcy15V

NEW URBANISM

What do you notice about the picture?

https://www.cnu.org/sites/default/files/styles/homepage_slider/public/UptownNormal_hero_0.jpg?itok=XEvcy15V

PUBLIC SPACE

PEOPLE

THRIVING ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES

GREENS

http://osmosnetwork.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/jane_jacobs.jpg

JANE JACOBS1916-2006

•  An urban activist who was strong and vocal against urban renewal; she fought for new urbanism

•  Wrote the powerful book The Death and Life of American Cities Her book and activism led to the eventual fall of urban renewal towards city diversity, mixed-use, dense neighborhoods, and vibrant communities.

•  Also wrote the book The Economy of Cities

planetizen.com

MOSES VS JACOBS

archdaily.com

http://www.palauconservation.org/cms/images/stories/programImages/watershedLandUses.png

ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING

RACHEL LOUISE CARSON 1907-1964

•  A marine biologist•  Wrote the powerful book Silent Spring, a haunting

compilation and narrative of research about the detrimental and even lethal effects of pesticides and fertilisers on the living environment

•  This book launched a global environmental movement

IAN MCHARG1920-2001

•  Was called an “architect who valued a site’s natural features”

•  Transformed efforts of traditional planning into environmental planning by using the technique of sieve mapping or overlay, which took into account the varied features of the environment.

IAN MCHARG1920-2001

•  Wrote the book Design with Nature, which triggered responsible planning of landscapes, respecting natural features

•  Laid the foundation for Geographic Information Systems

http://www.kln.ac.lk/socialsciences/depts/geography/images/stories/gis/gis.png

EXPLORATORY

PREDICTIVE

NORMATIVE

https://heimatkunde.boell.de/sites/default/files/uploads/2008/12/push-pull.jpg

http://www.emigration.link/images/push-pull-04.png

http://image.slidesharecdn.com/migration-1-1204994446996443-4-140108145312-phpapp02/95/migration-ruralurban-5-638.jpg?cb=1389192907

https://thegreenhorns.files.wordpress.com/2014/08/berglee-fig04_008.jpg

Theory Rural areas organize agricultural production in support of an urban center. Distance from the center determines the use of land.

Findings Longer distance from marketLess profitabilityEasier to transport

Applicability or Planning Implication

Showed the early analysis of human behavior and its spatial consequences

https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&ved=0ahUKEwjpseKz8c7MAhXElJQKHYXRB9oQjBwIBA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.credoreference.com%2Fsagegeography2010%2F381-2.jpg&bvm=bv.121421273,d.dGo&psig=AFQjCNH4YivoLHw4r9CyDbHEaSR0l9j8Qw&ust=1462948323798278&cad=rjt

Theory The range of good and threshold population of retail shops and service establishments are the major influences in explaining the number, size and distribution patterns of settlements.

Findings Consumers avoid higher transport costs by going to the nearest service location. The larger the settlements in size, the fewer in number they will be. The more number of settlements, the higher order of services, and the higher the degree of specialization that occurs.


Provides an economic and spatial development of regions through provision of appropriate goods and services, with establishments according to scale.

http://www.mygeo.info/skripte/skript_bevoelkerung_siedlung/images/lanu26.gif

how to draw it

Central Place Theory in the Philippines: Malls

http://outoftownblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/Inside-SM-Mall-of-Asia-.jpg

https://apmodels.wikispaces.com/file/view/weber_7.gif/133610959/403x280/weber_7.gif

Theory A factory or plant locates where transport and labor costs are at a minimum, determined by cost of distance vs. weight of raw materials, cost of labor, agglomeration and deglomeration.

Findings The point of least transport costs is that at which the combined weight movements involved in assembly (from sources and in distribution is at a minimum). If savings in labor cost is labor cost per unit output exceeds the extra transport costs, labor will attract the industry to the location.


Brings economics into the spatial domain. Provides rationality in determining the location of a firm

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bid_rent1.svg/2000px-Bid_rent1.svg.png

PRICE IS SET, TIERS ARE LIMITED

BID RENT PUSHES AWAY THOSE WHO CANNOT MATCH THE PRICES

CREATES CONCENTRIC

PATTERNS

THIS IS WHY SLUMS SURROUND A BETTER

OFF CITY CENTER

Theory The price of and demand for land changes according to the distance from the center (CBD). The center commands the highest value of land because of its proximity to business establishments and supports services as well as the market.


Provided an explanation on why slums and squatter settlements proliferate in areas close to the CBD or commercial centers

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https://www.asu.edu/courses/gcu600/gcu673a/6/Readings/Ravenstein_files/image001.gif

LEAPFROG!

Theory Birth, mortality rates, and population movement are major determinants of settlement patterns.

Findings Migration is caused by economic reasons. Migrants tend not to go straight to their ultimate destinations. They leapfrog.


Gives basis for migration and urban growth studies: distance decay, push-pull studies on migration, and gravity modeling

http://www.geographylwc.org.uk/A/AS/ASpopulation/images/push%20pulled.jpg MIGRATION IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

Theory Migration is an economic dimension of rural dwellers where individual and household members believe that there is a higher expected income in urban areas.

Findings PakikipagsapalaranApplicability or Planning Implication

This influenced national policy on on-site and services approach to low cost housing, resettlement, relocation and minimization of rural-urban disparities.

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WARREN THOMSON’S 1919 DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION MODEL

THEORY: All countries experience demographic transition.

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MCGRANAHAN’S 2009 URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSITION THEORY


THE ENVIRONMENTAL KUZNET’S CURVE

Development Environment

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4e/Environmental_Kuznets_Curve.png



HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL



HOUSEHOLD CITY OR COUNTRY GLOBAL

WASTE MANAGEMENT

RIVER POLLUTION GREENHOUSE GASES

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ROSTOW’S 1960 STAGES OF GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

MODERNIZATION IS LINEAR.

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ROSTOW’S 1960 STAGES OF GROWTH DEVELOPMENT

AGRICULTURE

INDUSTRIALIZATION

SELF-SUSTAINING ECONOMY

TECHNOLOGIES AND NEW INDUSTRIES

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WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY

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WALLERSTEIN’S WORLD ECONOMIC SYSTEM THEORY

STRONG CENTRAL

GOVERNMENT AND

BUREAUCRACY

LACKS STRONG GOVERNMENT

TRANSIT POINT

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SO MANY THINKERS!

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BURGESS ET AL’S CONCENTRIC MODEL (1923)

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INCOME, PROFIT POTENTIAL AND RENT DRIVE THE DIRECTION

CHICAGO’S INTERNAL URBAN STRUCTURE IS COMPOSED OF RINGS

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PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965)

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PETER MANN’S CONCENTRIC ZONE MODEL (1965)

FROM CHICAGO TO BRITAIN

COMMUTER VILLAGE

SEPARATED FROM BUILT-UP AREAS

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HOMER HOYT’S SECTOR MODEL (1939)

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WEDGE-SHAPED

UPPER CLASS TENDS TO LOCATE NEAR THE CBD FOR BEAUTY AND

ACCESSIBILITY

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https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Multiple_nuclei_model.svg/450px-Multiple_nuclei_model.svg.png


NEW NUCLEI EMERGED

LAND USES REPEL OR ATTRACT

LAND USE CHANGE EMERGES FROM

NEW DEVELOPMENTS

https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple-nuclei-model1.png

https://taylorgeoitalyisawesome.files.wordpress.com/2015/05/multiple-nuclei-model-sketch-up1.png

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http://lewishistoricalsociety.com/wiki2011/article_image.php?image_type=article&id=92

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Where are the paths?

littlemissurbanite.wordpress.com+ prelims+ exam overview+ filing + expectations+ planning bibles+ TIPS J

history, theories, principles of urban and regional planning

Education