history of ancient israel and judah

Upload: cris-king

Post on 31-Oct-2015

176 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

DESCRIPTION

REL

TRANSCRIPT

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 1

    History of ancient Israel and Judah

    The Iron Age kingdom of Israel (blue) and kingdom of Judah(yellow), with their neighbors (tan) (8th century BCE)

    Part of a series on the

    History of Israel

    Timeline Years

    Ancient Israel and Judah

    Hebrews Israelites United monarchy Northern Kingdom Kingdom of Judah Babylonian rule Persian rule Hasmonean dynasty Herodian kingdom

    Tetrarchy Roman rule

    Syria Palaestina Byzantine rule

    Zionism and the State of Israel

    Old Yishuv

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 2

    Ottoman rule Mutasarrifate

    Balfour Declaration British Mandate United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine Independence ArabIsraeli conflict

    Topics

    Jews Nationality Jerusalem Prime Ministers Jewish leaders Israel Defense Forces LGBT

    Related

    Jewish history Hebrew calendar Archaeology Museums Outline of Israel

    Israel portal

    Part of a series on

    Jews andJudaism

    Etymology Who is a Jew?

    Jewish peoplehood

    Jewish identity

    Category Portal

    WikiProject

    Israel and Judah were related Iron Age kingdoms of the ancient Levant. The Kingdom of Israel emerged as an important local power by the 9th century BCE before falling to the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 722BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the Kingdom of Judah, emerged in the 8th century[1] and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a client-state of first Assyria and then Babylon before a revolt against the Neo-Babylonian Empire led to its destruction in 586BCE. Following the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great, 539BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 3

    in the Persian province of Yehud. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent Hellenistic kingdoms that followed theconquests of Alexander the Great, but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Hellenist SeleucidEmpire and created the Hasmonean kingdom. This, the last nominally independent Judean kingdom, came to an endin 63BCE with its conquest by Rome.

    Periods Iron Age I: 12001000 Iron Age II: 1000-586 Neo-Babylonian: 586539 Persian: 539332 Hellenistic: 33253[2]

    SourcesThe sources for the history of ancient Israel and Judah can be broadly divided into the biblical narrative (the HebrewBible, Deuterocanonical and non-biblical works for the later period) and the archaeological record. The latter canagain be divided between epigraphy (written inscriptions, both from Israel and other lands including Mesopotamiaand Egypt) and the material record (everything else).

    The biblical narrativeThe Hebrew Bible contains "sagas, heroic epics, oral traditions, annals, biographies, narrative histories, novellae,belles lettres, proverbs and wisdom-sayings, poetry, prophecy, apocalyptic, and much more ... the whole finallywoven into a composite, highly complex literary fabric sometime in the Hellenistic era."[3]

    The archaeological recordScholars are split on whether the archaeological record supports the biblical narrative.In the 1920s, the German scholar Albrecht Alt proposed that an Israelite conquest of Canaan - the story of the bookof Joshua - was not supported by the archaeological record. Instead, he proposed that the main biblical idea was stillcorrect, but that the Israelites entered Canaan peacefully instead of through conquest. Later, this compromise wasabandoned, and the Israelites were interpreted to be indigenous Canaanites. The revision of Israelite origins hasimplications for Israelite religion: whereas the Bible had depicted them as monotheists from the beginning, the newthought was that they were polytheists who gave rise to a small and ultimately successful group of monotheisticrevolutionaries.[4] Gary Rendsburg classifies this point of view as "minimalist," as opposed to a "maximalist" view,which he follows, that sees archaeological evidence as supporting the biblical narrative. [5]

    Albrecht Alt's view, even if it recognized the Israelites as Canaanites by origin, still treated the post-Conquestbiblical story as real history. But eventually that too was challenged. The most radical reconstruction states that theJews originated as a "mixed multitude" of settlers sent to Jerusalem by the Persians, where they concocted a past forthemselves. There are few scholars who now believe this, but it demonstrates how the paradigm can shift.[6]

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 4

    Late Bronze Age Background (1600BCE - 1200BCE)

    The Canaanite god Ba'al, 14th12th century BCE(Louvre museum, Paris)

    The eastern Mediterranean seaboard the Levant stretches 400 milesnorth to south from the Taurus Mountains to the Sinai desert, and 70 to100 miles east to west between the sea and the Arabian desert.[7] Thecoastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowingto the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone offoothills, the Shephelah; like the plain this narrows as it goesnorthwards, ending in the promontory of Mount Carmel. East of theplain and the Shephelah is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country ofJudah" in the south, the "hill country of Ephraim" north of that, thenGalilee and the Lebanon mountains. To the east again lie thesteep-sided valley occupied by the Jordan River, the Dead Sea, and thewadi of the Arabah, which continues down to the eastern arm of theRed Sea. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levantfrom Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeastMesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of thenarrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerfulentities that surrounded it.[8]

    Canaan in the Late Bronze Age was a shadow of what it had beencenturies earlier: many cities were abandoned, others shrank in size,and the total settled population was probably not much more than ahundred thousand.[9] Settlement was concentrated in cities along thecoastal plain and along major communication routes; the central andnorthern hill country which would later become the biblical kingdomof Israel was only sparsely inhabited[10] although letters from the Egyptian archives indicate that Jerusalem wasalready a Canaanite city-state recognising Egyptian overlordship.[11] Politically and culturally it was dominated byEgypt,[12] each city under its own ruler, constantly at odds with its neighbours, and appealing to the Egyptians toadjudicate their differences.[10]

    The Canaanite city-state system broke down at the end of the Late Bronze period,[13] and Canaanite culture was thengradually absorbed into that of the Philistines, Phoenicians and Israelites.[14] The process was gradual rather thanswift:[15] a strong Egyptian presence continued into the 12th century BCE, and, while some Canaanite cities weredestroyed, others continued to exist in Iron I.[16]

    Israel's history in a graphic content

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 5

    Iron Age I (1200BCE - 1000BCE)

    The Merneptah stele (JE 31408), bearing the firstrecord of the name Israel (Cairo Museum)

    The name Israel first appears in the stele of the Egyptian pharaohMerneptah c. 1209BCE, "Israel is laid waste and his seed is nomore."[17] This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity ofthe central highlands, well enough established to be perceived by theEgyptians as a possible challenge to their hegemony, but an ethnicgroup rather than an organised state;[18] Archaeologist Paula McNuttsays: "It is probably ... during Iron Age I [that] a population began toidentify itself as 'Israelite'," differentiating itself from its neighboursvia prohibitions on intermarriage, an emphasis on family history andgenealogy, and religion.[19]

    In the Late Bronze Age there were no more than about 25 villages inthe highlands, but this increased to over 300 by the end of Iron I, whilethe settled population doubled from 20,000 to 40,000.[20] The villageswere more numerous and larger in the north, and probably shared thehighlands with pastoral nomads who left no remains.[21]

    Archaeologists and historians attempting to trace the origins of thesevillagers have found it impossible to identify any distinctive featuresthat could define them as specifically Israelite collared-rim jars andfour-room houses have been identified outside the highlands and thus

    cannot be used to distinguish Israelite sites,[22] and while the pottery of the highland villages is far more limited thanthat of lowland Canaanite sites, it develops typologically out of Canaanite pottery that came before.[23] IsraelFinkelstein proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and thenotable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as a marker of ethnicity, but others have cautioned thatthese can be a "common-sense" adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.[24] OtherAramaean sites also demonstrate a contemporary absence of pig remains at that time, unlike earlier Canaanite andlater Philistine excavations. Modern scholars therefore see Israel arising peacefully and internally in thehighlands.[25]

    Iron Age II (1000BCE - 550BCE)

    A reconstructed Israelite house, 10th7th centuryBCE. Eretz Israel Museum, Tel Aviv.

    Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries ofIron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements andtrade throughout the region.[26] In the central highlands this resulted inunification in a kingdom with the city of Samaria as its capital,[26]

    possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when aninscription of the Egyptian pharaoh Shoshenq I, the biblical Shishak,records a series of campaigns directed at the area.[27] Israel had clearlyemerged by the middle of the 9th century BCE, when the Assyrianking Shalmaneser III names "Ahab the Israelite" among his enemies atthe battle of Qarqar (853). At this time Israel was apparently engagedin a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of theJezreel Valley and Galilee in the north, and with Moab, Ammon andDamascus in the east for control of Gilead;[26] the Mesha stele (c. 830), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 6

    in throwing off the oppression of the "House of Omri" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be theearliest extra-biblical Semitic reference to the name Yahweh (YHWH), whose temple goods were plundered byMesha and brought before his own god Kemosh.[28] French scholar Andr Lemaire has reconstructed a portion ofline 31 of the stele as mentioning the "House of David".[27][29] The Tel Dan stele (c. 841) tells of the death of a kingof Israel, probably Jehoram, at the hands of a king of Aram Damascus.[27] A century later Israel came into increasingconflict with the expanding neo-Assyrian empire, which first split its territory into several smaller units and thendestroyed its capital, Samaria (722). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of peoplefrom Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire such population exchanges were anestablished part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure - and the former Israelnever again became an independent political entity.[30]

    Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BCE, but the subject is one ofconsiderable controversy.[1] There are indications that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, the southern highlandshad been divided between a number of centres, none with clear primacy.[31] During the reign of Hezekiah, betweenc. 715 and 686BCE, a notable increase in the power of the Judean state can be observed.[32] This is reflected inarchaeological sites and findings, such as the Broad Wall; a defensive city wall in Jerusalem; and Hezekiah's Tunnel,an aqueduct designed to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the Assyrians led bySennacherib; and the Siloam Inscription, a lintel inscription found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed tocomptroller Shebna. LMLK seals on storage jar handles, excavated from strata in and around that formed bySennacherib's destruction, appear to have been used throughout Sennacherib's 29-year reign, along with Bullae fromsealed documents, some that belonged to Hezekiah himself and others that name his servants;[33]

    King Ahaz's Seal is a piece of reddish-brown clay that belonged to King Ahaz of Judah, who ruled from 732 to716BCE. This seal contains not only the name of the king, but the name of his father, King Yehotam. In addition,Ahaz is specifically identified as "king of Judah." The Hebrew inscription, which is set on three lines, reads asfollows: "l'hz*y/hwtm*mlk*/yhdh", which translates as "belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of Judah.)[34]

    In the 7th century Jerusalem grew to contain a population many times greater than earlier and achieved cleardominance over its neighbours.[35] This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by Assyria, andwas probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassalcontrolling the valuable olive industry.[35] Judah prospered as an Assyrian vassal state, despite a disastrous rebellionagainst Sennacherib), but in the last half of the 7th century BCE Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuingcompetition between the Egyptian and Neo-Babylonian empires for control of Palestine led to the destruction ofJudah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.[35]

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 7

    Babylonian period

    The Ishtar Gate of Babylon

    Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economyand population[36] and lost the Negev, the Shephelah, and partof the Judean hill country, including Hebron, toencroachments from Edom and other neighbours.[37]

    Jerusalem, while probably not totally abandoned, was muchsmaller than previously, and the town of Mizpah in Benjaminin the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdombecame the capital of the new Babylonian province of YehudMedinata.[38] (This was standard Babylonian practice: whenthe Philistine city of Ashkalon was conquered in 604, thepolitical, religious and economic elite [but not the bulk of thepopulation] was banished and the administrative centre shiftedto a new location).[39] There is also a strong probability thatfor most or all of the period the temple at Bethel in Benjaminreplaced that at Jerusalem, boosting the prestige of Bethel'spriests (the Aaronites) against those of Jerusalem (theZadokites), now in exile in Babylon.[40]

    The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction ofJerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries.[41]

    The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology,"[42] the idea that the god of Israel had chosenJerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the Davidic dynasty would reign there forever.[43] The fall of the city andthe end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community kings, priests, scribes and prophets toreformulate the concepts of community, faith and politics.[44] The exile community in Babylon thus became thesource of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: Isaiah 4055; Ezekiel; the final version of Jeremiah; the work ofthe priestly source in the Pentateuch; and the final form of the history of Israel from Deuteronomy to 2 Kings.[45]

    Theologically, the Babylonian exiles were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism(the concept that one god controls the entire world) and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness.[45] Mostsignificantly, the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of Hebrew identity distinctfrom other peoples,[46] with increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath-observance to sustainthat distinction.[47]

    The concentration of the biblical literature on the experience of the exiles in Babylon disguises the fact that the greatmajority of the population remained in Judah; for them, life after the fall of Jerusalem probably went on much as ithad before.[48] It may even have improved, as they were rewarded with the land and property of the deportees, muchto the anger of the community of exiles remaining in Babylon.[49] The assassination around 582 of the Babyloniangovernor by a disaffected member of the former royal House of David provoked a Babylonian crackdown, possiblyreflected in the Book of Lamentations, but the situation seems to have soon stabilised again.[50] Nevertheless, thoseunwalled cities and towns that remained were subject to slave raids by the Phoenicians and intervention in theirinternal affairs by Samaritans, Arabs, and Ammonites.[51]

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 8

    Persian periodWhen Babylon fell to the Persian Cyrus the Great in 539BCE, Judah (or Yehud medinata, the "province of Yehud")became an administrative division within the Persian empire. Cyrus was succeeded as king by Cambyses, who addedEgypt to the empire, incidentally transforming Yehud and the Philistine plain into an important frontier zone. Hisdeath in 522 was followed by a period of turmoil until Darius the Great seized the throne in about 521. Dariusintroduced a reform of the administrative arrangements of the empire including the collection, codification andadministration of local law codes, and it is reasonable to suppose that this policy lay behind the redaction of theJewish Torah.[52] After 404 the Persians lost control of Egypt, which became Persia's main rival outside Europe,causing the Persian authorities to tighten their administrative control over Yehud and the rest of the Levant.[53] Egyptwas eventually reconquered, but soon afterward Persia fell to Alexander the Great, ushering in the Hellenistic periodin the Levant.Yehud's population over the entire period was probably never more than about 30,000 and that of Jerusalem no morethan about 1,500, most of them connected in some way to the Temple.[54] According to the biblical history, one ofthe first acts of Cyrus, the Persian conqueror of Babylon, was to commission Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem andrebuild their Temple, a task which they are said to have completed c. 515.[55] Yet it was probably not until themiddle of the next century, at the earliest, that Jerusalem again became the capital of Judah.[56] The Persians mayhave experimented initially with ruling Yehud as a Davidic client-kingdom under descendants of Jehoiachin,[57] butby the mid5th century BCE, Yehud had become, in practice, a theocracy, ruled by hereditary high priests,[58] with aPersian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that taxes (tribute) werecollected and paid.[59] According to the biblical history, Ezra and Nehemiah arrived in Jerusalem in the middle of the5th century BCE, the former empowered by the Persian king to enforce the Torah, the latter holding the status ofgovernor with a royal commission to restore the Jerusalem's walls.[60] The biblical history mentions tension betweenthe returnees and those who had remained in Yehud, the returnees rebuffing the attempt of the "peoples of the land"to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism that the exiles haddeveloped while in Babylon and, probably, also partly on disputes over property.[61] During the 5th century BCE,Ezra and Nehemiah attempted to re-integrate these rival factions into a united and ritually pure society, inspired bythe prophesies of Ezekiel and his followers.[62]

    The Persian era, and especially the period between 538 and 400 BCE, laid the foundations for the Jewish andChristian religions and the beginning of a scriptural canon.[63] Other important landmarks in this period include thereplacement of Hebrew as the everyday language of Judah by Aramaic (although Hebrew continued to be used forreligious and literary purposes)[64] and Darius's reform of the empire's bureaucracy, which may have led to extensiverevisions and reorganizations of the Jewish Torah.[52] The Israel of the Persian period consisted of descendants of theinhabitants of the old kingdom of Judah, returnees from the Babylonian exile community, Mesopotamians who hadjoined them or had been exiled themselves to Samaria at a far earlier period, Samaritans, and others.[65]

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 9

    Hellenistic period

    The Hasmonean kingdom at its largestextent

    On the death of Alexander the Great (322), Alexander's generals divided theempire among themselves. Ptolemy I, the ruler of Egypt, seized Palestine, buthis successors lost it in 198 to the Seleucids of Syria. At first, relationsbetween Seleucids and Jews were cordial, but the attempt of Antiochus IVEpiphanes (174163) to impose Hellenic cults on Judea sparked a nationalrebellion that ended in the expulsion of the Seleucids and the establishment ofan independent Jewish kingdom under the Hasmonean dynasty. Some moderncommentators see this period also as a civil war between orthodox andhellenized Jews.[66][67] Hasmonean kings attempted to revive the Judahdescribed in the Bible: a Jewish monarchy ruled from Jerusalem andincluding all territories once ruled by David and Solomon. In order to carryout this project, the Hasmoneans forcibly converted one-time Moabites,Edomites, and Ammonites to Judaism, as well as the lost kingdom ofIsrael.[68] Some scholars argue that the Hasmonean dynasty institutionalizedthe Jewish biblical canon.[69]

    In 63BCE the Roman general Pompey conquered Jerusalem and made theJewish kingdom a Client state of Rome. In 4039 BCE, Herod the Great wasappointed King of the Jews by the Roman Senate, and in 6CE the lastethnarch of Judea was deposed by the emperor Augustus, his territories combined with Idumea and Samaria andannexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration.[70] The name Judea (Iudaea) ceased to be used byGreco-Romans after the revolt of Simon Bar Kochba in 135CE; the area was henceforth called Syria Palaestina(Greek: , Palaistin; Latin: Palaestina).

    Religion

    Iron Age YahwismIsraelite monotheism evolved gradually out of pre-existing beliefs and practices of the ancient world.[71] The religionof the Israelites of Iron Age I, like the Canaanite faith from which it evolved[72] and other ancient Near Easternreligions, was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods (the "gods of the fathers").[73] Its major deitieswere not numerous El, Asherah, and Yahweh, with Baal as a fourth god, and perhaps Shamash (the sun) in theearly period.[74] By the time of the early Hebrew kings, El and Yahweh had become fused and Asherah did notcontinue as a separate state cult,[74] although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persiantimes.[75] Yahweh, later the national god of both Israel and Judah, seems to have originated in Edom and Midian insouthern Canaan and may have been brought north to Israel by the Kenites and Midianites at an early stage.[76] Afterthe monarchy emerged at the beginning of Iron Age II, kings promoted their family god, Yahweh, as the god of thekingdom, but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered as it was also forother societies in the ancient Near East.[77]

    There is a general consensus among scholars that the first formative event in the emergence of the distinctivereligion described in the Bible was triggered by the destruction of Israel by Assyria in c.722BCE. Refugees camesouth to Judah, bringing with them laws and a prophetic tradition of Yahweh. This religion was subsequentlyadopted by the landowners, who in 640BCE placed on the throne the eight-year-old Josiah. Judah at this time was avassal state of Assyria, but Assyrian power collapsed in the 630s, and around 622, Josiah and the Deuteronomistslaunched a bid for independence expressed as loyalty to "Yahweh alone" and in the law-code in the Book ofDeuteronomy, written as a treaty between Judah and Yahweh to replace the vassal-treaty with Assyria.[78]

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 10

    The earliest Israelite inscription found alluding to Yahveh as the redeemer of Jerusalem dates to the 7th centuryBCE. Beit Lehi also contains the oldest known Hebrew writing of the word Jerusalem as the inscription, I amYHWH thy Lord. I will accept the cities of Judah and I will redeem Jerusalem, and Absolve us oh merciful God.Absolve us oh YHWH." [79]

    According to the Deuteronomists, the treaty with Yahweh would enable the god to preserve both the city and theking in return for the people's worship and obedience to the legal code. The destruction of Jerusalem, its Temple, andthe Davidic dynasty by Babylon in 587/586BCE was deeply thought-provoking and led to revisions of the nationalmythos. The history books, Joshua and Judges to Samuel and Kings, interpreted the Babylonian destruction asdivinely-ordained punishment for the failure of the Hebrew kings to worship Yahweh to the exclusion of all otherdeities.[78]

    Second Temple JudaismThe Second Temple period (520BCE-70CE) differed in significant ways from what had gone before.[80] A numberof scholars believe that Monotheism emerged among the priests of the Temple establishment during the seventh andsixth centuries BCE, as did beliefs regarding angels and demons.[81] It was at this time that the Torah was written,circumcision and Sabbath-observance became symbols of Jewish identity, and the institution of the synagoguebecame increasingly important.[82]

    References[1] Grabbe 2008, pp. 2256.[2][2] King 2001, p. xxiii.[3][3] Dever 2001, p. 2.[4][4] Rendsburg, pp.3-5[5][5] Rendsburg, pp.6-7[6][6] Rendsburg, pp.5-6[7][7] Miller 1986, p. 36.[8] Coogan 1998, pp. 47.[9][9] Finkelstein 2001, p. 78.[10] Killebrew 2005, pp. 389.[11] Cahill in Vaughn 1992, pp. 2733.[12][12] Kuhrt 1995, p. 317.[13] Killebrew 2005, pp. 106.[14] Golden 2004b, pp. 612.[15][15] McNutt 1999, p. 47.[16][16] Golden 2004a, p. 155.[17][17] Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.[18][18] Dever 2003, p. 206.[19][19] McNutt 1999, pp. 35.[20][20] McNutt 1999, pp.46-47.[21][21] McNutt 1999, p. 69.[22][22] Miller 1986, p. 72.[23][23] Killebrew 2005, p. 13.[24][24] Edelman in Brett 2002, p. 46-47.[25][25] Gnuse 1997, pp.28,31[26][26] Thompson 1992, p. 408.[27][27] Mazar in Finkelstein 2007, p. 163.[29] Biblical Archaeology Review [May/June 1994], pp. 3037[30][30] Lemche 1998, p. 85.[31][31] Lehman in Vaughn 1992, p. 149.[32] David M. Carr, Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature, Oxford University Press, 2005, 164.[33] Seal of Amariah Hananiah--Servant of Hezekiah (http:/ / www. lmlk. com/ research/ lmlk_ahoh. htm)[34] First Impression: What We Learn from King Ahazs Seal (#m1) (http:/ / www. archaeological-center. com/ en/ monographs/ m1), by Robert

    Deutsch, Archaeological Center.

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 11

    [35] Thompson 1992, pp. 4101.[36][36] Grabbe 2004, p. 28.[37][37] Lemaire in Blenkinsopp 2003, p. 291.[38][38] Davies 2009.[39][39] Lipschits 2005, p. 48.[40] Blenkinsopp in Blenkinsopp 2003, pp. 1035.[41][41] Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 228.[42] Middlemas 2005, pp. 12.[43][43] Miller 1986, p. 203.[44][44] Middlemas 2005, p. 2.[45][45] Middlemas 2005, p. 10.[46][46] Middlemas 2005, p. 17.[47][47] Bedford 2001, p. 48.[48][48] Barstad 2008, p. 109.[49][49] Albertz 2003a, p. 92.[50] Albertz 2003a, pp. 956.[51][51] Albertz 2003a, p. 96.[52][52] Blenkinsopp 1988, p. 64.[53] Lipschits in Lipschits 2006, pp. 869.[54] Grabbe 2004, pp. 2930.[55][55] Nodet 1999, p. 25.[56][56] Davies in Amit 2006, p. 141.[57][57] Niehr in Becking 1999, p. 231.[58][58] Wylen 1996, p. 25.[59] Grabbe 2004, pp. 1545.[60][60] Soggin 1998, p. 311.[61][61] Miller 1986, p. 458.[62][62] Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 229.[63] Albertz 1994, pp. 4378.[64] Kottsieper in Lipschits 2006, pp. 10910.[65][65] Becking in Albertz 2003b, p. 19.[68] Davies 1992, pp. 14950.[69] Philip R. Davies in The Canon Debate, page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost

    certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."[70][70] Ben-Sasson 1976, p. 246.[71] Gnuse 1997, pp. 623.[72][72] Tubbs, Jonathan (2006)"The Canaanites" (BBC Books)[73][73] Van der Toorn 1996, p.4.[74][74] Smith 2002, p. 57.[75][75] Dever (2005), p.[76] Van der Toorn 1999, p. 9113.[77] Van der Toorn 1996, p. 1812.[78] Dunn and Rogerson, pp.153154[80][80] Avery Peck, p.58[81][81] Grabbe (2004), pp. 243-244[82][82] Avery Peck, p.59

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 12

    Bibliography Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the

    Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=RA1-PA145& lpg=RA1-PA145& dq=History+ of+ Israelite+ Religion,+ Volume+ 1+ +Albertz#v=onepage& q& f=false). Westminster John Knox Press.

    Albertz, Rainer (1994) [Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992]. A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exileto the Maccabees (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC& dq=Albertz+ a+ history+ of+israelite+ religion& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). Westminster John Knox Press.

    Albertz, Rainer (2003a). Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E. (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC& dq=Rainer+ Albertz,+ "Israel+ in+ exile"&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). Society of Biblical Literature.

    Albertz, Rainer; Becking, Bob, eds. (2003b). Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in thePersian Era (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=hwExATCqwvwC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Yahwism+after+ the+ exile:+ perspectives+ on+ Israelite+ religion+ in+ the+ Persian+ era#v=onepage& q& f=false).Koninklijke Van Gorcum. Becking, Bob. "Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 710)".

    Amit, Yaira, et al., eds. (2006). Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to NadavNa'aman (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC& pg=PA467& lpg=PA467& dq=Essays+on+ Ancient+ Israel+ in+ its+ Near+ Eastern+ Context:+ A+ Tribute+ to+ Nadav+ Na'aman#v=onepage&q=Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman& f=false). Eisenbrauns.Davies, Philip R. "The Origin of Biblical Israel".

    Avery-Peck, Alan, et al., eds. (2003). The Blackwell Companion to Judaism (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC& pg=PA230& lpg=PA230& dq=The+ Blackwell+ Companion+ to+ Judaism+ + By+Jacob+ Neusner,+ Alan+ Avery-Peck#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Blackwell. Murphy, Frederick J. R. "SecondTemple Judaism".

    Barstad, Hans M. (2008). History and the Hebrew Bible (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Barstad+ History+ and+ the+ Hebrew+ Bible:+ studies+in+ ancient+ Israelite+ and+ ancient+ Near#v=onepage& q& f=false). Mohr Siebeck.

    Becking, Bob, ed. (2001). Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the GoddessAsherah (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=z72KmReV-bIC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Only+ One+God?+ Monotheism+ in+ Ancient+ Israel+ and+ the+ Veneration+ of+ the+ Goddess+ Asherah#v=onepage& q&f=false). Sheffield Academic Press. Dijkstra, Meindert. "El the God of Israel, Israel the People of YHWH: On theOrigins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism". Dijkstra, Meindert. "I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and HisAsherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel".

    Becking, Bob; Korpel, Marjo Christina Annette, eds. (1999). The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation ofReligious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ crisis+ of+ Israelite+ religion:+ transformation+ of+ religious+tradition#v=onepage& q& f=false). Brill. Niehr, Herbert. Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-ExilicPeriod.

    Bedford, Peter Ross (2001). Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=MOd320e710IC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Osarsiph& cad=1#v=onepage& q& f=false). Brill.

    Ben-Sasson, H.H. (1976). A History of the Jewish People. Harvard University Press. ISBN0-674-39731-2. Blenkinsopp, Joseph (1988). Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary (http:/ / books. google. com. au/

    books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Ezra-Nehemiah:+ A+ Commentary+ + By+ Joseph+Blenkinsopp#v=onepage& q& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Blenkinsopp, Joseph; Lipschits, Oded, eds. (2003). Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Judah+ and+ the+ Judeans+ in+ the+ neo-Babylonian+ period#v=onepage& q& f=false). Eisenbrauns. Blenkinsopp, Joseph. "Bethel in the

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 13

    Neo-Babylonian Period". Lemaire, Andre. "Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period". Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2009). Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of

    Judaism (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Judaism,+ the+first+ phase:+ the+ place+ of+ Ezra+ and+ Nehemiah#v=onepage& q& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Bloch-Smith, Elizabeth (2008). "Bible, Archaeology, and the Social Sciences" (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Z0wawEnu0UkC& pg=PA43& dq=Hebrew+ Bible& cad=3#v=onepage& q& f=false). In Frederick E.Greenspahn. The Hebrew Bible: new insights and scholarship. NYU Press.

    Brett, Mark G. (2002). Ethnicity and the Bible (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45& lpg=PA45& dq=Finkelstein+ haser-style+ layout#v=onepage& q=Finkelstein haser-style layout&f=false). Brill. Edelman, Diana. "Ethnicity and Early Israel".

    Bright, John (2000; 4th ed., 1st ed. 1959). A History of Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Bright+ History+ of+ Israel#v=onepage& q& f=false).Westminster John Knox Press.

    Coogan, Michael D., ed. (1998). The Oxford History of the Biblical World (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C& dq=The+ Oxford+ History+ of+ the+ Biblical+ World&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). Oxford University Press. Stager, Lawrence E. "Forging anIdentity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel".

    Coogan, Michael D. (2009). A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=nlb1PQAACAAJ& dq=A+ brief+ introduction+ to+ the+ old+ testament+ coogan). Oxford UniversityPress.

    Coote, Robert B.; Whitelam, Keith W. (1986). "The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and StateFormation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade". Semeia (37): 10747.

    Davies, Philip R. (1992). In Search of Ancient Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=pMcM8GGO_n8C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Philip+ Davies+ In+ search+ of+ Ancient+Israel#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Sheffield.

    Davies, Philip R. (2009). "The Origin of Biblical Israel" (http:/ / www. arts. ualberta. ca/ JHS/ Articles/article_47. htm). Journal of Hebrew Scriptures 9 (47).

    Day, John (2002). Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Yahweh+ and+ the+ gods+ and+ goddesses+ of+Canaan#v=onepage& q& f=false). Sheffield Academic Press.

    Dever, William (2001). What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It? (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC& printsec=frontcover& dq=What+ did+ the+ biblical+ writers+know,+ and+ when+ did+ they+ know+ it#v=onepage& q& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Dever, William (2003). Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From? (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC& dq=Who+ were+ the+ early+ Israelites,+ and+ where+ did+ they+ come+from?& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Dever, William (2005). Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=6AOE9sxg3bMC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Did+ God+ have+ a+ wife?:+archaeology+ and+ folk+ religion+ in+ ancient+ Israel#v=onepage& q& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Dunn, James D.G; Rogerson, John William, eds. (2003). Eerdmans commentary on the Bible (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC& pg=PA153& lpg=PA153& dq=John+ W. + Rogerson+Deuteronomy#v=onepage& q=John W. Rogerson Deuteronomy& f=false). Eerdmans. Rogerson, John William."Deuteronomy".

    Edelman, Diana, ed. (1995). The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms (http:/ / books. google. com.au/ books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ crisis+ of+ Israelite+ religion:+ transformation+of+ religious+ tradition& cad=1#v=onepage& q& f=false). Kok Pharos.

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 14

    Finkelstein, Neil Asher; Silberman (2001). The Bible Unearthed (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ Bible+ Unearthed:+ Archaeology's+ New+ Vision+of+ Ancient+ Israel#v=onepage& q& f=false).

    Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay; Schmidt, Brian B. (2007). The Quest for the Historical Israel (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC& dq=The+ quest+ for+ the+ historical+ Israel:&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Society of Biblical Literature. Mazar, Amihay. "The DividedMonarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues".

    Gnuse, Robert Karl (1997). No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC& dq=Robert+ Karl+ Gnuse,+ "No+ Other+ Gods:+ Emergent+ Monotheism+ in+Israel"& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). Sheffield Academic Press.

    Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004a). Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Ancient+ Canaan+ and+ Israel:+ An+ Introduction+ +By+ Jonathan+ M+ Golden#v=onepage& q& f=false). Oxford University Press.

    Golden, Jonathan Michael (2004b). Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives (http:/ / books. google. com.au/ books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC& pg=PA62& lpg=PA62& dq=Late+ Bronze+ collapse+ in+Canaan#v=onepage& q=Late Bronze collapse in Canaan& f=false). ABC-CLIO.

    Goodison, Lucy; Morris, Christine (1998). Goddesses in Early Israelite Religion in Ancient Goddesses: TheMyths and the Evidence (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC& dq=Family+ religion+ in+Babylonia,+ Syria,+ and+ Israel& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). University of Wisconsin Press.

    Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=A+ history+ of+ the+ Jews+ and+ Judaism+ in+the+ Second+ Temple+ Period#v=onepage& q& f=false). T&T Clark International.

    Grabbe, Lester L., ed. (2008). Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250850 B.C.E.) (http:/ /books. google. com. au/ books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Israel+ in+ transition:+ from+late+ Bronze+ II+ to+ Iron+ IIa+ (c. + 1250-850+ B. C. E. )#v=onepage& q& f=false). T&T Clark International.

    Killebrew, Ann E. (2005). Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites,and Early Israel, 13001100 B.C.E. (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&printsec=frontcover& dq=Biblical+ peoples+ and+ ethnicity:+ an+ archaeological#v=onepage& q& f=false).Society of Biblical Literature.

    King, Philip J.; Stager, Lawrence E. (2001). Life in Biblical Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=OtOhypZz_pEC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Life+ in+ biblical+ Israel+ + By+ Philip+ J. + King,+Lawrence+ E. + Stager#v=onepage& q& f=false). Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN0-664-22148-3.

    Kuhrt, Amlie (1995). The Ancient Near East c. 3000330 BC (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Amlie+ Kuhrt+ The+ ancient+ Near+East#v=onepage& q& f=false). Routledge.

    Lemche, Niels Peter (1998). The Israelites in History and Tradition (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC& dq=lemche+ the+ israelites+ in+ history+ and+ tradition&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Westminster John Knox Press.

    Levy, Thomas E. (1998). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ archaeology+ of+ society+ in+ the+ Holy+ Land+ +Thomas+ E. + Levy#v=onepage& q& f=false). Continuum International Publishing. LaBianca, ystein S.;Younker, Randall W. "The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in LateBronze/Iron Age Transjordan (c. 1400500CE)".

    Lipschits, Oded (2005). The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Lipschitz,+ Oded+ fall+ and+ rise#v=onepage& q&f=false). Eisenbrauns.

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 15

    Lipschits, Oded, et al., eds. (2006). Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E. (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C& pg=PA75& lpg=PA75& dq=Lipschits+ Yehud#v=onepage& q=LipschitsYehud& f=false). Eisenbrauns. Kottsieper, Ingo. "And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit". Lipschits, Oded;Vanderhooft, David. "Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E.".

    Liverani, Mario (2005). Israel's History and the History of Israel, London, Equinox. Markoe, Glenn (2000). Phoenicians (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC&

    printsec=frontcover& dq=Phoenicians+ + Glenn+ Markoe#v=onepage& q& f=false). University of CaliforniaPress.

    Mays, James Luther, et al., eds. (1995). Old Testament Interpretation (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Old+ Testament+ Interpretation+ James+ Luther+Mays,+ David+ L. + Petersen,+ Kent+ Harold+ Richards#v=onepage& q& f=false). T&T Clarke. Miller, J.Maxwell. "The Middle East and Archaeology".

    McNutt, Paula (1999). Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC& pg=PA33& lpg=PA33& dq=Reconstructing+ the+ Society+ of+ Ancient+ Israel++ By+ Paula+ M. + McNutt#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Westminster John Knox Press.

    Merrill, Eugene H. (1995). "The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel". BibliothecaSacra 152 (606): 14562.

    Middlemas, Jill Anne (2005). The Troubles of Templeless Judah (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC& printsec=frontcover& dq=lester+ grabbe+ 1995& cad=1#v=onepage& q& f=false).Oxford University Press.

    Miller, James Maxwell; Hayes, John Haralson (1986). A History of Ancient Israel and Judah (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C& dq=A+ history+ of+ ancient+ Israel+ and+ Judah+ + By+ James+Maxwell+ Miller,+ John+ Haralson+ Hayes& printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Westminster JohnKnox Press. ISBN0-664-21262-X.

    Miller, Robert D. (2005). Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th CenturiesB.C. (http:/ / books. google. com. kh/ books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Chieftains+ of+the+ highland+ clans#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011). Biblical History and Israel's Past (http:/ / books. google. com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC& printsec=frontcover). Eerdmans.

    Nodet, tienne (1999) [Editions du Cerf 1997]. A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah(http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC& printsec=frontcover& dq=A+ search+ for+ the+origins+ of+ Judaism:+ from+ Joshua+ to+ the+ Mishnah#v=onepage& q& f=false). Sheffield Academic Press.

    Pitknen, Pekka (2004). "Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement" (http:/ / www. tyndalehouse. com/tynbul/ library/ TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement. pdf). Tyndale Bulletin 55 (2):16182.

    Silberman, Neil Asher; Small, David B., eds. (1997). The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past,Interpreting the Present (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC& pg=PA238& lpg=PA238&dq=hesse+ wapnish#v=onepage& q=hesse wapnish& f=false). Sheffield Academic Press. Hesse, Brian; Wapnish,Paula. "Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?".

    Smith, Mark S. (2001). Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century. HendricksonPublishers.

    Smith, Mark S.; Miller, Patrick D. (2002) [Harper & Row 1990]. The Early History of God (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Smith+ Early+ History+ of+ God#v=onepage&q& f=false). Eerdmans.

    Rendsburg, Gary (2008). "Israel without the Bible" (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=Z0wawEnu0UkC&pg=PA43& dq=Hebrew+ Bible& cad=3#v=onepage& q& f=false). In Frederick E. Greenspahn. The HebrewBible: new insights and scholarship. NYU Press.

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 16

    Soggin, Michael J. (1998). An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC& printsec=frontcover& dq=An+ introduction+ to+ the+ history+ of+ Israel+ and+Judah+ + By+ J. + Alberto+ Soggin#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Paideia.

    Thompson, Thomas L. (1992). Early History of the Israelite People (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=XqoMRPJca-wC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Early+ history+ of+ the+ Israelite+ people:+ from+ the+written+ and+ archaeological+ . . . + + By+ Thomas+ L. + Thompson#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Brill.

    Van der Toorn, Karel (1996). Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC& dq=Family+ religion+ in+ Babylonia,+ Syria,+ and+ Israel&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q& f=false). Brill.

    Van der Toorn, Karel; Becking, Bob; Van der Horst, Pieter Willem (1999). Dictionary of Deities and Demons inthe Bible (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Dictionary+ of+Deities#v=onepage& q& f=false) (2d ed.). Koninklijke Brill.

    Vaughn, Andrew G.; Killebrew, Ann E., eds. (1992). Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First TemplePeriod (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C& dq=Jerusalem+ in+ Bible+ and+archaeology:+ the+ First+ Temple+ period+ + By+ Andrew+ G. + Vaughn,+ Ann+ E. + Killebrew&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage& q=& f=false). Sheffield. Cahill, Jane M. "Jerusalem at the Time of the UnitedMonarchy". Lehman, Gunnar. "The United Monarchy in the Countryside".

    Wylen, Stephen M. (1996). The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC& printsec=frontcover& dq=An+ introduction+ to+ early+ Judaism+ + By+ James+ C.+ VanderKam& cad=1#v=onepage& q& f=false). Paulist Press.

    Zevit, Ziony (2001). The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=db4hr55j0yYC& pg=PA1& dq=The+ religion+ of+ ancient+ Israel+ + By+ Patrick+D. + Miller& cad=4#v=onepage& q& f=false). Continuum.

    Further reading Avery-Peck, Alan, and Neusner, Jacob, (eds), "The Blackwell Companion to Judaism (Blackwell, 2003) (http:/ /

    books. google. com. au/ books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC& pg=PA230& lpg=PA230& dq=The+ Blackwell+Companion+ to+ Judaism+ + By+ Jacob+ Neusner,+ Alan+ Avery-Peck& source=bl& ots=NIriudGN3T&sig=Rd1jzFvXYUkYiqgqAMIElvmQBb8& hl=en& ei=YmdZS4-gM8yLkAXPvpySAg& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CAsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=& f=false)

    Boadt, Lawrence, "Reading the Old Testament: An Introduction" (Paulist Press, 1984) (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=LGQNT6G_do8C& dq=Reading+ the+ Old+ Testament:+ an+ introduction+ + By+Lawrence+ Boadt& printsec=frontcover& source=bn& hl=en& ei=qO1YS92uJZGTkAXzquHzBA& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CBgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q=& f=false)

    Brettler, Marc Zvi, "The Creation of History in Ancient Israel" (Routledge, 1995) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=xvfCESeU_hwC& pg=PA196& lpg=PA196& dq=The+ Creation+ of+ History+ in+ Ancient+ Israel+ +By+ Marc+ Zvi+ Brettler& source=bl& ots=vAE0TBiWBB& sig=_DKZlbl8vnrk1GfYg1UrYHmMHx8&hl=en& ei=pSJYS_bbHdWgkQW0l_DpBA& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CAwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=& f=false), and also review at Dannyreviews.com (http:/ / dannyreviews.com/ h/ Creation_of_History_in_Ancient_Israel. html)

    Cook, Stephen L., "The social roots of biblical Yahwism" (Society of Biblical Literature, 2004) (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=4LEA7FnNi-kC& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+ social+ roots+ of+ biblical+Yahwism& source=bl& ots=o-z4u7_glH& sig=My-dQVZGIs9uGlwF9e6PXV3UEuc& hl=en&ei=AMGETN_tKcOwcf64pdAL& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Day, John (ed), "In search of pre-exilic Israel: proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar" (T&T Clark International, 2004) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=yM_X2yzRLx4C& printsec=frontcover& dq=In+

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 17

    search+ of+ pre-exilic+ Israel:+ proceedings+ of+ the+ Oxford+ Old+ Testament+ Seminar& source=bl&ots=9UYxExZRZQ& sig=cMzlvskYBc6uUAqvhN_ITpyPOHs& hl=en& ei=a32HTMjuOcaXcbOc3Z4I&sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CBgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Gravett, Sandra L., "An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: A Thematic Approach" (Westminster John Knox Press,2008) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=y0PtOdR5pxkC& printsec=frontcover& dq=An+ Introduction+to+ the+ Hebrew+ Bible:+ A+ Thematic+ Approach+ + Sandra+ L. + Gravett& source=bl& ots=u0DJbzvOLJ&sig=u0h1DipUA4wMQuIV6CDgn5rfat4& hl=en& ei=C_FYS7zeNJaekQWI69XzBA& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=1& ved=0CAkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q=& f=false)

    Grisanti, Michael A., and Howard, David M., (eds), "Giving the Sense:Understanding and Using Old TestamentHistorical Texts" (Kregel Publications, 2003) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=stMd0QV97IYC&printsec=frontcover& dq=Giving+ the+ sense:+ understanding+ and+ using+ Old+ Testament+ historical+ texts&source=bl& ots=sd1LmTBJo4& sig=qC6JSYAXqcGDh7hUvmDCA5DSLqI& hl=en&ei=yanjS4vlGNCgkQXMnekJ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Hess, Richard S., "Israelite religions: an archaeological and biblical survey" Baker, 2007) (http:/ / books. google.com. au/ books?id=2jNoqNRDYDUC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Israelite+ religions:+ an+ archaeological+and+ biblical+ survey& source=bl& ots=e-g06-h-pq& sig=Kdjz3ET2Bn8TKs52JZYy5EVsP9s& hl=en&ei=xYKhTeOqAoG-uwPxk5iOBQ& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=5&ved=0CEEQ6AEwBA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Kavon, Eli, "Did the Maccabees Betray the Hanukka Revolution?" (http:/ / www. jpost. com/ Home/ Article.aspx?id=8467), The Jerusalem Post, 26 December 2005

    Lemche, Neils Peter, "The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey" (Westminster JohnKnox Press, 2008) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=RWqLVc7ccG0C& printsec=frontcover& dq=The+Old+ Testament+ between+ theology+ and+ history:+ a+ critical+ survey& source=bl& ots=oz29UVfXLM&sig=Z547aDKQpmTVSAzLYRXyYjkCJLw& hl=en& ei=enQRTfKSKYKUvAOG1dnYDQ& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2& ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Levine, Lee I., "Jerusalem: portrait of the city in the second Temple period (538 B.C.E.70 C.E.)" (JewishPublication Society, 2002) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=gqL8C_JBEm0C& pg=PA196&lpg=PA196& dq=Jerusalem:+ portrait+ of+ the+ city+ in+ the+ second+ Temple+ period+ (538+ B. C. E. -70+ C.E. )& source=bl& ots=gDgRtu7RxH& sig=ZesxP2Mtbc0EiYimTMEMbjmZg7E& hl=en&ei=zO0MTIC8F4jCcYvVzbAO& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Na'aman, Nadav, "Ancient Israel and its neighbours" (Eisenbrauns, 2005) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=1RgRPAkLqLUC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Ancient+ Israel+ and+ its+ neighbors+ Nadav+Naaman& source=bl& ots=HJlFWoITAw& sig=EcyA7QZGk83FCI9o_Dowd7aC-U8& hl=en&ei=iASbTIjzBIKycKzXmb0J& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Penchansky, David, "Twilight of the gods: polytheism in the Hebrew Bible" (Westminster John Knox Press,2005) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=BDq7AUgIYacC& dq=Twilight+ of+ the+ gods:+ polytheism+in+ the+ Hebrew+ Bible& printsec=frontcover& source=bn& hl=en& ei=oMWETPuiHsjRcbimxNAL& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=4& ved=0CCkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Provan, Iain William, Long, V. Philips, Longman, Tremper, "A Biblical History of Israel" (Westminster JohnKnox Press, 2003) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=dmI4eW8qvOYC& dq=The+ Origins+ of+Biblical+ Israel+ Davies& printsec=frontcover& source=in& hl=en& ei=jo5iS-3kJM2HkAXp28j6Bg& sa=X&oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=11& ved=0CDgQ6AEwCg#v=onepage& q=The Origins of Biblical IsraelDavies& f=false)

  • History of ancient Israel and Judah 18

    Russell, Stephen C., "Images of Egypt in early biblical literature" (Walter de Gruyter, 2009) (http:/ / books.google. com. au/ books?id=OMISLh2ZC08C& printsec=frontcover& dq=Images+ of+ Egypt+ in+ early+biblical+ literature& source=bl& ots=pcFRmhj8cB& sig=FsAKzE4DxCrLGYYtp7C9h6JHXlU& hl=en&ei=Uw0bTZWIBoqsvgOYltiTDg& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=2&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Sparks, Kenton L., "Ethnicity and identity in ancient Israel" (Eisenbrauns, 1998) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=KztVonFGqcsC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Ethnicity+ and+ identity+ in+ ancient+ Israel:+prolegomena+ to+ the+ study+ of+ ethnic& source=bl& ots=vixtemHFhD&sig=HRNrafgmZulCltm6mGA0EF_-qcs& hl=en& ei=5OOBTfmlEoiyvwP_u-nbCA& sa=X& oi=book_result&ct=result& resnum=3& ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Stackert, Jeffrey, "Rewriting the Torah: literary revision in Deuteronomy and the holiness code" (Mohr Siebeck,2007) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/ books?id=XAsgfNCjWWwC& printsec=frontcover& dq=Rewriting+ the+Torah+ Jeffrey+ Stackert& source=bl& ots=IvuYP9FNX3& sig=QQGRwN5loomO0ADdZa1s0WAsKL4&hl=en& ei=lR0OTN_RF8LBceCSpcsM& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result& resnum=1&ved=0CBQQ6AEwAA#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Vanderkam, James, "An introduction to early Judaism" (Eerdmans, 2001) (http:/ / books. google. com. au/books?id=0fFlz7PbgTcC& dq=An+ introduction+ to+ early+ Judaism+ + By+ James+ C. + VanderKam&printsec=frontcover& source=bn& hl=en& ei=S0gLTNF8htlxxLfsrA4& sa=X& oi=book_result& ct=result&resnum=4& ved=0CCUQ6AEwAw#v=onepage& q& f=false)

    Velazquez, Efrain, "The Persian Period and the Origins of 'Israel': Beyond the Myths", (Bible and Interpretation,July 2009) (http:/ / www. bibleinterp. com/ articles/ persian. shtml)

    Library of latest modern books of biblical studies and biblical criticism (http:/ / biblicalauthorship. blogspot. com/2011/ 07/ library. html)

  • Article Sources and Contributors 19

    Article Sources and ContributorsHistory of ancient Israel and Judah Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=553920777 Contributors: -Ril-, 15.253, 192.146.101.xxx, 1966batfan, 24.251.118.xxx, ACSE,ASEOR2, AaronPaige, Adambro, Ajraddatz, Alansohn, Aldnonymous, Alensha, Amillar, Amoruso, Andre Engels, Andreas Philopater, Andrew c, Andrewa, Andrewman327, Anthony, Anthonyon Stilts, Antodav2007, Arabmuslim12, Arcandam, Aric de Lioncourt, Arielkoiman, Ariely, Arkuat, ArnoldPettybone, Arong53, Arthena, Arx Fortis, Atm153, Authoritative, AvicAWB, Avono,Awwiki, BD2412, Babaluba100, Bachrach44, Benjil, Bertrc, Bfannin, Bhadani, Biblbroks, BigDunc, Binabik80, Blake w aletheia, Blakelikejazz, Blubberbrein2, Bluerasberry, Bobo192,Bondegezou, Boomshadow, Brain, Brenont, Briangotts, Bsimmons666, Btisonbaylor, CDrecche, CJ, Calliopejen1, Camyoung54, Caplower, Cbrodersen, Centrx, Cesar Tort, Chaleyer61,Chefallen, Chesdovi, Chewings72, ChrisGualtieri, ChrisO, Chrislk02, Clara Yeung, Cncwikipedia, Codex Sinaiticus, Coemgenus, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Conversion script, Corvuscornix, Craig Pemberton, CsDix, Cuchullain, Cush, Cypherx, D6, DTOx, DXRD, DabMachine, Dailycare, Dalai lama ding dong, Daniel Case, Danny, Dark Formal, Darkwind, Darth Panda,David E G, David Haslam, David Kernow, Davidoko99, Dbachmann, DenisKrivosheev, DerHexer, Derek Ross, Di Stroppo, Dierk Lange, Discospinster, Dkived, Dogface, Domino theory,DopefishJustin, Doron, Dougweller, Doviel, Dpwkbw, DragonflySixtyseven, Drsmoo, DuncanHill, Dutchb*y, Dwmyers, Dylan Flaherty, EWikist, Ec5618, Edokter, Egil, El aprendelenguas,Eliyak, EllenS, Engelhardt, Eob, Epbr123, Epeefleche, Epson291, Equilibrial, Eric Forste, ErinHowarth, ErkinBatu, Etincelles, Everstanley, Evertype, Everyking, Evildoer187, Ewawer, F451,Fairnsquare, Fallschirmjger, Faradayplank, Fayenatic london, FayssalF, Fences and windows, FesCityRaver, Fiddler7, FimusTauri, Fingolfin86, FinnWiki, FisherQueen, Flinders Petrie,FolkenFanel, Foobaz, Francis Hoar, Funhistory, FunkMonk, GHcool, GTBacchus, Gadykozma, Galut5, Gilliam, Gioto, Giraffedata, Glane23, Gogo Dodo, Graham Grove, Graham87,Greyshark09, Grover cleveland, Gscshoyru, Gurch, Gveret Tered, Gkhan, H8this, Hadal, Happy-melon, Harry, Hertz1888, Hippalus, Hirohisat, Historian932, Hmains, Humus sapiens, I dreamof horses, I'mDown, IRP, IZAK, Ian Pitchford, Ian.thomson, Iflex13, Imeriki al-Shimoni, Ingo174, InverseHypercube, Iohannes Animosus, Itapuah, Iuhkjhk87y678, Izzedine, J.delanoy, JMK,Jackfork, JamesyWamesy, Java7837, Jayjg, Jbabrams2, Jcbos, Jdschatz, Jennifer, JerryOrr, Jfdwolff, Jfiling, Jheald, Jim1138, Jjavitt, Jmabel, John D. Croft, John Hyams, John J. Bulten, John ofReading, JohnCD, JohnSawyer, Jon Jonasson, Jose77, JoshuaZ, Joybucket, Jsp722, Judgesurreal777, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Kafka Liz, Kafziel, KaliqX, KaragouniS, Karl-Henner, Karmafist,KeeperSkye, Ken Gallager, Kenyon, Kingturtle, KnightRider, KnowledgeOfSelf, Koakhtzvigad, Koavf, Kungfuadam, Kuratowski's Ghost, Kurtis, Kwamikagami, Kxcd, LK, Laetoli, Leifern,Lemmiwinks2, Leoboudv, Lexicon, Lifeformnoho, LindsayH, Lisa, Llywrch, Lord Pistachio, Luk, M-le-mot-dit, MECU, Mackstar1, Magioladitis, Marco polo, MarcoLittel, Marek69, MarkFoskey, MarkSutton, Markh, Marknau, MartinHarper, Math Champion, Matt B., Matthiasb, McSly, Megajacob246, Metzujan, MichaelJanich, Miquonranger03, Mirv, Mmeijeri, MrWhipple,Mrglass123, Myanw, NIKE2010, Nantoz, NawlinWiki, Nefertum17, Ninja247, Noctibus, Nowa, Number 57, Nws106, Nyttend, O RLY?, Oct13, Oleg Alexandrov, Olivier, Omicronpersei8,Oncenawhile, OnePt618, Orange Suede Sofa, Ortolan88, PCHS-NJROTC, PahaOlo, Paine Ellsworth, Panoptical, Parent5446, Parka Lewis, Paul August, Pegship, Periergeia, Peyre, PiCo, Piotrus,Portillo, Prophet.daniel777, Q, Qwertyus, R'n'B, RK, RNajdek, Rachmaninov Khan, RainbowOfLight, Rcjavid, Redaktor, Rednblu, Reedy, Rich Farmbrough, Richardprins, Ricky81682,Rickyrab, Rob117, Robin S, Roger Arguile, RomeW, Ronin2040, Rosencrantz1, Rubicon, Ruhrjung, SGreen, SJK, Saiht, Sam Hocevar, Sampi, Sardanaphalus, Sceptre, Schaefer, Seaphoto,Sega381, Sfan00 IMG, Sfdan, Shrike, SimonKSK, Sintaku, Sionus, Sjoerd visscher, Skarebo, Skinrider, SkyWalker, Slashme, Slrubenstein, Sm8900, Smarcus, Smgottlieb, Smoggyrob, Snshady,Sodium, Solaceradio, Sonyack, Sorenly, Sortan, Sozzy, Spangineer, Spinach Monster, Spinningspark, Splash, Spooky turnip, SpuriousQ, StAnselm, SteinbDJ, Stephen Gilbert, Steven J.Anderson, Str1977, Student7, Summer Song, Sven Manguard, THEN WHO WAS PHONE?, TWIIWT, Tabletop, Tad Lincoln, Tariqabjotu, Teqoah, TexasAndroid, That Guy, From That Show!,The Anome, The Proffesor, The Rambling Man, TheCuriousGnome, TheEditrix, Therealmikelvee, Thomas of Hookton, Til Eulenspiegel, Tmangray, Tommy2010, Train2104, Trapper,TraxPlayer, Trevor MacInnis, Triggerhippie4, Tritomex, Trobert, Trusilver, Tundrabuggy, Uriber, UtherSRG, Vanished user ewfisn2348tui2f8n2fio2utjfeoi210r39jf, Vargenau, VerenSteve,Vespristiano, Vishnava, Vovochka05, Vrenator, Vuvar1, Wassermann, Wclark, Welsh, West.andrew.g, WhiteShark1967, Widefox, Wiglaf, WikHead, WikiDao, Wikieditor101, Wikipelli,Wjhonson, Wm.Pittman, WmTyndale, Woodcojb, Woohookitty, Wspjaskson, Xiggelee, Yahel Guhan, Yelizandpaul, Yosefsimcha, YoterMimeni, Zephyrus67, Zerida, Zundark, 969 anonymousedits

    Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Kingdoms of Israel and Judah map 830.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kingdoms_of_Israel_and_Judah_map_830.svg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Oldtidens_Israel_&_Judea.svg: FinnWikiNo derivative work: Richardprins (talk)File:Kotel Israel.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kotel_Israel.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: SuperJewFile:Flag of Israel.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Star of David.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Star_of_David.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370File:Folder Hexagonal Icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:People icon.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:People_icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: OpenClipartFile:Baal Ugarit Louvre AO17330.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Baal_Ugarit_Louvre_AO17330.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:JastrowFile:Israel's History-Hebrews-Israelites-Jews-Samaritans-heritage.png Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Israel's_History-Hebrews-Israelites-Jews-Samaritans-heritage.png License: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Contributors: DXRDImage:Merneptah Israel Stele Cairo.JPG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Merneptah_Israel_Stele_Cairo.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0Contributors: WebscribeImage:A reconstructed israelite house, Monarchy period3.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:A_reconstructed_israelite_house,_Monarchy_period3.jpg License:Public Domain Contributors: TalmoryairFile:Fotothek df ps 0002470 Innenrume ^ Ausstellungsgebude.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Fotothek_df_ps_0002470_Innenrume_^_Ausstellungsgebude.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 GermanyContributors: A. Wagner, Common Good, Hadhuey, MB-oneFile:Hasmoneese rijk.PNG Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hasmoneese_rijk.PNG License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Original uploader wasMachaerus at nl.wikipedia (Original text : nl:Gebruiker:Machaerus)

    LicenseCreative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/

    History of ancient Israel and JudahPeriodsSourcesThe biblical narrativeThe archaeological record

    Late Bronze Age Background (1600BCE - 1200BCE)Iron Age I (1200BCE - 1000BCE)Iron Age II (1000BCE - 550BCE)Babylonian periodPersian periodHellenistic periodReligionIron Age YahwismSecond Temple Judaism

    ReferencesBibliographyFurther reading

    License