history and philosophy of science

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History and Philosophy of Science Alfred Roy P. Manuzon, RN

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Page 1: history and philosophy of science

History and Philosophy of ScienceAlfred Roy P. Manuzon, RN

Page 2: history and philosophy of science

Content

• Rationalism

• Empiricism

• Science and Theory in the

Early 20th Century

• Science and Theory in the

Late 20th Century

Page 3: history and philosophy of science

Rationalism

• Power of reason• Emphasizes the importance of priori reasoning as the appropriate method in advancing knowledge

• Theory-then-research strategy• Develop a systematic explanation (theory) of a given phenomenon then subject this to experiments

Page 4: history and philosophy of science

Empiricism

• Power or sensory experience• Scientific truth was discovered through generalizing observed facts in the natural world.

• Collection of facts precedes attempts to formulate generalizations

• Research-then-theory strategy

Page 5: history and philosophy of science

Science and Theory in the Early 20th Century

• Philosophers focused on the analysis of theory structure

• Scientists focused on empirical research• Minimal interest in the history of science, nature of scientific discover, or the similarities between the philosophical views of science and the scientific methods

• Positivism emerged as dominant view of science

Page 6: history and philosophy of science

Positivism

• Logical positivist- empirical research and logical analysis were two approaches that would produce scientific knowledge.

• Theories must be tested through observation and experimentation

• Empirical facts exist independently of theories and offer the only basis for objectivity in science

Page 7: history and philosophy of science

Science and Theory in the Late 20th Century

• Empirical knowledge was arranged in different patterns at a given time, and in a given culture

• Scientists seeking to understand the social world cannot cognitively know an external world that is independent of their own life experiences

• Focus on science as a process of continuing research rather than the emphasis on accepted findings

• Emphasis was on understanding scientific discovery and the process involved in changes in theories over time

Page 8: history and philosophy of science

Science and Theory in the Late 20th Century

• Theories play a significant role in determining what the scientist will observe and how it will be interpreted

• Observations are influenced by ideas in the mind of the observer

• Science is viewed as an ongoing process• It is a myth that science can establish final truths.• Tentative consensus based on reasoned judgements about available evidence is the most that can be expected

Page 9: history and philosophy of science

End