history of india part_2-1877

206
r GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AROHJ.EOLOGIOAL SURVEY OF CENTRAL ARCH£0LOGICAL · LIBRARY ACCESSION NO. IS' 4 o CALL No. CZ54.o2 E.fl-Dow- D.G.A. 79. .. .. '1. \ . . ,• ' . . . . . . . •'! 0 \ .. I I I I . ' I _j

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History of India Part_2-1877

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  • r GOVERNMENT OF INDIA AROHJ.EOLOGIOAL SURVEY OF ~DIA

    CENTRAL ARCH0LOGICAL

    LIBRARY ACCESSION NO. IS' 4 o

    CALL No. CZ54.o2 E.fl-Dow-D.G.A. 79.

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  • ' THE HISTO.RY OF INDIA

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    CENTRAL ARCIIAEOLOGJCA~ LIBI\ARY, Nl:.W lJELHI.

    Aco. No . ... ." .. . ... ~ .... : .. ............. . .. 11111.0 . ...... : ... .. ... .. .... Call No ............. .......... ....... ... .

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    THE HISTORY OF INDIA

    A' Told By Its Own Hislorlaru

    :rHE MUHAMMADAN PERIOD

    or nm t.ATE

    (H~:j;;::~ - (lwhj l!di!A:d by ~f. Jobn DoWion

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    '&f5'+02. a)-~

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    Fint .Pub.IQDed 1877 ~ond :Rep~nt 195-i

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    PUBLISHERS' NOTE

    Tlle present volwne comprises nine articles, five of which. appeared jn the Third Volume of the original edi-tion: of . . . this : work., which "carries the history from the death of , / ' Nasiruddin, in 1260 A.D., to the inroad of Timut die ' Tatar, in 1398 A.o." .... ''0 the first five works included

    'in chis volume three 'were noticed in the old volume pub- . lis);lcd by Sir H. Elliot himself. . . . Part of the History o~ WassaE has . appeared in a , G~rman . translation, frqm the pen ot Hammttt~P,Iir.gstalli, but lli~ .,portion~. :tela~ing to India

    , , aJ~e .tio~; .p~~-!'ished ~or t~e first .. ;U'fue. ~ The To:ri!J;h-i ~ A.lai is :more a poe1n than -a history, but it bears -the celebrated

    name of Amir Khusru, and it enters into details which the student of history cannot pass over and sift them.''

    The concluding -fou-r articles are reprinted from the ~~ J

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    CONTENTS

    1.- ]ami'u-t Tawarikh 2. Tazjiyatu-l Amsar tva Tajriatu.l Asar 3 . . Brie History -of the Sultans of Dehli

    . -4. The Conquest of Somna~ 5. Tarikhi Binakiti- . -o, Tarikhi Gu:tida

    . : 7,. Tari)th~i 'Jt'~lff 'of J(.hazairz'u-L Futuh , :. rsi:; Jitau-z'a'tU.s Safa ...

    9~ xhulsaiu-l Akhbar '10. Dashwu-l Wuzra

    . II. Habibu-s Siyar 12. Amir Subuktigin 1.3. Sultan Mahmud 14. Expeditions into Hindustan 15. The Co~quest of Somnat 16. Story of Dabshilim

    .39 46 59 64 .71 98 .

    " 112 ... . 119

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    153 157

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  • HJSTORV OF CHAZNI Part lJ -

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    JAMI'U-T TAWARIKH OF

    RASHIDU-D DIN

    The Jami' u-t-Tawatikh Rashidi was completed in' A.H. 7IO> -i\.D. uno. TllC author l;azlu-llah Rashid, or Rashidu-d din ihu 'Ima

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    2 RASHIDUD DIN

    which actuated his enemies. In his first rupture with Sa'du-d din he was ca.mpelled, in sclf-def

  • j .'\MI'U'f 'l'AWARli~H

    d become partially

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    the Mongol mon.u-chy, who 'had nut met whb n violent de:dlL.1 '

    Rasbicl!Hl dh\ W:lll cndowc

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    .JAMI'UT TAWARfl\:H

    lthe ]a.rni'u-t-'l'tttvarikh, and has received the highest commendations from European scholars.

    "The work was on the point of completion when Ghazan Khan died,' A.H. 703-A.D. '1303. Uljaitu Khan, .his successor, not only app.rovcd of r.hc plan which our author had followcd, and the. manner in 'which he .had, .executed l1is task, but enjoined him to complete it, and to add thereto a general account of all th.c people known to the Mongols, and a description of all the conntl'ies of -the gloqe. Rashidu-d din undertook this laborious . work, .and. a few years sufficed for its accomplishment, for we find that ill A.H. 710~:0. 13.10, the entire history was

    .writtl(tl1 .bound, and' deposited in. tb.e mosque constr11cted lhy the author at Tabriz. It is true that the aUt,h9r..;.of the T arikh-i W assaf affirl'ns, that Rasbi dn-d din coni:iri u-ed his work till A.H. 712, but this, pmbably, orily applies to that portion of it which gives the history of Ul.iaitu. Haidar Razi, in hili General History. says, that the por-tion relating to India was completed in A.H. 703, t'he period when our author received orders t6 commence h,is tesealches.'' Still it is cvide!lt that he copied ~om Wassaf, who wrote; upon lli~ Indian History down to 710 A.H.

    The entitc wOl'k, when completed, recciyell from it.

  • 6 RASHlDU-D DIN

    examination or judgm.ent of his credit, however, th'at he fairly and

    own. It is lO his J openly acknowledges .. 1

    the sources from which he has borrowed; and he occa-sio~ally makes additions which may be his own, or whicb.

    . may have been derived . from other unknown sources. For the geographical account of Indian he is avowedly indebted to Biruni, tJ10ugh he adds some passages in continuation. 7 In his account of the Ghm:nivides . "h(:

    .follows 'Utbi implicitly as far as the Yamini extends. taking out not only the facts, but giving a literal tran:;la-

    . tion even to the images and similes.'' He makes n() attempt to improve m supplement that work. his ac-count of the Ghawivides closes where that closes, and so he omits all notice of the famous expedition to

    . Somn~t.8 The Tmikh-i .Tahan-Ku.~ha has also been laid . un~er contrib.utio'n. D'Ohsson finds that he often copied

    ,.it]. : . ' -~ 7 [Vol. l . fJ. 61. Or. Ed-] ; ',, ~pl, Hq l... ~;1

    ::: 11[~f Qumf?emere cm1cu1s, a11d add.~~ "M_ais - .. ia. pl.us .. ~ fotmalle, att moment ott il deposa clans -la grati.:dt( rrtos~,t~ee : ~

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    that no Persian copies were very generally available in Akbar's time, for 'Abdu-l Kndir Badauni states, under the transactiolls of A.D. 1000, that he was directed by the; Emperor to translate the ]ami,,.t Tawarikh ron Arabic into Persian. It docs not exactly appear from the text whether this was an abridgment or a translation, but tb~ portion which was completed by 'Abdu-l Kadix Is distinct J y said to lULVC beCJl translated frorn the Arabic. It i& clll'ious that an interlinear translation of a part of the l1istory, executed under the orders of Colonel Francklin, and presented by him to the Royal Asiatic Socict)'. shoufd . also bear the name of 'Abdu-l Kadir, who tlus

    r appellJ'S to -have cxooutecl a second time what Jis name .akcl had done before him more than 250 yean ago.

    A portion of the Tarihhi Gllazani has been admir-ably translated by M. Quatrcmcrc in the frrst volume o the Col/cctio11 Ori6ntale, :

  • 8 AASffiOUI> I)!N

    bu~ . he bas given a short cxtrnct thcrcirom upon 'fllaxkiarok.'s Reginlng" in ilie .Zeitschrift des l)mtscltctl M.orgenlandischcn. ~scllscllaft (voL IX. 800)].

    The following account ,of ilie contents of the entire ]a,mi'u-t Tautarikll, is taken from n notice in Arabic, by Rashidu-cl din himself, prefixed to a MS: of his thco 1ogical works, in tlie Ro:ylil ' Lib:racy at P:ttis.

    "The book called ]Mni'.w.t 'l'awarikh, comptisCll four "Volume.s,- tbe first of which coutairis a_ prdace" lin account .of tlle 6rigin of tile nations of the Tlrrks,~ thc pum.bet

  • JAM1 1U'I' 'l'hWARU-:11 9

    "The third volum" give.~. aft~r the preEacc. a Caks of tluecvolumes only, .w,riting, undc~ 1 h.c hc"d of. UI.C second, the matters which hete form iliu 'COntentS of -the se

  • 10 RASHIDUD OlN

    tions, on account of its great bulk and dispxoportion in size to the others.

    In the preface to the Ta1'ikh-i Ghazani the work is divided, as mentioned above, itito three volumes, accord-ing to the following distribution :

    The contents of the first volume are the same as given iii the preceding description, and it is dedicated to Gh::.,tan Khan. It comprises two books an

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    JAMI'UT l'AWAR!KI-l 11

    in this third volume, after having fully ascertainecl its.. authority."

    The extended notice which is here given to Rashidu-d din and the ]ami'u-t Tauta.rifth, is noi: only due to his. merits and to the curious SO\ltces of his information 011 lndian subjects, but to the interest which was excited. si>J'ne years ago by the discovery, under very peculiar. cir-cumstances, of a larg-e portion of the -work which, up to that time. was supposed to be 1ost.

    A full account o this curious. discovery is given in the sixth vo~ume of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic

    . Society. W.. Morley, while engaged in making a : catalogLic of the Society's MSS.; met with an imperfect. Aral:fk MS., :wllich proved to be a portion of the ]ami'u.-t 'Tawarikh. It was Wlittcn in a heatltiful and very old~ Naskhi hand, with mai1y pictures very creditably executed. He addressed a letter to the Socictr, giving an account' of his discovery, and before the latter was published' Professor Forbes accidentally fell in with a much larger portion of the same MS., comprising one half du::-original volume, of ')'hich the Society's fragment _forme

  • 12 RASHIDU~n J>IN

    .:some one has. stolen and carded off one half of it, or .about 150 leaves. It was written by the author's own .. hand, in the year of the Hijra 706 (A.D. 1306-7 .'') This ;descdption of the MS. a$ J)eing the work of Tabari was, froui the da.tc alone, very suspicious and unsatisfactory, . .and. Profcs89r Forbt'S, in his enquiries, was eventually led to examine the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Society, wlleu

    . ..t;he~.tw~ MS..~. proved to he ind~bitably portions of one

    . and the same book. , , These' discoveries. were commu.nicatccl to the Asiatic :S&iety of Bengal, and a xequcst was rnadc that the .Sodety would interest i tself in searchiug for manuscripts

    ..Of the work. A circ11lar was in consequence issued to many of the native chiefs and literati of India, hue no ;satisfactory reply . w~ received. {J.pon ,tb;flt octa:sipn .I

    . ;;I?9.i}t~e~Lt~e'Gi~~}~ -l~~e 'Sam~~~ter, :was-broughfltiV -,; :~~~ .'T-' Malcolm fiOui PetSJa, and presented to ' l;.he College t -~e"(Fort -'William, .as .appeared ftom a notice at the end of:

    ':':~Stcw~sCataloguc of ' Tipu Sultan's Library. The work .'}:~~~. searched for and discovered, in consequence of this )l.: .!4'0J;mation, among those which were transferred from . .~:the' College to the Asiatic Socicty.l3 . ., . .It '\ias not till some years afterwards that I had the

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  • JA.'dl' U'C TAWAIUKH

    enquiry then atu"acted Lbc attc~tion of tbe As.iaLic Society of Bengal, it would have resulted in an (larlicr discovery of the missing volume; btlt l~bCll at last it was drawn forth fTom tbch Hhrary, it had become of comparatively little importance, for, in the mean time, a manuscript of tbc Persian original hact been found in the library of tile East India House, of which a full d=dption was shortly . after given uy Mol'lcy il\ the scvcn.th volu.mc of the Journal of the Royal Asiatic Socict)', rrorn wbirb the

    follot~ing cxttact is Utkcn: "'l'hc MS. in qucstiou l$ of a large folio size, and contal~ in ()ll 1 ~89 p~ges: but :1s numerous space.~ h:tvc been left ~ox Jhe il15,ertion. o~ paintil'lgs. tl1c . actual volume q, ~e wor.l:: ik # 6t. equal ti> its appai'cnt . cl

  • .l4 RASHIDUD DIN

    .and or the events that occurred in their respective reigns;

    ..alSo accounts of the prophets from the time of Kaiumars ,until that of Yazdajird, the last of the kings of 'Ajam . .

    "Section 2 contains a copious and detailed history of: ,he prophet .Muhammad and his Khalifas to the time of Al Mustasim bi-llah. This llistory, which in our MS . .. comprises 3G4 pages, was transcribed in the month of Shawwal, in the year of the Flight 1081. It is ~ontained entire in the MS. of Colonel Baillie, with the absence of Jorty-six leaves, seven of: which arc, however, to be found in the MS. of tile Royal Asiatic Society. .

    1111. A concise history of the Sultan Malimud Subuktigin, the Ghaznivides, the Samanides, the Buwai liides, and sonic others, to the time of: Ahu-L Fath Maudud bin Mas'ud, and tlw year of his death, r'iz.J the

    :547th of the Flight. This history compl'ises fifty-six pages, and was transcribed in- the month Zi'l hijja, and

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    .JAl\U' UT TAWARIKH l!)

    .and Machin, to the time of the conquest by the Mongols .. It comprises farty-iiix pages. At the end it is stated that this history is to be succeeded by that of the :Bani Israil. The concluding part o tllis account. of 1\.hita ~s contained in the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Sodcty.

    "VI. A history of the children o( Israel, comprising forty-eight pages. At: the end it is stated that this hiswry is to be folloi-\'Cd by that of the Frauks, aud the d~~te of transcription is said l he the month Safar, in the year of the 'Flight 1082. The lilst portion o( this hhu>ry occurs in the MS. of the Royal Asiatic Society.

    "VII. A J1istory of the Franks, from the creation of Adam to r.he thne when the author wrote, viz., 705th .year of the . Flight, g-iving a short account of the .- va~iou~

    Emperors and .Popes, amounting to little more than a. list of misspclt rmmes. It comprises 122 pages, and beats. the date of Rabi'u-1-awwal, in the year of the Flight 1082.

    "VIII. A histOJ:y of the Sultans ol: Hind and o( the, Hindus. It comprises !J8 pages. This history exists in .the MS. o the Royal Asiatic Society, supplying the lacuna in th~t MS. where about six pages are wanting7

    "IX: A treatise on metempsychosis. extra~ted {Tom the Tawzihat-i Rashidi by Rashidtld din . This treatise comprises 12 pages. The date of transcription is Rabi\t-1-awwal, in the 1082 year of the Flight; the name of the . scribe is also here given, uiz., Tahir Ibn Al Baki Alayi. , .t

    "X. The general preface and contents of the wh'ol~ volume, headed, 'This is the book of.. the collection 'of, ' :hi~tories. ' This preface comprises eight. pages. It bas 'l:>een published, with a translation by M. Quatr.er:Qt!re1 ir:i . the _first . volume o the Collection Orientale~. .... ,; .:0, .

    "XI . ... The first volume of the ]ami'~,z .. 'l:awafikh; . entitled .the Tarilth-i Ghazani, and containing. ~n ~a:ccount "; o the Turks and Mong

  • 16 RASJID>UD DtN

    By comparing this table oE contents witlt tlle one above given by Rnshidn-d din himself, it wiU be sccu that the India-House Manuscript does not contain the entire work; the parts deficiem being the first division of the second volume, containing U1e life of 'Oljaitu Sultan, with the supplementary journal, ancl the whole of the third volu,me containing the gegr:~phy.

    Ic is, however, very probable that the last vofuUIC was never w,rittcn, for we nowhere line! :1ny

  • JAMI1UT ,TAWARlKI-1

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    ,Ss>ci~ti!:A v.olume. ~ will. sbor~y . .reeeh(e . !!lor-e patti ' Mo4. ... f111iv

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    JA?.U'UT '":'AWARlKH 19

    R4shidi, which is common in Hindustan, and derives its Dame of Rashidi chieay (though 'other re~!i~. are a&Sign-~d) from. h5!ing d!;dic;t~ _to the reigning Khan 0' the Mughals, ~Abdu-r Rashid Khan, by its author, Mir1a Haidar :pughlat G:urgan. It contains ncith~hg ~;es~cting. ~qe .HistoJy Qf l _!ld.ia . .. }'here is also .. a. ~\!r~i~l1 '.wor).:. o:f'

    ~we .~tme 9f ]pmi'tt.-t Tawar,ikh, of ~~ich .the~c is an ~9" . ..count in Von Hammer's Geschichte des Osmanis'chen . Reichs (Vol. ix: p. 180), and which the same ~~tho;- quotes .as one of his authorities in his Geschichte der Assassinen. It was compq_scd. A~J>. 1,574, and is said tQ .be compilt:cl .cllicfly frog>. J he NttamtLo-t 1'g.warikh of Baiza.wi, and

    Bahj~JJtu.-t Ta1J!a:r:ikh ? Shukru-lla. ~. is also .an Arabic "llist~t:.Y~. wJch, from sim.ihu;ity o,f !WD-~J may pe

    mistak~n for it, the Mukhtasat ]ami'u-t Twadk._h, by lbnu-1-Wardi, a valuable general History from 1097 to 1543 A.u,.

    I will now proceed to describe the volume in th~abim, commences, c;_omprising als~ 'the history o! . the Sultans of Khwariz!!l, e~~eJidi!lg roll} PJ> 4.1 ' to 64.~ . -.., .. ll: : A h~tory of Ught;~z and tf?e,. ';'~~ .' ~otn . HP !6~. t~ 77; , .. ~~e, ~pigrflp~ state~ that. ,it j s. f?!i. . , ~ ' ' . .

  • JAMI1U-T 'f.AWAKlKfl

    enmity between Nasiru-d din Subulu its countl'ics, citic.. and town&.~

    .On the islands . .:... The Sultans of Dehli.- The birth ,o ~asd_eo! a~d ~e ldngs of India ,P;e~ediug~M~J~d1~n Kashnnr. 1ts hi.fu, waters, and ottes.- Antatcowlt of !h,e Xinw of the Trita jug~-;t'he Jdngs of .tlie D1vaplil' jug,_ 1'he .k:i!W of .!he KaH- jug.

    ' Cluig~ct 2;~d.. Ail a.cconnt of the_ -proph~ts .or the Hil\dm, of 'Whon\ t.herc ate six of the - highest cl-3$5, Sbakniuni be4ng_ si#h-:-~11 the 9irJ:h of ~b~tni,;Qh.

    th~ }xl;o~tfes and ssgns of a pe10fcc~ man . ...:.0i!, Uic .tha'roccealngs ' of. ~h'flkm'UnL.....,OJi ,

    . "his appearAD~e in'Vatiotls 'f.n!>i-'"On ttie ,Jtpor;l~~ of: :cer,taln prayers. '"'dil:ressed tC! G:o ..m&.~s)'Gho~isnand the nm:nl:>~ Qf hell$F<

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    581 pages, of: liO lines.

    'i..;.4./,h ' 'i U~,l~l.lil.U:I:U, .' Of The" an-~gement,~' however,

    is.;. veTy. di'fferen't, as will be evident ,,V,b;ti : f.els disp.osed. to cQrilpai:e. them. p~t.i6n o{ the ] ami, ,l,rhich relates to the gC'O'"'

    of ,In'dia,;has bee1i printed in Vol. I .. original' cdii.. ' .Wo:t,k" (page 42); and that which describes tlie'

    aluO: ditt Khwarizm Shah with . :n~ .. ,'it'rt"'' ~rimt.h.,; ~ lianks bf'the ! rid us, will l)c found in:

    . . .I:L. 'page.550): or. Eet eXtTatt front t.tie' COJUtnencetnefl.t ot the

    ~e Gh~~?nJpi~.es~ (Ch~p.,. rf. ~( :,:~~'1. i.: AS. Soc. of.: B;cngf ... K.hr~. itha~~, ....

    . Y,awagh~i, .son of . Olja?.., son of 'Yqfi't. < . ' 'h'l1/L tftJJ' ?l.istory 'of Uglmz zs call-e4. j{hanr mid' 'it . 'is :staterl .-tluit. Dib sifini.[jes~

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    JAMI'UT. TAWARII

  • ,Pilt 1o ftght. The enemy plundered his. l)o1lse- and took hi ~itfant7brothera,:p'ris'oner and end~avoure'd to capture Uljai. _ r Tho_ forces o~ Kukain 'Y-awagliui again (ollected and recovered sttl!ngth. With a f~c.ling of honou~ and pride they all, men, wo(!l.cn, amt .children, pu'('llued Farashib.

    They~ slcw and \.scattered. his 'ollowcrs,, and, retuming (Yict~rious _ an'11 ttiumphant, oetllpied themselves in .managipg th'e' affaiTS.., ci( tlieir govel'llment. ~ter -a few ):C.aJ:I the infant brother of Kukam, whom they c:alle;cl 'SariDgl' and who was kept in abject captivity, .when be ,att1linei:l the age of manhood, 8C'Ilt to hi& brother Kubm ,;jnd asked him to despatch an army for his succoUl.

    , :&ukam Yawagllui sent a thousand brave men of w:~r .and warriors agaim.t Farashib. When the two annie .:onfronted each other, Sarang went ,ovcr an.d joined hi .brpther's ~!ill'IY A gt:cat ~:!5nfli~~ ensued. At last the

    :batt).~ ,~.,nd.~tb .parties retitec:l ' to tbetr-, respeetive wJps. Sa.rang r~lated hiS whole story before his .brother, ~na. Said, the enemy had given him the office of

    .Sar)l~n~." .ac:~d . porter, Kuk:un Yawagbui said: "Let tl>is. treatment here recoil upon him.'' ..

    ;K'ukam ruled twCJJty years, wb.en he died suddenly. Sat:uig kept his brother in a coffin in his house for a w~o!c ;year, and pretended that be was lying sick. He .h~ managed and carried on the affairs . of govex:n-;meQt AI!~ the laii7 or' a yciir the .n.ohles. ~ssembled an.d 'told Sarang; !Ita~ Ite . s)!oulcl show h1s brothct to them 1 )iv1ng.~ ';\no if 'dead he; should (lo loogcr conceal the fact, .but seat himself upon' the tbrol)e. Sarimg wept and 'Confess&! that his brOther bad. be~ dead a year -past, :hi.tt as he b'~d numerous entmies, lie ;l:iad.'kept ' his ,deatb . ' ,._ ., .... .. .... ...

    ~ . "[sar}lao1gi mijtJ. wadil.r/Jani Jartn..;(Jand. The w01;d .. fat 'Ylcmg must here- b'ea1' 'it:( baser meaning or " 'serjeant, foot .roldier, guardsman: a~d 1s proba1il'J conie.ctcd willl' the -name Srrrang, which indeed is tvriiten ' '$ar.hang" itl one :1mlat/ce,] , '

    ["bidan rah bikard '(bagird) injaham,J

  • JA"Ivtx>u-T 'rAWARIKH

    the corpse of his then mounted the throne

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  • ASAR

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    TAZ.JlY.t\TUL; AMSAR 2'1." . '

    so full oj metaphors tha:t the sovereigFt

  • : .. ~nd:~~-p~~ian poetry,: a~d has. worked . wi~h -~qu~ l~bour' ,> ;~~ ~'cturacy on the limited subject :of geography and in

    .:}: -U!e. :Wide neld o, hist6ry!' .,Sir H , ktliot, while admitting "~ i ~~e i'style .of.;eci.(nhe 'taj'u-l Ma-a.si.r in

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    TAZJIYA'l'UL AMSAR .

    th~ exu:acts' printed bel~w, very badly copied, The work.. is. not rare in Europe, for several libr~ies contain cOpies.r-.

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  • ' ' I . ._ 'J.'h~ ruler of tllat country, s ,LRam, ,intanck~ to pay

    dl,iS:rcspects to h~ m'ajes4y witb.s>Jfarings and humble reprcscntatlorJ.S, but pretmt .of ~mJia in th! ratd ~li'Ofi;,il,f!~~ -work, "calletU Blihru-l bnldar1. It is a tri!~!i{ffl, .af;.'[h}.

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  • TAZJIYA'rut.. AMSAR 31

    Some commentatol'll up~Mr , an f htp his~o:'Y . ar; peh/1 . ~flel Vofr1,.-;~f 1/u~ >U!Or_k! p. 94. ~Or:?Ed:] ;. ~ .

    ~~~\e .'Ohet1taf Mldthon. -tUWo;.Lthac ;when wr;,t:!ul pa'r~~wttfe cast , out ~ PAr.dd($6; . .:A:dam- ti~tcbl/li.tffjn oCeylon, .'l!v~ at J//lo.,.tb~ pea.co~k

  • .

    ~ . : , '\VASSAF' ... , ... I .: , ~

    . wmldi and the 'beriefi.ts of its commerce display. i:fie ~cWiarities of alchemy; the hedges Of its .fields 'reO:.~h , the heart like the. influen(e of the stars; and the . maigi.rts. ' and edges of its regions .are bed-fellows of loveliness; ii:S'- ,

    . . myrohab.ns . i~par't the blackness . of youthful hair; and its peplletco'ffis put' the tfi,ole of tli~ face of beauty on the- .

    -~re., of (enyy;' its tb.bie.~ and c~rnelians ate like the lips .. ~i&' hli;eek!; , of .. chaJ;nll'ng girls; . its light-shedding recesses -~ a~~ 'niirtcs' 6 coined gold; and 'its treasuries and .

    . ' )f~J?.ositories .are like. oceans full of: polished gems; it& , i:d~es are in continual freshness and verdure; and the

    :ze'ph}'r~ of its air arc pure and odoriferous; the various birds of its boughs are ~~wect-singing parrots; and the p,beasants of its gardens are all like graceful peacocks,-"' "If it is asserted that Paradise is in India,

    i li' . , Be not surprised because Proadise. ~ts~~f:}~ .. I.\~~ ""'~~~- ~~. . ... compara~l~ ~ i~1 }~..:.;;_ .-. It any one suppose that these selected epiiliets-:-ex.cie@.

    -:.au bounds, and think the author 'indulges in e~ggeta~ tion and l1yperbole, let hiin, after a deep reflection on

    this matter, ask his own heart whether, since the days .,of Adam till the present, from East to West or from-. :., '::Nor~ to South, there .has ever been a country, to which

    :. . : ':~qp!~: export gold, silver, commodities, and curiosities, ... ~ :~nClJJ!oxp ,, ~hich, . in . exchange, they. bring . away .. only

    thOfnsr ,Cfregs, dust, pebbles, and various aromatic roots, . ~~4Jio~. \\Th~cn ,'moriey ._ has ncyer been sl!rtt. to any

    pl~ce-' for the' purchase o goods. If, by the will of God, ) \.'l-:~o:~ilie; : breadth of hea~. ~. ~~ .~'Cttttte:r : i:n ,.:. this matt

    . , > ~~~pt:ihe~,~~yen''clim~t: "~ ~t; dfe,?eai~';

    ' F:;.. '1..,"; i~ .. {, -' '

  • I ~ ,.

    I TAZJIYATUl, AMSAR

    been recorded in the books of that philosopher. Al-though it has no great connection with this book, yet my desire is that my readers may be

  • .34 WASSA.F

    Malwa 1,893,000 towns and villages. And it may be about thirty years previous to my hying the foundation of this book. that the king of Malwa died, and dissension arose between his son and minister. After long hostili-.ties and much slaughter, each of them acquired posses-:.~ion of: a part of that country. In consequence of these disturbances, every year incursions are rnade into it from :most parts of Hind, much pr

  • TAZJIYATOL A.\ISAR 35

    (Ncllorc), nearly three hullCb:ed parMaugs along the sea .coast, :md in the language of that country the king is callccl Dewar, which signifies the Lord of Empire. The .curiosities ,of Cltin and Machin, and the beautiful pro ducts of Hind and Sind, laden on large ships (which they call junks), sailing like mountains wit.h the wing3 of the winds on the surface of the water, ;u-e lllways arriving there. Tile wealth of the Isle& of the Pensiun Gulf in particular, ancl in pare the beaut)' :end adornment of other coum.-ics. fro1n 'Irak nn

  • WASSAF

    year from the isla~1d o[ Kais and land at Ma'ba.r '1,400. horses of . his own breed, and of such generous origin

    tha~, in comparison with them the most celebrated horses of .antiquity, such as the RukJ?..s of Rustam, etc., should be as worthless as the horse of the chessboard. It was also agreed that he should embark as many as he could procure "from all the isles of Persia; such as Katif, Lahsa, .Bahrei~r Hurmu'l. and Knlhatu. The price of each h~rse was fixed front of old at 220 dinars of red gold, on this. conditit>n, that if any. horses should sustain any injury during the voyagc, or should happen to die, the value of them should be paid from the royal treasury. It is related by authentic writers, chat in the reign of Atabak

    Abu Ba.kr, 10,000 horses were annually exported from these places to Ma'bar, Kambayat, and othe.t ports in their neighbourhood, and the surn totaf of their value aniouitted to 2,200,000 dinars, which was paid .out of the . overflowing revenues ' of the estates .and endowments' b'eion-ging to the Hindu temples, arid from the tax upon courtezans attached to them, and no charge was incurred by the publiC treasury. It is. a str~nge thing that when those l~orses arrive there, instead of: giving them raw

    barley they give them roasted barley and grain dressed with butter, and boiled cow's milk to drink.

    Who gives sugar to an owl ~r crow? Or who feeds a parrot with a carcase? A crow should be fed with a dead body, And a parrot with. candy and sugar. Who loads jewel~ on the back oE an ass? Or who would approve of giving diessed almonds

    to a cow? They hin.d them fo1 forty days in a stable with ropes anci' pegs, h1 order that they may get fat; and afterW-ards. without taking . measures for training, and without stinups and other appurtenances of riding, the Indian soldiel's .ride ur.on them like

  • ,~ . ,l,b'i', '

    TAZJlYATU-L Ai\-CSAR 37

    .and active horses become weak, slow, use~ess, and stupid. In short, they all become wretched. and good for nothing. In this climate these powerful horses which lly swiftly without a whip (for whips axe required for hoxses, especially iJ: they arc to go any distance), should they .happen to cover, become e~cecdingiy weak and altogether worn out and unfit for rid.ing. There is, therefore, a .constant necessity of getting new horses annually, and, consequently, th(' merchants of: Muh:tnunadan countries :bring them to Jv.[a,har.14 'Tlicir loss is not without its attend;mt advantage, ~or it is a providential ordinance of God that thG W~~te+n:Sho~Ild .continue in want o Ca$te:J;1l ~p;rod.utts, ~~ict. lbe 1as~eh~: worict of western products, . and that the north. should with labour procure the goods ,of. the south, aticl the south be furnished. in like tnanner with corrunodities brought in ships from the north. Consequen~ly, the means o( easy crmnunication are always kept up between these different quarters, as the social nature of: human beings necc~sarily .requires and profits by.

    '1' ho1~ 'IVI~,t t:allr.tl 11 ?IW'It ber.mnr, t.l1ou 1m:rt t.nclt>IJ;Crl u:itl~ lo'Ue. In the months of the year 692 H. t'hc above-mcnti

  • 38 WAl:ISAP

    L.!nm J ~malu-d :eastnc 7,000 oxen, laden wilb precious ton

  • TAZJIY.\1'U-L Ali!SAit

    As the eminem dignity and great power of Maliki a'zam Taltiu-d din, and MaJiku-1 Islam, and JamaJu-d din were celebrated in most parts of Hind to even a greater extent than in M.abbaru-d din Muwa.iyid, wiU show the consideration io whid\ be was held by con-temporary princes.

    Brief 'hi.ttory of the Sullans of Dehti From Book ill. of the MS.

    Dcbli h one of the southern countries, ;md in honour and in position is like ll>c l1eart within the bcly, irs provinces bcing placed aJ'ound like the limbs and extremities. us lnh:lbitants are au Musutmans, an

  • 40

    strong forts and towns and other inhabilcd spots, .which .tanpot be noticed in this narrative on account of their gTeat number.18

    In the year 512 H. (1118 ,A.D.) Bahram Shah, a .descendent o Mahmud Subuktigin, became Sultan of -Ghaznin. and .af:ter some time 'Alau-d din Husain bin Hasan, ;:he first ki.ng of the Gharians, attacked him and .took his country; and !iCated his nephew on the throne .. of Ghaznin, after which he again returned to Dchli. When Bahram Shah saw his hereditary COll~ltry freed

    .. from the lions of Ghor, he again rose in arms and took the ncphev,. of -'Alau-d din prisoner, and disgtaccd him hy ~eating him on a cow and parading- him round the walls o Ghaznin .

    . When '.Alaud din heard this intelligence, he again marched to repel him, but before his arrival Bahram

    .:Shah had :died, having received the order .of God, and . h~ .'soii. Ith:usru had placed the royal crown . upon ll.*s ..:head, but not heing able to oppose , Alau-d dili, he fled

    towaxds the country of Hind. 'Alau-d dii1 plundered and massacred in Ghaznin, and after depopulating the

    country he ~ook up his abode at Dehli. Kbusm Shah died in the year 555 H. (1'160 A.D.) and the dynasty. of: the Ghaznivide.~ became extinct.

    'Alau-d din Husain appointed (to the governnient of Ghaznin) his nephews, the sons of Sam, son of Hasan .. namely Gbiyasud din: Abu-! fath Muhammad and

    shahabu-d

  • ./ 'l'M~JlYA'l'O-L MriSAR 41

    ,din died, the g-overnment devolved alone upon Sultan .Shahabu-d. din Ghori, who was slain. by some Hind~ .devotees in the year 602 H. (1205 .A.D.).

    As he had no son, Kutbu-d din Aibak, his slave, .succeeded him, and severn! inwortant holy wars were undertaken hy him. When he died, leaving no male .child, a slave. by name Alrnmsh. ascended the throne under the Jlamc ol: ~ho.msu-d din. I-Ic afso engaged in n1any .holy wt~rs and conquests. l-Ie reigned for a long ttirne in splendour and prosperity.

    When he died be )eft two soi1s and one daughter .. namely, . Jalalud din, . Nasirud din, rmd Raziya. Hilj ;slaves, Ulugh .. Khan, Kittlagl.\ Khan. Sallke-z Khan, , Aibak 'Khitai, Nui: Beg, and Murad Beg 'Ajami, forg'Ot' theil' gratitude to their old master, attacked J alalu-d din,. and . .aspired to 'independence. J alaln-cl din fled in the year :651 H. (1253 A.n.). aud. sought tht- protection o( Mangu. Kaan. Katlagh Khan and Sankcz Khan, ta1.dng alarm .at Ulugh Khan's proceedings. also followed Jalalu-d din to the same court, upon which lJlugh Khan plar:;ed th.C

    (virtuous Sultan Raziya, the sister of Jalalud din, '\lp:on 'the throne, and. himself became . administrator, guide, c.ounsellor, and ruler.

    Mangu Kaan. t1eatccl J alalnd din with great kind-ness, and ordered Sali Bahadur to alford all the assistance

    which the Mughal army on the border wa( able t,o Tender: to esco-rt him to his hcrccJitary country; and deanse his garden from the rubbish ol' the enmity of tlH'! .sla,V'cs, who had realized the proverb of "flie.~ .have :become rulers:'' - ;.,;:

    Jal~lud din returned, accompanied by .Sali B.~~,rtion: .of 'the' "'vh?le: " ;

  • 42 WASSAF

    After some time, Ulugh Khan slew Sultan Raziya,. .and his son-in-law Nasiru-d din assumed the crown-After two or ~hree years, during which Nasiru-d diu held the name of king, while all substantial power was wield-ed by Ulugh Khan, he perfidiously cut off his son-in-law .. When Ulugh Khan bad cleared the country of his. opponents, he himself placed his foot upon the throne, and assumed the title of Sultan Ghiyasu-d din. He took possession o the treasures, and brought the army into subjection to his orders. He flattered l1itnself that the whole world o disobedience would be repressed during his time, and that the country would find security under his protection; but suddenly death, the exposer of ambushes, attacked him and gave a reply to all the schemes which he had c.ontemplatcd against. others, for the arrow of destruction wa~ discharged at him from the h~nd o one whose power cai1not be resisted. His death oc:cnrrecl in .. the year 686 R. (1287 A.n.) , '.. .. He was succeeded by his grandson, Mu'izzud. din-Kai-kobad, the son of: Bughra Khan. Meanwhile Hulaku. Khan issued an order to Famlak,10 who was the ruler of Sind, to bring Nasiru-d din, the son (of Ghiyasu-d din) into his presence; . and on his a.lTival, Shamsu-d din Kart and Prince Barghandi tnunped up some accusation against bini., ,and exposed the impurity of his conduct with such exaggeration, that he, as well as some ot: t.is chiefs and adherents, were brought to capital punish- ment under the law.

    On receiving this intelligence, Malik Firoz, who was governor of Khilj on the part of N asirud din, alarmed'

    py his suspicions; went to Dehli, and entered into the service of Kai-kobad. whom he found in occupation of the throne, and endeavoured to ingratiate himself in his favour by the perormahce of many useful services. As .many signs of wisdom and courage were observed in him,

    .

    ..

    19[So written in Sir H . Elliot's extract from W,assaf, . but the 1e(l'l name i.s "Karla.gh."]

  • 'I TAZJIYATUL J\MSAR 43

    he was appointed to the government of Multan, which 'is on the frontier of the invasion, in order that he might preclude the possibility of any invasion by the Mughals. After he had been employed for some time, he was, according to the usual practice of the envious and inimical, accused of entering into a truce with the Mughals. In consequence oE tl1is he was recalled fTom his government, but 1cfuscd to rctm:n. as he was appre-hensive oC the Sultan's anger.

    Notwithstanding tl1e frequent orders l1e received he made excuses and_ delayed his return. The Wazir became

  • I . 44 WASSAF

    immense tre.:lsurcs in money and jewels, and he ther'(!forc .conct;ived an intense desire of securing them for himself, as well as of conquering the country. He appointed spies to ascertain when the Rai's army was engaged in warfare,

    .. and then he advanced and took. the country without the n1.eans which other kings think necessary for conquest. The . prudent Rai, . in order to save his life, gave his --daughter to the . Sultan . and made over to him his treasures and jewels.

    'Alau-d din Muhammad, having- laden all the beast'> h~ ~auld procure with his spoils. ~md giving thanks to

    'God, returned to his own province. When Malik Firoz heard of this, he sent an envoy to communicate the

    . expression of his pleasure and congratulations at the victory, and invited him to the presence. These invita-tions were {Tequently repeated, and as often declined, :till . a .suspic;ion of his rebellion arose, and induced Malik Firoz to ad"ance against him with an anny.

    When 'Alau-d din learnt his uncle's intentiohs, he 'began to entertain evil designs, and wen t with a few personal attendants to have an interview with him at Dehli; and the two parties met on the banks of the Jumna. Malik Firoz, abandoning the course which prndencc dictated, and relying upon the terror which his frontier and power inspired, as well as the ~atural ~ffection which he supposed his nephew to entertain

    towards him, crossed the river with. only fJ.Ve attendants, arid went to the camp of 'Alau-d din.

    When news was received of the approach of Malik Firnr... 'Alau-d din advanced to receive him; and when ]le

    :nc::ned the river he went bare-footed, and, as usual, kissed the earth in the presence of his uncle, assnming a deport mcnt. of humility instead of hi previous opposition, and behaving towards him . as a son does towards a , fath(:r. 'They then sat down and held a conversation together, and after a time Malik Firoz took Sultan 'Alau-d din's

    ''hand and invited him to come to his camp. Wh~n . they ;reached the bank of the 1:~ver Malik Firoz wished to

    I .1 1

  • TAZJlYATUL AMSAR 45

    enter the boat first, 'Alau-d din following him. Two o 'Alau-d din's servants, Ikhtiyaru-d din . and Malunud Salim, went behind him and waited their opportunity ... As Malik F.iroz had placed one foot on the boat, and.

    was about to lift the other upon it, Ikhtiyarud din . struck at him with a sword and wpunded his hand . . Malik Firbz, in alarm, . tried to throw himself into .the boat, but Mahmud Salim came up Wlien the army of' Malik Firoz. :Witnessed these trans-aCtions froi:n the opposite bank, they were greatly excited, . and to appease them 'Alau-cl din distributed gold amongest the nobles and officers and thus gained their goodwill. Everyone felt himself compelled to proffer his allegiance, so they all returned to Dehli in company with him, ancl in tl1c month of Zi-1 ka'da 695 H. he arrived at the palace.

    The garrison of the fort refused to open the gates, . upon which 'Alaud din placed bag!l filled with gold in his mangonels and discharged them i.uto the fort, whiclt bad the effect of pcsuading them to abandon their resistance.

    Two sons of: Malik Firo:z, Kadar Khan and Ai'kali Khah, who were at Mull-an, were brought to Dehli and dej>rived of their eyes. So it . is; that iti this worl~ the wi:s&''are depressed and the unworthy raised to .honour ari(f. prosperity.

    Sultan 'Alan-d din then ascended the th!qn..e:~ :iri" perfect', security> and protected . all the prqvinc~ 1of .':e empire oy . his great power. Towards the beg'.i.zlriihg of: his reign; Pi:incc Katlagh Kbwaja. son of Duaj~o i'dva:ticed

    : i l . 20Dtta, o; Tua, of the Chaghata:i brarzch t1i: Turkistan

    and Transoxiana, was a celebrated rival of Kublai. He . died in 1306. He had seveml sons, wh,o,'' ar-e spo~en of

  • Wi\SSAP

    with a large anny, like drops of rain, towards Debli, in .order to conque1, massacre, and plunder. S11ltao 'AJau'C Gunjult, who died itl !308; GueiJek, who dictl in ~821; a111t Ttorn~~~Shirin, who clittl i " 1330. Se~ D'OIOS$on. Iii.vtoi des MongoLf, Vol. II. p. 520.

    " [This does 1101 maan the l~m.fJle of Somnat, bttt as Ziau-(l din Barni explain.f, "a. idol to r~hich the Btahmlms gaue the name of Sornnat, a

  • T-'ZJIYAl1lL AMSAA 47

    :Malik Mu' izzu-d din'" and NuSl'at Khan, the chief pilllll' .of the state and the le3dcr of his armies, a generous and intelligent warrior, were sent to Kamba)'llt, the most celebrated of .the cities of Hind in population and wealth. Its air is pure, itS water de.1r, and the cit-cum jaccut COiilltl')' beautiful >\l~d clmrming both in scenery and buildings. With a view to holy w11r, ::ud 110t for the lust of concl'lcst, he enlisted under thch banners about 14,000 cavalry and 20,000 lnl:mtry, which., in their laugoagc, arc called dak!t .. "''

    They went by daily tlllll'cbcs tlnougb. the hills, from stage to stage, and when they arrivccl at their destination at early dawn th'ey. surrounded Kam.bayat, and the idolators were awakened !'rom. their sleepy state or care-lessness and were taken by surprise, not knowing .where to go, and mothc~ forgot their children and dropped tbcm from Lbcir cJubracc. T he M uha.mmadru1 forces began to "kill nud slaughter on the 1ight and or1 the left unmci-cift~Uy. throughout tho imput~ land, for the sake of Islam," and blood Oowcd it1 toncnm. T hey plttnder-cd gold and sUvet' to an extent greater than can be con-ceived, and nn immense number of bdlHanl precious stones, such as pearls. diamonds, ru.bics, and Cllleralds, etc., aa well as a great vaTicty of cloths, both silk and 'ishta ha is called "llltt-f Khnn/' llut this is ar~ moneoti.S tran.sCTiptio,. of his title " Ulugh Khan,! or " G-reat !

  • 4tl WASSA!,'

    bl!oughi:. the country to utter ruin, and pestroyed the lives. of the inhabitants, and plundered the cities. and captmed their offspring, so that many temples wc:re deserted and the idols were broken and trodden under foot, the largest of which was one caHecl Somnat, fixed upon !)tone, polished like a mirror, of charming shape and admirable wolkmanship. It stood seven y;m1s high. Its position was such .as if: it was about to move, and its cxptession such as if it was about to speak. If the introducet of idolatry were to look. on it he would

    become enamoured oJ: its beauty. The infldCls objected to people going ncar it. Ils head was adorned with a. crown set with gold and rubies and pearls and other p1ccious stones,. ~o that it was impossible for the eyes to trace the .redness of the gold on account of the excessive lus~re of the jewels, and ~t necklace. of large shining .

    . peads, like the. belt pf Orion, .depended from the shoulder -t{;rW.wds the .. side o_f the . body. . .

    . ' The Muhammadan soldier.s plundexed all tlloS

  • 'l'AZJIATU"L AMSAR

    tomb. The stone was placed at the right q.f the entrance. "At this time, that is, in 'the year 707 H. (1307 A.D.), ':Alau-d din is the a9knowledged Sultan of this country. On all its borders th~re are infidels . whom it is his duty to attack in .the 'prosecution of a holy war, and return laden with countless bpoty.''

    . ... ... .

    i.l11 Account of some Contemporary Princes When Sultan Uljaitu was fully established upon the thtone, Shaikhu-1 Islam Jamalu,d din, towards the close of the year 708 H. a 3Q3 . A,D.), came .to the court . of the ~rotectoi:. of dlc twbfld,~ and~~~ :received . wit!h ,distinguish

    . ~d .honours and. l.dndness;.,~JHe' was nomiriated :to the go:vJ:JrJtroent ' df F.ars, but de'di~1ed : tht:: ;ppoirir.meht, and returned to bis independent principality of Kais.: ,:

    In the beginning of: this year, the Malik-i 'Azam, Margrave of Hind, Takiu-d din 'Abdu-r rahmanu-t Tibi, who was endowed with great power and dignity, depart ed from the. country of Hind to the passage (ma' bar) of

    corruption.2

  • 50 WASSAF

    leopards, worthy of l1is royal acceptance; and ten tumans {one hund1:~d thousand pieces) of gold :were given to him frpm the chief treasury, to be employed as capital" in .trade. Fakhru-d din laid in a supply of necessaries for lais voyage by .ships and junks, and. laded them with his .own merchandize and immense jewels an4 pearls. and ther commdities suited to Timut' Khan's country, belong-ing to his .friends a.nd relations, and to Sha~khu-1 Islam J~alud din.. He was accompanied on the voy(lge by an army of expert archers, Tnrki and Persian ..

    The actual distance of the voyage was much aug-mented by the constant dangers to which their lives and property were exposed on the sea. When, at last, they arrived at the port of the Chinese frontier they were con-ducted stage by stage, by the deputies and . officers of that country accortling to the Kaani institut~s, were furnished with supplies ' and tents, and were not troubled for the payment of, arty duties. In this manner they reached the Urdu, or . Imperial Camp, at Taidu, near Khanbaiigh.

    The Khan was at that time indisposed, hut the four prindpal 'ministers and other nobles26 were present in the assembly and sat beyond the royal c(lrpet on golden seats, with great pomp and dignity. Buka, on his first introduction, considered a salam sufficient, and did .not kneel down, to which want of respect they raised objec-tions. :Buka, who was a shrewd .and eloquent Turk, replied, ''It is the royal order, that until I behold the blessed countenance of Khan, the very abstract of the hook of prosperity,. I should not look upon any pillars of the state or_ nobles of his majesty." They were. then . admitted to a personal. . interview, ' and presented t~e rarities entrusted to them, which were most graciously received. The merchandize also was brought forward -and approved. The Khari then presented. a cup of wine with his royal hand, 'and -issued orders :that the ambassadors,

    . ., .

    ~6T-he titles of these high dignitaries will be found in D'Ohsson, Hist. des Mongols, Tom. IV. p. 637 ..

  • 'CAZJIA'l'U-L AMSAR 51

    during dtcir stay, should be fwnished with residence.., food, clothes, ~ud servants. appropriate to the four seasons; and fortylivc horses were placed at their disposal. .. .

    The ambassadors remained !-our years in Chna and were dismissed with honour, an.d ~ daughter of one of Lhe nobles WllS bctowcd upon Fakhrud din. A friendly reply was wriLtcn Lo Ghazau Khan, ;uld presents were sem in return, together with some valuable silk ~tuffs, which bad CaUen to tbe sllarc of Hulaku Khan, but had rcmainctl of Shira

  • ~

    52 WASSAil

    iu tbc empire o DchU, aud his conquests and holy war~ had proclaimed him universally as the greatest champion of the MuhammaciaJl teligion, it happened, that in the year 708, Ali Jleg Gurgan, with ;,n ann)' consisting or three tumllns, nurched to Hindustan, and pitched hi9 camp in the viciniLy of 'Iwaz (Ondh) and Badaun, expect iog to make au easy conquest of that cuno:y. The Sultap despatched his gcncrlll Hazar-Dinar!, who was callc.LMalik. Kafur," .with 80,000 formidable ancl veteran cavalry to expel them; and when rJ1e "rmy of !shun wn within ihe distance of a d"A II t.!te copies 1 htwe consult~d give this name os Nt>lm or Niu; p,obably the form"' may lume been n em mf>lifm of Nail>, which Wfl. hi.r true rlesignation. [In tlu; text of Fi>irllr.a he is called "Malik Naill K.afur Hazar-dinori." Till! lattet title is .raid to have f>Cetl detitJed from his havi1g been originally f>u!"claascd for 1000 ctitlllrJ. See Briggs' Trans. Vol. I. $65.]

  • TMJlATIJL All$JJI.~ 53 !l[I.CI' they were I brown at the feet of the holy warrior they were found to autoum to 60,000, and, . as was done with the Nigudari"' MugbaJ~. a pillar was constncted of these heads before the Badaun b'lltc, in order that it might be' a wanllng and sp,ec:mcle to fu turc gcncr.ttions. The gi)(Xl tidings f tllh ltappy cunqucst were published th.rouglwut all chc t'OUlltrics and pwvillces both of the faitb(ta l and he idolatrous.

    Co,qtutst of 'J.'ttliugtma lu the year 709 (!809 A.D.),- the year :nrivcd in pros-pClity and the' time was propitious,-the lofty mind of the:: k.ing g!'eat!y . incljpcd cowards the conq_uC$t of lhe whole of Rindnstan, nn

  • '

    54 IV ASSAF

    As the cb.ed~ of your C-ricnd Cull of cxccllence, In wbJcb arc all desire$ you arc in se;ucb. of,-

    containjng 1uore than 30,000 u-acc.~ of cotmtry, was added to the Muhammatlan empire. lt Is related that 6,000 k.bnrwars, or loads, of gold were de.5ttcbed to beb.li,-

    Mucb yellow gold was in the large sacks,-and il\ consequence CJE the abuudan~c oE diamonds obtained by plunder, lhey became so cheap that, out weighing a miskal, coul.d be purchased Co1 tltrcc din ttrs.

    'l'ha Co11qttest of Dzu Sam.uwlar The 1'oyal army marche-d [tom tllis place towards Lhe countr)' oe Dur Samun. Rai Pandya offered opposition, and begged the a!ISistancc of au army fmm Ma'har. At that time enmity prevailed between the two brothers. Sundar Pandi and Tira Pandi, after the murder of their father. The 1atter sent to his assistance an army of horse and foot. Subsequently, the :Rai, turnh1g to the right rank, declined a contest, and, b.aving pmffered his sub mission, he was left in poss~ssion of bis cou ntry without. the necessity of lighi:i~g. He deli vCl'Cd up to Mali!;. KaEur lhe country of 'Atikanna, as a prool' uf his allegi ance, nnd. treasure beyond what imagination can conceive, together with 5U large elephants,. which were worthy of carr)'ing tho gr.eat and fortunate heroes of the tilne, so that the oounby wa.1 r.cstorcd to him, ancl, imtc.1d of shell-blowing, p)'Wintr), and iclol-woz11hip, J.be true faith ~nd the live droily prayers were established. On accotuu of these uansactions the fame of the lj1'St holy wars which opened Hind under Mabmud Subuktigin was erased from the p:ogc of history. '

    At the present time the impc:rial army co11sis~~ of 47~,000 Muhammadan disciplined holy warriol'8, whose names arc recorded by lhe imperinl mustcrm .. tcr, and whose pay and rations are entered in the regulations of the depulyvictttaller. They a~e most obedient tc) the orders they receive, aml are prepared to sact-ilice their

  • TAZJIATU-1. AMSAR

    lives for the especial sake of their religion. Four hundred war elephants . . . . are kept in the royal stables, and

    fo~ty swift camels .... are employed to convey daily reports, with the greatest expedition, from and to the distant provinces of tbe empire. . . .

    biuasion of Ma'bar In the month of Rajah of the year 710 H. (1310 A.D.) the appointed leaders, accompanied by a select army, were dispatched to. conquer Ma'bar, and some of the towns were obtainecl. th1ough the animosity which has lately . arisen between the 'two brothe:tl;; when at last a large artny, attended . by -numerous elephants of wat, was sent out to oppose the Muhammadans. Malik Nabu, who thought himself a very Saturn, was obliged to retreat, and bring back his army.

    U ljaitu. S1tltan sends an Embassy to 'Alau.-d din About that period the king of theworld, Uljaitu31 Sultan,

    . -May his empire last for ever! -Sent: two ambassadors, named Khaluya and Muhammad Shah, to the court ~ Dehli, with a royal mat1date to the following. purport, that as the rulers of that quarter, both in the reign o the Emperor Changiz Khan, the conqueror of the world, and the l'n.ost generous Uktai Khan, had tendered their friendship and homage, and, through the language .Of the ambassadors, had occasionally offered their sentiments

    . 6f goodwill, it is, therefore, strange that, sinGe tire .. . . . 'it~~.perial . throne has been adorned by .our auspicious

    il:ccession, and the sun of the kingdom of Islam has s~l its iight over the world.' Sultan 'Alau-d din hall :if~f:! opened .:th~ road of andent friendship by means :lpFah

    amb~ssad~n; l:o' our regal court, nor sent a message cQilvey-ing tidings , o :himself or cqngratulations to 'll:Si it ~s~ therefore, expC,cte~ . that he 'will bencefoxth fie willing to apply himself to strengthen the foundatioQs of regard and .

    . . . .

    31 It sig-J'llifies "fm~uriate'' m 'the M01igal language ..

  • .56 WASSAF

    ~ee intercourse. In connection with this embassy it was . .al~ intimated ~at the Emperor asked in marriage one of the Princesses from behind the veil of the kingdom o[ Dehli.32 _

    Sulta'n 'Alau-d-din, 1iotwithstandii1g all his bravery and conquests, and abundailt treasures aud obedient: .armies; combining in himself all personal accomplish mcnts and worldly advantages, 'was a tyrant, and never used to hesitate at slaughter, burning, restricting the p~ivileges of . the axmy, or rc

  • \

    TAZJlAl1JI. AMSAt{ ' 57

    .cxhibitctl his enmity, he 111Ust be .considered to have a

  • 58

    king to invite to big bed that t,oirl upon whom the Jot mould liappen to fall. I have mentioned this in illus-tratioJt of thei customs.

    As Ti"ra l'ondi wns remarkable for his shrewdnCM and inttepidity1 d1e ruler nominated him as his ~uccessor. His brother Snndar Panc4, being enraged at this super-Cession, killed his father, in a moment of rash11css and undutifulness, towards the close of the year ?09 n. (1310 A.D.), aud placed the oown on his head in tire cit)' ol: Mardi. He induced the troops who 1vc1-e there to support his interests. and conveyed some of the myal treasures which were dcposit~'tl there w the city of

    Manku1,:~r. and he himself atcompanicd, mRrcbing on, nttr.ndccl in royal pomp, witb the clepb.!lllt.~, botses, and rxeasures. Upon this his brother Tixa Pandi, being :resolved on avenging hls father's blood, followed to give him battle, and Oll tbc margin of a lake which, in their language, they call Talachi, the opponents c.me to action. Both the brothers, each ignorant of t11c fate of the other, Reel away; but Til-n Pandi being unfortunate {lira bakht), and having been wounded, fell into the hands of the enemy, and seven clcphantloads of gold also f:cl.l 'to the lot of the army of Suudat Paodi.

    tt is a saying of philosophcn

  • 'J"Ail(KJN BINAf\..1 l'l

    cA.d, notions, and n

  • -60 .6INAKITI

    .Faklu1 Binak,iti. He is conimonly called Fakhru-d dt1 ~inakiti from his having been born at . Binakit, or l

  • TARllccu obtained by compnring it with the copy in the British Musctmt, there can U() longer be any doubt on this point, and the Flistoria. Sinr.nsi.1 mu.u hcncefortll be nuributcd to Oiuak.iti.

    CONTI!N'l'S

    Book L--l'he Genealogy nnd Hist.qry-o the P rophets utd lllitciarch.s from thc time of Adam. t Abraham, compris 'lng a pctiod of 48S8 years. (The usc of the word 11tsiya sh

  • 62 niNAKI11

    Book VII-The Hindus; an account of the country and kings of India from Basdeo to 'Alaud din, and an ac.count of Shalonuni{ 1200 years;-from. p. 260 to 281:

    Book VIII.-Histary of Khita. The government lasted, according , to local -historians, 42,875 years;-from p. 281 to 299.. . . .

    Boo~ IX.:-:History of the Mughals; the origin of Changi,t Khan, and his conquest of Persia, etc., with an account of his sons and successors; 101 years;-from p. 299 to 402.

    " SizE.-Small Folio, containing 402 pages, o 21 lines. A fuller detail is given in the Vienna Year-book for

    1835 by Hammer-Purgstall, who states that our author composed his work in A.H. 718, not 717, though the h1tter date is expressly mentioned, not only in the Preface, but in other parts of the work. The same author gives the year of his . death . as A.H. 730 (1329 A.D.), and reads his

    n~:rp.e .~fnakati. . [Morley . al!K) has given , a full notice of the work.' in his Catalogue of .. the MSS. of the Royal Asiatic Society.]

    It will be observed that the seventh Book. is devoted .to India. Throughout the whole of it Binakiti follows Rashidu-d. din impliCitly, copying him even with all his errors, just as Rashidu-d din follows Biruni. Nothing ~bows more completely the ignorance of the western Asiatics with respect to the state of India since Mahmud's time than to find these two aut~1ors, 300 years afterwards. mentioning that Bari is the capital of the province of Kanauj, of which the kings arc the most potent in India. and that Thanesar is in the Duab. All this is taken from Abu Rihan.

    It is needless to . translate any passage from this work, . but it may be as well to mention, as the . Calcutta copy of Rashidi, as well as that of the India House, is deficient in that respect, 3 that the . su

  • TAR!Kli-1 IIINAKlTI 63

    whc;mt M. Rcinaud calb Laktouzeman, appears here uttder the more probable shape of Katoran, or Katorroan, ''king of t:bc .l(atorcs." lt is worthy of remark that the j>rc.wnt cliicf of Cbitral is called Shah Kator, and clajJIUI descent from the Macedouians. KaJar, the first oi the Brahman dynasty, is omittt'tbic MS. (1/ tile Royal Asiatic Society l1nve 11a.ssages upon the rubject obviously ilctived from Bironi. See Tllomru "Prinsep," ]. 31/l.]

    [See Vol. ll. p. 4(}1-. Orighral d.ilion]. Compare Morley's Cat. p. 25. Hamme>-Purgstall's Handscri(tct~, p. 194. Recu8il des Voyages, Tom. /1. fJ. !69. F1ndgru.be11 des Oriet~ts, 1.'om. lli. p. 38(}. Gesch. dtr Jlcham:, Vol. 11. p. 267. Coil. Or. 1'om. 1. pt1. /)

  • TARIKH-1 GUZtDA: OF .

    HAMD U-l.LA MUSTAUFI T his work was composed in, .A;.H. 730 (13~Q) by. Hamdu-lla b in Abu Bakl:. bin Hamd bin Nasr Mustau{i.l Kazwini, and was dedicated to th.e ~injster Gbiyasu-d . din, the son of Ra~,l~idu-d di~?-, to both of whom ot1r a4thor had. bcexi

    SCCl'Ctaty~ . I t ranks among the best general histoiies of the East.

    l,teinaud used it for his Mlmt. sw l' Indc. Hammcr-Purg5tall calis it in different passages of his works the best, the most faithful, and the most brilliant of all tltt histories which were composed about that period. Ht:

    . :remarks that it contains much matter not found else-where, and coilcurs in the praise bestowed upon it hy ;Haji Khalfa, that implicit confidence is to he placed in its assertidns. : I t is a pity, therefore~ that the work is in so abridged ' a fom'l as to be more useful for its dates than for its details of facts. The authors of: the Universal History ~equently quote it under the name of "Ta1ik Cozidih.''

    Eleven years after tbc completion .of this history, the author composed his celebrated work on Geography and Natural History; entitled Nuzhal-Lt-l KuJu.b, "the delight of hearts," which is in high repu'te w~th oriental scholars. 2 .

    The author . states that he had under taken to write

    1"P1esident of the Exchequer. ~ Com. le Brun says .

    the Mustaufi _is chief of the ChatnlJe? of Accounts of the . Lordships which jJmticula1ly belong to his Majesty. P1ice (II.~ 360) calls him contmlle:r or auditor of . the Exr.hequer. l11 the case of ou:r , author the title q.ppea.n: tc: be a family. desig-nation, derived from actual occupa-ttqn of the offtce. by an - auceslor. The title Ka'zwini .... is. derj.tted ftom his native town . Kazwin. :} ._.'-- ; .

    2[See R~inaud's Aboulfeda Int. clv.] ~ ' : _. .

  • 1'AJl.(f

    in verse an universal history from dle time of Muhanunad, and had already written five or six thousand lines, and hoped to complete it in S

  • . . c :MVSTAUFI

    ~hilosophers, in two Sf!Cth>.ns and .two subsections;-from p. ~ to f>7. .

    .Book II.-The Peshdadlaru, Kaianians; . Ashkanians {Arsaci~ anc,l ~uluk~i. :rawltif) and SaS&anians; in four . .sections;-frolJl p. 68 , to 10}).

    :Book III-1\,:uharom.a.d, th.e Khalifas and IJ:Q.ams; in :an introd~ction ~nd ~X se{:~ions;.-from p. 109 to 311.

    ... -~9Qk. J,V.-:-irh.e el!tetq monarchies, fxom the begin-l!ing .. q.LM:uhar_nmadani~m to A.n. 730 (A.D. 1~29); in iwelve sections and several subsections, devoted to the f~U~wing Dynasties: -Bani Lais Saffar; Samani~s, Ghazni-v.ind Sit W. Ouseley.11 M . _Q11atremere also possessed two copies.

    5See Haji Khalfa, IV. 176, '.VI. 7. Wiener ]ahrbb. No. lxix. p. 10, and Anzgbl. p. 31. BriggS' Ferishtaj Vol.

  • " . '

    1'ARIKHI GUZIDA 67

    . A work in so abridged a form can scarcely be expected to present any passages worthy of extract, but the following are selectes} as comprising a few anecdotes which have escaped the notice of some more ponderous -chroniGlers :

    Sultan Mahmud "The exploits of the Sultan Mahmud arc more con,. spituous than the sun, and his exertions in the cause of 1eligion surpass all description and eulogy. The Tarrikh Yami11i, Makamat A..bu N.air. Miska~iJ and the volumes of Abu;t r,. F~.z~,B~lill'

  • 70 MUS'l"AU~l

    wa.s a temple of the H indus. Re was victorious, and obtail).ed much wealth, including about a hundred idols o.f gold and silver. One of the golden images, which weighed a million miskals, the Sul,tan appropriated to the decoration of the Mosque of Gluuni, so that the orna-ments of the . doors were of gold instead of iron.

    "The rulei"s of Gburji~.tatt were at this time called . ~hnr, .a~d A..b,}' Nasr was. Shar of the Ghurjis. He was . a t enmJty wtth Sultan Malunud, whcJ sent an army against him, ~nd having taken bJm pt"isoncr, the Sultan ,cont:ludcd peace with him, and putdmscc.l h is possessions. );rom that. time he remained in the service of the Sultan tQ the day of his deneb.

    "The ruler of Mardain, having likewise rcbeUcd .against the Sultan, withh eld tho pa ytllcnl nf tribute. T he Sultan deputed Abu Sa'id Tai, with a11 a.rmy, to EULke war wi tb him,. and be himself followed o.Cterwards,

    ~d..il jl~ttle :cn,suing, the chief o[: Mard:1in too" r.cfugc .~1 a, ~ort. The Snlta11 destroyed i t walls by UleallA o~ el~phams, and thus gained possession of tlte fort. In " house there were found some inscriptions on a stone, giYiug the date of the erection of the fort, which they

    cani~d so far back as 40.000 years. Upon this all were convinced of the folly of the idolaters; as, from the crea-tion of A

  • TARIKHI 'ALAI OTscly examined, for several facts of interest bnvc cscupcd the compilers.

    It wlll be observed that t.llis sma.lt worl

  • 72 AMlR KHUSRU

    tedious in translation, tl10ugh certainly ingenious in the original.

    I t may easily be conceived that a work w composed contains much that is forced, trivial, mid unnatural; but we can forgive that for' the solid infonnation we are oc--casionally able to extract from it. Indeed, these puns, riddles, and analogies, are even valuable on one account,

    :for t.he author rarely mentions a date whic.h is not com-!Prised in a sentence. containing some kind of enigma, so .. that :We can easily ascertain the correctness of a date; if we ha-ve -reason to doubt the correctness or the numerals. 'The following are instances:-"When the boat of the moon's crescent entered the stream of clouds (abr)''-oJ: whicl1 the initial letter being alif, or one, the first day of

    the month is signified. Again, ''When the computation of the .month Ramazan had reached that stage, that the -#rs~ periQd of the fast (ryam) bad departed, and the last .bad not yet , arrive~l''-that is, that eleven days 9f the

    ~on:th had ela~ed. Me.aning, that by rejecting the first and last lett'ers of syam, only ya remains, of whicl! the .numerical value is eleven.

    The Khazainu-1 . Fu tuh contains many Hindi words, shewing how partial the author was to that language ~oinpared with his Muhammacla,1 contemporaries. Thus we have Kath-garh, pa.rdhan, basith, 'mar-a-mar, and others. The work is . not written 'in chronological order, but, as in the case of the Mughal invasion, the author .bas grouped together the series of events which occurred -over several y[:!ars ' in one particular part of the empire.1 Mir Khusm's .auhority is great as a narrator, for be was not only contemporary with the events . which he describes, \'

    1The work is rme, and, being in prose, is not con~ taineil in the Kulyat or complete (poetical) works of the author. The MS. wed is an 8vo. of 188 pages, 15 lines to a page. [Thomas has a copy, and there is also a cop-y at King's College. Cambridge; ]our. R.AiS. Vol. II. p. 115, N.S.] ..

    l.'

  • 't'AIUKHl 'Al .. U 73

    but was a paxticipator in m:my of them; and his uicnd, the historian Zia Bami, appeals to him rrcquently !or .:onfinnation of his own assertioms.

    ABS'll\ACT~ Tha Accessicm of Sullan 'Ala~~rtl din to the Thro11e

    'Alau

  • 74 AM.IM. I
  • TAJUUI-r 'At..AI

    the flames extended as far s the suburds of the city, and ruin hmled its ravages upon the houses. Such a wail-ing :u:ose, that the sound reached his majesty the king of kings.

    "He despatched the late Ulugh Khan, the arm of the empire, with the whole of the right wing (hand) af the army, and the p

  • '76 AMIR KHUSRU

    them with all respect.'' On the.return of t~e Khan to ,the King, he was received with many., th!l.nks and honours, ..and a festival was held in celebration of the event.

    Invasion under 'A_li Beg, T

  • I

    77

    army of Ute second Alexander, which you mlgilt well call an iron wall. d id not even bc.nd before the foe, but drove before them th0$C doers of U1c deeds of Gog.'' "Their frte

  • 78 AMIR KHUSIW ,

    .against them, with orders to advance rapidly without attracting observation. "The kindhcurtcd Mu~ulmans, :running up from the right and left, took Kapak prisoner," sent him to the sublime court, and made all J1is followers prisoners.

    Invasion -under Ik~al Mudbir, a~1d Mudabir 1'ai 1Ja.lwi ' ' Anothct army, namely, that of lkbal Mudbir and Mudalinr Tai llalwl, followed close behind Kapak's, thirsty for the blood of d1c Musulmans, but well filled with t.hc l,llood of their owu uibcs. S11ddenly a to1~cm -o blood of the slaught.crcd infidels flowed tow:uds theut," .and t11ey had no place t

  • l'ARUU:I:I AJ..A.l 79

    .that they heard ic b.t Misr and Madain." He conquer~

    .oU.so the city of Nahnvala and the city of Khrunba.ib.' .and other cities on that seash.otc. .

    ihe Conquest of Rantam/Jhor and Jh.ain The. king himself went to conduct the siege ot R.anbrrtl). was preparing to invest the lMedinaJ'] >' '[Cambq,y.)' . . A name applied to t!J.e calajntlts and similar .inslf'll'

    mcrat.< of war ~dllfived from the West. 'The word in~the. originalls "flashib''-!Wally ai>f>li ~d. to "a footstool, a\de~livity ot a mo"ntain, the'botCom of' II /adder.'' .t1 /ittfe (OU!er , down, in the si4ge. of WJJr(lngal, WI! find it repr~senting 11 slope to a breach.

  • so ' AMIR l
  • TARIKHI 'ALAI 81

    inlidelity." A spy showed him a way secretly into the fort, and he advan,ced upon Mahlak. Deo "before even his household gods were aware of it.'' .The Rai was.. slain while attempting to fly. ' This event occurred on Thursday, t;he 51;h. of Jumada-l awwal, A.:ti. 70.510 ~oy. 1305 A.D . ): 'Ainu'l Mulk. sent a chamberlain to th~ Sultan with a despatch announc:~ng this event. The Sultan returned thanks to God for the victory, and add~ Mandu to the Governmen~ of 'Ainu-1 Mulk.

    Cor1quest. of. Chito.r On Moncb;y; t;he 8th Juinada-s sari.i,, A,H. 702, the loud drum:s . pri>tl~filed' '!he 'royal. .. in.arcn from Delili, under-

    ~t(!;~ ~pi a y.l~ t.o. th~ capti;lte of . Chj tor. : Jh~ . au t.h?,r ict:ompani'ed the' expedition. The . fort was tak,e~ . $>1). Monday, the 'llt;h of Muharraxn, .A.:u. 7.03 (Augu~t; lSO'~ A.D.). The Rai fled, but afterwards surrendered himself, ''and was secured against lightning of the scimetar. The Hindus say that lightning falls wherever there is a brazen vessel, and the face of the Rai had become as yellow as one, through the effect of fear.'' After ordering a massacre of. thirty thousand Hindus,. he bestowed the Government of C.:hitor upon his son, Khizr Khan, and named _the place Khizrabad. He bestowed on him a red canopy, a robe embroidered wit4 gold; and two standardS-one green, and the other black. -an,d threw upon him rubies and emeralds; He then returned towards Dehli. ''Praise be to God I that. ho ~

    0~dered- the massacre of all the chiefs of Hind out. o~ . the; p1tle ' o _ ~an:l, by his infidel-smiting sword, that if iQ. .tl)J~ time il should by ~ance happen that a schisrp,atic s~~hld.: claim hi& right, the pure Sunnis would . swear ,in '"'tHe-name of ' this Khaiifa of God, that lleterod~xY.' h'aJ~;hO. rights:'! ;::.-,. . ~ .. "'' ,;:: .:

    , 'I t ~ . . '

    1 D[Si~ ; but either the date is wrong or tbe event is taken out of chrmcilogica.l order.. Firishta p~~ce~ it !.n 704 H.]

    6

    ' .

  • 82 AMJJI. KHlJSJI.ll

    Cotlquest of Deogi.; Rai Ram Deo, of Deogir, having swerved from hi& allcgi ance, an expedition of thirty-thousand horse was fitted out against him, and Malik .Naib Darbak" was appointed to the command. "He accomplished with ease a march of .three hu1ldred paras.1ngs over stones and hills, without hould retain j.hc lxlot}' they bad acquired, with chc CXtnd oent to the king, by whom he was detained for six months, and then released with all honour, and a red umbrella was ~esrowed upon him. ~

    - - . Conquest of Siwa!Ul On Wednesday, the JStb of Muham.m, A.ll. 708 Guly, 1!08 A.D.), .the king set out on his expedition against Siwana, a fort situated on an eminence, OM bundre

  • TARIKHI 'AI.Al 83

    23rd of .Rabi'u-1 awwal, Sutal Deo, the Savage, was slain. When the affair with those savages was brought to completion, the great king left Malik Kamalu-d din Garg, to. hunt 'the hogs of that desert,'' and he himself returned to Dehli.

    Conqttest of Tilang On the 25th of Juni.ada-1 awwal., A.H. 709, Malik Naib Kafur, the minister, was despatched on an expedition to Tilang, and "accompanied. by .the royal red canopy. thiough the kindness. of the Sun of Sultans, he departed towards. p~e sea and Ma'bar.'' "The army . marched st~ge 'by stage for nine days, when the lucky stat of the cliicf of Wazirs, at a fortunate moment, arrived at Mas'ui:l!mr, so called after the son of King Mas'ud. There the army halted for two days, and, on the 6th of the scco1~d Jumad, he took his departure with all the chiefs." The difficulties of the road described, through hills and' ravines and forests. ''The obedient army went through this inhospitable tnct, file after file, and regard-ed this dreadful wilderness as the razor-bridge of hell.

    " !11 six days the army crossed five rivers, the Juu, the Cbambal, the Kunwari, the Niyas,12 and Bahuji, which were all crossed by fords, and . arrived at Sultan-pur, commonly called Irijpur, where the army halted four days.'' "After thirteen days, on the first of .the month of Rajab, they anived at Khandhar; in such a

    :;.. , w:ilcl~~ess, the month .of God advanced to meet the army of : r~lam,.'' Here they . remained fou;rteen days. "At, this fC?ttunate season, all the Imams, Maliks, the pious aiid celebrated wsons in the army, assembled before t1:1-e royal canop,y . arid' offered up prayers for the king. . .

    "The,arriiy aga~ advanced, a~d, like a raging deluge, .. .~ ' ' <

    12[This mi1ne may also be read as Bambas. The Kunwt~:ri is .the Kuhari of the maps~ and the Niyas and BtfJl'l!-ji must be the -r:ivers now .knqwn . as the Bind and B~tU1t1:] ,

    l .

  • 84 AMIR KHUSRU

    passed t~uough tut the Nerbadda was such that you might say 'it was a remnant of the universal deluge. As the miraculous power of the saintly Sultan accompanied the army, all the whirlpools and depths became of thciD$elves immediately dry on .the arrival of . cp.e army, and the Musuhnans passed over with

    eJI~e~ . s,

  • " .. \ ....

    TARlt:-- . "\'Vhe'l).. the bl~ssed . canopy had been fixed al!o,u't'a

    .n1.He 'hom the gate of A.rangal, the tents a:round!;f.Jre;,:t'f&~ :we~e pii:{;ned together so closely that the head :6f ~:rteedi.e .could ntJt'1#t~1)it~een thein.'' ' 1T o every titm!n;(tribe or --division) .was allotted on~ thousand and tivo:. hundred. yards of land, and the. entire d:r:cuit .of. the wall was twelve thousand an

  • 86 AMfR llAUSKU

    erec~ behind his own tent a hath-gar, that is a wooden defence. The trees were cut with axes . and felled, not-'vithstanding their groans; and Lhe Hindus, who worship trees, could not at that time come to the rescue of their idols, so that every cursed uee which was in tbat capital of idolatry was cut down to the roots; and clever carpen-ters applied the sharp iron to sha~ tbe blocks, l!O that a wooden fortress was dr.nvn around the army, of such stability, that if lire had uincd from heaven tbeir camp would ltave been unscathed."

    A night attack W:ts made on rl.1c camp by three rho\Lsand H.indll horse, under the com.mml(l of Jlau,nk D co, the chief (mulwtlrlam) of that country. It was un successful, and "dte heads of the Itawats rolled on the plain lllcc aocodilcs' eggs.'' r.hc whole party being slain, o~ taken prisoners. Frotu dte latter i t was learnt that "in the tow)t of Drundhum, six pa1asangs from Tilang, three pwerful elcphmus were kept.'' A thousand men, Liifc!:er Karcii.h 'Beg, were detached to seize them, and they weie brought into camp and eserved for the royal stables..

    The Nnib Amir gave daily ot'ders to attack the cl.tiefs of Laddar Deo, and he also ordeTed the "westcm stone balls'' to be thr'!wn at the wall from every ditection "to demoBsh it, and reduce it to powder.'' The ma.tljaniks from without bad more cJEect than the al"''at!M from with in; "the stones of the Musulmans all llew high, owing to the power of the strong cable, but the balls of tbe Hindu& were shot feebly, as from a Bl"hman's thread."

    "When the stories and redoubts (sabat f> g(flrgaJ) were completed, and had attained such a height that rlH~ garrison of the fort were placed suddenly on a lower elevation" the ditch of the wall whicll was in front of the army of Islam," nne! which was of very g:reat depth, bad to 'be crossed. This was filled io the JnOutb with earth. " One face of the fort, which was one hundred cubits in.

    13W c fi"d this kind of outtuork ct!.llrttcted by Cillltlgiz Khat1, in hi.r siege of 1Jamia11.

  • T~lUKHt 1 AC.Al 87

    Jengd1, Wll3 so battered down by heavy stones tha~ it no longer covered the Hindus and afforded them p~otection. On another face also, the balls of the western engines which were in the outwork had, by the breaches they had made, opened several gates. AU those breaches were so many gates of victory, which heaven bad opened for the royal anny.

    "A the earth whidl was b:utctcd down from the waU filled up the ditch from t11c very bottorn to the middle of the wall, and the walls o! the earthen fortress were pounded into dust by the stones discharged at them, the comman~~"'!ch, so wide and open thatn hundred men could go on it abreast. llut as it would have taken several days to make this slope, and victory wus herself urgent that she should be secured by rapid action, the wise minister sum mooed his prudent Maliks to a collnci.l, and it was un animou.sly determined that, before making an mcene to the breach, an assault sltould be attempted."

    On the night of the 11th of Ramazan, "the ministell of exalted rank issued orders that in every division high ladders, with other apparaus. shoulcl be kept ~eady in the middle of the night, an.d whenever the drum should beat to action every one should advance from his entrench mcnt and carry the ladders towards the fort-

    "Tb.at the work. of victory might be exalted seep by step." During the attack. tbe catapults were buaily plied on

    ,both .sides. "If one ball from an engine without the walls was discharged, it (ell as two balls within, but from tlJe engines within, although two balls might be discharged at a time, no .misfortune befell the proclaimers of unity'. P r.ise be' to God for his exaltation of the religion tlf Muhammad 1 It is not to be doubted that stones are worshiped by the Gabrs, but as stones did no sa-vice to them, tliey only bore to heaven tlie futility ol ihat wonbip, and at the same lime prostrated their devotees upon earth." Three bastions of the oute1 .walls were taken and occu-pied by the Murohnaru. '

  • AMIR ~>l.USRU

    .OJJ Sunda)' the 13th, "a day dedicated to the suu," th~ atuu.:k. was ccnewc

  • TARIKHI ' ALAI 89

    the Ra.i' s country_ produced, from "vegetables, mines; and animals. On this condition the tort-taking Malik stretched forth his right hand, and placed his sword in his scabbard, an9, struck his open hand, by way of admonition, so forcibly on the backs of the ba'Siths that. he made them. bend .under the blow. They hastened to the fort, tremb ' ling- like quick-silver. The Rai was engaged all night in .accumulating his treasures and wealth, and next mom ing his officers returned with elephants, ucasurcs, and hotscs, before the red canopy, which is the dawn of the eastcm sun; and. the Malik, having summoned all the chiefs of the army, sat down in a :PlliC!'! which was found in J'ront of the exalted throne, and every other. officer fo'und ~ place in the assembly according to his' rarik. :The

    . coronion pople and servants assenip~ed in a crowd: He then sent for the basiths of the Rai, and directed them. to place their faces on tbc g-round before the c~nopy, the shadow of God; and the elephants were placed in front of lhat assembly, to be exhibited for presentation.''

    The- Malik 'took the cutirc! wealth of the Rai which was ' brought, and threatened a general massao::e, if it .

    !;hoil.ld be found that the Rai had reserved anyth.ing for l1imself. An engagement w

  • 90 . .\MIR Kl-IUSRU

    upon ~e ear~ before his majesty." "You would h~ve said that the people considered that day a second 'Id, when the returning pilgrims, after travers-ing many d~erts, had arrived at the sacred dwelling of the .king. The tommon people went roaming abou~. and there was no one to prevenJ their enjoying that blessed sight. They obtained the rewards resulting from pil-grimage but a greater reward than that attending other

    pijgri~g~s, T ;as, that, on whatsoever person the fortunate ;~ight of thr. king fell, that person was a recipient of his

    .. JPnclness ;.nd favour.'' The Co111qu.est of Ma'bar

    "The tongue of the sword of the Khalifa of the time, which is the tongue of the flame of Islam, has imparted

    'iight to the entire darkness of Hilldustan by the illumi-. nation of its guidance; and on one side an iron wall of

    toyal :swardS has been raised before the infidel Magog-"fike"Ta'tafS,':so that all that God-deserted tribe drew their feet within ~eir skirts amongst the hills o Ghami, and even their advance-arrows had not strength enough to r each into Sind. On the other side so much dust arose from the battered t~mple of Somnat that even the sea was not able to lay it, and on the right hand and on the left hand the army has conquered from sea to .sea, and several capitals of the gods. of the Hindus, in which. Satanism has prevailed since the time of the Jinns, have been demo-lished. All these impurities of infidelity have been cleansed by the Sultan's destruction of idol-temples, beginning with his first holy expedition against Deogir, so that the: flames of the light of the law illumine all these unholy countries, and places for 'the criers to prayer are exalted on l1igh, and prayers are read in mosques. God be praised t ":But the country of Ma'bm which is so distant from the c~ty of Dehli that a man travelling with all expedition could .only reach it after a journey of twelve mon.ihS..

    the~e t;he arrow of any holy watTior bad not. yet reacb..ed; but this world-conquering king det~rmined to carry hi~

  • TARlKH"l I Al.Al 91,

    army to that distant country, and spread the Ught of the Muhammadan rcligiop there.'' Malik Naib Barbak was appointed to cotumand the army for this expedition, and a royal canopy was sent with .him. The Malik represented that on the coast of Ma'bar were live hundred elephants, l2xger than those which had been presented to the Sultan from Araogal, and that when he was eu~ged in the con

    qu~st of that pia~-. he bad thought of posses.sing llimselti of them, :md that now, as the wise determination of the king had combined the extirpation of idolaters with this object, be was more than ever rejoiced to enter on_ this gl'nud enterprise.

    The army left Dehli on the 24th of Jumadal akbir, A.FJ. 710 (Nov. '1310 A.o.) and aftel' marching by the bank of the Jun (Jumnn) halted at T ankal for fourteen days. While on th.e bank of the r iver at that place, the Diwan of the 'Arix-i Mamalik took a muster of the army. Twenty and one days the royal soldiers, like swift greyholmds, rn;H:lc lengthened man:b.es~ while chey were tu;ki og tb.e road short, until they arrived at Kanhun; from that, in seven teen more days, they nrrivcd at Gwganw. During these seventeen days the Ghats were passed, and great heights and depths were seen amongst tbe hills, where even the ol.eph:mts became nearly invi.sible.'' ''And three large rivers had to be crossed, which occasioned. the greatest fei'IJ's io their passage. Two of them were equal to one another, but neither of them cq uallcd the Ncrbadda.''

    ~'After crossing those r ivers, hills, an.d many depths,. the Rai of Tilang sen.t twenty-three powerful elephants.

    ' for the royal sel"Vice." "For the space of twenty days the: victorious army remained at that place, for the purpose-of l!

  • .'92 ' Ar,:IIR KUUSRU

    .aU "th.e bt1rnt1 0 Hindus would' be despatched by .the sword

    .to their brothers in hell, .so 'chat fire, the improper object .. of their worship, might mete _ ou~ proper 'punishment to .them." . '-'The sea-resembling aeo and . other Deos (demons). The Rai Rayan, Ram Deo, who had heard safety to Satan pro-.claimcd by the dreadful Muhammadap tymbals, consider--ed himself safe under the protection secured to him; and, .true to his allegiance, {:orwarded with all his heart the preparations necessary for the equipment of the army sent .by. the. Court, so as to render it available for. tl:J.e extermina .tiori Qf rebels. ;.md the destruction of the Bir. !and Dhur 'Samundar.".18 The city was adorned in honour of the occasion, and food and clothes plentifully supplied to the Musulmans.

    1c["Sokhta." literally ''burnt," but also signifying con ;S?tmctl by trouble.] .

    17He1e speli with an h in the; first syllable. 1 R[Dwnra-samudm was. the capital of the Bella~a

    rajas, ancl Jlira Narasinha W'(lS the name of th~ prifj,ce . . who was overthrown in this invaiion. See Wilson':~ Mackenzie Collection, Int. , p. cxiii.~ Buchanan'.s Mys~re, iii .. pp. 391, 474; Thomas) PrinsetJ's UsefulTabl~s~ p. 26'7J

  • l'ARIKHI 'ALAI 93.

    Dalwi, a Hindu, who . had been sent on to hold the. gates of access to the Bir and Dhux Samundar, .was cirect ed by the Rai Rayan to attend on the Musulma;n camp, and "he was anxious to see the conquest of the whole of Dhur Samundar by the fortunate devotees of the Ka'ba. of religion.'' The Muhammadan army rertlained for three

    d~Lys, and on the 17th departed "from the Imanabad. Deogir to t_he Kharababad of Paras Deo Dalvi,l!J in f1vc stages, in which three large rivers were crossed," Sini, God

  • 94 AMIR KHUSRU

    friendly terms, had advariced against each other with hostile intentions, and that Billa! Deo, the Ral of Dhur Samundar, on learning this fact, had marche~ for the purpose of sacking their two empty cities, and plunder-ing the merchants; but that, on hearing of the advance of the Muharnmadan axmy, he had retun-ied .to his own country. ' .

    On Sunday, the 23rd, after holding a council of his chief> officers, he took a select body of cavalry with him, and- pressed on against Billal Deo, and on the 5th of Shawwal reached .the fott of Dhur Samund,24 after a difficult march of twelve days over the hills and valleys, and through thorny forests. .

    ''The fire-worshippi.ng'' Rai, when he lca:rnt that ''l1is idol temple was likely to be converted into a mosque,' ' despatched Kisu MaL to ascertain the strength

    .and ,.,chGUmstances of the . Musulmans~ -and he returned . w~llh ~suth --alarming accqunts that the Rai next morning

    despadied- Balak Deo Naik to the royal canopy, t() rep1esent that ''your slave Billa! Deo is ready to swear allegiance to the mighty emperor, like Laddar Dco and Ram Deo, and whatever the Sulaiman of the time may order, I am ready to obey. If you desire .Parses like .demons, and elephants like afrits, and valuables like those of Deogir, they are all present. If you wish to destroy the fou:r walls o~ this fort, they are, as' they stand, . no obstacle. to your advance. The fort is the fort of the king; take it." The commander replied that he was sent with the object of . converting him to Muhamrnadanis~~ or of making him a Zimmi, and subject to pay tax, or of slaying him, if neither of these terms were assented to. When the Rai received this reply, lie said he was ready to give up all he possessed. except his sacred thread. 1

    2The au.thor spells . it both "samundar'~ and .

    "samund;'-here he makes it. rhyme with ku.nd and tund; in another place he puns upon "samundar" IllS the name of a salamander..

  • 'fAR.lKllI 'AU.l 95

    On Friday, ~c 6th of Sbawwal, the Rai sent Balal:. Deo . Naik, Narain Dco, and Jit Mal, with some other basiths, to bow before rbc royal canopy, .and they were accompanied by six elephants. Next day some horses fol\owcd. On Sunday, "J3Hlal Deo, .Lhc sun worshipper, seeing the splendour of the sword of Islnm ove hls head, bowing down his bead, descended Tom his forn:est and came before the shadow of the shadow of God; and, trembling and hc-.utless, pn>sLratcd himself on the eartl>, ancl rubbed t11e forehead of subjection on c.he ground.' ' He then returned to fetcb his treasures, and was engaged all night in taking them ouc:. and next day brought them before the roya\ canopy, and made them over to the lJhg's.. b:easwer.

    The collliDander remained twelve days in .that city, "which is Iour month's distance from Dehli," and sent the captu.t'ed elephants and horses to that capital.

    On Wednesday, the 18tll of Shawwal, Lhc Malik "beat his drums, and loaded his camels for his expedition to Ma'bar, and after Ji.ve days arrived at the mountains wh!ch divide, Ma'bar from Dhur Sa>nundar. In this range there are . two pa&'les-ouc Sannali, and the other Tabar. After traversing the passes, tbey arrived at night on the banks of tile tiver Kanoba1i, and bivouacked on the sands. Thence they- departed fot :Birdhul, and committed mas sacre and devastation nil round it. The Rai llir showed an intent o Jlyiug for security to his islands in the ocean, but as lte was not abl~ to attempt this, Ws a~tcndants counselled him to By by land. With a smal\ aip.ount of treasure and property, he deserted the city, ana fled to Kaodur, and even there he dare not remain, out. again fled to the jungles.

    Thither the Malik pursued "the yellowfaced :Sir," and at Kandur was joined by some Musulmans who had been subjects of the Hindus, now no longer able to .ofler tllem protection. They were half Hind~s, and not strict

    .. The Rai i$ here frequen!l'J called Bir,

  • 96 AMIR KHUSlW

    in their religious observances, but "as .t.hey coul.d repeat the kalima, the Malik of . Islam spared their lives. Though they were worthl y of death, yet, as they were Musulmans, they were .pardoned." . Aftez: . z:eturning .to Birdhu1, he again pursued the Raja to K.andur, and took. one hundred and eight elephants, one of which was laden with jewels. The Rai agaip e,scaped him, and he ordered a general massacre at l~aadur~ It was then ascertained that he had fled to

    Jalkota; ''an old. city of. the ancestors of Bir:'' There . the Malik closely pursued him, but he had again escaped to the jungles, which the Malik found himself unable to penctia.te, and he therefore returned to Kana:m, where he searched for more elephants. Here he heard that in Brahmastpuri there was a 'golden idol, round which many elephants wer.e . stabled. The Malik started on a night

    . exp~dL~o,lil;;:;.agaipst W,is place, .and jn the morning seized ... "~'~q~,less;.thaa .two :hundred and .fifty elephantS. He then

    determined on razing the beautiful . temple to the ground, -"You might say that it . was the Paradise of Shaddad, which, after being lost, those hellites had found, and that

    ,it was the golden Lanka of Ram,"-"the roo was cover ed with rubies and emeralds,'' -"in short, it was the holy place of the Hindus, which the Malik dug up roin its foundations with the greatest care," "and the heads of the. Brahmans. and idolaters (lanced from their. neck.c; and fell to :the ground at their feet,'' and blood flowed in

    torrents. ''The stone idols called Ling Mahadeo, which bad been a long time established' at that placc,-quibus, nmlieres infidelium pudenda sua affricant,21l-fhese, up to this time, the kiCk. of the horse of Islam had not attempted to break." The. Musulmat1s destroyed all. -the lirigs, Hand

    ~0A.Uusive to a practice, which it is unnecessary , to partzcularize more closely, which is said to .be still .m:uch Qbseroed amongst the Khattris, and which Hindus in general repudiate, a~tributing it at the same time to the Saraogis. . . H ' '

  • TARJKf((I 1 ALAr 91

    l)eo Nara.in fell down, aod the other gods who had fi.x.ed tbeir seats there raised l.beir feet, and jumped so high, that at one leap they reached the fort of Lanka, and in that affright the lings themselves would have fled had they had any legs to smnd on." , Much gold ana valuable jewels fell into ,1)le ha1ids of the Musulmans, who