1. THE REFORM MOVEMENT

2. CONCEPT OF NATIONHOOD

3. THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS Composed of Spanish and Chinese mestizos and natives Looked down by the Spaniards, who belong to peninsulares (Spaniards born in Spain) and insulares (Spaniards born in the Philippines) Prior to 1870s, Filipinos were the insulares or creoles

4. THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS The middle class began the movement for reforms in their attempt to win a place in the sun and to end the abuses and arrogance of colonial officials They were looked upon with suspicion by the masses due to the perceived arrogance and insolence of the latter. The middle class sided with the masses.

5. THE NATURE OF THE REFORM MOVEMENT This propaganda aims to exposed the evils of Spanish colonialism, particularly the abuses of the friars and the guardia civil, in Madrid, Spain. Colonial officials in the Philippines were reactionary There was no clamor for independence at first. Reformists main goal was the assimilation of the Philippines, which was to become a province of Spain, in a peaceful manner

6. THE GREAT REFORMISTS Firstgroup Suspected Filibusteros Included the creoles and Spanish mestizos in the wake of Cavite Mutiny of 1872 Secondgroup Young men sent to Spain for studies like Jose Rizal Thirdgroup Refugees who left the Phil. to escape persecution Most prominent were Graciano Lopez-Jaena and Marcelo H. del Pilar

7. THE RESULT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PROPAGANDA MOVEMENT

8. THE FAILURE OF THE MOVEMENT Spain was too preoccupied with its own internal problems Friars were too powerful Reformists did not have sufficient means and support from the public Lack of funds which even jeopardized the publication of La Solidaridad Propagandists were divided

9. THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE MOVEMENT Copies of La Solidaridad and of Rizals novels reached the local ilustrados Propaganda materials highlighted the very lack of freedom A feeling of empathy grew among the people Led to the founding of the Katipunan

10. FACTORS LEADING TO THE PHILIPPINE REVOLUTION

11. Underlying Factors Influence of Reform Movements The Role of Masonry La Liga Filipina The split Centuries of oppression, exploitation, & land question

12. ROLE OF MASONRY Filipino propagandists in Spain were affiliated with Masonic lodges in Spain Masonic movement were anti-friar They were responsible for founding the Masonic lodges in the Philippines and, in turn, helped to recruit members and to fund propaganda work in Spain At the outbreak of the 1896 Revolution, Masonry was already deeply entrenched in the Philippines

13. LA LIGA FILIPINA Organized by Jose Rizal upon his return in the Philippines in July, 1892. Sought to involve the people directly in the reform movement Andres Bonifacio became one of the founders The primary aim was to unite the whole archipelago into one compact, vigorous, and homogenous body. It was considered dangerous by the Spanish authorities and Rizal was arrested on July 6, 1992.

14. THE SPLIT La Liga lay low after Rizal was arrested and deportted Cuerpo de Compromisaros Conservative grouped which pledge to continue supporting the La Solidaridad Katipunan The radicals led by Bonifacio devoted to a new secret society

15. CENTURIES OF OPPRESSION, EXPLOITATION, AND THE LAND QUESTION Colonial oppression caused common suffering among the people. Since Bonifacios call for separatism was a simple and direct solution, the peasants quickly rallied to the revolutionary movement Greater awareness of common deprivation and oppression was made possible by economic progress in Manila In the rural areas, the economic progress of the 19th century depressed the living standards of the masses.

16. IMMEDIATE CAUSES

17. The economic depression during the period of 1891- 1895 The drought and locust infestation in Central Luzon in June and July 1896 The convergence of grievances between the middle class and the masses The Katipunan Immediate causes

18. THE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION DURING THE PERIOD OF 1891-1895 Unstable currency and exchange fluctuations Prices of sugar and hemp fell disastrously Scarcity and the higher cost of importation raised the prices of rice

19. THE DROUGHT AND LOCUST INFESTATION IN CENTRAL LUZON IN JUNE AND JULY 1896 Despite calamities, friar landowners refused to condone even parts of the rent and in certain cases even demanded an increase Misery and desperation drove the peasants of Luzon to the cause of revolution

20. THE CONVERGENCE OF GRIEVANCES BETWEEN THE MIDDLE CLASS AND THE MASSES It aggravated the unrest of Filipinos Filipino professionals and university graduates were seldom appointed to government positions. Finding employment was also difficult because of racial discrimination

21. THE KATIPUNAN The three objective of the Katipunan Political objective: to work for the separation of the Philippines Moral objective: to teach good manners, hygiene, good morals, and to attack obscurantism, religious fanaticism, and weakness of character Civic aim: to develop self-help and concern for the defense of the poor and the oppressed

22. THE KATIPUNAN Believing that only a united people could achieve their own freedom, the Katipunan strove to lay the basis for this unity by fostering a stronger love of country and encouraging mutual aid.

23. PREPARATION FOR THE REVOLUTIONARY STRUGGLE

24. RECRUITMENT, PROPAGANDA, AND EXPANSION Their newspaper, the Kalayaan, was edited by Emilio Jacinto and also the Kartilla ng Katipunan, primer used to indoctrinate the members of the Katipunan in its ideals Tried to enlist the aid of wealthy Filipinos but failed

25. RECRUITMENT, PROPAGANDA, AND EXPANSION Womens chapter was also established Attempted to seek the aid of the Japanese but also failed Katipuneros stole rifles and pistols from the Spanish maestranza (arsenal)

26. DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNAN AND THE START OF THE REVOLUTION The betrayal of Teodoro Patio in August 1896 Arrest and imprisonment of hundreds of Katipuneros and of those being connected to the movement The Die is Cast the Cry of Pugadlawin (August 23, 1896) or the Cry of Balintawak (August 26, 1896). *Still subject to contention by scholars

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