The Philippine Revolution

THE DISCOVERY OF THE KKK

Circumstances that led to the discovery of the KKK

The publication and dissemination of the first and only issue of the Kalayaan, has revolutionary content and raised the consciousness of the masses, which increase the membership of the masses of KKK

New members met nightly and friars reported rumors of these meetings to Gov. Gen. Ramon Blanco who did not act upon the reports but he banished the prominent men of Malolos, Bulacan in 1895 and Taal, Batangas in 1896.

Misunderstanding between two Katipuneros, Teodoro Patiño and Apolonio de la Cruz, working in the Spanish-owned Diario de Manila led to the discovery of the KKK.

Results/implications of the discovery

Mass arrests of Filipinos suspects followed the disclosure of the KKK

Bonifacio had no other recourse but to take the field. (The Cry of Balintawak)

They were poorly armed and lacked military training that ended

in defeat, affecting his reputation

On September 12, 1896, 13 men implicated in the Katipunan revolution were executed in

Cavite (The 13 Martyrs of Cavite) which was followed by Rizal in December 30, 1896.

FACTIONALISM

Magdalo-Magdiwang Rivalry

Magdalo Magdiwang

Defended towns under its jurisdiction

Bonifacio had won no battles

Led by Mariano Alvarez, Bonifacio’s uncle-in-law

Defended towns under its own jurisdiction

Emilio and his troop defeated the Spanish forces

in several encounters

Headed by Baldomero Aguinaldo, Emilio’s cousin

Magdalo-Magdiwang Rivalry

• Aguinaldo issued manifestos informing the Filipinos that “a provisional government has been established in towns that had been pacified” and asked the Filipinos to recognized the new Revolutionary Government of the Philippines.

• Military defeats on the part of the Cavite revolutionaries led the Magdiwang to invite Bonifacio to settle the rivalry between the two councils.

Magdalo-Magdiwang Rivalry

Magdalo wanted to replace KKK with new government and new leaddership

Magdiwang wanted to retain KKK because it already had constitution and by-laws

Tejeros Convention

• On March 22, 1897, the assembled leaders at Tejero decided to replace the KKK with a new government

• Emilio Aguinaldo was elected president in absentia, and Bonifacio as Secretary of Interior but was questioned by Daniel Tirona for not being qualified for the position. It led to Bonifacio’s annulling all that had been approved and resolved.

Naic Military Agreement

• Bonifacio and his men drew up another document, which provided that establishment of a “government independent of and separate from that of Tejeros.” Another was the establishment of a new goverment.

• A military army was also organized to be led by a military of their own choice

Trial and execution of Bonifacio

• Bonifacio and his brothers were arrested by Aguinaldo.• The Council of War found the Bonifacio brothers guilty

of treason and sedition in spite of insufficient evidence to prove their guilt

• They were executed at Mt. Tala on May 10, 1897.• Aguinaldo assumed the sole leadership of the revolution.

THE BIAK-NA-BATO AND THE COMPROMISE WITH THE SPANIARDS

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

• As of May, 1897, the Spaniards had retaken Cavite. Aguinaldo left Cavite an established himself and his forces at Biak-na-Bato.

• He also issued a proclamation in which he listed revolutionary demands, such as representation in the Spanish Cortess, expulsion of friars, and the return to the Filipinos the lands the friars appropriated for themselves

• Pedro Paterno served as mediator between the Filipinos and the Spaniards and resulted in the Pact of Biak-na-Bato.

Pact of Biak-na-Bato

Voluntary exile of Aguinaldo and his men

In return, they would be paid with P800,000 in three installments

• 400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure from Biak-na-Bato • 200,000 when the arms surrendered reached 700• 200,000 when the Te Deum was sung and when the general amnesty was

proclaimed by the governor-general

Additional P900,000 was to be paid by Gov Gen. Primo de Rivera to families of non-combatant Filipinos who suffered during the conflict

Results/significance

Aguinaldo and his men left for Hong Kong while his generals left behind at Biak-na-Bato surrendered

the arms given up by rebels

Clashes between Spaniards and Filipinos continued

Revolutionary forces continued the fight in Pampanga, Laguna,

Pangasinan, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Camarines Norte, La Union, and Ilocos Sur.

Aguinaldo ended the first phase of the Philippine Revolution but others continued the struggle.

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