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High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionals

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Page 1: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionals

Page 2: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

Agenda• Address your needs for GNSS knowledge.• GNSS Basics• Satellite Ranging Fundamentals (Code $ Carrier)• Differential Corrections (Post‐Processed $ Real‐Time)• Real‐Time Corrections (Radio & Cellular)• GNSS System Components• Geodesy 101• Are you practicing Land Surveying? The Gray Area.

Page 3: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

Your Needs for GNSS Knowledge

• Who’s using it? (You/Coworkers)• What kind of unit/precision? (10m or 10cm)• Where are you using it? (Locally/Remotely)• When are you using it? (Daily Use/Project Specific)• Why are you using it? (Requirement/Value Added)• How are you using it? (Business Line/Application)

Page 4: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System

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GNSS: Global Navigation Satellite System

NAVSTAR GLONASS

Page 6: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

The Constellations• NAVSTAR aka GPS (United States DoD)

– 31/36 (Block III)

• GLONASS (Russian Federation)– 24/27

• Galileo (European Union)– 11+4+3/30

• BeiDou aka Compass (People’s Republic of China)– 21/35

• QZSS (Japan Regional) “We might be able to use this.”• IRNSS (Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System)

Page 7: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

So… that’s cool, but how do we get PRECISION??? 

We must know where the satellite is, and we must determine the distance to it. We refer to this as 

satellite RANGING.

Page 8: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

Four Satellite Minimum (X, Y, Z, Time)

Page 9: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

Code Ranging

Measurement of time difference between the same part of code.

To Receiver

From Satellite

Distance = Speed Of Light x Time Difference

Page 10: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

Carrier Ranging

= First Partial WavelengthN = Integer Ambiguity

Solving for the integer ambiguity yields centimeter precision.

Page 11: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

So… that’s cool, but how do we get PRECISION??? 

We must have a second receiver on a “known” point. From this 

receiver second, we can generate a DIFFERENTIAL correction.

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Page 13: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

CORSOur gateway to accessing the National 

Spatial Reference System

AGC Geodetic Control

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Page 15: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses
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Real‐Time Correction ComparisonRADIO CELLULAR DATA

Limited Range Limited to Cell Availability

Relies on a Battery Requires a cellular data plan

Requires a FCC License May require subscription.

Limited by baseline length… Allows for Multi‐Station Solution (Better)

More Equipment / Investment

Less Equipment / Typically 60% Investment vs Radio.

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Rover Receiver

Rover Radio Antenna

Data Collector

Rover Pole

Bipod

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xxxxx

Base Receiver

Tribrach

Base Receiver Battery

Radio Data Cable

Base Receiver Tripod

Data CollectorBase Radio

Battery

Base Radio

Base Radio Tripod

Antenna Cable

Radio Antenna

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So… that’s cool, but how do we get ACCURACY??? 

1. Use a High Precision GNSS Receiver2. Use Proper Field Procedures3. Apply sound Geodetic Principles

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Earth‐Centered Earth‐Fixed (ECEF)Ellipsoid(e.g., GRS‐80, WGS‐84) +Z axis (parallel to axis of rotation)

+X axis(Prime meridian)

–Y axis (90°W) 

–Y1

+Z1

Earth mass center–X1–X axis 

(180°W) 

+Y axis (90°E) 

–Z axis

Equatorial plane

λ1

φ1

h1

Coordinates:(–X1, –Y1, +Z1)(φ1, λ1, h1)

Geoid(“mean sea level”)

p4

Anchorage

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PUBLIC SERVICE ANNOUNCEMENTS:

WGS84 IS NOT THE SAME AS NAD83

PUBLISHED LATITUDES & LONGITUDES ON PUBLIC DATA SOURCES SHOULDREFERENCE NAD83… BE WEARY.

ALASKA: US SURVEY FEET

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Relationship between the MANY ‘flavors’ of nad83 and GNSS‐derived NAVD88 HEIGHTS

All hybrid geoid models from NGS are intended for use with NAD83, but for the most consistent results, ensure that the geoid model used matches the correct ‘flavor’ of NAD83

Alaska:  For NAD83(1986) use Geoid06

For NAD83(2007), NAD83(CORS96)  use Geoid09

For NAD83(2011)  use  Geoid 12A/B

NAD83(2007)

NAD83(2011)

NAD83(1986)

NAD83(1997)

NAD83(2011)

Birth: NAD83(1986)   Differential leveling only1st adjustment NAD83(1997)  GNSS/HARN and more leveling also: NAD83(HARN)

NAD83(CORS96) GNSS/CORS (2007.00 epoch in AK)2nd adjustment NAD83(2007)  GNSS/CORS3rd adjustment NAD83(2011)  CORS

Note: for Alaska these are the only three 

hybrid geoid models that exist

Adjustments to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS)

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THE GEOID FOR ALASKA: GEOIDxx

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SPCS vs. UTM

SPCS: 1 in 10,000UTM: 1 in 2500

Page 26: High Precision GNSS for Mapping & GIS Professionalsaksmc.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Frontier... · (13)"practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses

AS 08.48.341.(13) "practice of land surveying" means the teaching of land surveying courses at an institution of higher learning, or any service or work the adequate performance of which involves the application of special knowledge of the principles of mathematics, the related physical and applied sciences, and the relevant requirements of law for adequate evidence of the act of measuring and locating land, geodetic and cadastral surveys for the location and monumentation of property boundaries, for the platting and planning of land and subdivisions of land, including the topography, alignment, and grades for streets, and for the preparation and perpetuation of maps, record plats, field note records, and property descriptions that represent these surveys;

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