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High School Hairstyling I

Curriculum Essentials Document

Boulder Valley School District Department of CTEC

April 2012

7/2/2012 BVSD Curriculum Essentials 2

HAIRSTYLING INTRODUCTION

If you have a sense of style, are creative and enjoy making people feel better about them self then this program is for you! Come learn the latest trends and techniques in a salon setting with students from other high schools in Boulder Valley. Our program is 2 years and 3 weeks each summer. You will earn 1200 hours/40 state credits and be ready to take you State Board Exam to become a licensed hairstylist. Skills you will gain in this program:

Hair Design o Hair cutting, Hair styling, Hair coloring,(highlighting, lowlighting)

Hair Extensions o braiding

Chemical Hair Relaxing Chemical Texture Competition Active CTSO (Skills USA)

Careers that graduates may pursue in this field: Haircolor Specialist Cutting specialist Texture Specialist Platform Artist Salon Manager Salon Owner Salon Trainer Instructor Product Distributor Sales consultant


Hairstyling 1 Overview

Course Description

VE 82 The hairstyling program provides basic theory and

practical application to develop skills and knowledge necessary to perform hairstyling services. Students will be asked to demonstrate their knowledge in Haircutting, Hairstyling, Permanent Waving, Chemical Hair Relaxing, and Hair coloring.

Topics at a Glance Career and Technical Student Organization

Standards for Skills USA Recognize hair and scalp disorders commonly seen

in the salon and school, and know which can be treated by the hairstylist

Conduct a successful client consultation using effective communication skills

Understand the importance of sanitation and disinfection for the health and safety of clients and yourself

Discuss the changes in hairstyling practices of earlier cultures

List 3 basic categories of hair color, explain their chemical effects on the hair, and give examples of their use

Demonstrate proper shampooing and conditioning procedures

Discuss the procedures for permanent waving and demonstrate different types of wraps

Applies reading and writing skills to inquire, think critically, and apply theory concepts to new situations

Assessments

Labs Projects Selected Readings from Milady standard Textbook

of Cosmetology Journal Research and Analysis Teacher and Student Designed Assessments


Prepared Graduates

The preschool through twelfth-grade concepts and skills that all students who complete the Colorado education system must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting.

1. CTE Essential Skills: Academic Foundations ESSK.01: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of career and postsecondary education opportunities within a career cluster.

Prepared Graduate Competencies in the CTE Essential Skills standard:

Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for employment in a particular career field

Demonstrate language arts, mathematics, and scientific knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of post-secondary and career opportunities

2. CTE Essential Skills: Communications Standards ESSK.02: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and interrupting information and ideas, including technical terminology and information


Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and use technical concepts and vocabulary in practice

Demonstrate use of concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and conveying ideas and information to enhance communication in the workplace

3. CTE Essential Skills: Problem Solving and Critical Thinking ESSK.03: Solve problems using critical thinking skills (analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) independently and in teams using creativity and innovation.



Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and make decisions

Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff and/or customers

Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making

4. CTE Essential Skills: Safety, Health, and Environmental

ESSK.06: Understand the importance of health, safety, and environmental management systems in organizations and their importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance


Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and helpful working conditions and environment

Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health

5. CTE Essential Skills: Leadership and Teamwork ESSK.07: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives


Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational skills and objectives


6. CTE Essential Skills: Employability and Career Development ESSK.09: Know and understand the importance of employability skills; explore, plan, and effectively manage careers; know and understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills


Indentify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed to be employable

Develop skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and obtain a desired job


COLORADO COMMUNITY COLLEGE SYSTEM CAREER & TECHNICAL EDUCATION TECHNICAL STANDARDS REVISION & ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT PROCESS Colorado’s 21st Century Career & Technical Education Programs have evolved beyond the historic perception of vocational education. They are Colorado’s best kept secret for: • Relevant & rigorous learning • Raising achievement among all students • Strengthening Colorado’s workforce & economy Colorado Career & Technical Education serves more than 116,000 Colorado secondary students annually through 1,200 programs in 160 school districts, 270 High Schools, 8 Technical Centers, 16 Community Colleges & 3 Technical Colleges. One of every three Colorado high school students gains valuable experiences by their enrollment in these programs. ALIGNMENT REQUIRED BY SB 08-212 22-7-1005. Preschool through elementary and secondary education - aligned standards - adoption - revisions. 2(b): In developing the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards, the State Board shall also take into account any Career & Technical Education standards adopted by the State Board for Community Colleges and Occupational Education, created in Section 23-60-104, C.R.S., and, to the extent practicable, shall align the appropriate portions of the preschool through elementary and secondary education standards with the Career and Technical standards. STANDARDS REVIEW AND ALIGNMENT PROCESS Beginning in the fall of 2008, the Colorado Community College System conducted an intensive standards review and alignment process that involved: NATIONAL BENCHMARK REVIEW Colorado Career & Technical Education recently adopted the Career Cluster and Pathway Model endorsed by the United State Department of Education, Division of Adult and Technical Education. This model provided access to a national set of business and industry validated knowledge and skill statements for 16 of the 17 cluster areas. California and Ohio provided the comparative standards for the Energy cluster • Based on this review Colorado CTE has moved from program-specific to Cluster & Pathway based standards and outcomes • In addition, we arrived at fewer, higher, clearer and more transferrable standards, expectations and outcomes. COLORADO CONTENT TEAMS REVIEW The review, benchmarking and adjusting of the Colorado Cluster and Pathway standards, expectations and outcomes was through the dedicated work of Content Teams comprised of secondary and postsecondary faculty from across the state. Participation by instructors from each level ensured competency alignment between secondary and postsecondary programs. These individuals also proposed the draft academic


alignments for math, science reading, writing and communication, social studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) and post secondary and workforce readiness (PWR.)


ACADEMIC ALIGNMENT REVIEW In order to validate the alignment of the academic standards to the Career & Technical Education standards, subject matter experts in math, science, reading, writing and communication, and social studies were partnered with career & technical educators to determine if and when a true alignment existed. CURRENT STATUS • One set of aligned Essential skills to drive Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness inclusion in all Career & Technical Education programs. • 52 pathways with validated academic alignments • 12 pathways with revised standards ready for alignment (currently there are no approved programs in these pathways) • 21 pathways where no secondary programming currently exists. Standards and alignments will be developed as programs emerge. • Available for review at: www.coloradostateplan.com/content_standards.htm


Colorado Career & Technical Education Standards Academic Alignment Reference System The Career & Technical Education standards have been organized by Career Cluster (17) and Pathway (81). In addition, a set of “Essential Skills” was developed to ensure the Postsecondary and Workforce Readiness within any cluster or pathway. These workforce readiness skills are applicable to all career clusters and should form the basis of each CTE program. Organization Essential Skills There exists a common set of knowledge and skills that are applicable to all students regardless of which cluster or pathway they choose. This set of standards, is meant for inclusion in each program to enhance the development of postsecondary and workforce readiness skills. Career Cluster A Career Cluster is a grouping of occupations and broad industries based on commonalities. The 17 Career Clusters organize academic and occupational knowledge and skills into a coherent course sequence and identify pathways from secondary schools to two- and four-year colleges, graduate schools, and the workplace. Students learn in school about what they can do in the future. This connection to future goals motivates students to work harder and enroll in more rigorous courses. Career Pathway Pathways are sub-groupings of occupations/career specialties used as an organizing tool for curriculum design and instruction. Occupations/career specialties are grouped into Pathways based on the fact that they require a set of common knowledge and skills for career success. Prepared Completer Competency This level targets the “big ideas” in each pathway. These are the competencies that all students who complete a CTE pathway must master to ensure their success in a postsecondary and workforce setting. Prepared Completer Competencies will not usually be “course” specific but grow with the student’s progression through the sequence of courses. Concept/Skill The articulation of the concepts and skills that indicates a student is making progress toward being a prepared completer. They answer the question: What do students need to know and be able to do? Evidence Outcome The indication that a student is meeting an expectation at the mastery level. How do we know that a student can do it? Pathway Abbreviation (4 Letter)


Academic Alignments Academic alignments, where appropriate in Math, Reading, Writing and Communication, Science and Social Studies (including Personal Financial Literacy) were defined by CTE and academic subject matter experts using the following criteria: • It was a point where technical and academic content naturally collided; • The student must demonstrate adequate proficiency with the academic standard to perform the technical skill; and • It could be assessed for both academic and technical understanding. Colorado’s CTE programs have had academic alignments dating back to the early 1990’s. While these alignments resulted in an increase in academic focus in CTE programs, the reality is that a true transformation in intentional teaching toward the academic standard was limited. With these alignments comes a new expectation: If a CTE instructor is teaching a CTE concept that has an identified alignment, they must also be intentional about their instruction of the academic standard. CCCS will be providing professional development and instructional resources to assist with the successful implementation of this new expectation. In addition, this expanded expectation will require increased collaboration between CTE and academic instructors to transform teaching and learning throughout each school. For each set of Cluster and Pathway standards, the academic alignments have been included and are separated by academic area. CCCS chose to align at the “Evidence Outcome” level. The aligned academic evidence outcome follows the CTE evidence outcome to which it has been aligned. For a sample, see Illustration A.


The academic standard number used in the alignments matches the Colorado Department of Education standards numbering convention.


Hair Styling I

PCSP.01 Use the technical knowledge skills required to pursue the targeted careers for all pathways in the career cluster, including knowledge of design, operation and maintenance of technological systems critical to the career cluster.

PCSP.01.01 Describe and apply technical knowledge and skills required to be successful in careers in the human services area.

PCSP.01.01.a Practice skills in a chosen career path to gain familiarity with technical processes.

PCSP.01.02 Select and use cost effective resources to assist with planning the delivery of human services.

PCSP.01.02.a Practice skills in a chosen career path to gain familiarity with technical processes.

PCSP.01.03 Describe and apply human development principles to enhance the well being of individuals served by the human services industry.

PCSP.01.03.a Demonstrate services that align with human development principles.

PCSP.01.04 Synthesize client and professional information to attract new clientele and retain present clientele.

PCSP.01.04.a Research/assess client records to determine trends.

RWC10-GR.10-S.4-GLE.1-EO.c

Formulate research questions that are clear and precise

RWC10-GR.12-S.1-GLE.1-EO.f

Select appropriate technical or specialized language

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.1-EO.d

Examine materials to determine appropriate primary and secondary sources to use for investigating a question, topic, or issue (e.g., library databases, print and electronic encyclopedia and other reference materials, pamphlets, book excerpts, online and print newspaper and magazine articles, letters to an editor, digital forums, oral records, research summaries, scientific and trade


journals)

PCSP.01.04.b Research current techniques and trends to determine applicability to business/organization.

PCSP.01.05 Employ administrative/clerical procedures and systems to provide client satisfaction.

PCSP.01.05.a Use software to create in - house documents and advertising materials.

PCSP.01.05.b Maintain current and accurate client records using office/records management systems.

PCSP.01.06 Select and apply various methods of obtaining feedback from clients and their families to understand their expectations and promote high quality standards.

PCSP.01.06.a Identify client/family needs through evaluation of information elicited through various methods.

RWC10-GR.10-S.4-GLE.1-EO.b

Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8)


Formulate research questions that are clear and precise


Identify and evaluate potential sources of information for accuracy, reliability, validity, and timeliness

PCSP.01.06.b Provide high - quality services and products.

PCSP.01.06.c Design alternative delivery of services to serve special needs clients.

PCSP.01.06.d Create a customer satisfaction survey to collect feedback on services provided.

PCSP.01.06.e Use a customer satisfaction survey to collect feedback on services provided.



PCSP.01.07 Employ techniques, principles, tools and instruments when developing efficient and safe delivery of client services to enhance client satisfaction.

PCSP.01.07.a Produce and use precision technical plans to develop delivery of client services.


Use verbal and nonverbal techniques to communicate information

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.2-EO.a

Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and


concepts inherent in thinking

PCSP.01.07.b Create and use drawings and models to develop delivery of client services.




Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts inherent in thinking

ESSK.01 ACADEMIC FOUNDATIONS: Achieve additional academic knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of career and postsecondary education opportunities within a career cluster.

ESSK.01.01 Complete required training, education, and certification to prepare for employment in a particular career field.

ESSK.01.01.a Identify training, education, and certification requirements for occupational choice.



ESSK.01.01.b Participate in career-related training and/or degree programs.



ESSK.01.01.c Pass certification tests to quality for licensure and/or certification in chosen occupational area.



ESSK.01.02 Demonstrate language arts knowledge and skills required to pursue the full-range of post-secondary and career opportunities.

ESSK.01.02.a Model behaviors that demonstrate active listening.



Follow the speaker's arguments as they develop; take notes when appropriate


Give verbal and nonverbal feedback to the speaker


Ask clarifying questions

RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.e

Evaluate arguments and evidence

ESSK.01.02.b Adapt language for audience, purpose, situation. (i.e. diction/structure, style).


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. (CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings and add variety and interest to writing or prese


Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6)


Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating a command of formal English when indicated or appropriate. (CCSS: SL.11-12.6)

ESSK.01.02.c Organize oral and written information.


Present information, findings, and supporting evidence clearly, concisely, and logically such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and task. (CCSS: SL.9-10.4)


Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1-2 above.) (CCSS: W.9-10.4)



ESSK.01.02.d Compose focused copy for a variety of written documents such as agendas,


audio-visuals, bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral presentations, reports, and technical terminology.




Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Use a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses. (CCSS: L.9-10.2a), ii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b)




Acquire and use accurately general academic and domain-specific words and phrases, sufficient for reading, writing, speaking, and listening at the college and career readiness level; demonstrate independence in gathering vocabulary knowledge when considering a word or phrase important to comprehension or expression. (CCSS: L.11-12.6)


Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. (CCSS: W.11-12.2), i. Introduce a topic; organize complex ideas, concepts, and information so that each new element builds on that which precedes it to create a unified whole; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. (CCSS:


Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products in response to ongoing feedback, including new arguments or information. (CCSS: W.11-12.6)


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Identify comma splices and fused sentences in writing and revise to eliminate them, ii. Distinguish between phrases and clauses and use this knowledge to write varied, strong, correct, complete sentences, iii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b), iv. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.9-10.2c)



Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in expectations 1 and 2 above.) (CCSS: W.9-10.4)


Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)

ESSK.01.02.e Edit copy to create focused written documents such as agendas, audiovisuals, bibliographies, drafts, forms/documents, notes, oral presentations, reports, and technical terminology.


Develop and strengthen writing as needed by planning, revising, editing, rewriting, or trying a new approach, focusing on addressing what is most significant for a specific purpose and audience. (CCSS: W.9-10.5)


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.11-12.2), i. Observe hyphenation conventions. (CCSS: L.11-12.2a), ii. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.11-12.2b)





ESSK.01.02.f Comprehend key elements of oral and written information such as cause/effect, comparisons/contrasts, conclusions, context, purpose, charts/tables/graphs, evaluation/critiques, mood, persuasive text, sequence, summaries, and technical subject matter.


Analyze the logic of complex situations by questioning the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions and concepts

ESSK.01.02.g Evaluate oral and written information for accuracy, adequacy/sufficiency, appropriateness, clarity, conclusions/solutions, fact/opinion, propaganda, relevancy, validity, and relationship of ideas.


Evaluate quality, accuracy, and completeness of information and the bias, credibility and reliability of the sources





Evaluate clarity and accuracy of information through close text study and investigation via other sources

ESSK.01.02.h Identify assumptions, purpose, outcomes/solutions, and propaganda techniques.




Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions, and concepts inherent in thinking


Assess strengths and weaknesses of thinking and thinking of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic, and precision


Identify false premises or assumptions

ESSK.01.02.i Predict potential outcomes and/or solutions based on oral and written information regarding trends.


Obtain and use information from text and text features (index, bold or italicized text, subheadings, graphics) to answer questions, perform specific tasks, or identify and solve problems

ESSK.01.02.j Present formal and informal speeches including discussion, information requests, interpretation, and persuasive arguments.




Present information, findings, and supporting evidence, conveying a clear and distinct perspective, such that listeners can follow the line of reasoning, alternative or opposing perspectives are addressed, and the organization, development, substance, and style are appropriate to purpose, audience, and a range of formal and informal tasks. (CCSS: SL.11-12.4)




Identify a central idea or thesis, organize ideas, and develop a speech for an intended purpose and audience



Choose specific words and word order for intended effect and meaning



ESSK.01.03 Demonstrate mathematics knowledge and skills required to pursue the full range of postsecondary education and career opportunities.

ESSK.01.03.a Identify whole numbers, decimals, and fractions.

ESSK.01.03.b Demonstrate knowledge of basic arithmetic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

ESSK.01.03.c Demonstrate use of relational expressions such as equal to, not equal, greater than, less than, etc.

ESSK.01.03.d Apply data and measurements to solve a problem.

ESSK.01.03.e Analyze Mathematical problem statements for missing and/or irrelevant data.

ESSK.01.03.f Construct charts/tables/graphs from functions and data.

ESSK.01.03.g Analyze data when interpreting operational documents.

ESSK.02 Communications: Use oral and written communication skills in creating, expressing, and interpreting information and ideas including technical terminology and information.

ESSK.02.01 Select and employ appropriate reading and communication strategies to learn and use technical concepts and vocabulary in practice.

ESSK.02.01.a Determine the most appropriate reading strategy for identifying the overarching purpose of a text (i.e. skimming, reading for detail, reading for meaning or critical analysis).


Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts

ESSK.02.01.b Demonstrate use of content, technical concepts and vocabulary when analyzing information and following directions.


Identify, explain, and use content-specific vocabulary, terminology, dialect, or jargon unique to particular groups, perspectives, or contexts (such as social, professional, political, cultural, historical or geographical)

ESSK.02.01.c Select the reading strategy or strategies needed to fully comprehend the content within a written document (i.e., skimming, reading for detail, reading for meaning or critical analysis).



Use reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts


Use flexible reading and note-taking strategies (outlining, mapping systems, skimming, scanning, key word search) to organize information and make connections within and across informational texts

ESSK.02.01.d Interpret information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.


Use Integration of Knowledge and Ideas to: i. Delineate and evaluate the reasoning in seminal U.S. texts, including the application of constitutional principles and use of legal reasoning (e.g., in U.S. Supreme Court majority opinions and dissents) and the premises, purposes, and arguments in works of public advocacy (e.g., The Federalist, presidential addresses). (CCSS: RI.11-12.8), ii. Analyze seventeenth-, eighteenth-, and nineteenth-century foundational U.S. documents of historical and liter



ESSK.02.01.e Transcribe information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.





ESSK.02.01.f Communicate information, data, and observations to apply information learned from reading to actual practice.


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking. (CCSS: L.9-10.1), i. Use parallel structure. (CCSS: L.9-10.1a), ii. Distinguish between the active and passive voice, and write in the active voice, iii. Use various types of phrases (noun, verb, adjectival, adverbial, participial, prepositional, absolute) and clauses (independent, dependent; noun, relative, adverbial) to convey specific meanings


and add variety and interest to writing or prese











ESSK.02.02 Demonstrate use of the concepts, strategies, and systems for obtaining and conveying ideas and information to enhance communication in the workplace.

ESSK.02.02.a Employ verbal skills when obtaining and conveying information.


Adapt speech to a variety of contexts and tasks, demonstrating command of formal English when indicated or appropriate.(CCSS: SL.9-10.6)



ESSK.02.02.b Record information needed to present a report on a given topic or problem.





RWC10-GR.12-S.3- Select appropriate and relevant information (excluding extraneous


GLE.2-EO.b details) to set context

ESSK.02.02.c Write internal and external business correspondence that conveys and/or obtains information effectively.


















ESSK.02.02.d Communicate with other employees to clarify workplace objectives.





ESSK.02.02.e Communicate effectively with customers and employees to foster positive relationships.








Work with peers to promote civil, democratic discussions and decision-making, set clear goals and deadlines, and establish individual roles as needed. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1b)



ESSK.02.03 Locate, organize and reference written information from various sources to communicate with coworkers and clients/participants.

ESSK.02.03.a Locate written information used to communicate with co-workers and customers.




Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse formats and media (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) in order to make informed decisions and solve problems, evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source and noting any discrepancies among the data. (CCSS: SL.11-12.2)



ESSK.02.03.b Organize information to use in written and oral communications.








ESSK.02.03.c Reference the sources of information.


Document sources of quotations, paraphrases, and other information, using a style sheet, such as that of the Modern Language Association (MLA) or the American Psychological Association (APA)

ESSK.02.04 Evaluate and use information resources to accomplish specific occupational tasks.

ESSK.02.04.a Use informational texts, Internet web sites, and/or technical materials to review and apply information sources for occupational tasks.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the strengths and limitations of each source in terms of the task, purpose, and audience; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and overreliance on any one source and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.11-12.8)

ESSK.02.04.b Evaluate the reliability of information from informational texts, Internet Websites, and/or technical materials and resources.



ESSK.02.05 Use correct grammar, punctuation, and terminology to write and edit documents.

ESSK.02.05.a Compose multi-paragraph documents clearly, succinctly, and accurately.


Write informative/explanatory texts to examine and convey complex ideas, concepts, and information clearly and accurately through the effective selection, organization, and analysis of content. (CCSS: W.9-10.2), i. Introduce a topic; organize complex


ideas, concepts, and information to make important connections and distinctions; include formatting (e.g., headings), graphics (e.g., figures, tables), and multimedia when useful to aiding comprehension. (CCSS: W.9-10.2a), ii. Develop the topic with





ESSK.02.05.b Use descriptions of audience and purpose when preparing and editing written documents.


Address audience needs and anticipate audience questions or misunderstandings

ESSK.02.05.c Use correct grammar, spelling, punctuation, and capitalization when preparing written documents.




Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Use a semicolon (and perhaps a conjunctive adverb) to link two or more closely related independent clauses. (CCSS: L.9-10.2a), ii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b)




Follow the conventions of standard English to write varied, strong, correct, complete sentences


Demonstrate command of the conventions of standard English capitalization, punctuation, and spelling when writing. (CCSS: L.9-10.2), i. Identify comma splices and fused sentences in writing and revise to eliminate them, ii. Distinguish between phrases and


clauses and use this knowledge to write varied, strong, correct, complete sentences, iii. Use a colon to introduce a list or quotation. (CCSS: L.9-10.2b), iv. Spell correctly. (CCSS: L.9-10.2c)

ESSK.02.06 Develop and deliver formal and informal presentations using appropriate media to engage and inform audiences.

ESSK.02.06.a Prepare oral presentations to provide information for specific purposes and audiences.





ESSK.02.06.b Identify support materials that will enhance an oral presentation.








Make strategic use of digital media (e.g., textual, graphical, audio, visual, and interactive elements) in presentations to enhance understanding of findings, reasoning, and evidence and to add interest. (CCSS: SL.11-12.5)

ESSK.02.06.c Prepare support materials that will enhance an oral presentation.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow


of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8)








Integrate and evaluate multiple sources of information presented in different media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively) as well as in words in order to address a question or solve a problem. (CCSS: RI.11-12.7)



RWC10-GR.9-S.1-GLE.2-EO.g

Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2)


Integrate information from different sources to research and complete a project

ESSK.02.06.d Deliver an oral presentation that sustains listeners' attention and interest.


Give informal talks using an appropriate level of formality of verbal language and nonverbal interaction with audience






ESSK.02.06.e Align presentation strategies to the intended audience.





ESSK.02.06.f Implement multi-media strategies for presentations.












Integrate multiple sources of information presented in diverse media or formats (e.g., visually, quantitatively, orally) evaluating the credibility and accuracy of each source. (CCSS: SL.9-10.2)



ESSK.02.07 Interpret verbal and nonverbal cues/behaviors to enhance communication with co-workers and clients/participants.

ESSK.02.07.a Interpret verbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers.


Evaluate a speaker's point of view, reasoning, and use of evidence and rhetoric, identifying any fallacious reasoning or exaggerated or distorted evidence. (CCSS: SL.9-10.3)






ESSK.02.07.b Interpret nonverbal behaviors when communicating with clients and coworkers.





ESSK.02.08 Apply active listening skills to obtain and clarify information.

ESSK.02.08.a Interpret a given verbal message/information.





ESSK.02.08.b Respond with restatement and clarification techniques to clarify information.





ESSK.02.10 Listen to and speak with diverse individuals to enhance communication skills.

ESSK.02.10.a Apply factors and strategies for communicating with a diverse workforce.


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful,


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as need


ESSK.02.10.b Demonstrate ability to communicate and resolve conflicts within a diverse workforce.






Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decision-making (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as need

ESSK.02.11 Exhibit public relations skills to increase internal and external customer/client satisfaction.

ESSK.02.11.a Communicate effectively when developing positive customer/client relationships.











ESSK.03 Problem Solving and Critical Thinking: Solve problems using critical thinking skills (analyze, synthesize, and evaluate) independently and in teams. Solve problems using creativity and innovation.

ESSK.03.01 Employ critical thinking skills independently and in teams to solve problems and make decisions (e.g., analyze, synthesize and evaluate).

ESSK.03.01.a Identify common tasks that require employees to use problem-solving skills.

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.2- Assess strengths and weaknesses of their thinking and thinking of


EO.b others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision

ESSK.03.01.b Analyze elements of a problem to develop creative solutions.



ESSK.03.01.c Describe the value of using problem-solving and critical thinking skills to improve a situation or process.


Determine the extent to which they entered empathetically into competing points of view, exercised confidence in reason, recognized the limits of their knowledge on the topic (intellectual humility), explored alternative approaches to solving or addressing complex problems (intellectual flexibility), were open to constructive critique (intellectual open-mindedness)

ESSK.03.01.d Create ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems.


Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a problem

ESSK.03.01.e Evaluate ideas, proposals, and solutions to problems.


Monitor and reflect on the rationale for, and effectiveness of, choices made throughout the problem-solving process

ESSK.03.01.f Use structured problem-solving methods when developing proposals and solutions.



ESSK.03.01.g Generate new and creative ideas to solve problems by brainstorming possible solutions.


Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. (CCSS: W.9-10.7)

ESSK.03.01.h Critically analyze information to determine value to the problem-solving task.


Judge the usefulness of information based on relevance to purpose, source, objectivity, copyright date, cultural and world perspective (such as editorials), and support the decision

ESSK.03.01.i Guide individuals through the process of recognizing concerns and making informed decisions.




ESSK.03.01.j Identify alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking skills.



ESSK.03.01.k Evaluate alternatives using a variety of problem solving and critical thinking skills.


Assess strengths and weaknesses of their thinking and thinking of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision



ESSK.03.02 Employ critical thinking and interpersonal skills to resolve conflicts with staff and/or customers.

ESSK.03.02.a Analyze situations and behaviors that affect conflict management.




Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions; and promote divergent and creative perspectives. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1c)

ESSK.03.02.b Determine best options/outcomes for conflict resolution using critical thinking skills.




Implement an effective group effort that achieves a goal

ESSK.03.02.c Identify with others’ feelings, needs, and concerns.




Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and


conclusions; and promote divergent and creative perspectives. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1c)

ESSK.03.02.d Implement stress management techniques.



ESSK.03.02.e Resolve conflicts with/for customers using conflict resolution skills.













ESSK.03.02.f Implement conflict resolution skills to address staff issues/problems.
















ESSK.03.03 Identify, write and monitor workplace performance goals to guide progress in assigned areas of responsibility and accountability.

ESSK.03.03.a Write realistic performance goals, objectives and action plans.



ESSK.03.03.b Monitor performance goals and adjust as necessary.



ESSK.03.03.c Recognize goal achievement using appropriate rewards in the workplace.


Self-evaluate roles in the preparation and completion of the group goal



ESSK.03.03.d Communicate goal achievement with managers and co-workers.



ESSK.03.04 Conduct technical research to gather information necessary for decision-making.

ESSK.03.04.a Align the information gathered to the needs of the audience.



ESSK.03.04.b Gather technical information and data using a variety of resources.



ESSK.03.04.c Analyze information and data for value to the research objectives.






ESSK.03.04.d Evaluate information and data to determine value to research objectives.







ESSK.04 Information Technology Applications: Use information technology tools specific to the career cluster to access, manage, integrate, and create information.

ESSK.04.04 Operate Internet applications to perform workplace tasks.

ESSK.04.04.a Access and navigate Internet (e.g., use a web browser).



ESSK.04.04.b Search for information and resources.



ESSK.04.04.c Evaluate Internet resources for reliability and validity.


Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the


usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation. (CCSS: W.9-10.8)



ESSK.04.06 Operate presentation applications to prepare presentations.

ESSK.04.06.a Prepare presentations for training, sales and information sharing.







ESSK.04.06.b Deliver presentations with supporting materials.









ESSK.06 SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENTAL: Understand the importance of health, safety, and


environmental management systems in organizations and their importance to organizational performance and regulatory compliance. Follow organizational policies and procedure

ESSK.06.01 Implement personal and jobsite safety rules and regulations to maintain safe and healthful working conditions and environments.

ESSK.06.01.a Assess workplace conditions with regard to safety and health.



ESSK.06.01.b Align safety issues with appropriate safety standards to ensure a safe workplace/jobsite.





ESSK.06.01.c Identify safety hazards common to workplaces.



ESSK.06.01.d Identify safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite.



ESSK.06.01.e Select appropriate personal protective equipment as needed for a safe workplace/jobsite.



ESSK.06.01.f Inspect personal protective equipment commonly used for selected career pathway.

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.2- Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a problem


EO.c

ESSK.06.01.g Use personal protective equipment according to manufacturer rules and regulations.



ESSK.06.01.h Employ a safety hierarchy and communication system within the workplace/jobsite.





ESSK.06.01.i Implement safety precautions to maintain a safe worksite.



ESSK.06.02 Complete work tasks in accordance with employee rights and responsibilities and employers obligations to maintain workplace safety and health.

ESSK.06.02.a Identify rules and laws designed to promote safety and health in the workplace.



ESSK.06.02.b State the rationale of rules and laws designed to promote safety and health.





ESSK.06.03 Employ emergency procedures as necessary to provide aid in workplace accidents.

ESSK.06.03.a Use knowledge of First Aid procedures as necessary.



ESSK.06.03.b Use knowledge of CPR procedures as necessary.




ESSK.06.03.c Use safety equipment as necessary.



ESSK.06.04 Employ knowledge of response techniques to create a disaster and/or emergency response plan.

ESSK.06.04.a Complete an assessment of an emergency and/or disaster situation.





ESSK.06.04.b Create an emergency and/or disaster plan.





ESSK.07 LEADERSHIP AND TEAMWORK: Use leadership and teamwork skills in collaborating with others to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.

ESSK.07.01 Employ leadership skills to accomplish organizational goals and objectives.

ESSK.07.01.a Analyze the various roles of leaders within organizations (e.g. contribute ideas; share in building an organization; act as role models to employees by adhering to company policies, procedures, and standards; promote the organization’s vision; and mentor


Participate in the preparations of the group activity or product, defining and assuming individual roles and responsibilities

ESSK.07.01.b Exhibit traits such as empowerment, risk, communication, focusing on results, decision-making, problem solution, and investment in individuals when leading a group in solving a problem.


Assume a leadership role in a group that is collaboratively working to accomplish a goal



ESSK.07.01.c Exhibit traits such as compassion, service, listening, coaching, developing others, team development, and understanding and appreciating others when acting as a


manager of others in the workplace.



ESSK.07.01.d Exhibit traits such as enthusiasm, creativity, conviction, mission, courage, concept, focus, principle-centered living, and change when interacting with others in general.



ESSK.07.01.e Consider issues related to self, team, community, diversity, environment, and global awareness when leading others.



ESSK.07.01.f Exhibit traits such as innovation, intuition, adaptation, life-long learning and coachability to develop leadership potential over time.



ESSK.07.01.g Analyze leadership in relation to trust, positive attitude, integrity, and willingness to accept key responsibilities in a work situation.

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- Self-evaluate roles in the preparation and completion of the group


GLE.2-EO.f goal

ESSK.07.01.h Describe observations of outstanding leaders using effective management styles.





ESSK.07.01.i Participate in civic and community leadership and teamwork opportunities to enhance skills.





ESSK.07.02 Employ organizational and staff development skills to foster positive working relationships and accomplish organizational goals.

ESSK.07.02.a Implement organizational skills when facilitating others’ work efforts.



ESSK.07.02.b Explain how to manage a staff that satisfies work demands while adhering to budget constraints.





ESSK.07.02.c Describe how staff growth and development to increase productivity and employee satisfaction.



ESSK.07.02.d Organize team involvement within a group environment.






ESSK.07.02.e Work with others to develop and gain commitment to team goals.



ESSK.07.02.f Distribute responsibility and work load fairly.





ESSK.07.02.g Model leadership and teamwork qualities to aid in employee morale.



ESSK.07.02.h Identify best practices for successful team functioning.







ESSK.07.02.i Explain best practices for successful team functioning.





ESSK.07.03 Employ teamwork skills to achieve collective goals and use team members' talents effectively.

ESSK.07.03.a Work with others to achieve objectives in a timely manner.








ESSK.07.03.b Promote the full involvement and use of team members' individual talents and skills.



ESSK.07.03.c Employ conflict-management skills to facilitate solutions.





ESSK.07.03.d Demonstrate teamwork skills through working cooperatively with coworkers, supervisory staff, and others, both in and out of the organization, to achieve particular tasks.



ESSK.07.03.e Demonstrate teamwork processes that provide team building, consensus, continuous improvement, respect for the opinions of others, cooperation, adaptability, and conflict resolution.





ESSK.07.03.f Develop plans to improve team performance.



Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by own group and other groups

ESSK.07.03.g Demonstrate commitment to and a positive attitude toward team goals.



ESSK.07.03.h Take responsibility for shared group and individual work tasks.



ESSK.07.03.i Assist team members in completing their work.



ESSK.07.03.j Adapt effectively to changes in projects and work activities.





ESSK.07.03.k Negotiate effectively to arrive at decisions.


Assess strengths and weaknesses of their thinking and thinking of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision

ESSK.07.04 Establish and maintain effective working relationships with all levels of personnel and other departments in order to accomplish objectives and tasks.

ESSK.07.04.a Build effective working relationships using interpersonal skills.



ESSK.07.04.b Use positive interpersonal skills to work cooperatively with coworkers representing different cultures, genders and backgrounds.


Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (one-on-one, in groups, and teacher-led) with diverse


partners on grades 9-10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others' ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. (CCSS: SL.9-10.1) a.i-Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful,

ESSK.07.04.c Manage personal skills to accomplish assignments.



ESSK.07.04.d Treat people with respect.





ESSK.07.04.e Provide constructive praise and criticism.



ESSK.07.04.f Demonstrate sensitivity to and value for diversity.



ESSK.07.04.g Manage stress and control emotions.



ESSK.07.05 Conduct and participate in meetings to accomplish work tasks.

ESSK.07.05.a Develop meeting goals, objectives and agenda.








ESSK.07.05.b Assign responsibilities for preparing materials and leading discussions.



ESSK.07.05.c Prepare materials for leading discussion.









ESSK.07.05.d Assemble and distribute meeting materials.



ESSK.07.05.e Conduct meeting to achieve objectives within scheduled time.




ESSK.07.05.f Demonstrate effective communication skills in meetings.







ESSK.07.05.g Produce meeting minutes including decisions and next steps.







ESSK.07.05.h Use parliamentary procedure, as needed, to conduct meetings.



ESSK.07.06 Employ mentoring skills to inspire and teach others.

ESSK.07.06.a Use motivational techniques to enhance performance in others.



ESSK.07.06.b Provide guidance to enhance performance in others.

RWC10-GR.12-S.1- Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that


GLE.2-EO.b probe reasoning and evidence; ensure a hearing for a full range of positions on a topic or issue; clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions; and promote divergent and creative perspectives. (CCSS: SL.11-12.1c)


Critique and offer suggestions for improving presentations given by own group and other groups

ESSK.08 ETHICS AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES: Know and understand the importance of professional ethics and legal responsibilities.

ESSK.08.01 Apply ethical reasoning to a variety of workplace situations in order to make ethical decisions.

ESSK.08.01.a Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on legal responsibilities and employer policies.





ESSK.08.01.b Evaluate alternative responses to workplace situations based on personal or professional ethical responsibilities.





ESSK.08.01.c Identify personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal behaviors.


Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions, and concepts inherent in thinking

ESSK.08.01.d Explain personal and long-term workplace consequences of unethical or illegal behaviors.


Analyze the purpose, question at issue, information, points of view, implications and consequences, inferences, assumptions, and


concepts inherent in thinking

ESSK.08.01.e Determine the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal and ethical considerations.





ESSK.08.01.f Explain the most appropriate response to workplace situations based on legal and ethical considerations.





ESSK.08.02 Interpret and explain written organizational policies and procedures to help employees perform their jobs according to employer rules and expectations.

ESSK.08.02.a Locate information on organizational policies in handbooks and manuals.



ESSK.08.02.b Discuss how specific organizational policies and procedures influence a specific work situation.








Obtain and use information from text and text features (index, bold or italicized text, subheadings, graphics) to answer questions,


perform specific tasks, or identify and solve problems



ESSK.09 Employability and Career Development: Know and understand the importance of employability skills. Explore, plan, and effectively manage careers. Know and understand the importance of entrepreneurship skills.

ESSK.09.01 Identify and demonstrate positive work behaviors and personal qualities needed to be employable.

ESSK.09.01.a Demonstrate self-discipline, self-worth, positive attitude, and integrity in a work situation.


Evaluate strengths and weaknesses of their logic and logic of others by using criteria including relevance, clarity, accuracy, fairness, significance, depth, breadth, logic and precision

ESSK.09.01.b Demonstrate flexibility and willingness to learn new knowledge and skills.



ESSK.09.01.c Exhibit commitment to the organization.



ESSK.09.01.d Identify how work varies with regard to site, from indoor confined spaces to outdoor areas, including aerial space and a variety of climatic and physical conditions.



ESSK.09.01.e Apply communication strategies when adapting to a culturally diverse environment.




ESSK.09.01.f Manage resources in relation to the position (i.e. budget, supplies, computer, etc).

ESSK.09.01.g Identify positive work-qualities typically desired in each of the career cluster's pathways.



ESSK.09.01.h Manage work roles and responsibilities to balance them with other life roles and responsibilities.







ESSK.09.02 Develop a personal career plan to meet career goals and objectives.

ESSK.09.02.a Develop career goals and objectives as part of a plan for future career direction.



ESSK.09.02.b Develop strategies to reach career objectives.



ESSK.09.03 Demonstrate skills related to seeking and applying for employment to find and obtain a desired job.

ESSK.09.03.a Use multiple resources to locate job opportunities.


Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of


technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)







ESSK.09.03.b Prepare a résumé.






Seek and use an appropriate style guide to govern conventions for a particular audience and purpose



ESSK.09.03.c Prepare a letter of application.







RWC10-GR.9-S.3-GLE.3- Use technology, including the Internet, to produce, publish, and


EO.d update individual or shared writing products, taking advantage of technology's capacity to link to other information and to display information flexibly and dynamically. (CCSS: W.9-10.6)

ESSK.09.03.d Complete an employment application.









ESSK.09.03.e Interview for employment.


Make decisions about how to establish credibility and enhance appeal to the audience


Rehearse the presentation to gain fluency, to adjust tone and modulate volume for emphasis, and to develop poise


Deliver formal oral presentations for intended purpose and audience, using effective verbal and nonverbal communication


Deliver oral talks with clear enunciation, vocabulary, and appropriate organization; nonverbal gestures; and tone

ESSK.09.03.f List the standards and qualifications that must be met in order to enter a given industry.





RWC10-GR.12-S.3- Select appropriate and relevant information (excluding extraneous


GLE.2-EO.b details) to set context



ESSK.09.03.g Employ critical thinking and decision-making skills to exhibit qualifications to a potential employer.



ESSK.09.05 Demonstrate skills in evaluating and comparing employment opportunities in order to accept employment positions that match career goals.

ESSK.09.05.a Compare employment opportunities to individual needs and career plan objectives.



ESSK.09.05.b Evaluate employment opportunities based upon individual needs and career plan objectives.



ESSK.09.05.c Demonstrate appropriate methods for accepting or rejecting employment offers.





ESSK.09.06 Identify and exhibit traits for retaining employment to maintain employment once secured.

ESSK.09.06.a Model behaviors that demonstrate reliability and dependability.




ESSK.09.06.b Maintain appropriate dress and behavior for the job to contribute to a safe and effective workplace/jobsite.



ESSK.09.06.c Complete required employment forms and documentation such as I-9 form, work visa, W-4 and licensures to meet employment requirements.



ESSK.09.06.d Summarize key activities necessary to retain a job in the industry.



ESSK.09.06.e Identify positive work behaviors and personal qualities necessary to retain employment.



ESSK.09.07 Identify and explore career opportunities in one or more career pathways to build an understanding of the opportunities available in the cluster.

ESSK.09.07.a Locate and identify career opportunities that appeal to personal career goals.








ESSK.09.07.b Match personal interest and aptitudes to selected careers.





ESSK.09.08 Recognize and act upon requirements for career advancement to plan for continuing education and training.

ESSK.09.08.a Identify opportunities for career advancement.



ESSK.09.08.b Pursue education and training opportunities to acquire skills necessary for career advancement.



ESSK.09.08.c Examine the organization and structure of various segments of the industry to prepare for career advancement.



ESSK.09.08.d Research local and regional labor (workforce) market and job growth information to project potential for advancement.



ESSK.09.08.e Manage employment relations to make career advancements.




ESSK.09.09 Continue professional development to keep current on relevant trends and information within the industry.

ESSK.09.09.a Use self assessment, organizational priorities, journals, Internet sites, professional associations, peers and other resources to develop goals that address training, education and selfimprovement issues.



ESSK.09.09.b Read trade magazines and journals, manufacturers’ catalogues, industry publications and Internet sites to keep current on industry trends.





ESSK.09.09.c Participate in relevant conferences, workshops, mentoring activities and in-service training to stay current with recent changes in the field.



ESSK.09.10 Examine licensing, certification and credentialing requirements at the national, state and local levels to maintain compliance with industry requirements.

ESSK.09.10.a Examine continuing education requirements related to licensing, certification, and credentialing requirements at the local, state and national levels for chosen occupation.






ESSK.09.10.b Examine the procedures and paperwork involved in maintaining and updating licensure, certification and credentials for chosen occupation.





ESSK.09.10.c Align ongoing licensing, certification and credentialing requirements to career plans and goals.





ESSK.09.11 Examine employment opportunities in entrepreneurship to consider entrepreneurship as an option for career planning.

ESSK09.11.a Describe the opportunities for entrepreneurship in a given industry.



ESSK.10 Technical Skills: Use of technical knowledge and skills required to pursue careers in all career clusters, including knowledge of design, operation, and maintenance of technological systems critical to the career cluster.

ESSK.10.02 Employ planning and time management skills and tools to enhance results and complete work tasks.

ESSK.10.02.a Develop goals and objectives.





ESSK.10.02.b Prioritize tasks to be completed.

RWC10-GR.9-S.4-GLE.2- Implement a purposeful and articulated process to solve a problem


EO.c



ESSK.10.02.c Develop timelines using time management knowledge and skills.





ESSK.10.02.d Use project-management skills to improve workflow and minimize costs.






Glossary of Key Words

Word Definition Abductor hallucis Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance

while walking and standing Abductors Muscles that separate the fingers Abrasive board Thin elongated board with a rough surface Abrasive nail file A thin elongated board with a rough surface used to file

the free edge of the nails Abrasive scrubs Slightly abrasive products containing softening agents or oils to

penetrate dry, flaky skin and calluses that need to be smoothed during a pedicure

Acid balanced shampoo Shampoos that are balanced to the pH of skin and hair Acid balanced waves Not true acid waves, as they have a pH between 7.8 and 8.2 and

use glyceryl monthioglycolate (GMTG) as the primary reducing agent. Acid balanced waves process at room temperature, do not require the added heat of a hair dryer, process more quickly, and produce firmer curls than true acid waves

Acids Solutions that have a pH below 7.0 and turn litmus paper from blue to red

Acne Skin disorder characterized by chronic inflammation of the sebaceous glands from retained secretions and propionibacterium acnes

Acrylic nail Enhancements, created by combining acrylic monomer liquid with polymer powder

Acrylic polymer powder Powder in white, clear, pink, and many other colors that will be combined with acrylic monomer liquid to form the sculptured nail

Activator A product used to speed up the curing process of resins and adhesives

Activators Powdered persulfate salts added to haircolor to increase its lightening ability

Active electrode Electrode used on the area to be treated Adductors Muscles at the base of each finger that draw the fingers together Adipose Tissue that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains

fats for use as energy and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin

AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a disease caused by the HIV virus that breaks down the body’s immune system

Albinism

Congenital leukoderma or absence of melanin pigment of the body, including the hair, skin, and eyes

Alipidic Skin that does not produce enough sebum, indicated by absence of visible pores

Alkaline waves Have a pH between 9.0 and 9.6, use ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) as the reducing agent, and process at room temperature

Alkalis Solutions that have a pH above 7.0 and turn litmus paper from red to blue

Alkanolamines Substances used to neutralize acids or raise the pH of many hair


products Allergy Reaction due to extreme sensitivity to certain foods, chemicals, or

other normally harmless substances Alopecia Abnormal hair loss Alopecia areata The sudden falling out of hair in round patches or baldness in

spots; may occur on the scalp and elsewhere on the body Alpha hydroxy acids Acids derived from plants, mostly fruit, and used to exfoliate the

skin Alternating current (AC) Rapid and interrupted current, flowing first in one direction and

then in the opposite direction Amino acids Units that are joined together end to end by peptide bonds to

form the polypeptide chains that comprise proteins in hair Ammonia Colorless gas with a pungent odor Ammonia – free waves Perms use alkanolamines instead of ammonia, are popular

because of their low odor Ammonium thioglycolate (ATG), active ingredient or reducing agent in alkaline permanents Amp Unit that measures the amount of an electric current Ampoules Sealed glass vials containing highly concentrated extract in a

water or oil base Anabolism Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger

molecules from smaller ones Anagen Growth phase in the hair cycle in which a new hair shaft is

created Anaphoresis Process of forcing liquids into the tissues from the negative

toward the positive pole Anatomy Study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked

eye, and what they are made up of; the science of the structure of organisms, or of their parts

Androgenic alopecia Hair loss characterized by miniaturization of terminal hair which is converted to vellus hair; in men, it is known as male pattern baldness

Angle Space between two lines or surfaces that intersect at a given point

Angular artery Supplies blood to the side of the nose Anhidrosis Deficiency in perspiration, often a result of fever or certain skin

diseases Aniline derivatives Contain small, uncolored dyes that combine with hydrogen

peroxide to form larger, permanent dye molecules within the cortex

Anion An ion with a negative electrical charge Anode Positive electrode Anterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the front part of the ear Antiseptics Agents formulated for use on skin Apex Highest point on the top of the head Aponeurosis Tendon that connects the occipitalis and frontalis Aromatherapy Use of aromatic fragrances to induce relaxation; therapeutic use

of essential oils Arrector pili Minute, involuntary muscle in the base of the hair follicle that

causes “goose bumps” Asteatosis Condition of dry, scaly skin due to a deficiency or absence of

sebum that is caused by old age and by exposure to cold Astringents Liquid that helps remove excess oil in the skin


Asymmetrical balance Hairstyle design that features unequal proportions designed to balance facial features

Atom Smallest particle of an element that still retains the properties of that element

Atrium Upper thin walled chambers of the heart Auricularis anterior Muscle in front of the ear that draws the ear forward Auricularis posterior Muscle behind the ear that draws the ear backward Auricularis superior Muscle above the ear that draws the ear upward Auriculotemporal Nerve affects the external ear and skin above the temple, up to

the top of the skull Autonomic nervous system The part of the nervous system that controls the involuntary

muscles; regulates the action of the smooth muscles, glands, blood vessels, and heart

Axon The extension of a neuron by which impulses are sent away from the nerve cell

Bacilli Short, rod-shaped bacteria; the most common bacteria; they produce diseases such as tetanus (lockjaw), typhoid fever, tuberculosis, and diphtheria

Back-brushing Technique used to build a soft cushion or mesh two or more curl patterns together for a uniform and smooth comb-out; also called ruffing

Back-combing

Combing small sections of hair from the ends toward the scalp, causing shorter hair to mat at the scalp and form a cushion or base; also called teasing, ratting, matting, or French lacing

Bacteria One-celled microorganism Bactericidal Capable of destroying bacteria Balance Establishing equal or appropriate proportions to create symmetry.

In hairstyling, it signifies the proper degree of height to width Balancing shampoos Shampoos that wash away excess oiliness from oily hair and

scalp, while preventing the hair from drying out Baliage Free form technique, painting a lightener (usually a powdered off

the scalp lightener) directly on to clean, styled hair Band lashes Eyelash hairs on a strip that are applied with adhesive to the

natural lash line Bang area/fringe Triangular section that begins at the apex and ends at the front

corners; fringe Barrel curls Pin curls with large center openings, fastened to the head in a

standing position on a rectangular base Basal cell carcinoma Most common and least severe type of skin cancer; often

characterized by light or pearly nodules Basal cell layer Also known as the stratum germinativum layer; the deepest, live

layer of the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

Base Stationary or nonmoving, foundation of a pin curl, which is the area closest to the scalp; the panel of hair on which a roller is placed

Base color Predominant tone of a color


Base control Position of the rod in relation to its base section, determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped

Base cream or protective base cram Oily cream used to protect the skin and scalp during hair relaxing Base direction Angle at which the rod is positioned on the head (horizontally,

vertically, or diagonally); also, the directionally pattern in which the hair is wrapped

Base placement The position of the rod in relation to its base section, and is determined by the angle at which the hair is wrapped. Rods can be wrapped on base, half off base, or off base

Base relaxers Relaxers that require the application of protective base cream to the entire scalp prior to the application or the relaxer

Base sections Subsections of panels into which hair is divided for perm wrapping; one rod is normally placed on each base section

Base perm wrap

Perm wrap in which all the rods within a panel move in the same direction and are positioned on equal-size bases; all base sections are horizontal, with the same length and width as the perm rod

Beau’s lines Visible depressions running across the width of the natural nail plate

Bed epithelium Thin layer of tissue between the nail plate and the nail bed Belly Middle part of a muscle Bevel To slope the free edge of the nail surface to smooth any rough

edges Beveling Technique using diagonal lines by cutting hair ends with a slight

increase or decrease in length Bicep Muscle producing the contour of the front and inner side of the

upper arm Block Head – shaped form, usually made of canvas-covered cork or

styrofoam to which the wig is secured for fitting, cleaning, coloring, and styling

Blood Fluid circulating through the circulatory system (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries)

Blood vascular system Group of structures that distribute blood throughout the body (heart, veins, arteries, and capillaries) that distributes blood throughout the body

Bloodborne pathogens Disease-causing microorganisms carried in the body by blood or body fluids

Blow dry styling Technique of drying and styling damp hair in a single operation Blue light Therapeutic light that should only be used on bare oily skin;

contains few heat rays, is the least penetrating, and has some germicidal and chemical benefits

Blunt haircut Haircut in which all the hair comes to one hanging level, forming a weight line or area; hair is cut with no elevation or over-direction; also referred to as a one-length zero-elevation, or no-elevation cut

Body systems Groups of bodily organs acting together to perform one or more functions. The human body is composed of 10 major systems

Bonding Method of attaching hair extensions in which hair wefts or single strands are attached with an adhesive or a glue gun

Bookend wrap Perm wrap in which one end paper is folded in half over the hair ends like an envelope


Booth rental Renting a booth or station in a salon (also known as chair rental) Brain

Part of the central nervous system contained in the cranium; largest and most complex nerve tissue; controls sensation, muscles, gland activity and the power to think and feel emotions

Bromhidrosis Foul-smelling perspiration, usually noticeable in the armpits or on the feet

Bruised nails Condition in which a blood clot forms under the nail plate, forming a dark purplish spot, usually due to injury

Brushing machine A rotating electric appliance with inter-changeable brushes that can be attached to the rotating head

Buccal nerve Affects the muscles of the mouth Buccinators muscle Thin flat muscle of the cheek between the upper and lower jaw

that compresses the cheeks and expels air between the lips Buffer block Lightweight, rectangular abrasive block Bulla Large blister containing a watery fluid; similar to a vesicle but

larger Business plan Written plan of a business, as it is seen in the present and

envisioned in the future Business regulations and laws The rules of any/all local, state and federal agencies you must

comply with when you decide to open your salon or rent a booth Cake (pancake) makeup Shaped , solid mass applied to the face with a moistened cosmetic

sponge; gives good coverage Callus softeners Helps soften and smooth calluses, especially on heels and over

pressure points Canities Technical term for gray hair; results from the loss of the hair’s

natural melanin pigment Cap technique Lightening technique that involves pulling clean strands of hair

through a perforated cap with a thin plastic or metal hook Cap wig Wig consisting of elasticized mesh-fiber bases to which the hair is

attached Capillaries Thin-walled blood vessels that connect the smaller arteries to the

veins Capital Money needed to start a business Capless wigs Machine-made wigs in which rows of wefts are sewn to elastic

strips in a circular pattern to fit the head shape Carbuncle Inflammation of the subcutaneous tissue caused by staphylococci;

similar to a furuncle but larger Cardiac muscle The involuntary muscle that is the heart Carpus The wrist; flexible joint composed of a group of eight small,

irregular bones held together by ligaments Carved curl Pin curls sliced from a shaping and formed without lifting the hair

from the head Carving Haircutting technique done by placing the still blade into the hair

and resting it on the scalp, and then moving the shears through the hair while opening and partially closing the shears

Cascade or stand-up curls Pin curls fastened to the head in a standing position to allow the hair to flow upward and then downward

Catabolism The phase of metabolism that involves the breaking down of complex compounds within the cells into smaller ones resulting in


the release of energy to perform functions such as muscular movement or digestion

Catagen The brief transition period between the growth and resting phases of a hair follicle

Catalyst Substance that speeds up chemical reactions between monomer liquid and polymer powder

Cataphoresis Process of forcing acidic substances into deeper tissues using galvanic current from the positive toward the negative pole

Cathode Negative electrode Cation On ion with a positive electrical charge Cell Basic unit of all living things; minute mass of protoplasm capable

of performing all the fundamental functions of life Cell membrane Part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble

substances to enter and leave the cell Central nervous system Consists of the brain, spinal cord spinal nerves, and cranial nerves Cervical cutaneous nerve Located at the side of the neck, affects the front and sides of the

neck as far down as the breastbone Cervical nerves Affect the side of the neck and the platysma muscle Cervical vertebrae The seven bones of the top part of the vertebral column, located

in the neck region Chain reaction Process that joins monomers to create very long polymer chains;

also called “polymerization reaction” Chamois buffer Implement that holds a disposable chamois cloth that is used to

add shine to the nail and to smooth out wavy ridges on nails Cheek color Cream of powder cosmetic used primarily to add a natural looking

glow to the cheeks; also called blush, blusher, or rouge Chemical change Change in the chemical and physical properties of a substance

due to a chemical reaction that creates a new substance or substances

Chemical exfoliants Chemical agents that dissolve dead skin cells Chemical hair relaxing Rearranges the structure of curly hair into a straighter or

smoother form Chemical properties

Characteristics that can only be determined by a chemical reaction and a chemical change in the substance

Chemical texture services Hair services that cause a chemical change that permanently alters the natural wave pattern of the hair

Chemistry Science that deals with the composition, structures, and properties of matter, and how matter changes under various conditions

Chloasma Condition characterized by increased pigmentation on the skin in spots that are not elevated

Chucking Massage movement accomplished by grasping the flesh firmly in one hand and moving the hand up and down along the bone while the other hand keeps the arm or leg in a steady position

Cilia Slender, hair-like extensions that permit locomotion in certain bacteria; their whip-like motion moves bacteria in liquid

Circle The part of the pin curl that forms a complete circle; also, the hair that is wrapped around the roller

Circuit breaker Switch that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit at the first indication of overload

Circulatory system System that controls the steady circulation of the blood through


the body by means of the heart and blood vessels Clarifying shampoos Shampoos containing an acidic ingredient such as cider vinegar to

cut through product buildup that can flatten hair; also increase shine

Clavicle Collarbone; bone joining the sternum and scapula Clay-based masks Clay preparations used to stimulate circulation and temporarily

contract the pores of the skin Cleansing milks Non-foaming lotion cleanses for the face Client consultation Verbal communication with a client to determine desire results Clipper-over-comb Haircutting technique similar to scissor over-comb, except that

the clippers move side to side across the comb rather than bottom to top

Closed comedones Clogged follicles just under the skin surface Closed-center curls Pin curls that produce waves that get smaller toward the end Cocci Round shaped bacteria that appear singly (alone) or in groups COHNS elements The five elements that make up human hair skin, tissue, and nails

(carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur Collagen Fibrous protein that gives the skin form and strength Color fillers Equalize porosity and deposit color in one application to provide a

uniform contributing pigment on prelightened hair Color-enhancing shampoos

Shampoos created by combining the surfactant base with basic color pigments

Combustion Rapid oxidation of a substance accompanied by the production of heat and light

Comedo Hair follicle filled with keratin and sebum. When the sebum of the comedone is exposed to the environment, it oxidizes and turns black (blackhead). When the follicle is closed and not exposed to the environment, comedones are a white or cream color (whitehead)

Commission Percentage of revenue that a salon takes in from sales earmarked for practitioner

Common carotid artery Artery that supplies blood to the face, head, and neck Common peroneal nerve A division of the sciatic nerve that extends from behind the knee

to wind around the head of the fibula to the front of the leg where it divides into two branches

Communication The act of accurately sharing information between two people, or groups of people

Complementary colors Primary and secondary color combinations that are directly opposite from each other on the color wheel

Complete circuit The path of an electric current from the generating source through conductors and back to its original source

Compounds Combinations of two or more atoms of different elements chemically joined together

Concave profile Curving inward Concave rods Perm rods that have a smaller diameter in the center that

increases to a larger diameter on the ends Concealers Cosmetics used to hide dark eye circles, dark splotches, and other

imperfections Concentrator Nozzle attachment of a blow-dryer; directs the stream to any

section of the hair more intensely Conditioner fillers Used to recondition damaged, overly porous hair and equalize


porosity so that the hair accepts the color evenly from strand to strand and scalp to ends

Conditioners Special chemical agents applied to the hair to deposit protein or moisturizer, to help restore its strength and give it body, or to protect it against possible breakage

Conditioning or moisturizing shampoos

Shampoos designed to make the hair smooth and shiny, avoid damage to chemically treated hair, and improve manageability of the hair

Conductor Any substance, material, or medium that easily transmits electricity

Connective tissue Fibrous tissue that binds together, protects, and supports the various parts of the body such as bone, cartilage, and tendons

Consumption supplies Supplies used in daily business operations Contagious Disease that can be easily spread to others by contact Contraindication Procedure or condition that requires avoiding certain treatment to

prevent undesirable side effects Contrasting lines Horizontal and vertical lines that meet at a 90 degree angle Contributing pigment Natural hair color that remains in the hair when the natural color

is lightened; must be taken into consideration when haircolor is selected. Also called undertone

Converter Apparatus that changes direct current to alternation current Convex profile Curving outward Cool color Colors that suggest coolness and are dominated by blues, greens,

violets, and blue-reds Cornrows or canerows Narrow rows of visible braids that lie close to the scalp; created

with a three-strand, on the scalp braid technique Corporations Businesses whose ownership is shared by one or more

stockholders Corrugations Wavy ridges caused by uneven nail growth; usually result of

illness or injury Corrugator muscle Muscle located beneath the frontalis and orbicularis oculi that

draws the eyebrow down and wrinkles the forehead vertically Cortex Middle layer of the hair, located directly beneath the cuticle layer.

The cortex is responsible for the incredible strength and elasticity of human hair

Cosmetology The art and science of beautifying and improving the skin, nails, and hair, and the study of cosmetics and their applications

Couperose European term describing areas of diffuse redness and dilated red capillaries

Cowlick Tuft of hair that stands straight up Cranium An oval, bony case that protects the brain Cream mask Mask treatments for dry skin that do not harden or dry on the

face Croquignole perms Perms in which the hair strands are wrapped at an angle

perpendicular to the perm rod, in overlapping concentric layers Cross-checking Parting the haircut in the opposite way from which you cut it, to

check for precision of line and shape Crown Area of the head between the apex and back of the parietal ridge Crust Dead cells that form over a wound or blemish while it is healing;

an accumulation of sebum and pus, sometimes mixed with epidermal material

Curette Small, spoon-shaped instrument used for cleaning debris from the


edges of nail plate Curl Hair that is wrapped around the roller; also called circle Curvature perm wrap Perm wrap in which partings and bases radiate throughout the

panels to follow the curvature of the head Curved lines Lines on an angle, used to soften a design Cuticle Dead tissue that adheres to the nail plate Cuticle Outermost layer of hair, consisting of a single, overlapping layer

of transparent, scale-like cells Cuticle removers Products designed to soften cuticles for removal from the nail

plate Cutting line Angle at which the fingers are held when cutting, and ultimately

the line that is cut; also known as finger angle, finger position, cutting position, cutting angle

Cyst Closed abnormally developed sac containing fluid, semifluid, or morbid matter, above or below the skin

Cytoplasm All the protoplasm of a cell except that which is in the nucleus; the watery fluid that contains food material necessary for growth, reproduction, and self-repair of the cell

Dappen dish A special container used to hold the monomer liquid and polymer powder

Deductive reasoning Process of reaching logical conclusions by employing logical reasoning

Deep peroneal nerve A nerve that extends down the front of the leg, behind the muscles. It supplies impulses to those muscles and also to the muscles and skin on the top of the foot and adjacent sides of the first and second toes

Deep conditioning treatments Chemical mixtures of concentrated protein and the heavy cream base of a moisturizer; used to provide, treatments when an equal degree of moisturizing and protein treatment is required

Deltoid Large triangular muscle covering the shoulder joint that allows the arm to extend outward and to the side of the body

Demi- permanent haircolor Also called no-lift, deposit only color. Formulated to deposit, but not lift (lighten) natural hair color.

Demographics Information about the size, average income, and buying habits of the population

Dendrites Tree like branching of nerve fibers extending from a nerve cell; short nerve fibers that carry impulses toward the cell

Depilatory Substance, usually a caustic alkali preparation, used for the temporary removal of superfluous hair by dissolving it at the skin surface level

Depressor labii inferioris muscle Muscle surrounding the lower lip; depresses the lower lip and draws it to one side

Dermal papilla

Small cone-shaped elevation located at the base of the hair follicle that fits into the hair bulb

Dermatitis Inflammatory condition of the skin Dermatitis venenata Also known as contact dermatitis. An eruptive skin infection

caused by contact with irritating substances such as chemicals or tints

Dermatologist Physician engaged in the science of treating the skin, including its structures, functions, and diseases

Dermatology Medical branch of science that deals with the study of skin and its


nature, structure, functions, diseases and treatment Dermis Underlying or inner layer of the skin; also called the derma,

corium, cutis, or true skin Design texture Wave pattern Desincrustation Process used to soften and emulsify grease deposits (oil) and

blackheads in the hair follicles Developer Oxidizing agent that, when mixed with an oxidation haircolor,

supplies the necessary oxygen gas to develop color molecules and create a change in hair color

Diagnosis Determining the nature of a disease or infection Diagonal lines Lines positioned between horizontal and vertical lines Diaphragm Muscular wall that separates the thorax from the abdominal

region and helps control breathing Diffuser Blow-dryer attachment that causes the air to flow more softly and

helps to accentuate or keep textural definition Digestive system The mouth, stomach, intestines, and salivary and gastric glands

that change food into nutrients and wastes Digit A finger or toe Digital nerve Nerve that with its branches supplies the fingers and toes Diplococcic Spherical bacteria that grow in pairs and cause diseases such as

pneumonia Direct current (DC) Constant, even-flowing current that travels in one direction only Eczema Inflammatory, painful itching disease of the skin, acute or chronic

in nature, presenting many forms of dry or moist lesions Efficacy Effectiveness with which a disinfecting solution kills germs, when

used according to the label Effleurage Light, continuous stroking movement applied with the fingers or

the palms in a slow, rhythmic manner Eggshell nails Noticeably thin, white nail plate that is more flexible than normal Elastin Protein base similar to collagen that forms elastic tissue Electric current Flow of electricity along a conductor Electricity Form of energy that, when in motion, exhibits magnetic,

chemical, or thermal effects; a flow of electrons Electrode Applicator for directing the electric current from the machine to

the client’s skin Electrolysis Removal of hair by means of an electric current that destroys the

root of the hair Electromagnetic radiation Also called radiant energy because it carries, or radiates, energy

through space on waves Electrotherapy Electrical facial treatments Element The simplest form of matter; it cannot be broken down into a

simpler substance without a loss of identity Elemental molecules A chemical combination of atoms of the same element Elevation Angle or degree at which a subsection or hair is held, or lifted,

from the head when cutting; also referred to as projection or lifting

Emollients Oil or fatty ingredients that prevent moisture from leaving the skin

Emphasis or focus The place in a hairstyle where the eye is drawn first before traveling to the rest of the design

Employment portfolio Collection, usually bound, of photos and documents that reflect your skills, accomplishments and abilities in your chosen career


field Emulsion An unstable mixture of two or more immiscible substances united

with the aid of an emulsifier End curls Used to give a finished appearance to hair ends either turned

under or over End paper or end wraps Absorbent papers used to control the ends of the hair when

wrapping and winding hair on perm rods Endocrine Glands, ductless glands that release hormonal secretions directly

into the bloodstream Endocrine system

Group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activities, and health of the entire body

Endothermic waves Perm activated by an outside heat source, usually a conventional hood-type hair dryer

Enzyme peels Chemical exfoliants that involve the use of enzymes that help speed up the breakdown of keratin, the protein in skin

Epicranius The broad muscle that covers the top of the skull Epidermal-dermal junction The top of the papillary layer where it joins the epidermis Epidermis Outermost layer of the skin; also called cuticle Epilator Substance used to remove hair by pulling it out of the follicle Eponychium Living skin at the base of the nail plate covering the matrix area Ergonomics Study of how a workplace can best be designed for comfort,

safety, efficiency, and productivity Essential oils

Oils used in aromatherapy that are extracted via diverse forms of distillation from seeds, bark, roots, roots, leaves, woods, and resin

Esthetician Specialist in the cleansing, preservation of health, and beautification of the skin and body

Ethics Principles of good character, proper conduct, and moral judgment, expressed through personality, human relations skills, and professional image

Ethmoid Bone, light spongy bone between the eye sockets and forms part of the nasal cavities

Eumelanin Melanin that gives brown and black color to hair Excoriation Skin sore or abrasion produced by scratching or scraping Excretory system Group of organs including the kidneys, liver, skin, intestines, and

lungs that purify the body by the elimination of waste matter Exfoliants Ingredients that assist in the process of exfoliation Exfoliating scrubs Preparations used to remove dry or scaly skin on the feet and legs Exfoliation Removal of excess dead cells from the skin surface Exhalation The act of breathing outward, expelling carbon dioxide from the

lungs Exocrine glands Duct glands that produce a substance that travels through small

tube like ducts, such as the sudoriferous glands and the sebaceous glands

Exothermic Chemical reaction that produce heat Exothermic waves Create an exothermic chemical reaction that heats up the waving

solution and speeds up processing Exposure incident Contact with non-intact skin, blood, body fluid or other potentially

infectious materials that results from performance of an employees duties

Extensor digitorum brevis Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance


while walking and standing Extensor digitorum longus Muscle that bends the foot up and extends the toes Extensors Muscles that straighten the wrist, hand, and fingers to form a

straight line External carotid artery Supplies blood to the anterior parts of the scalp, ear, face, neck,

and side of head External jugular vein Vein located on the side of the neck that carries blood returning

to the heart from the head, face , and neck Eye make-up removers Cosmetic preparations for removing eye makeup Eye shadows Cosmetics applied on the eyelids, eyebrows, or lash line to

accentuate or contour Eye tabbing Procedure in which individual synthetic eyelashes are attached

directly to a client’s own lashes at their base Eyebrow pencils Pencils used to add color and shape to the eyebrows Eyelash adhesive

Product used to make artificial eyelashes adhere or stick to the natural lash line

Fabric wraps Nail wraps make of silk, linen, or fiberglass Face powder Cosmetic powder, sometimes tinted and scented, that is used to

add a matte or nonshiny finish to the face Facial artery Supplies blood to the lower region of the face mouth, and nose Fallen hair Hair that has been shed from the head or gathered from a

hairbrush, as opposed to hair that has been cut Femur A heavy, long bone that forms the leg above the knee Fiberglass Very thin synthetic mesh with a loose weave Fibula The smaller of the two bones that form the leg below the knee.

The fibula may be visualized as a bump on little toe side of the ankle

Fifth cranial nerve The chief sensory nerve of the face, and serves as the motor nerve of the muscles that control chewing

Filler Used to equalize porosity Finger waving Process of shaping and directing the hair into a pattern of “s” -

shaped waves through the use of the fingers, combs and waving lotion

Finishing spray Hairspray used to lock in a style after completion Fishtail braid Simple two strand braid in which hair is picked up from the sides

and added to the strands as they are crossed over each other Fissure Crack in the skin that penetrates the epidermis, such as chapped

hands or lips Flagella Slender, hair-like extensions that permit locomotion in certain

bacteria; their whip-like motion moves bacteria in liquid Flexor digitorum brevis Muscle of the foot that moves the toes and help maintain balance

while walking and standing Flexors Extensor muscles or the wrist involved in flexing the wrist Foam or mousse A light, airy, whipped styling product that resembles shaving foam

and builds moderate body and volume into the hair Foaming cleansers Wash off product that contains a surfactant Foil technique Highlighting technique that involves coloring selected strands of

hair by slicing or weaving out sections, placing them on foil or plastic wrap, applying lightener or permanent haircolor, and sealing them in the foil or plastic wrap

Follicle Tube-like depression or pocket in the skin or scalp that contains


the hair root Foot file or paddles Large abrasive files used to smooth and reduce thicker areas of

calluses Foot lotion, oil or cream Products used to moisturize the feet; they are also used for

performing a foot massage Foot soaks Products containing gentle soaps, moisturizers, and so on, that

are used in a pedicure bath to cleanse and soften the skin Form Outline of the overall hairstyle as seen from all angles Formaldehyde hardeners Contain up to 5 percent formaldehyde and create bridges or

cross-links between the keratin strands that make up the natural nail, making the plate much stiffer and more resistant to bending

Foundation Cosmetic, usually tinted, that is used as a base or as a protective film applied before makeup and is used to cover or even out the coloring of the skin

Four corners Points on the head that signal a change in the shape of the head, form flat to round or vice versa

Fragilitas crinium Technical term for brittle hair Free edge Part of the nail plate that extends over the tip of the finger or toe Free-hand notching Notching technique in which pieces of hair are snipped out at

random intervals Free hand slicing Technique used to release weight from the subsection, allowing

the hair to move more freely Fresheners Liquid that help remove excess oil in the skin Friction Deep rubbing movement requiring pressure on the skin with the

fingers or palm while moving them over an underlying structure Friction movement Firm pressure applied to the bottom of the foot using thumb

compression to work from side to side and toward the heel Frontal artery Supplies blood to the forehead and upper eyelids Frontal bone Forms the forehead Frontalis anterior Portion of the epicranius; muscle of the scalp that raises the

eyebrows, draws the scalp forward and causes wrinkles across the forehead

Full base curls Thermal curls that sit in the center of their base; strong curls with full volume

Fulling Form of petrissage in which the tissue is grasped, gently lifted , and spread out; used mainly for massaging the arms

Full stem curl Curl placed completely off the base; allows for the greatest mobility

Fungi Microscopic plant parasites, including molds, mildews, and yeasts Fungicidal Capable of destroying fungi Furrows

Depressions in the nail that run either lengthwise or across the nail; result from illness, injury, stress or pregnancy

Furuncle Boil; acute, localized bacterial infection of the hair follicle Fuse Special device that prevents excessive current from passing

through a circuit Fusion Method of attaching extensions in which extension hair is bonded

to the client’s own hair with a bonding material that is activated by heat from a special tool

Galvanic current Constant and direct current, having a positive and negative pole and producing chemical changes when it passes through the


tissues and fluids of the body Game plan The conscious act of planning your life rather than just letting

things happen Gastrocnemius Muscle that is attached to the lower rear surface of the heel and

pulls the foot down Gel Thickened styling preparation that comes in a tub or bottle and

has a strong hold Glands Specialized organs that remove certain constituents from the

blood to convert them into new substances Glaze A non-ammonia color that adds shine and tone to the hair Glycerin Sweet, colorless, oily substance used as a solvent and moisturizer

in skin and body creams Glyceryl monothioglycolate GMTG main active ingredient in true acid and acid balanced

waving lotions Goal setting The identification of long and short term goals Gommage Enzyme peel in which a cream is applied to the skin before

steaming and forms a hardened crust that is then massaged or “rolled” off the skin, also called “vegetal peeling”

Graduated haircut Graduated shape or wedge; an effect or haircut that results from cutting the hair with tension, low to medium elevation or over direction

Graduation Elevation occurs when a section is lifted above 0 degrees Greasepaint Heavy makeup used for theatrical purposed Greater auricular nerve Located at the side of the neck, affects the face, ears, neck, and

parotid gland Greater occipital nerve Located in the back of the head, affects the scalp as far up as the

top of the head Growth pattern Direction in which the hair grows from the scalp; also referred to

as natural fall or natural falling position Guideline Section of hair located either at the perimeter or the interior of

the cut that determines the length the hair will be cut; also referred to as a guide; usually the first section that is cut to create a shape

Hacking Chopping movement performed with the edges of the hands in massage

Hair bulb Lowest part of a hair strand; the thickened club shaped structure that forms the lower part of the hair root

Hair color The natural color of hair Hair density The number of individual hair strands found on 1 square inch of

scalp Hair elasticity Ability of the hair to stretch and return to its original length

without breaking Hair extensions Hair additions that are secured to the base of the client’s natural

hair in order to add length, volume, texture, or color Hair lightening Chemical process involving the diffusion of the natural color

pigment or artificial color from the hair; often called “bleaching” or “decolorizing

Hair porosity Ability of the hair to absorb moisture Hair pressing Method of temporarily straightening extremely curly or unruly hair

by means of a heated iron or comb Hair root The part of the hair contained within the follicle, below the surface

of the scalp


Hair shaft The portion of hair that projects beyond the skin Hair stream Hair flowing in the same direction, from follicles sloping in the

same direction Hair texture Thickness or diameter of the individual hair strands Hair wrapping A technique used to keep curly hair smooth and straight Haircolor Professional, salon industry term referring to artificial haircolor

products and services Hairline Hair that grows at the outermost perimeter along the face,

around the ears, and on the neck Hairpiece Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head; does not

fully cover the head; toupee Hairspray A styling product applied in the form of a mist to hold a style in

position; available in a variety of holding strengths Half base Position of a curl or a roller one half off its base; giving medium

volume and movement Half off-base placement Base control in which the hair is wrapped at an angle of 90

degrees to its base section and the rod is positioned half off its base section

Half-base curls Thermal curls placed half off their base; strong curls with moderate lift or volume

Half-stem curl Curl placed half off the base; permits medium movement and gives good control to the hair

Hand movements Movements used in therapeutic massage Hand-tied wigs or handknotted wigs Wigs made by inserting individual strands of hair into mesh

foundations and knotting them with a needle Hangnail or agnail Condition in which the eponychium or other living tissue

surrounding the nail plate becomes split or torn Hard press Technique that removes 100 percent of the curl by applying the

pressing comb twice on each side of the hair Hard water Water containing certain minerals that reduce the ability of soap

or shampoo to lather Harmony Orderly and pleasing arrangement of shapes and lines Head form Shape of the head, which greatly affects the way the hair falls and

behaves; also called head shape Heart Muscular cone-shaped organ that keeps the blood moving within

the circulatory system Helix Spiral shape created by polypeptide chains that intertwine around

each other Hemoglobin Iron-containing protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen Hepatitis Bloodborne virus that caused disease affecting the liver Herpes simplex Fever blister or cold sore; recurring viral infection Highlighting Coloring some of the hair strands lighter than the natural color to

add the illusion of sheen and depth; highlights do not general contrast strongly with the natural color

Highlightening shampoo Mixture of shampoo and hydrogen peroxide; used to slightly lighten natural hair color

Hirsuties or hypertrichosis Growth of an unusual amount of hair on parts of the body normally bearing only downy hair; such as the faces of women or the backs of men

Histology Science of the minute structures of organic tissues; microscopic anatomy

Horizontal lines Lines parallel to the floor or horizon; creates width in hair design


Hormones Secretions produced by one of the endocrine glands and carried by the bloodstream or body fluid to another part of the body to stimulate a specific activity

Humectants Substances that absorb moisture or promote the retention of moisture

Humerus Uppermost and largest bone in the arm, extending from the elbow to the shoulder

Hydrogen bonds Weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges; easily broken by water, as in wet setting, or heat, as in thermal styling, and re-form as the hair dries or cools

Hydrophilic Capable of combining with or attracting water Hydroxide neutralization Does not involve oxidation or rebuilding disulfide bonds. The

neutralization of hydroxide relaxers neutralizes the alkaline residues left in the hair by the relaxer. The pH of hydroxide relaxers is so high that the hair remains at an extremely high pH, even after thorough rinsing

Hydroxide relaxers Very strong alkalis with a pH over 13. The hydroxide ion is the active ingredient in all hydroxide relaxers

Hyoid bone U-shaped bone at the base of the tongue that supports the tongue and its muscles; also called “Adam’s apple”

Hyperhidrosis Excessive sweating, caused by heat or general body weakness Hypertrichosis Condition of abnormal growth of hair, characterized by the growth

of terminal hair in areas of the body that normally grow only vellus hair

Hypertrophy Abnormal growth of the skin Hyponychium The slightly thickened layer of skin that lies beneath the free edge

of the nail plate Immiscible Not capable of being mixed Immunity Ability of the body to destroy and resist infection Inactive electrode Opposite pole from the active electrode Indentation The point where curls of opposite directions meet forming a

recessed area Infected finger Redness, pain, swelling, or pus; refer to physician Infection Invasion of body tissue by pathogenic bacteria Infectious Infection that can be spread from one person to another person

or from one infected body part to another Inferior labial artery Supplies blood to the lower lip Inflammation Bodies response to injury or infection with redness, heat, pain,

and swelling Infraorbital artery Supplies blood to the muscles of the eye Infraorbital nerve Affects the skin of the lower eyelid, side of the nose, upper lip,

and mouth Infrared rays Invisible rays that have longer wavelengths penetrate deeper,

and produce more heat than visible light Infratrochlear nerve Nerve that affects the membrane and skin of the nose Inhalation The breathing in of air Inhibition layer Tacky surface left on the nail once a UV gel has cured Inorganic chemistry Study of substances that do not contain carbon Initiators Energized and activated by catalyst; initiators start the chain

reaction Insertion Part of the muscle at the more movable attachment to the


skeleton Instant conditioners Conditioners that either remain on the hair for a very short period

(1 to 5 minutes) or are left in the hair during styling (“leave-in” conditioners)

Insulator or nonconductor Substance that does not easily transmit electric Insurance A means of guaranteeing protection or safety for malpractice,

property liability, fire, burglary and theft, and business interruption

Integration hairpiece

Hairpiece with an opening in the base through which the client’s own hair is pulled to blend with the hair of the hairpiece

Integument Largest and fastest growing organ of the body; composed of the hair, skin, and nails

Integumentary system The skin and its accessory organs, such as the oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair, and nails

Interior guideline Guideline that is inside the haircut rather than on the perimeter Interior Inner or internal part Internal carotid artery Supplies blood to the brain, eye, eye lid, forehead, nose, and

internal ear Internal jugular vein Vein located at the side of the neck to collect blood from the brain

and parts of the face and neck Invisible or inverted braid Three-strand braid produced by overlapping the strands of hair on

top of each other Ion An atom or molecule that carries an electrical change Ionization Separation of an atom or molecule into positive and negative ions Iontophoresis Process of introducing water soluble products into the skin with

the use of electric current, such as the use of the positive and negative poles of a galvanic machine

Job description A document that outlines all duties and responsibilities of a particular position in a salon or spa

Joint Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton Keloid Thick scar resulting from excessive growth of fibrous tissue Keratin Fiber protein that is the principal component of hair and nails Keratinization Process by which newly formed cells in the hair bulb mature, fill

with keratin, move upward, lose their nucleus and die Keratolytic enzymes Substances that help speed up the breakdown of keratin, the

protein in skin Keratoma Acquired, superficial, thickened patch of epidermis commonly

known as callus, caused by pressure or friction on the hands and feet

Lacrimal bone Small, thin bones located at the front inner wall of the orbits Lanthionization Process by which hydroxide relaxers permanently straighten hair;

breaks the hair’s disulfide bonds during processing and converts them to lanthionine bonds when the relaxer is rinsed from the hair

Laser hair removal Permanent hair removal treatment in which a laser beam is pulsed on the skin, impairing the hair growth

Latissimus dorsi

Broad, flat superficial muscle covering the back of the neck and upper and middle region of the back, controlling the shoulder blade and the swinging movements of the arm

Law of color System for understanding color relationships


Layered haircut/layers Graduated effect achieved by cutting the hair with elevation or over-direction; the hair is cut at higher elevations, usually 90 degrees or above, which removes weight

Layers Create movement and volume in the hair by releasing weight Lentigines Technical term for freckles. Small yellow-to brown- colored spots

on skin exposed to sunlight and air Lesion Mark on the skin. May indicate an injury or damage that changes

the structure of tissues or organs Leukoderma Skin disorder characterized by light abnormal patches; caused by

a burn or congenital disease that destroys the pigment producing cells

Leukonychia spots Whitish discolorations of the nails, usually caused by injury to the matrix area; white spot

Levator anguli oris Also known as caninus, a muscle that raises the angle of the mouth and draws it inward

Levator labii superioris Also known as quadratus labii superioris, a muscle surrounding the upper lip; elevates the upper lip and dilates the nostrils, as in expressing distaste

Level Lightness or darkness of a color. Refers to the saturation, concentration, or density of a color.

Level system System that colorists use to determine the lightness or darkness of a hair color

Ligament Tough bank of fibrous tissue that connects bones or holds an organ in place

Light therapy Application of light rays to the skin for treating disorders Lighteners Chemical compounds that lighten hair by dispersing, dissolving,

and decolorizing the natural hair pigment Lighting For basic make up application Line of demarcation Visible line separating colored hair from new growth Line Thin continuous mark used as guide, can be straight, or curved,

horizontal, vertical, or diagonal Linen Closely woven, heavy material used for nail wraps Lip color Cosmetic in paste form, usually in a metal or plastic tube,

manufactured in a variety of colors and used to color the lips; also called lip stick or gloss

Lip liner Colored pencil or brush used to outline the lips and to help keep lip color from feathering around the mouth

Lipophilic Capable of attracting oil Liquid gels or texturizers

Styling products that are lighter and more viscous or sticky than firm-hold gels, used for easy styling, defining, and molding

Liquid soap Used in pedicuring, contains a mild detergent, for cleansing the feet

Liquid tissue Body tissue that carries food, waste products, and hormones Locks or dreadlocks Natural textured hair that is intertwined and meshed together to

form a single or separate network of hair Logarithm Multiples of ten Long layered haircut Haircut in which the hair is cut at a 180 degree angle; the

resulting shape has shorter layers at the top and increasingly longer layers toward the perimeter

Loop or circle rod Tool that is usually about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along the entire length of the rod


Low pH waves Perms that work at a low pH, and use sulfates, sulfites and bisulfites as an alternative to ammonium thioglycolate

Lungs Spongy tissues composed of microscopic cells in which inhaled air is exchanged for carbon dioxide

Lunula Whitish, half-moon shape at the base of the nail plate, caused by the reflection of light off the surface of the matrix

Lymph Clear, yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymph spaces of the body; carries waste and impurities away from the cells

Lymph nodes Special structures found inside the lymphatic vessels that filter lymph

Lymph vascular system Body system that acts as an aid to the blood system and consists of the lymph spaces, lymph vessels, and lymph glands

Machine made wigs Wigs made by machine by feeding wefts through a sewing

machine, and then sewing them together to form the base and shape of the wigs

Macule Spot or discoloration on the skin, such as a freckle Malassezia Naturally occurring fungus that is present on all human

skin, and is responsible for dandruff Malignant melanoma Most serious form of skin cancer; often characterized by

black or dark brown patches on the skin that may appear uneven in texture, jagged, or raised

Mandible Lower, jawbone; largest and strongest bone of the face Mandibular nerve Affects the muscles of the chin and lower lip Massage Manual or mechanical manipulation of the body by

rubbing, pinching, kneading, tapping and other movements to increase metabolism and circulation, promote absorption, and relieve pain

Massage oil Blend of oils used to lubricate, moisturize, and invigorate the skin during a massage

Massage preparations Oil, creams, and lotions used to lubricate, moisturize, and invigorate the skin

Masseter Muscles that coordinate with the temporalis muscles in opening and closing the mouth, and are sometimes referred to as chewing muscles

Maxillae (singular Maxilla) Bones of the upper jaw Maxillary nerve Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the upper

part of the face Median Nerve that supplies the hand and arm Medicated scalp lotions Conditioners that promote healing of the scalp Medicated shampoos Shampoos containing special chemicals or drugs for

reducing excessive dandruff or relieving other scalp conditions

Medium press Technique removing 60 to 75 percent of the curl by applying a thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair using slightly more pressure than in the soft press

Medulla

Innermost layer of the hair, composed of round cells; often absent in fine hair; often called pith or core of the hair

Melanin Tiny grains of pigment deposited in the basal cell layer Melanocytes Melanin-forming cells


Mental nerve Affects the skin of the lower lip and chin Mentalis Muscle that elevates the lower lip and raises and wrinkles

the skin of the chin Metabolism Chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby

the cells are nourished and carry out their activities Metacarpus Bones of the palm of the hand; parts of the hand

containing five bones between the carpus and phalanges Metal hydroxide relaxers Ionic compounds formed by metal (sodium, potassium, or

lithium) combined with oxygen and hydrogen Metallic or gradual colors Haircolors containing metal salts that change hair color

gradually by progressive buildup and exposure to air, creating a dull, metallic appearance

Metatarsal One of three subdivisions of the foot comprised of five bones, which are long and slender, like the metacarpal bones of the hand; help make-up the foot. All three subdivisions compromise 26 bones

Microorganism Any organism of microscopic to submicroscopic size Middle temporal artery Supplies blood to the temples Mildew Type of fungus that affects plants or grows on inanimate

objects but does not cause human infections in the salon setting

Milia Benign, keratin-filled cysts that can appear just under the epidermis and have no visible opening

Miliaria rubra Acute inflammatory disorder of the sweat glands, characterized by the eruption of small red vesicles and accompanied burning, itching skin

Milliampere One-thousandth of an ampere Miscible Capable of being mixed with another liquid in any

proportion without separating Mission statement A statement that sets forth the values that an individual or

institution lives by and that establishes future goals Mitosis Cells dividing into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual

process of cell reproduction of human tissues Modalities Currents used in electrical facial and scalp treatments Moisturizers Products formulated to add moisture to dry hair, with a

heavier formulation than instant conditioners and a longer application time

Mole Small, brownish spot or blemish on the skin, ranging in color from pale tan to brown or bluish black

Molecules A chemical combination of two or more atoms Monilethrix Technical term for beaded hair Motility Self-movement Motor nerve fibers Distributed to the arrector pili muscles attached to the hair

follicles Motor nerves Nerves that carry impulses from the brain to the muscles Motor point Points on the skin over the muscle where pressure or

stimulation will cause contraction of that muscle MSDS ( Material Safety Data Sheet) Safety information about products compiled by

manufacturer Multi-use Items that can be cleaned, disinfected , and used on more

than one person, even if the item is exposed to blood or body fluid


Muscular system Body system that covers, shapes, and supports the skeleton tissue; contracts and moves various parts of the body

Muscular tissue Tissue that contracts and moves various parts of the body Myology Science of the nature, structure, function and diseases of

the muscles Nape Back part of the neck; the hair below the occipital bone Nasal bones Bones that form the bridge of the nose Nasal nerve Affects the point and lower side of the nose Natural hairstyling Hairstyling that uses no chemicals or tints and does not

alter the natural curl or coil pattern of the hair Natural or vegetable haircolors Colors, such as henna, obtained from the leaves or bark of

plants Nerve tissue Tissue that controls and coordinates all body functions Nerves Whitish cords made up of bundles of nerve fibers held

together by connective tissue, through which impulses are transmitted

Nervous system Body system composed of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve; controls and coordinates all other systems and makes them work harmoniously and efficiently

Neurology Science of the structure, function, and pathology of the nervous system

Neuron Nerve cell; basic unit of the nervous system, consisting of cell body, nucleus, dendrites, and axon

Nevus Small or large malformation of the skin due to abnormal pigmentation or dilated capillaries; commonly known as birthmark

New growth Part of the hair shaft between the scalp and the hair that has been previously colored

No-base relaxers Relaxers that do not require application of a protective base cream

Nonpathogenic Not harmful; organisms that may perform useful functions Nonstriated muscle Also called involuntary or smooth muscle; muscle that

functions automatically without conscious will Nonstripping Description of products that do not remove artificial color

from the hair Normalizing lotions Conditioners that restore the hair’s natural pH after a

hydroxide relaxer and prior to shampooing No-stem curl Curl placed directly on its base; produces a tight, firm,

long-lasting curl and allows minimum mobility Notching Version of point cutting in which the tips of the scissors are

moved toward the hair ends rather than into them; creates a chunkier effect

Nucleus Dense, active protoplasm found in the center of the cell; plays an important part in cell reproduction and metabolism

Occipital artery Supplies blood to the skin and muscles of the scalp and back of the head to the crown

Occipital bone Hindmost bone of the skulk below the parietal bones; forms the back of the skull above the nape

Occipitalis Back of the epicranius; muscle that draws the scalp backward


Occupational disease Illness resulting from conditions associated with employment

Off base The position of a curl or a roller completely off its base for maximum mobility and minimum volume

Off- base curls Thermal curls placed completely off their base; have only slight lift or volume

Off-based placement Base control in which the hair is wrapped at a 45 degree angle below perpendicular to its base section and the rod is positioned completely off its base section

Off –the-scalp lightener Powdered lighteners that cannot be used directly on the scalp

Ohm Unit that measures the resistance of an electric current Oil-in-water Emulsion, oil droplets emulsified in water On base Position of a curl or roller directly on its base for maximum

volume; also called full base On-base placement Base control in which the hair is wrapped at a 45 degree

angle beyond perpendicular to its base section and the rod is positioned on its based section

On-the-scalp lighteners Oil and cream lighteners that can be used directly on the scalp

Open comedones Also known as blackheads; follicles impacted with solidified sebum and dead cell buildup

Open-center curls Pin curls that produce even, smooth waves and uniform curls

Ophthalmic nerve Branch of the fifth cranial nerve that supplies the skin of the forehead, upper eyelids, and interior portion of the scalp, orbit, eyeball and nasal passage

Orbicularis oculi Muscle, ring muscle of the eye sockets; enables you to close your eyes

Orbicularis oris

Muscle, flat band around the upper and lower lips that compresses, contracts, puckers, and wrinkles the lips

Organic chemistry Study of substances that contain carbon Organs Structures composed of specialized tissues and performing

specific functions Origin Part of the muscle that does not move; it is attached to

the skeleton and is usually part of a skeletal muscle Osteology The study of anatomy, structures, and functions of the

bones Ostium Follicle opening Over-direction Combing a section away from its natural falling position,

rather than straight out from the head, toward a guideline; used to create increasing lengths in the interior or perimeter

Oxidation A chemical reaction that combines a substance with oxygen to produce an oxide

Oxidizing agent Substance that releases oxygen Palm to palm Cutting position in which the palms of both hands are

facing each other Papillary layer Outer layer of the dermis, directly beneath the epidermis


Papule Pimple; small circumscribed elevation on the skin that contains no fluid but may develop pus

Parallel lines Repeating lines in a hairstyle; may be straight or curved Parasites Plants or animal organisms that derive nutrition from

another organism Parietal artery Supplies blood to the sides and crown of the head Parietal bones Form the sides and top of the cranium Parietal ridge Widest area of the head, usually starting at the temples

and ending at the bottom of the crown Paronychia Bacterial inflammation of the tissue around the nail; pus,

thickening , and brownish discoloration of the nail plate Part/parting Line dividing the hair to the scalp that separates one

section of the hair from another or creates subsections Partnership

Business structure in which two or more people share ownership, although not necessarily equally

Patch test Test for identifying a possible allergy in a client, required by Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act. Also called predisposition test

Patella Also called the accessory bone, forms the knee cap joint Pathogenic Causing disease; may cause harmful conditions or illnesses

in humans Pectoralis major, pectoralis minor Muscles of the chest that assist that assist the swinging

movements of the arms Peptide bond or end bond Chemical bond that joins amino acids to each other, end to

end, to form a polypeptide chain Perfectionism A compulsion to do things perfectly Pericardium Double-layered membranous sac enclosing the heart Perimeter Outer line of a hairstyle Peripheral nervous system System of nerves and ganglia that connects the peripheral

parts of the body to the central nervous system; it has both sensory and motor nerves

Permanent haircolors Lightens and deposits color at the same time and in one application. They are more alkaline than no lift deposit only haircolors and mixed with a higher volume developer

Personal hygiene Daily maintenance of cleanliness by practicing good sanitary habits

Personnel Employees; staff Petrissage Kneading movement performed by lifting, squeezing, and

pressing the tissue with a light, firm pressure pH scale Measures the acidity and alkalinity of a substance Phenolics Powerful tuberculocidal disinfectants Pheomelanin Melanin that provides natural hair colors from red and

ginger to yellow/blond tones Physical change Change in the form or physical properties of a substance

without the formation of a new substance Physical mixture

Physical combination of matter, in any proportion

Physical presentation Person’s physical posture, walk and movements Physical properties Characteristics that can be determined without a chemical

reaction and do not cause a chemical change in the substance


Physiology Study of the functions or activities performed by the body’s structures

Pityriasis Dandruff; an inflammation of the skin characterized by the formation and flaking of fine, thin scales

Pityriasis capitis simplex Technical term for classic dandruff; characterized by scalp irritation, large flakes, and itchy scalp

Pityriasis steatoides Scalp inflammation marked by fatty (greasy or waxy) types of dandruff

Plasma Fluid part of the blood and lymph that carries food and secretions to the cells

Platelets Blood cells that aid in the forming of clots Platysma muscle Broad muscle extending from the chest and shoulder

muscles to the side of the chin; responsible for lowering the lower jaw and lip

Point cutting Haircutting technique in which the tips of the shears are used to cut “points” into the ends of the hair

Polarity Negative or positive pole of an electric current Polymer Substance formed by combining many small molecules into

very long chain-like structures Polymerization Chemical reaction that creates polymers; also called curing

or hardening Polypeptide chain Long chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds Pomade or wax Styling products that add considerable weight to the hair

by causing strands to join together, showing separation in the hair

Porous Absorbent, having pores or openings Posterior auricular artery Supplies blood to the scalp, the area behind and above the

ear, and the skin behind the ear Posterior auricular nerve Affects the muscles behind the ear at the base of the skull Postpartum alopecia Temporary hair loss experienced at the conclusion of a

pregnancy Prelightening

First step of double-process haircoloring, used to lift or lighten the natural pigment before the application of toner

Presoftening Process of treating gray or very resistant hair to allow for better penetration of color

Primary colors Pure or fundamental colors (red, yellow and blue) that cannot be created by combining other colors

Prioritize To make a list of tasks that need to be done in the order of most to least important

Procerus Covers the bridge of the nose, lowers the eyebrows, and causes wrinkles across the bridge of the nose

Procrastination Putting off until tomorrow what you can do today Professional image Impression projected by a person engaged in any

profession, consisting of outward appearance and conduct exhibited in the workplace

Profile Outline of the face, head, or figure seen in a side view Proportion Harmonious relations among parts or things, or the

comparative relation of one thing to another Protein conditioners Products designed to slightly increase hair diameter with a

coating action, thereby adding body to the hair


Protoplasm Colorless jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as protein, fats, carbohydrates, mineral, salts, and water are present

Psoriasis Skin disease characterized by red patches, covered with silver-white scales usually found on the scalp, elbows, knees, chest and lower back, but rarely seen on the face

Pulmonary circulation Blood circulation from heart to lungs to be purified Pure substance Chemical combinations of matter in definite proportions Pustule Inflamed pimple containing pus Quaternary ammonium compounds Type of disinfectant solution safe for all uses in the salon;

commonly called quats Razor rotation

Texturizing technique similar to razor-over- comb, done with small circular motions

Razor-over- comb Texturizing technique in which the comb and razor are used on the surface of the hair

Record-keeping The maintaining of accurate and complete records of all financial activities in your business

Rectifier Apparatus that converts alternating current to direct current

Red blood cells Blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells

Red light Therapeutic light used on dry skin in combination with oils and creams; penetrates the deepest and produces the most heat

Redox Contraction for reduction-oxidation; chemical reaction in which the oxidizing agent is reduced and the reducing agent is oxidized

Reduced To subtract oxygen from or add hydrogen to a substance Reduction The chemical reaction of subtracting oxygen from or

adding hydrogen to a substance Reference points Points on the head that mark where the surface of the

head changes or the behavior of the hair changes, such as ears, jawline, occipital bone, apex, and so on; used to establish design lines that are proportionate

Reflective listening Listening to the client and then repeating, in your own works, what you think the client is telling you

Reflex Automatic nerve reaction to a stimulus that involves the movement of specific muscles as a response to impulses carried along a motor neuron to a muscle, causing a spontaneous reaction

Reproductive system Body system responsible for processes by which plants and animals produce offspring

Resistant Characteristic of some hair types that makes penetration by moisture or chemicals difficult

Respiration Act of breathing; the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the lungs and within each cell

Respiratory system

Body system consisting of the lungs and air passages; enables breathing, supplying the body with oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide wastes


Resume Written summary of a person’s education and work experience

Retail supplies Supplies sold to clients Retailing Act of recommending and selling products to your clients

for at-home hair care Reticular layer Deepest layer of the dermis that supplies the skin with

oxygen and nutrients; contains cells, vessels, glands and follicles

Reverse highlighting or lowlighting Technique of coloring strands of hair darker that the natural color

Rhythm Regular or recurrent pattern of movement in a hairstyle Ribboning Technique of forcing the hair between the thumb and the

back of the comb to create tension Ridge curls Pin curls placed immediately behind or below a ridge to

form a wave Ringed hair Variety of canities characterized by alternating bands of

gray and pigmented hair throughout the length of the hair strand

Rod Round, solid prong of a thermal iron Rolling Massage movement in which the tissues are pressed and

twisted using a fast back and forth movement Rope braid Braid made with two strands that are twisted around each

other Safety eyewear Used to protect eyes from flying objects or accidental

splashes Salon operation Knowing and complying with all Federal Occupational

Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) guidelines, including those that require the ingredients of cosmetic preparations be available for employees

Salon policies The rules or regulations adopted by a salon to ensure that all clients and associates are being treated fairly and consistently

Salt bonds

Relatively weak physical side bonds that are the result of an attraction between opposite electrical charges; easily broken by changes in pH, as in permanent waving, and reform when pH returns to normal

Sanitation or sanitizing Cleaning to remove all visible residue and matter Scabies Contagious skin disease that is caused by the itch mite

which burrows under the skin Scale Any thin plate of epidermal flakes, dry or oily, such as

abnormal or excessive dandruff Scalp astringent lotions Products used to remove oil accumulation from the scalp;

used after a scalp treatment and before styling Scalp conditioners Products, usually in a cream base, used to soften and

improve the health of the scalp Scapula One of a pair of shoulder blades; a large, flat, triangular

bone of the shoulder Scar or cicatrix Light-colored, slightly raised mark on the skin formed after

an injury or lesion of the skin has healed


Scissor-over-comb Haircutting technique in which the hair is held in place with the comb while the tips of the scissors are used to remove the lengths

Scutula Dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp in tinea favosa or favus

Sebaceous glands Oil glands of the skin connected to hair follicles Seborrheic dermatitis Medical term for pityriasis steatoides accompanied by

redness and inflammation; skin condition caused by an inflammation of the sebaceous glands. Often characterized by inflammation, dry or oily scaling, or crusting and/or itching

Sebum Oily secretion of the sebaceous glands, which lubricate the hair and skin

Secondary color Color obtained by mixing equal parts of two primary colors Secretory coil Coiled base of sweat glands Secretory nerve fibers Distributed to the sweat and oil glands of the skin Sections To divide the hair by parting into uniform working areas

for control Semi-hand-tied wigs Wigs constructed with a combination of synthetic hair and

hand-tied human hair Semipermanent haircolor No-lift, deposit-only, nonoxidation haircolor that is not

mixed with peroxide and is formulated to last through several shampoos

Sensitization A greatly increased or exaggerated sensitivity to products Sensory nerve fibers React to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. These

sensory receptors send messages to the brain Sensory (afferent) nerves Nerves that carry impulses or messages from the sense

organs to the brain, where sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, taste, smell, pain and pressure are experienced

Shaping Section of hair that is molded in a circular movement in preparation for the formation of curls

Shell The clamp that presses the hair against the barrel or rod of a thermal iron

Side bonds Disulfide, salt and hydrogen bonds that cross-link polypeptide chains together. Side bonds are responsible for the elasticity and incredible strength of the hair

Silicone Styling product ingredient that adds gloss and sheen to the hair while creating textural definition

Single braids Free-hanging braids, with or without extensions, that can be executed either underhand or overhand; also called individual or box braids

Single flat wrap Perm wrap that is similar to double flat wrap but uses only one end paper, placed over the top of the strand of hair being wrapped

Single lines A hairstyle with only one line, such as the one-length hairstyle

Single-process haircoloring Process that lightens and deposits color in the hair in a single application

Single-use Disposable items that cannot be used more than once, either because they cannot be cleaned of all visible residue or because cleaning and disinfecting damages them


Skeletal system

Physical foundation of the body, comprised of 206 bones that vary in size and shape and are connected by movable and immovable joints

Skin tag A small brown or flesh-colored outgrowth of the skin Skip waves Two rows of ridge curls, usually on the side of the head Slicing (color) A coloring technique that involves taking a narrow 1/8 inch

(0.3 centimeter) section of hair by making a straight part at the scalp, positioning the hair over the foil, and applying lightener or color

Slicing (hair cutting) Technique that removes bulk and adds movement through the lengths of the hair; the shears are not completely closed, and only the portion of the blades near the pivot is used

Slide cutting Method of cutting or thinning the hair in which the fingers and shears glide along the edge of the hair to remove length

Slithering (effilating) Process of thinning the hair to graduated lengths with shears; cutting the hair with a sliding movement of the shears while keeping the blades partially opened

Smaller (lesser) optical nerve Located at the base of the skull, affects the scalp and muscles behind the ear

Soap cap Combination of equal parts of prepared tint and shampoo applied to the hair like a regular shampoo

Sodium hypochlorite Common household bleach; disinfectant for salon use Soft bender rods Tool about 12 inches long with a uniform diameter along

the entire length. These soft foam rods have a stiff wire inside that permits them to be bent into almost any shape

Soft curl permanent Combination of a thio relaxer and a thio permanent wrapped on large rods to make existing curl larger and looser

Soft press Techniques of pressing the hair to remove 50 to 60 percent of the curl by applying the thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair

Soft water

Rain water or chemically softened water that lathers easily with soap or shampoo

Sole proprietor Individual owner and manager of a business Solute Substance that is dissolved into a solution Solution Stable mixture of two or more mixable substances Solvent Substance that dissolves the solute to form a solution Space Area that the hairstyle occupies; also thought of as the

area inside the form Special effects haircoloring Any technique that involves partial lightening or coloring Sphenoid bone Joins all of the bones of the cranium together Spinal cord The portion of the central nervous system that originates

in the brain, extends down to the lower extremity of the trunk, and is protected by the spinal column

Spiral curl Method of curling the hair by winding a strand around the rod

Spiral perm wrap Hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular to


the length of the rod, which causes the hair to spiral along the length of the rod, similar to the grip on a tennis racket

Spirilla Spiral or corkscrew-shaped bacteria that can cause diseases such as syphilis and Lyme disease

Spray-on thermal protectors Products applied to the hair prior to any thermal service to protect it from the harmful effects of blow-drying, thermal irons, or electric rollers

Squamous cell carcinoma Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma; often characterized by scaly red papules or nodules

Stain Abnormal brown or wine-colored skin discoloration with a circular and irregular shape

Staphylococci Pus-forming bacteria that grow in clusters like bunches of grapes, can cause abscesses, pustules and boils

Stationary guidelines Guideline that does not move Steatoma Sebaceous cyst or fatty tumor Stem

Section of pin curl between the base and first arc (turn) of the circle that gives the circle its direction and movement; the hair between the scalp and the first turn of the roller

Sterilization Process that completely destroys all microbial life, including spores

Sternocleidomastorideus Muscle of the neck that lowers and rotates the head Sternum Breastbone; flat bone that forms the ventral (front)

support of the ribs Straight profile Neither convex or concave Straight rods Perm rods that are equal in diameter along their entire

length or curling area Straightening gel Styling product applied to damp hair that is wavy, curly, or

extremely curly, and then blown-dry; relaxes the hair for a smooth, straight look

Stratum corneum Outer layer of the epidermis Stratum germinativum Also know as the basal cell layer; the deepest, live layer of

the epidermis that produces new epidermal skin cells and is responsible for growth

Stratum granulosum Granular layer of the epidermis Stratum lucidum Clear, transparent layer just under the skin surface Stratum spinosum Spiny layer of the epidermis Streptococci Pus forming bacteria arranged in curved lines resembling a

string of beads; they can cause infections such as strep throat and blood poisoning

Stress Inability to cope with a threat, real or imagined, to our well-being, which results in a series of responses and adaptations by our minds and bodies; tension caused by a situation

Striated muscle Also called voluntary or skeletal muscle; muscle that is consciously controlled.

Subcutaneous tissue Fatty, layer found below the dermis that gives smoothness and contour to the body, contains fat for use as energy, and also acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin; also called adipose or subcutis tissue


Submental Artery, supplies blood to the chin and lower lip

Subsections Smaller sections within a larger section of hair used to maintain control of the hair while cutting

Sudoriferous glands Sweat glands of the skin Superficial temporal artery Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the front, side

and top of the head Superficial labial artery Supplies blood to the upper lip and region of the nose Supraorbital nerve Affects the skin of the upper eyelid and forehead Supratrochlear nerve Affects the skin between the eyes and the upper side of

the nose Surfactants Cleansing or surface active agent Suspension Unstable mixture of undissolved particles in a liquid Symmetrical balance Hairstyle design that is similar on both sides of the face Systemic circulation Circulation of blood from the heart throughout the body

and back again to the heart; also called general circulation Tactile corpuscles Small epidermal structures with nerve endings that are

sensitive to touch and pressure Tan Change in pigmentation of the skin caused by exposure to

the sun or ultraviolet rays Tapers Haircutting effect in which there is an even blend from

very short at the hairline to longer lengths as you move up the head; “to taper” is to narrow progressively at one end.

Tapotement or percussion Most stimulating form of massage movement, consisting of short, quick tapping, slapping, and hacking movements

Telangiectasias Dilated red capillaries Telogen Resting phase; the final phase in the hair cycle that lasts

until the fully grown hair is shed Temporal nerve Affects the muscles of the temple, side of the forehead,

eyebrow, eyelid, and upper part of the check Temporalis Temporal muscle; one of the muscles involved in

mastication (chewing) Temporary haircolor Nonpermanent color whose large pigment molecules

prevent penetration of the cuticle layer, allowing only a coating action that may be removed by shampooing

Tension Amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a section, created by stretching or pulling the section.

Terminal hair Long hair found on the scalp, as well as on legs, arms, and body of both males and females.

Tertiary color Intermediate color achieved by mixing a secondary color and its neighboring primary color on the color wheel in equal amounts

Tesla high-frequency current Thermal or heat-producing current with a high rate of oscillation or vibration; also called violet ray

Test-wise Having a complete and thorough knowledge of the subject matter; and understanding the strategies for taking tests successfully

Texturizing Removing excess bulk without shortening the length; changing the appearance or behavior of the hair through specific haircutting techniques, using shears, thinning shears, or a razor

Thermal irons An implement comprised of a rod handle, shell handle,


barrel or rod, and shell that is made of quality steel used to dry hair using heat

Thermal waving and curling Methods of waving and curling straight or pressed hair using thermal irons and special manipulative curling techniques on dry hair

Thio (THY-oh) neutralization Stops the action of a permanent wave solution and rebuilds the hair in its new curly form

Thio relaxers Use the same ammonium thioglycolate (ATG) that is used in permanent waving, but a higher concentration and a higher pH (above 10)

Thio-free waves Perms that uses cysteamine or mercaptamine instead of ammonium thioglycolate as the primary reducing agent

Thioglycolic acid Colorless liquid with a strong unpleasant odor; provides the hydrogen that causes the reduction reaction in permanent waving solutions

Thorax The chest; elastic, bony cage that serves as a protective framework for the heart, lungs and other internal organs

Ticket upgrading or upselling services Practice of recommending and selling additional services to clients

Tinea Medical term for ringworm, a contagious condition caused by fungal infection

Tinea capitis Fungal infection of the scalp characterized by red papules, or spots at the opening of hair follicles

Tines favosa (tinea favus) Fungal infection characterized by dry, sulfur-yellow, cup-like crusts on the scalp, called scutula

Tissue Collection of similar cells that perform a particular function Tone Also called hue of color; the balance of color Toners Semipermanent, demipermanent, and permanent hair

color products that are used primarily on prelightened hair to achieve pale and delicate colors

Toupee Small wig used to cover the top or crown of the head Track-and-sew method Attachment method in which hair extensions are secured

at base of the client’s own hair by sewing Transferable skills Skills mastered at other jobs that can be put to use in a

new position Transitional lines Usually curved lines that are used to blend and soften

horizontal or vertical lines Transverse facial artery Supplies blood to the skin and masseter Trapezius Muscle that covers the back of the neck and upper and

middle region of the back; rotates and controls swinging movements of the arm

Traveling guideline Guideline that moves as the haircutting progresses, used often when creating layers or graduation

Triangularis Muscle extending alongside the chin that pulls down the corner of the mouth

Tricep Large muscle that covers the entire back of the upper arm and extends the forearm

Trichology Science dealing with the study of hair, its diseases, and care

Trichoptilosis Technical term for split ends Trichorrhexis nodosa Knotted hair characterized by brittleness and the formation

of nodular swelling along the hair shaft


True acid waves

Have pH between 4.5-7.0, require heat to process (endothermic), process more slowly that alkaline waves, and do not usually produce as firm a curl as alkaline waves

Tubercle Abnormal rounded, solid lump above, within, or under skin; larger than a papule

Tuberculocidal Disinfectants that kill the bacteria that causes tuberculosis Tumor A swelling; an abnormal cell mass resulting from excessive

multiplication of cells, varying in size, shape, and color Tubinal bones Thin layer of spongy bone on either of the outer walls of

the nasal depression Turned hair Wig hair in which the root end of every hair strand is sewn

into the base so that the cuticles of all hair strands slope in the same direction

Ulcer Open lesion of the skin or mucous membrane of the body, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth

Ulna Inner and larger bone of the forearm, attached to the wrist and located on the side of the little finger

Ulnar artery Artery that supplies blood to the muscle of the little finger side of the arm and palm of the hand

Ulnar nerve Nerve that affects the little finger side of the arm and palms of the hand

Ultraviolet (UV) rays Invisible rays that have short wavelengths, are the least-penetrating rays, produce chemical effects, and kill germs; also called cold rays or actinic rays

Uniform Layers Hair is elevated to 90 degrees from the scalp and cut at the same length

Universal Precautions Set of guidelines published by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration that requires the employer and employee to assume that all human blood and body fluids contain pathogens and are thus infectious

Updo Hairstyle in which the hair is arranged up and off the shoulders

Valves

Structures that temporarily close a passage, or permit blood flow in one direction only

Veins Thin-walled blood vessels that are less elastic than arteries; veins contain cup-like valves to prevent backflow and carry impure blood from the various capillaries back to the heart and lungs

Vellus or lanugo Short, fine, unpigmented downy hair that appears on the body, with the exception of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet

Ventricle The lower thick-walled chambers of the heart Verruca Technical term for wart; hypertrophy of the papillae and

epidermis Vertical lines Lines that are straight up and down; creates length and

height in hair design Vesicle Small blister or sac containing clear fluid, lying within or

just beneath the epidermis Vibration In massage, the rapid shaking of the body part while the


balls of the fingertips are pressed firmly on the point of application

Virgin application First time the hair is colored Virucidal Capable of destroying viruses Virus Microorganism that can invade plants and animals,

including bacteria Visible braid Three-strand braid made by the underhand technique, in

which the strands of hair are woven under the center strand

Visible light The primary source of light used in facial and scalp treatments

Vitamin A Aids in the health, function, and repair of skin cells Vitamin C Needed for proper repair of the skin and various tissues Vitamin D Promotes the healthy and rapid healing of the skin Vitamin E Helps fight against, and protects the skin from the harmful

effects of the sun’s rays Vitiligo Milky-white spots (leukoderma) of the skin. Vitiligo is

hereditary and may be related to thyroid conditions Volatile Easily evaporating Volatile organic compounds Substances containing carbon that evaporated quickly and

easily Volt Unit that measures the pressure or force that pushes the

flow of electrons forward through a conductor Volume Measure of varying strengths (concentration) of hydrogen

peroxide; the higher the volume, the greater the lifting action

Volume-base curls Thermal curls placed very high on their base; provide maximum lift or volume

Volumizer Styling product that adds volume to the shape, especially at the base, when the hair is blow-dried

Vomer bone Flat thin bone that forms part of the nasal septum Wall plate Instrument that plugs into an ordinary wall outlet and

produces various types of electric currents that are used for facial and scalp treatments

Warm colors Range of colors from yellow and gold through oranges, red-oranges, most reds and even some yellow-greens

Water-in-oil emulsion Water droplets emulsified in oil Watt Measurement of how much electrical energy is being used

in one second Wattage Measure of how much electricity a light blub consumes Wave pattern Amount of “movement” in the hair strand; described as

straight, wavy, curly, and extremely curly Wavelength Distance between successive peaks of electromagnetic

waves Waving lotion Type of hair gel that makes the hair pliable enough to keep

it in place during the finger waving procedure Weave technique Wrapping technique that uses zigzag partings to divide

base areas Weaving Color technique in which select strands are picked up from

a narrow section of hair with a zigzag motion of the comb, and lightener or color is applied only to these strands

Wefts Strips of human or artificial hair woven by hand or


machine onto a thread Weight line Visual “line” in the haircut, where the ends of the hair

hang together Wheal Itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours; caused by

a blow, the bite of an insect, urticarial, or the sting of a nettle

White blood cells Blood cells that perform the function of destroying disease-causing microorganisms

White light Referred to as combination light because it is a combination of all visible rays of the spectrum

Whorl Hair that forms in a circular pattern, as on the crown Wig Artificial covering for the head consisting of a network of

interwoven hair Work ethic Taking pride in your work and committing yourself to

consistently doing a good job for your clients, employer; and salon team

Written agreement Documents such as a business plan, which is a written description of your business as you see it today and you foresee it in the next 5 years

Zygomatic nerve Affects the muscles of the upper part of the cheek Zygomatic/malar bones Forms the prominence of the cheeks; cheekbones Zygomatic Muscles extending from the zygomatic bone to the angle of

the mouth; elevate the lip, as in laughing