History of Art and Architecture (Reviewer)What is History?

A Branch of Knowledge Past Human Events Facts Chronological Recorded/DocumentedWhat is Art?

Form of expression Emotion: Translated into different mediums Sound Music Movement Dance Words Literature (prose or poetry) Texture/Value/Colour/Line/Shape Design Scale/Form/Proportion ArchitectureArchitecture

Is an art and a science Is the profession of designing and erecting structures for the purpose of human habitationPRINCIPLES: Structural Functional Spatial AestheticTypes of Support for Roofs and Ceilings

Post and Lintel Truss Arch Vault Dome Cantilevered Chronological Order Period and Styles Before written records:Archaeology science that deals with old things Artifacts Fossils*Most of the facts are based on carbon dating, drawings and symbolsPalaeolithic Period:

Old Stone AgePainting:Three Sub Periods1. Mousterian Period2. Aurignacian Period3. Magdalenian PeriodTheory of Magic1. Fertility Magic2. Death Magic3. Propitiation MagicPalaeolithic Age: (Types of houses) Lean To

Made of dried twigs, leaves sometimes animal skin and bone One Room House Dry wall construction Flat top construction Mud Hut Wet wall construction With a hole on topNeolithic Age: (Types of houses)New Stone Age Mud Hut with a Second Floor Mud Hut with a Rectangular Room Stone Towers Square Temples Megalithic Structures Menhirs (stone hedge, moai in Easter island) Cromlechs (Obelisks)Bronze Age:

*The architectural examples were still that of the Neolithic PeriodSignificant Contributions of the Bronze Age:The discovery of metals: Copper TinFishingTrade and Barter: MoneyJewelryFactors That Helped ShapeMesopotamian CivilizationGeography: The Tigris River The Euphrates River*Fertile Crescent / Land between two rivers

Religion:Polytheism the belief in many gods Ur IshtarHistory:Cuneiform (First known way of writing)The Three Regions of Mesopotamia:

Sumeria Assyria Babylon Sumeria:

Pre-Proto Sumerian Period: Reed Houses Proto-Sumerian Period: Brick Buildings Podiums Pillared Temples Sumerian Proper: Introverted Type of Houses Ziggurat The Ziggurat of UrAssyria:

Capital city is the city of Nineveh

Palaces: Amassed and looted Sumerian temples and used their treasures for external decorationsBabylon:

Provided a balance between politics and religionKing Nebuchadnezzar: One of the greatest builders in historyEngineering Contributions: Straight roads Right Angles and Crossings - IntersectionsArchitectural Contributions: The Gate of Ishtar The Hanging Gardens of BabylonPersia:

*Persian civilization utilized Mesopotamian blueprints in their architecture Utilized for the very first time the concept of a city Developed Persepolis: Literally the City of the PersiansThe second oldest city in the world, second only to Jericho in JordanA city of scholars; mathematicians, astrologers and alchemists Factors That Helped ShapeEgyptian CivilizationGeography: The Nile RiverReligion:Polytheism the belief in many gods Ra IsisHistory: HieroglyphicsGeology: Main building material was LimestoneForms of Egyptian Architecture:

Mastaba: Funerary tombs for commoners Made of limestone mounds where jars and chests inside the mastaba contain the personal belongings of the dead person The real burial happens six feet under .Necropolis: Literally a city of the dead A group of mastabas together in one locationPyramids Funerary tombs for the king or the pharaoh and sometimes for the favorite queens It takes about 10-15 years to build and complete a pyramid Each limestone blocks weighs about 50 tons hauled from the quarries and laid out on the pyramid 1/50th of an inch of each otherRock-hewn Tombs: A series of channels and chambers that are carved out from the sides of limestone cliffsThe Egyptian Temple:Two Kinds of Temple: Cult Temple Dedicated to the worship of an Egyptian god Mortuary Temple Dedicated to the worship of a Pharaoh as a godCapitals: Palmiform Lotiform Papyrus Bundle Papyriform CampaniformParts: Obelisk Marks the entrance to an Egyptian temple; is a monolithic piece of stone with a pyramidal top Pylon The monumental entrance to an Egyptian temple Peristyle The open courtyard in an Egyptian temple Hypostyle The only pillared hall in an Egyptian temple; contains the shrine illuminated by clerestory windows Sanctuary The treasury of an Egyptian temple; where sacred objects are stored and kept The Egyptian Sphynx: Grotesque Egyptian sculpture with the head of a man and the body of a lion*Grotesque fusion of human and animal characteristics**The head is believed to be that of the Pharaoh Chephren***Supposedly guards the entrance to the Pyramids of Giza and protects its secrets. Functions of Egyptian Art:

Decoration

Veneration

Documentation

The Law of Frontality:

In Sculpture:States that the body of a figure in the round (free standing sculpture) must not be twisted in any wayKinds of Egyptian Sculpture: Incised Carving Bas-Relief/EmbossedThe Law of Frontality:

In Painting:States that even if the picture or the image is seen in profile; the eyes, the shoulders and the torso are always seen in frontal positionSocial Hierarchy in Egyptian Painting MALES(RED(LARGE SCALE WOMEN(YELLOW(MEDIUM SCALE SLAVES(BLACK(SMALLEST SCALE PHARAOH/GOD(BLUE(LARGEST SCALE

*scarab beetle- symbolizes rebirth

**Egyptian ankh- symbolizes immortality

Aegean CivilizationArchitectural Contributions:

The Palace of Knossos The Cretan Column Bun Capital The only column in architectural history that is entirely made out of wood cedar wood The only column in architectural history that tapers from top to bottom The Labyrinth at Crete Built by Daedalus by order of King Minos Houses the Minotaur Minoan grotesque with the body of a bull and the head of a man or vice versa Mycenaean CivilizationArchitectural Contributions:

The MegaronDefined as the ruling quarters of men in Trojan palacesWhere heads of states meet to discuss affairs of a political nature The Walls of TroyThe most fortified means of defense in historyVirtually impregnableFactors That Helped ShapeGreek Civilization: Geography Surrounded by three sides by:Aegean Sea, Adriatic Sea, Mediterranean Sea*Because of this, the Greeks had the first armada, they became great ship buildersReligion Polytheism the belief in many gods Zeus AphroditeGeology Main building material was marbleGreek Contributions:

The Greek Orders of Architecture: An order is a systematic and organized way of identifying and classifying temples and other buildings through the sum of their parts The Three Requisites to an Order: Horizontal Entablature Upright Column Base The Three Orders: Doric Ionic Corinthian The Propylaea:The monumental entrance to the city of AcropolisAcropolis

a city on a hill, a high city, a fortressThe Agora:An open space that is multi-functionalPublic speakingReligious processionsExtension of the market placeStoa A colonnaded porch divided into several stalls or shopsColonnadeA series of columnsThe Greek Temple: The ParthenonDoric OrderRaised on level groundDedicated to the Greek Goddess of Wisdom AthenaContained a collection of marble sculptures by the Greek sculptor Phidias The Elgin Marbles The ErectheionIonic OrderRaised on three different levelsDedicated to Athena and the Greek God of the Sea PoseidonContained the porch of the caryatids female sculptures used as columnsGlossary of Greek Sculptural Forms Telamones: General term to denote human figures used as columns Caryatids: Female Sculptures used as columns Atlantes: Male sculptures used as columns Canephora: Female sculptures carrying a basket on their heads used as columns Busts: Human sculptures carved from the chest up

Term/Torso: Human Sculptures carved from the waist up The Greek Theater: Built in homage to Apollo, the Greek God of the Arts and the muses the goddesses that inspire men to create works of art Usually carved out from a hillside; open air performancesFour Types: Auditorium Greek theater with a semi-circular orchestra Odeon Greek smaller theater for more intimate gatherings like poetry readings, usually covered Stadium Oval shaped theater for foot races Hippodrome Oval shaped theater for horse and chariot racingOther Buildings Contributed by the Greeks:

Prytaneion: Greek senate house Bouleterion: Greek council house Palestra: Academic institution that specializes in wrestlingGreek Sculpture: Archaic Sculpture: Patterned after the Law of Frontality of Egyptian sculpture The Daedalic Stule: decrees that the body of a figure in the round must not be twisted in any way Stiff No movement The only sign of life is the archaic smile Kinds: Kouros Male form or youth Kore Female form or maidenClassic Sculpture: Typified by the S curve Produced when the weight of the body rests only on one leg There is implied movement There is more space between the legs and more space between the arms and the torsoGreek Pottery: Red Figure Ware:Red figures on black background Black Figure Ware:Black figures on red background White Ground Ware:Red or black figures on white backgroundFactors That Helped ShapeThe Roman Empire:Geography: Rome started nowhere near a body of water, on the contrary they were situated on barren land; it was the quest for suitable farm land that drove them to feats of conquestGenealogy: The Romans were descended from the Etruscans who were descended from the BarbariansReligion: Polytheism Jupiter VenusLifestyle: Hedonism the pursuit of pleasure in any formRoman Contributions: The Roman Orders of Architecture: Tuscan Composite Interior Design: the principle that interior space should be just as important as exterior space Concrete: the first man-made materialThe Round Arch: Vaults DomesAqueducts: PlumbingBridges: to link bodies of land togetherThe Forum:Functions like the Greek agora; an open space for several functions Contains: Triumphal Arches Pillars of VictoryThe Roman Temple:Not as important as that of the GreeksThe Pantheon: Built as a temple to honor the 12 major Olympians Built by order of Agrippa The Pantheons Characteristics: Dome the first dome ever built and also the worlds most perfect dome; not only is it a perfect circle in plan but also in section and elevation Impressive colonnade Coffers- coffered ceiling balances evenly the weight of the dome Oculus admits light into the templeThe Roman Theater: Built on level ground Is not as popular as the Greek theaterKinds of Roman Theaters: Arena/Amphitheater:Usually not carved out from the ground but a built-up structure made up of several levelsExample: The Colosseum or The Flavian Amphitheater Circus:Patterned after the Greek hippodrome; is for horse or chariot racing Roman styleExample: The Circus MaximusThe Thermae: The thermae is the Roman Bath Are social spaces; for banquets and other social functions Predominantly used by the menParts: Frigidarium: A room with a pool containing cold water Tepidarium: A room with a pool containing warm or tepid water Caldarium: A room with a pool containing hot water Laconicum/Sudatorium: A dry sweating room Unctuaria: A room for oiling and shampooing the hair Apodyteria: Dressing rooms Palestra: Gymnasium Example: The Thermae of CaracallaThe Roman House:Classification of Roman houses: Atrium: A Roman house in the city; usually owned by the rich citizens of Rome Insula: Tenement housing in the city; housing for the poor; rises four to six stories Domus: An atrium in the city Villa: An atrium in the countryRoman Painting: Trompe loeilUsually painted on Roman walls in three dimensional formsLiterally to deceive the eyeAn optical illusion MosaicMakes use of small tiles that fuse together in the viewers eye Tesserae

The small tiles that make up mosaic painting FrescoPainting on wet plasterDone section by section of Roman walls*additional notes:Chryselephantine- Statue made out of ivory and goldRanceaux- Roman Meander band has the design of plant and vines (done vertically)

Arabesque- Roman Meander band same as the ranceaux, done horizontally

Griffin- Roman Grotesque figure, has a body of a lion, wings of an eagle, and head of a ram.

Factors That Helped ShapeThe Early Christian Empire: The Fall of Rome The Death of Marcus Aurelius The Burning of Rome Neropolis The Eradication of the Christians (the early Christians lived under the catacombs, they do their fellowship inside the catacombs*catacombs- sewers The Establishment of Constantinople as the capital of the Early Christian EmpireThe Holy Roman Empire was established in Constantinople/Asia Minor (present day: Istanbul Turkey)*noteThe Christians used the symbol of a fish in their worship

The church became their worship placeByzantine Contributions:

Pendentives- Supports a dome (4 pendentives) Squinch Arches- Supports a dome (4 squinches)A series of Corbel type arches Concrete + Brick + RubbleCapitals: Bird and Basket Wind Blown Acanthus Cubical/Geometric Double Capital Twin CapitalThe Church: Greek Cross Plan: The Hagia Sophia:The Church of the Holy WisdomBuilt by order of Emperor Justinian and Empress TheodoraArchitects:Anthemus of ThrallesIsidore of Milletus Latin Cross Plan BasilicaBaptistry: A circular or octagonal building that is separate from the main church for the sole purpose of performing baptismsMausoleum: Contains the repository of a dead ChristianSanctuary: Contains the relic of a Saint or Martyr of the church

Iconography:Any art form; be it painting or sculpture, that depicts or portrays anything religious or Christian in nature, that is the Virgin Mary, Christ, the Apostles, angels, etc. Ivory became a popular sculpture mediumIconoclastic Age:Period in Byzantine history when Emperor Leo III decreed that all icons be destroyed and burnedFactors That Helped ShapeThe Romanesque Period The Conflict Between the Church and the State The Granting of Fiefs Land TitlesRomanesque Contributions:

The Round Arch: The Tympanum: Vaults: The Barrel Vault The Groin Vault The Ribbed Vault Quadripartite A vault with four compartments Sexpartite A vault with six compartments Gutters that ended in Downspouts and Gargoyles The Chevron Meander Band Exposed Nail heads Capitals: Cushion Capital Scalloped Capital The Romanesque CathedralThe Romanesque Monastery: Cloister Open courtyard Church Infirmary- Hospital/Clinic Library Dormitory Almonry Treasurers house Abbots Lodging Head monks areaCastlesFortressesFactors That Helped Shapethe Gothic Period The Black Plague Bubonic Plague caused by rats and licePeople were basically un-enlightened; literally they were in the dark The inquisitionGothic Contributions: The Pointed Arch Spires Can be found on the top of the castle Pinnacles Can be found on the flying buttress Flying Buttresses Stained Glass Rose Windows Tracery Patterns Trefoil Quatrefoil Cinquefoil Multifoil Piers:Cluster of columns Fan Vaults- Lierne Ribs Capital: Fleur De Lis*for images and labels please refer to your hand-outs

**Good Luck everyone!

***source Sir Jies Powerpoint presentation and lecture.