history, growth, statistics and future csc1720 – introduction to internet essential materials

History, Growth, History, Growth, Statistics and FutureStatistics and Future

CSC1720 – Introduction to CSC1720 – Introduction to InternetInternet

Essential MaterialsEssential Materials


All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung All copyrights reserved by C.C. Cheung 2003.2003.

22

Who are they?Who are they?



33

OutlineOutline

The Birth of InternetThe Birth of Internet Internet PioneersInternet Pioneers ARPA & ARPANETARPA & ARPANET Switching NetworkSwitching Network Growth of the InternetGrowth of the Internet Who governs the InternetWho governs the Internet The development in ChinaThe development in China The Future ProspectsThe Future Prospects



44

The Birth of ARPAThe Birth of ARPA

In 1957, USSR launches the first artifiIn 1957, USSR launches the first artificial earth satellite - Sputnik.cial earth satellite - Sputnik.

In 1958, US forms the In 1958, US forms the AAdvanced dvanced RReseesearch arch PProjects rojects AAgency (gency (ARPAARPA))

ARPA directly reports to the US DepaARPA directly reports to the US Department of Defense (DoD) and develortment of Defense (DoD) and develops state-of-the-art technology in ordps state-of-the-art technology in order to maintain the leading military reer to maintain the leading military research position.search position.



55

The evolution of ARPAnetThe evolution of ARPAnet

The 1st Packet-Switching (PS) paper The 1st Packet-Switching (PS) paper was presented in 1961.was presented in 1961.

PS-network was presented to the ARPS-network was presented to the ARPA in 1968. The request for the propoPA in 1968. The request for the proposals of ARPA Network (ARPANET) was sals of ARPA Network (ARPANET) was sent in the same year.sent in the same year.

In 1969, the ARPANET commissioned In 1969, the ARPANET commissioned by DoD for research into networking.by DoD for research into networking.

Only 4 nodes comprise the ARPANET.Only 4 nodes comprise the ARPANET.



66

Packet Switching or Packet Switching or Circuit Switching?Circuit Switching? Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching

– A network that provides data channels A network that provides data channels for the sole use by a single user.for the sole use by a single user.

Packet SwitchingPacket Switching– Message is broken into pieces of data Message is broken into pieces of data

and is transmitted over the network.and is transmitted over the network.

Demo now!Demo now!



77

Circuit SwitchingCircuit Switching



88

Packet SwitchingPacket Switching



99

The first ARPANETThe first ARPANET

Nodes are connected by AT&T 50kbps Nodes are connected by AT&T 50kbps lines.lines.

Node 1:Node 1: University of California Los University of California Los Angeles (Angeles (UCLAUCLA), Host is SDS SIGMA7), Host is SDS SIGMA7

Node 2:Node 2: Stanford Research Institute ( Stanford Research Institute (SRISRI), Host is SDS940), Host is SDS940

Node 3:Node 3: University of California Santa University of California Santa Barbara (Barbara (UCSBUCSB), Host is IBM 360/75), Host is IBM 360/75

Node 4:Node 4: University of University of UtahUtah, Host is DEC , Host is DEC PDP-10PDP-10



1010

HostsHosts

IBM 360/75IBM 360/75 DEC PDP-DEC PDP-1010



1111

Diagram of the 4-Diagram of the 4-nodes ARPANETnodes ARPANET



1212

Interface Message Interface Message Processor (IMP)Processor (IMP) 4 IMPs were conne4 IMPs were conne

cted, ARPANET wacted, ARPANET was born.s born.



1313

Geographical Geographical PositionPosition

Host 1(UCLA)

Host 2 (SRI)

Host 3 (UCSB)

Host 4 (Utah)



1414

Geographical PositionGeographical Position



1515

The father of ARPANETThe father of ARPANET

Larry Roberts is Larry Roberts is the principal the principal architect of the architect of the ARAPNETARAPNET



1616

The growth of The growth of ARPANETARPANET 1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, M1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, M

IT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…IT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…



1717

The growth of The growth of ARPANETARPANET 1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, M1971, 15 nodes (23 hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, Univ of Utah, M

IT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…IT, Harvard, Stanford, UIUC, CMU, NASA, etc…



1818

The growth of ARPANETThe growth of ARPANET

Ray Tomlinson invents email prograRay Tomlinson invents email program (1971), introduce the use of “m (1971), introduce the use of “@@”.”.

ALOHAnet (first packet radio networALOHAnet (first packet radio network) from Univ of Hawaii, join ARPANET k) from Univ of Hawaii, join ARPANET in 1972.in 1972.

1973, study shows email compose 751973, study shows email compose 75% of the ARPANET traffic.% of the ARPANET traffic.

Elizabeth II sent an email in 1976.Elizabeth II sent an email in 1976.



1919

The ARPANET - 1973The ARPANET - 1973



2020

Figure 10.1 Countries in 1977 that could send or receive email but were not connected to the Internet.



2121

Late 1970s, Early Late 1970s, Early 1980s1980s Many networks were builtMany networks were built

– In 1981, In 1981, BITNETBITNET, the “, the “BBecause ecause IIt’s t’s TTimime e NETNETwork” started as cooperative netwwork” started as cooperative network.ork.

– CSNETCSNET (Computer Science NETwork) see (Computer Science NETwork) seeds grant support by National Science Fouds grant support by National Science Foundation (NSF) and provides connection bndation (NSF) and provides connection between universities.etween universities.

– EUnetEUnet (European UNIX Network) (European UNIX Network)– JUNETJUNET (Japan UNIX Network) (Japan UNIX Network)– JANETJANET (Joint Academic Network) in UK (Joint Academic Network) in UK



2222

Why Decentralized?Why Decentralized?Why Distributed?Why Distributed? Centralized model – attack the Centralized model – attack the

central point, any counter-attack?central point, any counter-attack?



2323

Distributed NetworkDistributed Network

Paul BaranPaul Baran has 2 im has 2 important ideas to the portant ideas to the development of ARPdevelopment of ARPANETANET– Distributed networkDistributed network– Packet switchingPacket switching



2424

NSFNETNSFNET

In 1986, NSFNET was created In 1986, NSFNET was created (backbone speed of 56Kbps)(backbone speed of 56Kbps)

Connected 5 supercomputing Connected 5 supercomputing centers.centers.– JVNC@PrincetonJVNC@Princeton– PSC@PittsburghPSC@Pittsburgh– SDSC@UCSDSDSC@UCSD– NCSA@UIUCNCSA@UIUC– Theory Center@CornellTheory Center@Cornell



2525

NSFNET - BackboneNSFNET - Backbone



2626

Expansion of hostsExpansion of hosts

Number of hosts breaks 10,000 in 1987Number of hosts breaks 10,000 in 1987 NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.5M) NSFNET backbone upgraded to T1 (1.5M)

19881988

Number of hosts breaks 100,000 in 1989Number of hosts breaks 100,000 in 1989 NSFNET upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps) NSFNET upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)

19911991

Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 in Number of hosts breaks 1,000,000 in 19921992



2727

T3 BackboneT3 Backbone



2828

Trunk BandwidthTrunk Bandwidth

T1 – Trunk Level 1T1 – Trunk Level 1 A T3 line is comprised of 28 T1 A T3 line is comprised of 28 T1

lines, each operating at total lines, each operating at total signaling rate of 1.54 Mbps.signaling rate of 1.54 Mbps.– T1 – 1.5Mbps, T2 – 6Mbps, T3 – T1 – 1.5Mbps, T2 – 6Mbps, T3 –

45Mbps45Mbps European Standard – EEuropean Standard – E

– E1 – 2Mbps, E2 – 8Mbps, E3 – E1 – 2Mbps, E2 – 8Mbps, E3 – 34Mbps, E4 – 140Mbps34Mbps, E4 – 140Mbps



2929

The Internet - 1987The Internet - 1987



3030

The emergence of the The emergence of the InternetInternet

Department of Defense

(DoD)

National ScienceFoundation

NSF

OtherFunding

ARPANET

MilNET

NSFNET

CSNET BITNET

JANET

ALOHANETInternet



3131

The father of the The father of the InternetInternet Vint Cerf defines thVint Cerf defines th

e network protocol e network protocol and breaks the indand breaks the independent self-contependent self-contained networks, foained networks, forms TCP/IP which rms TCP/IP which becomes the standbecomes the standardard



3232

Networking Networking TechnologyTechnology Local Area Local Area

Network (LAN)s Network (LAN)s are very popular are very popular in 1980s, in 1980s, especially in especially in Universities.Universities.

Many workstations Many workstations were connected were connected by Ethernet which by Ethernet which was invented by was invented by Bob MetcalfeBob Metcalfe



3333

Who creates Mouse?Who creates Mouse?

Can you surf without the Can you surf without the use of mouse?use of mouse?

We should thank Douglas We should thank Douglas Englebart for his inventioEnglebart for his invention.n.



3434

The Invention of WWWThe Invention of WWW

The World Wide Web (WThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created by Tim WW) was created by Tim Berners-Lee at EuropeaBerners-Lee at European Laboratory for Particle n Laboratory for Particle Physics (Physics (CERNCERN) in 1991) in 1991

Together with Robert CaTogether with Robert Cailliau wrote the first WWilliau wrote the first WWW client and serverW client and server



3535

Browser evolutionBrowser evolution

Mosaic takes the Internet, 1993Mosaic takes the Internet, 1993– A graphical WEB browser, WWW client A graphical WEB browser, WWW client

which was released by Marc Andreesewhich was released by Marc Andreesen at NCSA (National Center for Supercn at NCSA (National Center for Supercomputing Applications) in the Universiomputing Applications) in the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign (UIty of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign (UIUC)UC)

Netscape, 1994Netscape, 1994– Marc Andreessen and Jim ClarkMarc Andreessen and Jim Clark– 1996, 75% uses Netscape1996, 75% uses Netscape– It was bought by America Online in 199It was bought by America Online in 199

9 (10 Billion in stock)9 (10 Billion in stock)



3636

Billionaire – Jerry YangBillionaire – Jerry Yang

David Filo & Jerry Yang David Filo & Jerry Yang started Yahoo when thstarted Yahoo when they were doing their Phey were doing their PhD studies at Stanford D studies at Stanford University in 1994University in 1994

Yahoo is one of the faYahoo is one of the famous search engine omous search engine on the NET.n the NET.



3737

Internet WormInternet Worm

In 1988, Robert Morris, graduate In 1988, Robert Morris, graduate student in Computer Science at Cornell, student in Computer Science at Cornell, wrote an experimental, self-replicating, wrote an experimental, self-replicating, self-propagating program “a worm”self-propagating program “a worm”

Distribute itself to over 6,000 of the Distribute itself to over 6,000 of the 60,000 computers that were on the 60,000 computers that were on the Internet at that time.Internet at that time.

He was sentenced to 3 years of He was sentenced to 3 years of probation, 400 hours of community, a probation, 400 hours of community, a fine of $10,050.fine of $10,050.



3838

Recent ThreatsRecent Threats



3939

Growth of the Internet Growth of the Internet HostsHosts



4040

Some StatisticsSome Statistics

At January 2000, there are At January 2000, there are 72,398,092 hosts connecting to the 72,398,092 hosts connecting to the Internet.Internet.

At June 2000, there are 17,119,262 At June 2000, there are 17,119,262 web servers.web servers.

At July 1997, there are 1,301,000 At July 1997, there are 1,301,000 domains.domains.

At July 1997, there are 171 countries At July 1997, there are 171 countries connecting to the Internet.connecting to the Internet.



4141

Interesting FactsInteresting Facts

25,000 new users daily25,000 new users daily 325 million users (October 2000)325 million users (October 2000) 50% of users are female50% of users are female 73 million hosts (October 2000)73 million hosts (October 2000) 200+ countries connected200+ countries connected World Wide Web sites double World Wide Web sites double

every two monthsevery two months



4242

Internet HistoryInternet History



4343

Growth of the Internet Growth of the Internet NetworksNetworks



4444

Growth of the Internet Growth of the Internet DomainsDomains



4545

Growth of the Internet Growth of the Internet Web SitesWeb Sites



4646

An example global An example global backbone networkbackbone network



4747

Who governs the Who governs the Internet?Internet? NOBODY!!NOBODY!! Internet Society (ISOC)Internet Society (ISOC)

– Professional membership societyProfessional membership society World Wide Web ConsortiumWorld Wide Web Consortium

– develops technologies (specifications, gdevelops technologies (specifications, guidelines, software, and tools) uidelines, software, and tools)

Internet Network Information Center Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC)(InterNIC)– Domain registrationDomain registration



4848

Who governs the Internet?Who governs the Internet?

Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and NuInternet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)mbers (ICANN)– responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol responsibility for the IP address space allocation, protocol

parameter assignment, domain name system managemenparameter assignment, domain name system management, and root server system management t, and root server system management

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF)– a large open international community of network desiga large open international community of network desig

ners, operators, vendors, and researchers ners, operators, vendors, and researchers



4949

Who governs the Internet?Who governs the Internet?



5050

Who manages IP Who manages IP address?address? Internet Assigned Numbers Authority Internet Assigned Numbers Authority

(IANA)(IANA)

– APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information CenAPNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information Center)ter)

Asia Pacific Asia Pacific

– ARIN (American Registry for Internet NumbeARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers )rs )

North America, South America, the Caribbean and sub-North America, South America, the Caribbean and sub-Saharan Africa. Saharan Africa.

– RIPE NCC (RIPE NCC (RéseauxRéseaux IP IP EuropéensEuropéens)) Europe, Middle East, parts of Africa Europe, Middle East, parts of Africa



5151

The Internet The Internet Development in ChinaDevelopment in China

Sept, 1987Sept, 1987 – a professor in Beijing sends out the – a professor in Beijing sends out the first email in Chinafirst email in China

Oct, 1990Oct, 1990 – China registers the country’s – China registers the country’s domain name “cn” at InterNICdomain name “cn” at InterNIC

Sept, 1994Sept, 1994 – China Telecom signs an agreement – China Telecom signs an agreement to open two 64K lines in Beijing and Shanghaito open two 64K lines in Beijing and Shanghai

Jan, 1996Jan, 1996 – China Public Computer Internet – China Public Computer Internet (CHINANET) opens(CHINANET) opens

Jun, 1999Jun, 1999 – 1.46 million computers connected to – 1.46 million computers connected to the Internet and 4 million Internet subscribers, the Internet and 4 million Internet subscribers, 29,045 .cn domain names and 9,906 web sites29,045 .cn domain names and 9,906 web sites

Nov, 2002Nov, 2002 – 145,427 .cn domain names, … – 145,427 .cn domain names, …



5252

An Internet OdysseyAn Internet Odyssey

Please suggest what will happen Please suggest what will happen in 2010 to the Internet?in 2010 to the Internet? De-Mobilization of Free De-Mobilization of Free

Expression?Expression? People listening today, more People listening today, more

people will be listening people will be listening tomorrowtomorrow

Not a substitute for Not a substitute for communicating with peoplecommunicating with people

Still expanding very fast – IPv6!Still expanding very fast – IPv6!



5353

ReferencesReferences

Hobbes’ Internet TimelineHobbes’ Internet Timeline Internet PioneersInternet Pioneers Zen and the art of the InternetZen and the art of the Internet Life on the InternetLife on the Internet China NICChina NIC Berners-Lee, Tim. (1999). Berners-Lee, Tim. (1999). Weaving the Weaving the

WebWeb. San Francisco: HarperCollins.. San Francisco: HarperCollins. Class Exercise:Class Exercise:

– Question: What is Internet2?Question: What is Internet2?



5454

The EndThe End

Thank you for your patience!Thank you for your patience!

Source:"A History Of The Internet: 1962-1992", by The Computer Museum (TCM)

history, growth, statistics and future csc1720 – introduction to internet essential materials

Documents

internet growth

future csc1720 introduction

arpanet nodes

birth of arpa

internet essential materials

evolution of arpanet

ucsb node

future prospects slide