Funerary Architecture

EGYPT

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HISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

3000 BC-Early summer at Ethiopian highlands, Stormclouds begin to form

-Down to this streams began to form the “Bllue nile”

-By late july the Nile fills out over it’s banks and consumes the entire valley leveling everything in it’s path.

-from Nile River-Mediterranean sea, villagers were being washed out and thousands of locals are homeless

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MENES (3000-2938 BC)

• The first pharoah of Egypt’s first Dynasty.

• He is a warrior with passion in building.

• His army united from upper and lower egypt into one great kingdom

• While flooding consumes every corner of egypt, it’s capitol city “MEMPHIS” became dry because of it’s massive 49 ft. Dam sorrounds it. It is the first ever

recorded dam in history.

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MEMPHIS DAM

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EGYPTIAN FUNERARY

ARCHITECTURE

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EGYPTIAN’S FUNERARY ARCHITECTURE

• Since the Ancient Egyptians believed so strongly in an after-life, they did their outmost, each according to it’s means, to build lasting tombs, to preserve the body, and to bury with it the finest commodities along

with the deceased.

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MUMMYFICATION SYSTEM

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• Egyptians created tombs for the corpses along with it’s finest commodities.

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TOMB ARCHITECTUREThe tombs were of three main types:

MASTABAS

ROYAL PYRAMIDS

ROCK-HEWN TOMBS

EGYPTIAN FUNERARY ARCHITECTUREHISTORY OF EGYPTIAN ARCHITECTURE

LOOK FOR EGYPTIAN TEMPLES

MASTABAS• (meaning "house for eternity" or "eternal house" in Ancient Egyptian), is a type of ancient

Egyptian tomb in the form of a flat-roofed, rectangular structure with inward sloping sides, constructed out of mud-bricks (from the Nile River) or stone.

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ROYAL PYRAMIDS

• Early Royal tombs were of the mastaba type, from which the true pyramid evolved.

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• STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, SAQQARA

• PYRAMID AT MEYDUM

• BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

• NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

• GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU)

• PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)

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STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, SAQQARA

• (2778 BC)

• Is remarkable as being the world’s first large-scale monument in stone.

• Is a stacked mastabas

• Originally a four-step pyramid but later enlarge the size at the west and added two more steps above making it stood 20 storeys tall.

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• Djoser’s tombs would not be built in mud bricks (previous ones) but from stones.

• This pyramid is built for Djoser’s immortal praise

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ORDER OF BUSINESS:• FIRST: Select a burial site for the pharoahs.

• SECOND: Assemble a labor force. To build his portal to the afterlife the pharaohs must rely to the sweat of his

subjects.

WHO’S DJOSER?

DJOSER(2667-2648)• the second ruler of Egypt's old kingdom period

• During his reign he is so popular that he seized being mere immortal in the minds of his subjects and became

the first Egypt's pharaoh to be defined as a god

STEP PYRAMID’S PICTURE?

STEP PYRAMID OF DJOSER, SAQQARA

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PYRAMID AT MEYDUM• Is attributed to Huni, last king of Third Dynasty and father of the recent pharoahs

at that time, SNEFRU.• 8 stone step

• And filled each steps with packing stones

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And enclosed the core with white limestones giving the structure a

smooth side

It is a success but there was a problem; there's no much to hold

each step in place.

MEYDUM PYRAMID’S IMAGE?

PYRAMID AT MEYDUM

WHO’S SNEFERU BTW?

SNEFERU (2613-2589 BC)• Founder of egypt’s 4th dynasty

• Child of the former pharaoh, Huni and being married to his Half-sister to proclaim the throne.

SNEFERU?

SNEFERU (2613-2589 BC)

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BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

• Senefru’s second pyramid.

• Has the peculiarities, first, that the angle of inclination of the sides changes about halfway up from 54 degree 15 minutes in the lower part to 43 degrees in the upper, where it shows hasty

completion.

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BENT OR SOUTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

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NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

• Made after the abandonment of the Bent pyramid, was the actual place of Burial Sneferu, for nearby are tombs of the royal family and officiating priest; it was designed

and completed as a true pyramid, the earliest know.

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NORTH PYRAMID OF SENEFRU, DAH-SHUR

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GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KHUFU)• Largest Pyramid which is about 146.5 km

• Also known as the tallest man-made structure

• Oldest of the Ancient wonders of the world.

• Is guraded by the Great Spynx, largest modelling statue in the world.

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CHEOPS (KHUFU)• Was the son of sneferu, and the second king of the

Fourth Dynasty. His pyramid, largest of the famous three on his site was originally 146.4 m (480ft) high and

230.6m (756ft) square on the plan.

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GREAT PYRAMID OF CHEOPS (KUFU)

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PYRAMID OF CHEPREN (KHAFRA)

• The Pyramid of Khafre or of Chephren [1] is the second-tallest and second-largest of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramids of Giza

and the tomb of the Fourth-Dynasty pharaoh Khafre (Chefren), who ruled from c. 2558 to 2532 BC

• The pyramid has a base length of 215.5 m (706 ft) and rises up to a height of 136.4 metres (448 ft)[1] The pyramid is made

of limestone blocks weighing more than 2 tons each.

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• Khafra (also read as Khafre, Khefren and Chephren) was an ancient Egyptian king (pharaoh) of 4th dynasty

during the Old Kingdom. He was the son of Khufu

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GREAT SPYNX OF CHEPHREN

The Great Sphinx of Giza ( English: The Terrifying One; literally: Father of Dread), commonly referred to as the

Sphinx of Giza or just the Sphinx, is a limestone statue of a reclining or

couchant sphinx (a mythical creature with a lion's body and a human head)

that stands on the Giza Plateau on the west bank of the Nile in Giza, Egypt. The face of the Sphinx is

generally believed to represent the face of the Pharaoh Khafra. It faces

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PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)

• The Pyramid of Menkaure, located on the Giza Plateau in the southwestern outskirts of Cairo, Egypt, is the smallest of the

three main Pyramids of Giza. It is thought to have been built to serve as the tomb of the fourth dynasty Egyptian Pharaoh

Menkaure.

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PYRAMID OF MYKERINOS (MENKAURA)

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ROCK-HEWN TOMBS

• A rock-cut tomb is a burial chamber that is cut into an existing, naturally-occurring rock formation,

usually along the side of a hill. It was a common form of burial for the wealthy in ancient times in several parts of

the world.

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• Tombs, Beni hasan• Tombs of the kings, Thebes

ROCK-HEWN

TOMBS, BENI HASAN

• is an Ancient Egyptian cemetery site. It is located approximately 20 kilometers to the south of modern-day

Minya in the region known as Middle Egypt, the area between Asyut and Memphis.[

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TOMBS OF THE KINGS, THEBES

• The Valley of the Kings is a valley in Egypt where for a period of nearly 500 years from the 16th to 11th century BC, tombs were

constructed for the kings and powerful nobles of the New Kingdom (the Eighteenth through Twentieth Dynasties of Ancient

Egypt). The valley stands on the west bank of the Nile, across from Thebes (modern Luxor), within the heart of the Theban

Necropolis. The wadi consists of two valleys, East Valley (where the majority of the royal tombs situated) and West Valley.

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• The area has been a focus of concentrated archaeological and egyptological exploration since the end of the eighteenth

century, and its tombs and burials continue to stimulate research and interest. In modern times the valley has become famous for the discovery of the tomb of Tutankhamun (with its rumours of

the Curse of the Pharaohs), and is one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world. In 1979, it became a World Heritage Site, along with the rest of the Theban Necropolis.

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ANCIENT EGYPTIAN TEMPLES

• Ancient Egyptian temples were meant as places for the gods to reside on earth. Indeed, the term the Egyptians

most commonly used to describe the temple building, wt-n rḥ ṯ , means "mansion (or enclosure) of a

god".

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EGYPTIAN TEMPLES• ABYDOS TEMPLE

• TEMPLE OF RAMSES II• TEMPLE OF RAMSES III• PHILAE TEMPLE• TEMPLE OF HORUS• LUXOR TEMPLE

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ABYDOS TEMPLE

• Abydos / ba d səˈ ɪ ɒ / is one of the oldest cities of ancient Egypt, and also of the eighth nome in Upper Egypt, of which it was the capital city. It is located about 11 kilometres (6.8 miles) west of the Nile at latitude 26° 10' N, near the modern Egyptian towns ofel-'Araba el Madfuna and al-Balyana. In the ancient Egyptian language, the city was called Abdju ( bꜣ dw or AbDw). The English name Abydos comes from the Greek βυδος, a Ἄname borrowed by Greek geographers from the unrelated city of Abydos on the Hellespont.

• is believed that Osiris is buried

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TEMPLE OF RAMSES II

• These rock-cut temples are located in the ancient Wawat (or the legendary Ybsambul) in Nubia, near the borders of Sudan, about 300 kilometers from Aswan.

Earlier temples in Nubia had been located within forts, but here the confidence of Ramses II, whose reign may have lasted as many as 67 years, is illustrated; these temples, probably once brightly colored, were cut into

the natural rock and lapped by the Nile.

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• The temple is dedicated to the most important gods of the New Kingdom, Ptah (the creator god of Memphis), Amun-Re (the great god of Thebes) and Re-Harakhte

(sun god of Heliopolis), as well as to the Pharaoh Ramses II himself. The four colossi, statues of Ramses II (c. 1290-1224 BCE), are more than 20 meters high

and about 4 meters from ear to ear.

Link: http://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/egypt/abusimbel/ramses/ramses.html

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TEMPLE OF RAMSES III

• In ancient times Madinat Habu was known as Djanet and according to ancient belief was the place were

Amun, first appeared. Both Hatshepsut and Tuthmosis III built a temple dedicated to Amun here and Later

Rameses III constructed his larger memorial temple on the site.

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During his time Djanet became the administrative centre of Western Thebes. The whole temple complex was

surrounded by a massive fortified enclosure wall, with an unusual gateway at the eastern entrance, known as the

pavilion gate.

Link:

https://www.bluffton.edu/homepages/facstaff/sullivanm/egypt/thebes/medhabu/medhabu.html

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PHILAE TEMPLE

• Philae in Greek or Pilak in ancient Egyptian, meaning ‘the end,’ defined the southern most limit of Egypt. It was begun by

Ptolemy II and completed by the Roman Emperors.

Link:

http://discoveringegypt.com/pyramids-temples-of-egypt/philae-temple/

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The Temple was dedicated to the goddess Isis, the wife of Osiris and mother of Horus. These three characters

dominate ancient Egyptian culture and their story possesses all the drama of a Shakespearian tragedy. The god Osiris is murdered and dismembered by his brother

Seth. Isis searches for the fragments, collects them together and with her magic powers brings Osiris back to

life.

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TEMPLE OF HORUS

• The Temple of Edfu is an ancient Egyptian temple located on the west bank of the Nile in the city of Edfu

which was known in Greco-Roman times as Apollonopolis Magna, after the chief god Horus-Apollo. It is one of the best preserved temples in Egypt. The

temple, dedicated to the falcon god Horus, was built in the Ptolemaic period between 237 and 57 BCE.

Link:

http://www.crystalinks.com/TempleEdfu.html

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LUXOR TEMPLE

• a large Ancient Egyptian temple complex located on the east bank of the Nile River in the city today known as

Luxor (ancient Thebes) and was constructed approximately 1400 BCE. In the Egyptian language it is

known as ipet resyt, "the southern sanctuary".

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1. Avenue of sphinx

2. First pylon

3. Roman camp

4. Mosque

5. Court of Ramessess II

6. Court of Amenhotep III

7. Chapel of Mut

8. Chapel of Khonsu

9. Chapel of Amun

10. Birth chamber

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