history book _part 3

PART III

Coins Belonging to Wethali Age

Wethali; The land of historic Finds

PART III

CONTENTS Pages

CHAPTER XI Coins belonging to Wethali Age - Paleography of coins legend 161-167 CHAPTER X1I -Coin-types belonging to the fifth-sixth Century

AD, total number 11 168-178 -Coin-types belonging to the sixth-seventh Century

AD, total number 2 179-180 -Coin-types belonging to the seventh-eighth Century AD, total number1 181 -Coin-types belonging to the eighth Century AD, total number1 182 -Coin-types belonging to the ninth-tenth Century AD, total number 1 183

CHAPTER X111 Discovery of Coins -Uninscribed coins most probably Dhanyawady coins and two types of Raja Candra Coins 184 -Three types of Deva Candra Coins 185 -Rajna Candra and Candra Bhandhu Coins 185 -Circulation of coins in different sizes 185-190 -Some special remarks on Wethali coins 191 -Sula Maharaza coins 191-192 -Possession of Raja Candra coins 193 -Possessions of Wethali coins up to date 194 -Comments on Possessions of Wethali coins 194-195 -The two unclaimed Coins of Surya Candra and Dhammarazar 195 CHAPTER X1V -More Discussion about Wethali coins 196-197 -Harikela coins 198-200 -Dhammarajar coins 201 -Sula Maharaza coins 201 -Gold coins of Priti Candra 202 -A gold coin from Vesali-Myint Aung 203204 -Auspicious Designs of Wethali coin in summary 205 -Tentative arrangements of Wethali Coins 206 -Remarks upon Wethali Kings 207-212 -Rakhine Territory in Wethali period 213 -Appreciations 214-219

Wethali; The land of historic finds 161 Chapter XI

Coins belonging to Wethali Age Paleography of coin legend

by U Sandamuni Bhikkhu A number of the coins with common bull and Srivatsa type, have been found which are preserved in Rakhine(Arakan) collections. Some forms consist of conch or scorpion and Srivatsa type. In the Vethali period, coin legends of Candra group of rulers, have been found. These kings are known to have ruled during the second period, a category divided on the basis of the names of kings found mentioned in the Shitthoung Prasasti of king Anandacandra at Mrauk-U. Apart from a series of coins of nine Candra rulers who are mentioned in Ananda Candra's Pillar inscription, we have also noticed coins of Suryacandra, Dharmmarajah and Srisinghagaanda-candra and these of Dharmmavijaya, Dhammarajah, Culamaharaja who are known only from their monetary issues and chronocles of Rakhine. Even Harikela coins have been in (Arakan) Rakhine. Of the coins, the earliest may be Deva which followed possibly by Candra, on the obverse of at least one of the coins, in a legend identical to that of the later Deva type. However, successively Yajnacandra, Candrabadhu, Bhumicandra, Bhuticandra, Niticandra, Viracaqndra, Priticandra, Prthivicandra and Dhrticandra are also found in Arakan(Rakhine). 2. Legend on Deva's coin (Vol.2, PL. LII) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Late Brahmi Date : c. A.D. 454. This coin minted of silver,1 has legend over the bull type of the obverse, with a measure of 4.7 gms.2 The uninscribed reverse side is of Srivatsa type. If Deva of the coin and Devacandra mentioned in verse No.24 of Shitthoung Prasasti be regarded as identical, then it can be placed in an earlier period. In instance, D.C. Sircar gives the tentative date of A.D. 454 for Devacandra. 3. Legend on Yajnacandra's coin (Vol.2, PL. LIII) Now at library and Cultural Museum, Sittway. Script : Late Brahmi Date : c. A.D. 476. This coin is of silver, and contains legend above the common bull type on the obverse, as in Deva coin. Its reverse side has both symbols of the sun and moon over the Srivatsa. The obverse legend can be read as Yajnacandra whose name is found in verse No.25 of Shitthoung Prasasti of king Anandacandra now at Mrauk-U, period in northern India, datable about the 5th -6th century A.D. However, we may apparently read this coin legend as Yajnacandra. Although specific date does not contain, the paleographical features point to about the 5th -6th century A.D. or not beyond the 6th century of the Christian era.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S. 162 4. Legend on CandraBandhu's coin (Vol.2, PL.LIV). Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway. Script : Late Brahmi Date : c. A.D. 483. This coin made of silver has a line of legend above the common bull on the obverse and both symbols of sun and moon with Srivatsa in the reverse as in Yajnacandra coin. The legend can be read as Candrabadhu whose name is found the same with the sixth king of the Candra dynasty in the Shitthoung Prasasti of king Anandacandra at Mrauk-U. Paleography of the coin legend may be pointed to a period in or before the 6th century A.D. The letters are late Brahmi mainly used in Gupta inscriptions of eastern India. The legend belongs to Candrabdhu, i.e. Candrabadhu, a king of the Vesali period datable around A.D. 483. 5. Legend on Bhumicandra's coin (Vol. 2, PL. LV) Now at Library and Cultural Museum Script : Late Brahmi Date : c, A.D. 487. This coin was struck of silver, usually with a line pf legend above the common bull type of the obverse, and both symbols of the sun and moon above the Srivatsa type of the reverse. The name of the coin issue r is also found in the list of Candra rulers contained in the Shitthoung Prasasti. The characters closely resemble to those of the late 5th and early 6th century A.D. of the Gupta period, particularly to those in Bengal. Paleographical features point to the last quarter of the fifth century A.D. The legend reads Bhumicandra, most probably a king in Vesali period. 6. Legend on Niticandra's coin (Vol. 2, Pl. LVI) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Late Brahmi Date : c, A.D. 520. The coin of Niticandra has been found throughout Rakhine. They are numerous, who ruled for a long time in Rakhine. Generally these coins are made of silver. The characters are late Brahmi of the northern class. Form found in the Candra coins legend reflected to 5th -6th century A.D. On paleographical ground, we may the place the coin to about the early 6th century A.D. The legend can be read as Niticandra; probably a king issued the coin. 7. Legend on Viracandra's coin (Vol. 2, Pl. LVII) Now at library and Cultural Museum, Sittway. Script : Late Brahmi Date : c, A.D. 575 Coins belonging to king Viracandra, whose name appears in both coins and inscription, have been discovered in Rakhine, particularly in the vicinities of old Dhannyawady and Vesali cities. They were generally made of gold and silver. Characters of legend on the coins usually follow the older forms found in the 6th century Arakanese inscriptions. They are usually similar to those found in the northern verity of late Brahmi of the Gupta period in

Wethali; the land of historic finds 163 India. We may read the legend as Vircandra whose name is apparently mentioned on the list of rulers of Candras of the second period in Shitthoung Prasasti of king Aanandracandra. The coin usually has a line above the common bull of the obverse, and symbols of the sun and moon above the Srivatsa in the reverse side as in the above mentioned coins. In this coin legend consonant ca is like an axe, a form usually found in the 6th century A.D. having resemblance to the form found in the legend of Niticandra coin. 8. Legend on Priticandra's (Vol.2, PI. LVIII) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway, Script : Late Brahmi Date : c. Last quarter of the sixth century A.D. From different parts of Rakhine(Arakan), Priticandra coins are also in a large number discovered in Rakhine(Arakan). The coins are generally made of gold and silver and sometimes of a mixed metal. On the obverse, a recumbent humped bull with head to the left together a garland around the neck is also known. On the reverse, a stylized trident is usually represented. There are the sun and moon above the bull. The letters used in the coin legend belong generally to those found in the northern variety of light Brahmi of the Gupta period in India. The Priticandra's name is known from verse 29 of the Shitthoung Prasasti of king Anandacandra. On paleographical ground we may place the coin in around the last quarter of the 6th century A.D. 9. Legend on Prathivicandra's coin (Vol.2, PI. LIX) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway. Script : Brahmi Date : c, A.D. 590. In verse 30 of the west face of the Shitthoung Prasasti of king Anancandra, the name of the king is given as Prthvicandra while the legends of the coins are found as the names Prathivicandra or prthicandra. All the appearances may refer to the same king. His name is found in twelfth king of the Candra group of second list of the Shitthoung Prasati. The usual forms of northern class of the 6th century A.D. are seen in the coins. Consonant forms used in the legends of the coins are the same as found in the inscriptions of Vesali period. Therefore, the coin legend of Prathivicandra may apparently be dated within the 6th century A.D. and precisely in the last quarter of that century. 10. Legend on Dhrticandra's coin (Vol. 2, PI. LX) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Brahmi Date : c, A.D. 597. The coin of the last king of Candra dynasty mentioned in Shitthoung Prasati of king Anandacandra, have been discovered from time to time throughout Rakhine. The coins bear usual bull type on obverse and Srivatsa type on reverse. They resemble to those found in Indiam particularly in Gupta period. The coins are made of silver and gold, and sometime coins in other metals are also noticed. Legend on the coin is noticed one line above the recumbent humped bull of the obverse.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S. 164 We may read the coin legend as Dhrticandra, the last king of Candra dynasty in the second period according to the Shitthoung Prasati, but chronicles of Rakhine point to Culacandra as the last king of Vesali period. This coin legend may also be attributed to about the last quarter of the 6th century A.D. 11. Legend on Suryacandra's coin (Vol.2, PI.LXI) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Brahmi Date : c, Early 7th century A.D. The coin belonging to Suryacandra, who is not found in the list of Candra group mentioned in the second period of Shitthoung Prasati, has been discovered in Rakhine. The name of the king, however, is known in chronicles and local traditions of Rakhine, who is mentioned in second dynasty. Some scholars intend to show that the kings found in the northern face of Shitthoung Prasasti of Anandacandra, would probably conform to the Candra kings found in local chronicles and some legends of Rakhine. If the decipherment of text on the northern face could have been carried out, then we would be in a position to know the more names of rulers with name Candra in particular. Unfortunate thing is that at present the condition of the valuable Northern Face has gone more obscure. However, P. Gautman could read the name of a king as Simghagandacandra from the northern face, whom she intended to identify with the name Thingacandra mentioned in local chronicles. 12. Legend on Dharmavijaya's coin (Vol. 2, PI. LXII) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Siddhamatrika Date : c, 7th century A.D. The name of the Dharmavijaya is not mentioned in local chronicles, but the Shitthoung Prasati refers to him in verse 37 of third dynasty. His name is also found in the Linmontaung inscription. The name of the king was surmounted with the epithet Pramabhattaraka Maharajadhiraja, who donated land in favor of the monk residing in the Maharama Vihara (See above P) 13. Legend on Dhammacandra coin (Vol. 2, PI. LXIII) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Siddhamatrka Date : c, Early 8th century A.D. The coin belonging to King Dhammacandra whose name is found in verse 42 of Prasasti of King Anandacandra Pillar, has been discovered in Rakhine. It is stated that the King was the father of Anandacandra who was the last king of Candra group according to the west face of Anandacandra inscription at the Shitthoung Temple in Mrauk-U. The coin usually contains legend above the common bull on the 0bverse side, and both symbols of sun and moon above the Srivatsa in the reverse side, as in the above mentioned coins. The letters used in the coin legend belong to Dhammacandra, indicating Sanscript or Pali influence. Besides this coin, we know Caitya inscription from Vesali belonging to the king, who, he is said, has constructed the Caitya with the aim to be librated all beings from the fetters of Lobha, Dosa and Moha.

Wethali:The land of historic finds 165 14. Legend on Dharmmarajah's coin (Vol. 2, PI.LXIV) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Siddhamatrka Date : c, 8th century A.D. Coins attributed to King Dharmmarajah whose name is not found in either in the list of kings of the Shitthounf Prasasti of King Anandacandra or in local chronicles of Rakhine(Arakan), have been discovered throughout the vicinities of old Dhannyawady and Vesali cities in Rakhine(Arakan). They are either in gold or silver as the coins mentioned above. The language of the legend in Sanskrit. The letters belong to the varieties used in the 7th -8th century A.D. in India. The coins have usually the legend above the common bull on the obverse and solar and lunar symbols above the Srivatsa on the reverse. Stylistically they follow the previous coins of Candra rulers.On paleographical features place them in the Vesali period in Rakhine(Arakan). In these coin legends, consonant ja in jah, is the three armed variety with its lower horizontal arm bent down. It is the same as found in the 7th -8th century A.D and as in that of Dharmmavijaya coin. Consonant dha has a semi circle at left with the right hand vertical extended below. Consonant ma retains old form of the 6th century A.D. seen in Vesali period. Consonant ra is of a vertical line bent down towards the right, which slightly appears to be different from the previous form of Vesali period. Medial vowel form for a is of a long vertical at right extending up to the foot of the parent letter. The legend on the coin reads as Dhammarajah. On paleographical ground this coin can be dated in the 7th -8th century A.D. 15. Legend on Sri Simghagandacandra's coin (Vol.2, PI.LXV) Now at library and cultural museum, Sittway Script : Siddhamatrka Date : c, 10th century A.D. King Simghagandacandra of this coin, is probably identical with Simghagandapati –suracandra 3 mentioned in the northern face of Shitthoung Prasasti of the King Anandacandra. He appears to be the same name to the king Simghacandra 4 known in eighth dynasty from the chorinicles of Rakhine(Arakan). The King seems to belong to the later period. On paleographical feagures all the letters of the coin legend can be compared to those used in Siddhamatrka of the late 9th -10th century. The letters are similar to those found in the north face of the Shitthoung pillar inscription. The coin can be assigned to one of the kings mentioned in chronicles of Rakhine(Arakan). The legend is inscribed in two well-spaced lines. First line is Sri in the centre and the second line is Simghagandacandra above the bull of the obverse. The reverse is the symbol as in above mentioned coins in Vesali period. 3. See Gutman, p, opci . p 4. Sandamalalinkara, Ashin; New History of Arakan. (Burmese) 1931 p.

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 166 16. Legend on Culamaharaja's coin (Vol.2, PL. LXVI) Now at Library and Cultural Museum, Sittway Script : Rakkhawanna Akkhara (Arakanese Script) Date : c, 10th century A.D. A coin bearing the name of Culamaharaja, was discovered in Rakhine(Arakan) (see San Tha Aung "Arakanese coin" p.27, PL 19). We know the name of the king from the chronicles as a later king of Rakhine(Arakan). It does not bear the representation of bull on the Obv and Srivatsa on the Rev. Instead it has only legend of lines inscribed on full space of the coin. On one side legend is inscribed in Rakhine(Arakanese) script (Rakkhawanna Akkhara) on the other with early form of Hindi, similar to coins of Lemrot and Mrauk-U periods. Numerical notation on either side is given on the coin. King Culamaharaja is perhaps the same as Culacandra mentioned in the chronicle of Rakhine.5 He ruled in about A.D 957 6. The Rakhine(Arakanese) chronicles said that he was drowned to death at Cape Nagrais on his return from Tagaung.7 The coin appears to have been struck by Culamaharaja (also called Culacandra in Rakhine chronicles)8 If the coin would belong to king Culacandra of the later period of Wethali, then we can assume that Rakhine(Arakanese) script (Rakkhawanna Akkhara using presently in Rakhine(Arakan) had developed even before A.D 1000 in Rakhine(Arakan), and that remarkable changes took place in the development of script from about that period. From the 9th -10th century of the Vesali period, the script used in epigraphic documents bear certain characteristics which approach the Rakkhawanna Akkhara noticeable in the records of the Lemrot period. The Triangular Stone Slab inscription from the Wethali Moat, attributable on paleographical ground to the 9th -10th century A.D, bear forms for certain full vowels and consonants which are easily comparable to those used in inscriptions of the Lemro Age . The language of the Triangular Stone Slab inscription is, however, Pali. But the language of the Lamp inscription from Vesali is Arakanese(Rakhine) and the letters used in it are a step further towards formation of the present Rakkhawanna script. It is evident that used of Rakhawuyna language instead of Pali and Sanskrit gave a boost to the full-fledged development of the Rakkhawanna. These features are also noticeable in coin ascribable to the 9th -10th century A.D. The last years of the Wethali period thus provides us with a transitional phase when Siddhamatrika was being gradually replaced by Rakkhawanna Akkhara and Pali and Sanskrit by Rakhine(Arakan). ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5. Sandamalalinkara. Ashin, op cit. p ; Okkantha, Ashin Siri, op cit. p 6. Sandamalalinkara, Ashin, op cit. p 7. Shwe Zan, U, op cit. p 8. Okkantha, Ashin Siri, op cit. p.

Wethali ; The land of the historic finds 167 Legends on coins testify to the fact that the Brahmi script with which the legends on most of are inscribed was in a process of development from the first ever issue during the 5th century A.D. We have altogether 15 kings of the Wethali period, who have issued coins mostly in silver, though at least one among them, namely Priticandra struck coins in gold also. The names of these kings are (1) Rajacandra (2) Deva (3) Yajnacandra (4) Candrabadhu (5) Bhumicandra (6) Niticandra (7) Viracandra (8) Priticandra (9) Prathivicandra (10)Dhraticandra (11) Suriyacandra (12)Dharmmavijaya (13)Dhraticandra (14)Dharmmaraja (15) Simgaganda- candra. Besides, we have coins, made of silver, in the name of the region, i.e., Harikela. All the legends of the kings appear in Brahmi or late Brahmi that was derived from the variety of North or North-eastern India. From the records of Dhanyawady Razawin Thit and Doe Wai chronicles, we came to know about Mahataingcandra (Suryacandra), U San Hla of Mrauk-U, composer of Doe Wai's History in verse, described that, the king in the name of Thuriacandra or in other words, the founder of Candra Dynasty issued a Bull coin of two denominations with the said name. From the reasons stated above, we can draw a conclusion that Thuriacandra is the same king with alternative name Mahataingcandra and according to Professor Dr. Johnstan, it was the synonymous name Dvencandra, the founder of Wethali mentioned in the Table II of Anandacandra inscription pillar. Out of thirteen kings belonging to the Wethali period mentioned in that table, II types of coins are in our possession now. The uncertain coin so far is that of Dvencandra. However, it has come to our notice that we have a silver Bull coin in our possession with 4th century inscriptions bearing the name of Thuriacandra which was presumed to be Mahataingcandra (a) Dvencandra as per reasons stated above. Moreover, there was no such king as Thuriacandra in 7th century of both records. It is therefore, assumed to say that we have already collected a coin of Thuriacandra on which we can claim as the same king in the name of Mahataingcandra with alternative title Dvencandra.

Surya Candra N.B. Detail collections of Wethali coins and two Pyu coins are shown in page(42) and page (43). Moreover, the Khayine Kyun lies in the southern part of Rakhine State near Rakhine(Arakan) Roma. It was on the route to Tharaykhittara, a capital city of Pyu kingdom. It indicates that the two kingdoms of Pyu and Rakhine were in good terms and evidently it indicates the trade relations between two countries.

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 168 Chapter XII Coin-Types belonging to the 5th -6th Century AD.

Wethali ; The land of the historic finds 169

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 170 Coin-types belonging to the 5th -6th Century

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 172

Coin-types belonging to the 5th -6th Century AD.

PLATE - XVIIIA

6. (c.5th – 6th Century A.D)


Coin-types belonging to the 5th -6th century AD.

PLATE – XIX



PLATE - XXIII



PLATE - XXIV

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 178 Coin-types belonging to the 5th -6th century AD.


Coin-type belonging to the 6th 7th century

PLATE – XXVI

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 180 Coin-types belonging to the 6th -7th century AD.

PLATE - XXVII

Wethali ; The land of the historic finds 181 Coin-types belonging to the 7th -8th century AD.

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 182 Coin-types belonging to the 8th century AD.

PLATE – XXVIIIA

16. (c.8th Century A.D)

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S. 184 CHAPTER XIII Discovery of coins

Uninscribed coins most probably Dhanyawady coins and Two types of Rajacandra coins

Un inscribed Scorpion coins Srivetsa

Un inscribed Scorpion coins Srivetsa

Rajacandra Raja Srivetsa conch

Rajacandra Raja Srivetsa sitting bull

Collection from Hsihdet village, Khayine Island, Taunggoke Township, Thandway District, Southern Rakhine State in 1985. In our knowledge, collection of Rajacandra coin was the latest one in 1985.

Wethali : The land of the historic finds 185

Three Types of Devacandra coins

Deva candra Srivatsa

Deva candra Srivatsa Bull left turn

Deva candra Srivatsa Bull right turn

These collections of 3 types of Devacandra coins were found in the same hoard of collection from Khayine Island in Taunggoke Township.

Rajna Candra and Candra Bhandu

Rajna Candra left turn sitting bull Srivetsa with garland of bead round the neck

Srivetsa Candra Bhandu sitting bull

U Shwe Zan, B.Sc, B.C.S 186

Same collection from Khayine Island in Taunggoke

Bhumi Candra sitting bull left Srivetsa turn with garland of bead round the neck

Srivetsa Niti Candra

Sitting bull

Circulations of coins in different sizes

In Wethali days the king like Bhumi Candra and Niti Candra issued denomination of half size of coins (i.e. in Myanmar as rl;aph'*Fg;) and the king Niti Candra , Vira Candra and Priti Candra issued the denomination of ¼ th size (i.e. in Myanmar as rwfaph'*Fg;) . S.N Name of Kings Denomination of different sizes in circulation Chart IV Full size -½ size -¼ size 1. Bhumi Candra _ - 2. Niti Candra _ 3. Vira Candra _ - 4. Priti Candra _ -


Some special remarks on Wethali coins According to some researchers Suryacandra coin was ascribed paleographically to around the

second quarter of the 7th century. But if we study the paleographic tables carefully it can be noticed

that the alphabets inscribed on the coin is closer to earlier century.

We understand from U San Hla's Mahamuni Nigone Ywa Verse, Maha Taing Candra issued

bull coins in the name of Surya Candra which was the indication of Surya or Lunar Dynasty.

Therefore, it is definitely to be claimed the Surya Coin as Mahating Candra the Synonymous name

of Dvencandra, the founder of Wethali Table II in the inscription side.

From the analytical study of the old records we understand that Anandacandra ruled ten more

years and Sulacandra succeeded him after his death. Again Sulacandra was succeeded by three more

kings Ahmratu (7yrs), Pe Pru(17yrs), and Ngaton (24 yrs) before closing of Wethali period.

Sula Maharazar Coin

King Sula Candra issued a silver coin in the name of Sula Maharazar inscribed with Rakhine

alphabet on obverse side and Persian and Nagari on the reverse side.

18 Sulamaharazar coin

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S. 192

In fact, this is the proof of the evolution of characters, alphabets and languages in this point of time.

In other words this is the indication of using Rakhine(Arakanese) alphabets since 8th century and

starting from that time the trade relations between Rakhine(Arakan) and Arab countries were well

established.

19 Thuriacandra coin or Suryacandra coin


Possession of Rajacandra Coin. Rajacandra coin was firstly collected by a farmer of Khayine village in Taunggoke township,

southern part of Rakhine (Arakan). It was found accidentally near the river shore of the same village

together with other verities of 48 Wethali coins and two Pyu coins (most probably Paikthano or

ThareKhitara coins). These coins were handed over to Rakhine State People's Council with the help

of chairman of Taunggoke township council.

Those silver coins consist of inscribed names of some kings belonging to 2nd Wethali period.

Following are the some examples-

(1) Rajacandra 425AD-Conch/ Srivatsa (2) Deva 454 AD- Conch / Srivatsa (3) Devacandra 454 AD- Bull facing left/Srivatsa (4) Devacandra 454 AD- Bull facing right/Srivatsa (5) Yajnacandra 476 AD- Bull facing left/Srivatsa (6) Bhumicandra 489 AD-Bull facing left/Srivatsa

Pyu Coins

Inclusion of Two Pyu coins among collections indicated that there were definitely trade

relationship between Wethali and Pyu kingdom like Paikthano and Tharekhitara. Moreover, Khayine

village lies on the route to Tharekhitara from Wethali. (not so far away from Taunggoke pass)

22. Raja Candra Coin

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S. 194

Possessions of Wethali Coins up to date The kings as lined up in the following dynasties lists of inscription side are 26 in numbers.

Out of those lists , the kings marked with esteric in right sides issued coins and the number is

counted as 11. Where as another 2 coins by the name Bhuticandra and Anandacandra esteric

marked in left side also issued coins as recorded by Dr. Pamela Gutman. She had witnessed those

two coins displayed in London museum of England. There were 3 unclaimed coins by the title of

Suryacandra, Dharmmaraja and Simhagandacandra.

Comments on Possessions of Wethali Coins

As we know there were 3 tables mentioned in west face of the Anandacandra pillar. As far as

we know, the table I was listed with (15) kings which can be compared with kings of chronicle

sides starting from 24th king Ralamaru in the time of 2nd Dhanyawaddy up to the last king of

3rd Dhanyawaddy by the name of Thuriaketu.

Actually, Wethali dynasty started from Dvencandra of Table II as mentioned below and

continuously Table III started with Mahavihara . However only nine kings + one reign less + 3

kings ruled on the chronicle side.

But it is stranged to say that, only 15 kings from inscription side issued coins with the only

exception of Sulacandra who issued by the name of Sulamaharazar coin from chronicle side,

issued no coins. To emphasize about the possession of coins in 1985, we recovered a hoard of

Wethali coins in the considerable numbers of 48 + 2 Pyu coins most probably belonging to either,

Paikthano or Tharaykhitra . Those collected coins (now preserved in Library and Cultural Museum,

Sittway ) are firstly founded in

Wethali ; The land of the historic finds 195 Hsindet village, Khayine Island, Taunggoke Township, Thandway District in southern Rakhine

(Arakan) State.

Again, if we study the lists of the kings belonging to inscription side which was marked with

esoteric issued coins and the numbers counted are 13 only. There were two numbers of unclaimed

coins in the name of Suryacandra and Dharmarajar.

The two unclaimed coins of Suryacandra and Dharmarajar

Looking back the History of Wethali stone pillar, the two names of kings Suryacandra and

Dharmarajar were not included in the dynastic lists of both sides.

However, we came across in the verse entitled "Mahamuni Nigone Ywa, the author poet U

San Hla from Kyaukrikkay village of Mrauk-U described the name of founder king of Wethali as

Thuria Taing Candra. We further learnt that Thuria Taing Candra just after accession to the Wethali

throne, the king issued Bull Coin in two denominations to be used us numismatic in the transaction

of trade. In Rakhine(Arakanese) History, we learned that as a founder of Wethali, the king

Mahataing Candra also known as Thuria Taing Candra, as an alternative name, again this name

Thuria Taing Candra or Suria Candra was found in the inscription engraved at the back of Yaksa

Seina Puti Panada stone sculptured figure on unveil inscriptions were engraved about the founder

king Thuria Taing Candra had full filled about his pious gifts and also to mark the completion of

renovation works of Mahamuni shrine, the king erected as a monument to express the

meritorious deeds. This Senapati Pannada Sculptured figure was still displayed in the Precint of

Mahamuni shrine till today. Therefore, it is sure to say that the Maha Taing Sandra and Thuria

Taing Sandra (Suria Candra) were the same person and Dr. Johnston of Bailiyaw College, Oxford

University claimed that the founder of Wethali in inscription side was Dven Candra and this name is

Synonymous to Mahating Candra of chronicle list and whose alternate name was Thuria (Surya )

Candra was the founder king of Wethali.

Logically, we can proof that owner of Surya Candra coin should be claimed definitely as

MahaTaing Candra; with Dven Candra is Synonymous name of inscription side.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S 196 CHAPTER XIV

More discussion about Wethali Coins.

These were two sides of recording, regarding Wethali dynasty that is chronicle records and

inscription records. They are-

Dynastic Recordings of Two Sides.

Chronicle Side Inscription Side

1. Taing Candra 1. Dven Candra

2. Raza Candra 2. Raja Candra

3. Maula Candra 3. Kala Candra

4. Pawla Candra 4. Deva Candra

5. Htula Candra 5. Yajna Candra

6. Kala Candra 6. Candra Bahndu

7. Thiri Candra 7. Bhumi Candra

8. Thinga Candra 8. Bhuti Candra

9. Niti Candra

10. Vira Candra

Wethali; The land of the historic finds 197

11. Priti Candra 12. Prthvi Candra 13. Dhrti 14. Mahavira 15. Vrajayap 16. Sevinren 17. Dharma Sura 18. Vajrasakti 19. Thiri Dhamavijaya 20. Nerendravijaya 21. Dhama Candra

9. Sula Candra 22. Ananda Candra

10. Ahmratu 23. Sula Candra

11. Pe Pru 24. Ahmratu

12. Reign less 25. Pe Pru

13. Ngaton 26. Ngaton

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S 198 Harikela Coins U Sandamuni Bhikkhu of Calcutta University, in his Doctoral Thesis, described about the

Harikela coins as follows:-

"The Vesali (Wethali) Age also witnessed for the first time in the history of Arakan

(Rakhine), introduction of coins in money in both gold and silver, A large number of coins issued by

(15) Candra rulers of Arakan (Rakhine) mentioned as predecessors of king Ananda Candra in the

Shitthoung prasasti. We also know the coins of a number of later rulers, but exact identity or

relationship of the later with the former cannot be categorically ascertained. There are types of coins

in silvers, which instead bearing the name of any ruler, depict the legend " Harikela" which, as a

geographical term, comprised the present districts of Comilla, Noakhali, Chittagong and Sythet of

Bangaledesh and parts of the Indian state Tippera.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S 200


Dharmmaraja Coins

There is one more coin to be explained i.e. Dharmmaraja coin. In table III of Wethali period.

The king by the name of Dharmma Sura, was the nearest name to Dharmmaraja. Also, since we have

not found the Dharmma Sura coin yet, it is quite possible to draw a conclusion that issuer or owner

of Dharmmaraja coin was to be no other than Dharmma Sura shown in the dynastic list of Wethali

third table. The third coin by the title of Singhaganda Candra is not traceable in west-face. But it is

possibly mentioned in north-face of the pillar.

There were another two coins, Bhuti Candra belonging to table II and Anandacandra ,

belonging to table III, also the author of west-face of Anandacandra inscription pillar, So far, We

cannot trace about the collection of these coins in Rakhine(Arakan), but fortunately we have come

across about the story of these two coins in the list of Dr. Pamela Gutman's, Doctoral Thesis Vol

II. She mentioned about Bhuti Candra coin as well as Anandacandra coin, that she had witnessed

those two coins were displayed in London Museum of England, United Kingdom. So we can claim

that those two coins were already collected during the time of British rule.

Sula Maharazar Coin

King Sula Candra issued a silver coin in the name of Sula Maharaza inscribed with Rakhine

(Arakanese) Alphabet on obverse side and Persian & Nagari on the reverse side. In fact, this is the

proof of evolution of characters, Alphabets and Language in this point of time. In other words this is

the indication of using Rakhine(Arakanese) alphabet since 8th century and starting from that time

trade relation between Rakhine(Arakan) and Arab countries were well established.


Gold coin of Priti Candra The gold coin of Priti Candra was mentioned in the article (please see the article) written by

U Myint Aung of Archaeological Department, the Working People Daily, Monday, 24 November

1980.(Pls see P 43)


A gold coin from Vesali ,Myint Aung

The Arakanese(Rakhine) numismatic history is complete with comprehensive evidences. The

earliest coins struck in Arakan(Rakhine) are dated to the Candra Dynasty of the 4th to 6th centuries

A.D. This tradition of casting coins as currency was handed down to the later periods as a cultural

heritage. The Launggyet and the Mrauk-U periods are also characterized by their own coinages

which may be linked upon as in line with the tradition. These coinages prove to be indispensable for

those who delve into Arakan's past.

Some of the commendable works on the subjects are Sir Auther Phayre's coins of

Rakhine(Arakan), of Pegu and of Burma (the International numismata orienteihlia, London, Trubner

and co 1882). Mr.M.s collies in collaboration with U San Shwe Bu Arakan place in the civilization

of the Bay. (A study of coinage and foreign relations) (BRSFAP, No,2 Rangoon 1960, Pp483-504).

Miss Colleen Rosein: Some coins of Arakan the Nation Sunday supplement November 11 1960,

Pamela Gutman, Ancient Arakan Ph.D. This is, Australian National University 1976 and The

Ancient coinage of Southeast Asia a paper mimeographed and OD;pHomatmif &cdkif'*Fg;? &efukef

a':apmapm pmay 1979.

With the fresh and important material coming into light, these commendable works may

some times need to be revised and enlarged in the spectrum of the new evidence. Here in this

connection, it is gratifying to report this discovery of a gold coin from Vesali early this year.

Through U Oo Tha Tun's kindness, we had the apportunity to study and did some photography of the

coin weighing a little more than 1/8 of a tical in Mrauk -U. The gold coin belongs to one Kaung San

Kyaw, a gold smith, living at ward No.2, of The Southern Quarter in Mrauk-U. But he was unable to

explain circumstances leading to the discovery of the find or how it came into the possession.

Fortunately, the coin is inscribed with the words "Priti" proving that it was issued by Priti

Candra, the eleventh king of the Second Candra Dynasty in A.D. 558. Besides the inscription, the

coin has a beaded border, depicting a garlanded recumbent bull which faces left, The reverse face of

the coin bears a srivatsa symbol with five dots underneath and encircled by beaded fringe. The coin

measuring 1.75 centimeter across assumes roughly the size of a four anna piece which was in

circulation in Burma before 1948.

Up till now, no gold coin of the Candra Dynasty has been reported in the published works

cited above notwithstanding the fact that U San Tha Aung alludes to some gold coins of the later

period in his monograph. The present find may probably encourage those interested persons to make

thorough search for more finds.


The significance of the present find can be gauged against the background of the

contemporary Pyus who are understood to have cast gold coins. The New Tang History refers to the

Pyus who are understood to have cast gold coins. The New Tang History refers to the Pyu gold coin

in the British Museum Collection.

It is evident; therefore, that Arakan(Rakhine) does not lag behind the times. Candra Dynasty

was endowed with a coinage in two media: silver and gold. The use of gold coins unmistakably pints

out high level of prosperity that Vesali had attained. The scientific studies of the coins of Vesali bear

testimony that they were struck as currency possibly in promotion of trade in the early Christian

centuries.

Again, if we accept all of the above concept , it is sure to say that un inscribed coins

found together with this hoard in Khayine Kyun, was definitely the coins belonging to the

period before Wethali. I.e. the 3rd Dhanyawaddy period. This also shows Wethali continuously

succeeded 3rd Dhanyawaddy and it was quite evident and more indication of Trade and commerce

since the time of 3rd Dhanyawady.

.


Auspicious Designs of Wethali Coin in Summary

In obvious side of Wethali coin , we can see an auspicious design of a throne which is

called in Myanmar / Rakhine as Thirivestsa and the Thirivetsa is flanked by two leaves of Thazin

orchid which represent noble symbol of Rakhine(Arakanese) people. The dots shown under

Thirivestsa are the indication of water, which also is the sign of prosperity in Wethali Age.

In obverse side we can notice shinning sun and crescent moon on top of the coin. This is the

indication of people as Aryan descendant. That shows Rakhine(Arakanese) people were descendants

of Aryan Race. ;

In reverse side, a sitting bull turn either to left or right with of stamped which represent the

most three auspicious days. I.e. Full moon day of Kasome (May) or in Rakhine we call the Withakha

day and in the same day of different years of the most memorable three occasions were happened.

There were three events happened in the same full moon day of Kasome. The first occasion was

Buddha's Birth, 2nd Buddha's enlightened and lastly Buddha's Maha Prinibana. Some people

misunderstand this bull as bull nandy which presents the noble bull worshiped by Hindu people. In

this reverse side name of author king was usually inscribed on the top of the face in Brahmi letters.


Tentative arrangement of Wethali Coins

1. Uninscribed coins = Scorpion / Srivatsa, conch/ srivatsa – most probably Dhynyawady

coin.

Coins belonging to 5th to 6th AD.

2. Surya Candra = Representing, Maha Taing Candra synonymous Dven Candra

alternate name Thuria Taing Candra, Sitting Bull / Srivatsa.

3. Raja Candra = Two types of coins, (1) sitting bull left turn / Srivatsa. (2)Conch/

srivatsa.

4. Deva Candra = Three types of coins (1) sitting bull left turn/ srivatsa (2) sitting bull

right turn / srivatsa (3) Conch / srivatsa.

5. Yajna Candra = Bull left turn / srivatsa with beaded garland round the neck.

6. Candra Bhandu = Bull left turn / srivatsa.

7. Bhumi Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa with beaded garland with the neck.

8. Bhuti Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa. British collection- London museum.

9. Niti Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

10. Vira Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

11. Priti Candra = Both silver and gold coin- sitting bull / srivatsa.

12. Prithul Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

13. Driti Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

Coins belonging to 6th to 7th AD.

14. Dharmarajar = Representing Dharma Sura (V36) sitting bull / srivatsa.

15. Dharmavijaya = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

16. Dharma Candra = Sitting bull / srivatsa.

Coins belonging to 8th century A.D.

17. Ananda Candra = British collection – London museum.

18. Sulamaharaza = Rakkhawunna in obverse / Arabic and Parsian reverse.

19. Sangagunda Candra= 9th – 10th A.D. ninth-face.


Remarks upon Wethali Kings

1. Dven Candra = Synonymous to Maha Taing Candra of chronicle side as claimed by

Professor Dr. Johnston of Oxford University, the alternate name of Maha

Taing Candra was Thuria Taing Candra or Surya Candra In (V20), Dven

Candra conquered 101 kings, built a city which was adorned by surrounding

walls and a moat. Having constructed the city, which laughed with heavenly

beauty.

Renovation works of Mahamuni shrine and records of the king's

meritorious deeds were recorded at the back of " Yaksa Senapati Panada" a

stone sculptured figure still stands today as a monument in the precinct of

Mahamuni shrine. Thubava Devi was the Queen. U San Hla of Kyauk Raikai,

described in his verse about the king's circulation of two denominations of

Bull coins/ srivatsa.

2. Raja Candra = Also called similar name Raza Sandra in chronicle side Issued coins

in two types. I.e. Conch / Srivatsa and sitting bull / srivatsa

succeeded the Wethali throne after the death of Dven Candra.

3. Deva Candra = Fourth in the line of Dven Candra. Issued three types of coins. i.e. Conch/

srivatsa, sitting bull left turn / srivatsa and sitting bull right turn/ srivatsa.

4. Yajna Candra = Issued coins (No other comment).

(1. U San Hla's Mahamuni Nigone Ywa and other chronicle record.)

5. Candra Bandhu = Issued coins, (No other comment).

6. Bhumi Candra = Issued coins in two denominations.

U Shwe Zan B.Sc, B.C.S 208 7. Bhuti Candra = Issued coins (London museum) A copper plate land grant was proclaimed

and stamped with royal bull seal on both sides. The Queen's name was

Kimmajundevi.

Seven predecessor's kings and queens were noted as follows:

7th King Bhumi Candra - Queen & mother of donor's king.

Bhumi Candra - Kalayana devi - mother

6th King Candra Bandhu - Kyaudevi - grandmother.

5th King Yajna Candra - Sukanya devi - great grandmother.

4th King Deva Candra - Kindala devi - great great grand mother.

3rd King Kula Candra - Kintom devi - great great great grandmother.

2nd King Raja Candra - ------------ - great great great great

grandmother.

1st King - Dven Candra - Thupava devi- great great great great

great grandmother.

8. Niti Candra. = Issued coins in three denominations of full, ½ and quarter. In 1986 an

inscribed stone slab measuring 18" in length 10" in breadth and 6" in thickness

was discovered from the ruins of old Wethali. The inscription was issued by

the Queen of Niti Candra. The present inscription is the earliest inscriptional

source which throws new light on early Rakhine History, revealing the

existence of the royal family of the Candras of Rakhine.More inscription of

Queen of Niti Candra were


found in Thandway which are of immense help of the reconstruction of the

early history of Rakhine(Arakan).

9. Vira Candra = Issued a number of coins in two denominations. A stone slab containing four

inscribed lines of writing was recovered in 1956. Vira Candra, mentioned in

(V29) of Shitthoung Pillar of King Ananda Candra also refers to king Vira

Candra . We know from the inscription that Vira Candra constructed a

hundred Buddha Stupas out of his love for the Satkya Dharmma.

10. Priti Candra = Issued both gold and silver coins in three denominations. A gold

ring inscribed with Priti was also found which was kept by U Maung

Oo Kyaw of Mrauk-U.

11. Dharma Vijaya = Issued coins. An inscription of land grant was found in inscribing about

the royal gift of land in the second year of his reign. Dharma Vijaya

sponsored a great Buddhist council of thousand monks from each side of

two countries, Rakhine(Arakan) and Sri Lanka. Tipitaka text were engraved

and recorded in (5000) copper plates. The last cancellation of Kawzar era

was done in the year 560 corresponding to 638 A.D.in Kaliyug and 677

A.D.in Vikram sambat dates. A new Kawzar era was started from the very

point of time. That Kawzar era was still in practice in our country up till

now. Today, Kawzar date is 1370. In chronicle side, the king was known

as Thiri Candra.


12. Dhama Candra = Issued coins. In chronicle side the Dhama Candra was called Thinga

Candra, who was happened to be husband of Saw Prai Nyo @ Thuwunna

Devi, a poet Queen and composer of the Ratu, Thin Kan Mintwin a

popular 8th century verse, the earliest Ratu of whole of Myanmar literature

. This famous documental evidences recording about the expeditions of her

husband, a crown prince of under the rule of Dharmavijaya, to Benga

province for their failure to attribute the crown. Dharma Candra or Thinga

Candra went and conquered the province and stay there for three years and

enjoying with two daughters Dunzamali and Durabi. The Queen described

her feelings in the verse and requests his earliest return to the native place.

Dhama Candra was the last of eight Royal Seats in the Mahavira family tree

Dhama Candra was the father of Ananda Candra and Sula Candra, the 9th

and 10th monarchs of Mahavira dynasty.

13. Ananda Candra = The author of Anandacandra inscription .He engraved the inscription in the

9th year of his reign. In the second part of his inscriptions, he recorded about

his eulogy recounting the pious activities in the first nine years of his reign.

AnadaCandra was evidently a Buddhist by personal religion and he calls him

self Upasaka. He made many pious gifts and meritorious deeds not only to the

Buddhists people but also to the Bramins, the people of different faith. He

built two monasteries for the Bramins. AnandaCandra coin was displayed in

London museum. These have been made gold and silver Caityes containing

the relics of


the Buddha (V48). These have been images of the Lord of Sages (Buddha)

compassed of brass bell metal and copper (V49). He will execute images of

the Buddha made of ivory, wood, terracotta and stone (V50). In numerable

clay Caitya models and also books of the Holy Law have been caused to be

written by the good king in large numbers (V51). He has out of reverence

given many robes and copper bowls to monks coming from diverse places.

(V54). The king has also dug two delightful wells , in Mahamuni Negone Yar

verse, U San Hla described " xlvwpfjzm tmeE´m[k" i.e. Ananda Candra alternate

name as Htula. The Ananda Candra presumed to passes qualities like "The

Kanana in bounty and also Yudhisthira in truthfulness, Pradyumna ib beauty

and like the sun on earth in splendor". AnandaCandra continued to rule

Wethali throne for 10 more years before his death.

14. Sula Candra Sula Candra or CulaCandra succeeded the throne after the death of

his brother king AnandaCandra and ruled Wethali for 36 years. We should

say that, it was the turning time of inscription side to chronicle side. Before

Sula Candra went to Thindway in upper Burma (Myanmar) to cure his

suffering of headache, the king had made an expedition to 12 provinces of

Bengal. He erected a monument inscribed with "ppfrwdkufaumif;" at the place

where the peace in Bengal was occurred .The meaning was there should not

be war against each other. (Waging war is unpleasant.) After the


advancement of years, the words become "ppfwaumif;" Sittagoung, now called

as Chittagong. Sula Candra met his death during the return trip from

Thindway The king was drowned in the Bay of Bengal near Cape Nargris

due to the storm effect. Boat song of 33 Arakanese(Rakhine) consonants was

composed by minister Dhamma Zeya during his reign .


Rakhine(Arakan) Territory in Wethali Period.

We have recovered all sorts of Historic finds like inscription and coins from every nook and

corner of Rakhine(Arakan) States, including Harikela & 12 provinces of Bengal as well as ancient

extended territory of Wethali period. We should say that Rakhine(Arakanese) land was ready to

claim that, from the time of founding days, Wethali dynasty became in the status of definite territory

, which also was not less than the boundary of present day Rakhine(Arakan) State

measurements. In other words we understand that since the time of 4th century A.D.

Rakhine(Arakan) became a land of wide and definite territory.


Appreciations

Wethali coins were recovered mostly in piece meal throughout length and breadth of

the Rakhine(Arakan) State by village people. But round about in 1970 a hoard of coins

belonging to Table III of Wethali period were unearthed from the grazing ground near the sea

shore of Queedai village, Sittwe Township. The collected coins consist of Dharmavijaya 1 coins,

Dhamma Candra 2 coins and Dharmmaraja 3 coins belonging to 7th -8th century A.D and

Sulamaharazar.

Again In 1985 another hoard of 48 number of Wethali coins together with two coins of

Pyu, probably Peikthano or Tharekhittra were found accidentally on the sea shore of Hsindet

village of Khayine Island in Taunggoke township, Thandwe District in the southern part of Rakhine

(Arakan) State. Those coins consist of many un inscribed coins, Two types of Raja Candra coin,

three types of Deva Candra coins, Yajna Candra coins and Candra Bandhu coins. Both inscribed

coins were belonging to 5th century A.D. That means all those coins were struck within first 100

years of Wethali period. As regards of uninscribed coins, we should say that those coins were struck

in the year before the beginning of Wethali period and those were probable coins of 3rd

Dhanyawaddy.

If we looking back the places of collections. They were found both in northern and southern

areas of Rakhine(Arakan) State. Firstly Queedai was located in the place near the confluence of May

Yu river mouth and sea of Bay of Bangal, which happened to be a gateway to India and other

western countries, like SriLanka, Persia and Arab.

Where as, second occasion was happened in Khayine Island which was situated between

Thandway and Taunggoke and also lying at the confluence of Kaling Down river

1. Dharmmavijaya = Thiri Candra, Dharmma Candra-Theinga Candra in chronicles.

2. Dharmmaraja = Dharmma Sura in table III 3. Please see annexture I


and the sea of Bay of Bengal in the gateway to the eastern countries of Pyu and other south-east Asia

countries.

It shows relationship between in sea trade of early Wethali period and eastern neighboring

countries were flourished in the top level and sea trade with western countries like India, SriLanker,

Persia and Arab countries were flourished in the later parts of Wethali period. So, it was to say that,

the saying of Historians mentioned in the chronicles were more than thousand vessels moored

Wethali stone pier was true.

It is also right to say that Sulamaharazar coin engraved with Rakkhawanna letters in obverse

side and Persian and Nagari engraved in reverse side is a good example of the relationship between

Persian and Arab countries.

This Candra Dynasty was endorsed with coinage in two media silver and gold. The use of

gold coins unmistakably points out high level of prosperity that Wethali had attained. The scientific

studies of the coins of Wethali bear testimony that they were struck as currency possibly in

promotion of trade in the early Christian century.

Turning to the inscription side, we have so far collected about 43 numbers of inscription slabs

or stones throughout the country in every nook and corner. Out of these 43 numbers, 33 numbers of

inscriptions were paleographically by belonging to the 5th-6th century A.D. The most interesting ones

were:-

1. Stone slab inscription from Mound No: 4 of Wethali.

2. Copper plate inscription from Wethali (two faces)

3. Yaksa Senapati Panada inscription from Mahamuni.

4. Inscription of Queen of Niti Candra from Wethali.

5. Inscription of Candra Sri from Thandway.

6. Inscription of Candra Zeti from Thandway.


7. Inscription of ViraCandra from Wethali.

8. Stone slab inscription from Ohtein, Taunggoke.

9. Stone slab inscription from Nga Lon Maw, Thandway

1. The donor king of the inscription no 2 as mentioned above was Thuria Taing Candra(a)

Maha Taing Candra who's as synonymous to Dven Candra, the founder of the Wethali period in

inscription side.

2. The donor king of copper plate land grant was supposed to be Bhuti Candra, the eighth in

the line of Dven Candra. The other predecessors were Raja Candra (425 AD), Kala Candra (445 AD)

Deva Candra (454 AD), Yajna Candra (476 AD), Candra Bandhu (483 AD) and Bhumi Candra (489

AD)., together with their successive Queen's Names.

4. Queen of Niti Candra was the donor queen of pious gift.

5 & 6. The dornor was the same queen of Niti Candra.

7. Donor king was Vira Candra, the successor to King Niti Candra.

8 & 9. The donor name was not mentioned in the inscription, but in the author's presumption

was either Bhuti Candra or Niti or Vira Candra.

In AnandaCandra pillar of Shitthoung Temple, Niti Candra name was engraved in

V-28 as "Then renowned Niti Candra who removed stiff by policy, reigned the Makendra for 65

years. By judging the lines of V.28, Niti Candra was a renowned king and his reign 55 was quite

considerable for those activities as mentioned above. Again the predecessor Bhuti Canda and his

next successor Vira Candra kings should also be the possibly kings of unknown issuer of those

inscriptions unearthed in Thandway and Taunggoke area between those two kings were more or less

believed to be strong and powerful kings of that time and those three were also preceded kings

generous gifts like copper plate land grant affixed with royal bull seals both in obverse and reverse


sides. One can observe the successively about the queen of this donor, queen's mother's mother,

grand mother, great grand mother and great great mother and great, great, great, great grand mother's

name were engraved successively in upward trend. That means seven successive Queens of

successor kings were mentioned starting from Dven Candra, down to donor king's name Bhuti

Candra.

Unfortunately, those names of kings were illegible due to the destruction made by Japanese

soldiers during the time of Japanese occupation in Second World War. That event was happened in

Mrohaung, now called Mrauk-U where the old Wethali site was existed. Any way, issuing of such

heavy plate of copper land grant stamped with the authoritative royal seal was the indication of

strong and powerful monarch of the day. Moreover, next successor king Niti Candra was also

seemed to be a great king who reigned Wethali in double the length of years than his predecessor.

By looking the above lines one can conclude that Wethali was prosperous in trade and

commerce through out its period. Also the word of thousand vessels of foreign countries yearly

moored in Wethali stone pier was quite true. It is quite clear to say that, there were efficient

administrations, flourishing of trade and commerce, with both eastern as well as western countries,

thriving of Theyrawada Buddhism and a wide transaction of numismatics of silver and gold coins

through out the kingdom were established from the beginning to the end of Wethali dynasty.

Consequently, peace and tranquility were observed in the Rakhine(Arakanese) land.

Moreover, development of alphabet, language and literature and Rakhine(Arakanese) script

were well established in Wethali period. *

After all, one should say that the standard of civilization and culture were well advanced as a

nation in those days.

*Please see annexure ( )

history book _part 3

Documents