Primary

"Computer-Controlled Anesthesia Simulation." Gale U.S. History in Context. Detroit: Gale, 2012. U.S.

History in Context. Web. 9 Jan. 2015.

The photo was used as an example of the progression of the use of anesthesia

"The Discovery Of The Anæsthetic Properties Of Sulphuric Ether." The British Medical

Journal 2.1189 (1883): 738. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.

The article detailed the discovery of sulphuric ether’s effects as an anesthetic.

Long, Crawford W. "Account of the First Sulphuric Ether by Inhalation as an Anesthetic in Surgical

Operations." Southern Medical and Surgical Journal 5 (1849): n. pag. Web.

Information on how Dr. Long documented his experiments with sulphuric ether was gathered by

using this resource.

Wells, Horace. A History of the Discovery of the Application of Nitrous Oxide Gas, Ether, and Other

Vapors, to Surgical Operations. Hartford: J. Gaylord Wells, 1847. Print.

Well’s claim to discovering anesthesia aided the tab on the controversy of who discovered

anesthesia first.

Secondary

Boland, Frank K. "CRAWFORD WILLIAMSON LONG AND THE DISCOVERY OF

ANESTHESIA." The Georgia Historical Quarterly 7.2 (1923): 135-54. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan.

2015.

Information was used from this source on Dr. Long’s discovery of anesthesia.

"Conquering Surgical Pain: Four Men Stake Their Claim." Conquering Surgical Pain: Four Men Stake

Their Claim. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.

This website provided information on the four notable people who claimed to be the first to

discover anesthesia.

"Crawford Long (1815-1878)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.

General information on Crawford Long was obtained using this source.

"CWL Parents Siblings Sibling Spouces." CWL Parents Siblings Sibling Spouces. N.p., n.d. Web. 04

Jan. 2015.

Dr. Long’s family members were noted in order to establish what his early life and family were

composed of.

Paciorek, Jessica. "MEDICINE AND ITS PRACTICE DURING THE AMERICAN CIVIL

WAR." TCNJ JOURNAL OF STUDENT SCHOLARSHIP 9 (2007): 1.

Http://joss.pages.tcnj.edu/files/2012/04/2007-Paciorek-Civil-War-Medicine.pdf . Web. 8 Jan.

2015.

Information about anesthesia’s role in treating the wounded during the American Civil War.

Rosenbloom, Julia M., and Robert E. Schonberger. "Toward an Understanding of the Equality of Pain:

Crawford Long and the Development of Anesthesia in Antebellum Georgia." Journal of

Anesthesia History (2014): n. pag. Web. 4 Jan. 2015.

General information was confirmed and gathered about Dr. Long’s life and contribution.

"The Discovery Of Anaesthesia." The British Medical Journal 2 (1919): 1017. JSTOR. Web. 04 Jan.

2015.

Information of the discovery of anesthesia was noted from this article, especially Dr. Long’s life.

"The Fear Of Anaesthetics." The British Medical Journal 1.2719 (1913): 299-300. JSTOR. Web. 04

Jan. 2015.

Reactions to anesthesia were noted in this article and the fear of death from using certain forms

of anesthesia were discovered.

Thomas, Charles, and Joseph Jacobs. "Some Personal Recollections and Private Correspondence

of Dr. Crawford Williamson Long." Google Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2015.

This source was useful in finding personal recollection from individuals that knew

Crawford W. Long personally and provides a valuable point of view on his character

and his insolvent in the civil war.

Southern Medical and Surgical journal. Vol 5 No.20. December, 1849

Southern Medical journal is contains the first recorded information of Long’s

experiments with ether, the discovery is supported by witnesses accounts.

Letters by Crawford W. Long and addressed to him cited in Frank Boland’s book The First

Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long. Athens, GA: U Of Georgia, 2009. Web.

These letters record Long’s requesting ether which he would use in his first

experiment successfully.

"Dr. Crawford Long's Painless Operation." Georgia Public Broadcasting. Georgia Public Radio, n.d. Web.

08 Jan. 2015.

Long’s first operation on a patient using anesthesia is presented in an education

video-documentary in which actors re-enact Long’s discovery.

Madden, Leslie. "Crawford Long (1815-1878)." New Georgia Encyclopedia. Georgia Institute of

Technology, n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2015.

Basic information about Long’s early life, education and source of inspiration

provided by the Georgia institute of technology.

Boland, Frank K. The First Anesthetic: The Story of Crawford Long. Athens, GA: U Of Georgia,

2009. Web.

Boland’s book provides information on the development of anesthesia before Long

and his experimentation and impact in the medical and surgical world. The book also

has a section discussing the contradiction about who was first to discover anesthesia.

The Discovery of Anesthesia." The British Medical Journal 2.1919 (1897): 1017. Print.

The British Medical Journal reports the news of the discovery of ether by an

American surgeon.

Goss, J. H. "Atlanta Journal-record of Medicine." Journal-Record of Medicine 10.8 (1908):

401+. Web. 5 Jan. 2015

The account gives information about Long’s personality, his family and life. It also

talks about his experience with Nitrous oxide before he started experimenting with

ether.

Smith, Allen J. "Documentary Evidence Bearing Upon Dr. Crawford W. Long's Discovery of

Ether Anesthesia." Google Books. University of Pennsylvania, n.d. Web. 05 Jan.

2015.

The resource gives supporting evidence which confirms Long as a pioneer in ether

anesthesia. The source provides handwritten papers of Long’s writings and letters.

Finger, Stanley. "Origins of Neuroscience." Google Books. Oxford University Press, n.d. Web.

08 Jan. 2015.

This source describes the attempted experimentations with ether before Long by

Paracelsus and William W. Clarke and describes the debate over the discovery of

ether.

KapitonavaShao2015

lincoln

http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/ugapressbks/pdfs/ugp9780820334363.pdf

http://www.jstor.org/stable/40575757

http://www.jstor.org/stable/25300367

http://www.jstor.org/stable/20251629

http://www.jstor.org/stable/25264376

http://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/science-medicine/crawford-long-1815-

1878

http://www.anesthesiahistoryjournal.org/article/S2352-4529(14)00004-8/fulltext

http://www.jlrmedicalgroup.com/about-anesthesia/first-anesthesia-case

http://archive.org/stream/39002011123388.med.yale.edu#page/n9/mode/2up