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High performance lighting On the road for energy efficiency in tunnels Flemish government – BELGIUM Jef Vercammen Department of Mobility and Public Works 26/04/2016 Agency for Roads and Traffic

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High performance lighting

On the road for energy efficiency in tunnels

Flemish government – BELGIUM Jef Vercammen

Department of Mobility and Public Works 26/04/2016

Agency for Roads and Traffic

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

1. Introduction (1/2)

• Central research question:

“Maximize the efficiency and minimize the use of energy of tunnel lighting in road tunnels”

• Triggers:

• Policy (Kyoto protocol)

• Huge potential of savings (50 % total energy use tunnel)

• Energy efficiency in the Flemish government

1. Introduction (2/2)

• Approach:

• Investigation of the influencing factors in the design process of tunnel lighting:

• Level of entrance lighting

• Reflection properties wall and road

• New technologies, fixtures, lamps, …

• Maintenance and management

• Based on empirical studies, international guidelines, unpublished calculations, original project information

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

2. Terminology and definitions (1/3)

• Requirements of a lighting installation depends on:

• Driver: age, ability

• Tunnel: physical condition road, acces and length tunnel

• Atmospheric condition

• Traffic density: Volume and speed and type of vehicles in transit

• Architectural aspect of the tunnel, maintenance

2. Terminology and definitions (2/3)

• Lighting requirements day versus night:

• Night: luminance level inside tunnel at least equal to outside tunnel (= simple)

• Daytime:

• Problem: A driver outside the tunnel can not simultaneously perceive details on the road with a highly illuminated exterior and a relatively dark interior.

• Solution: Entrance lighting in the beginning of the tunnel – threshold zone and transition zone – ensures the contrast between road and objects in the tunnel driver can observe object in time.

2. Terminology and definitions (3/3)

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

3. Entrance lighting (1/5)

• Gradually decrease of the entrance lighting (adaptation human eye)

• Curve is built up with different lighting regimes or with dimming (LED)

• 50 % of total energy use of the tunnel lighting

• Tunnel lighting + Emergency lighting: human behavior

• The lower the level of entrance lighting the lower the energy use

3. Entrance lighting (2/5)

• Calculation:

Formula: L20 = γ × Lc + ρ × Lr + ϵ × Le

3. Entrance lighting (3/5)

• 𝐋𝐭𝐡 = 𝐤 × 𝐋𝟐𝟎 : Lower speed lower entrance lighting

• Orientation: depending gable

• Safe stopping distance (SSD) lower lower entrance lighting (sky percentage lower and threshold zone shorter)

• SSD = distance covered reaction and brake time of vehicle

• L20 meter at safe stopping distance, controls the lighting system

• SSD depends on: road conditions and angle, speed limit, vehicle

3. Entrance lighting (4/5)

• Entrance design (minimizing sky percentage):

• tunnel gable around the road big enough;

• trees on the gable makes it larger: in winter with no leaves the sun is lower and in summer with a lot of sun from a high position, the trees have leaves;

• geographic implantation of the tunnel;

• minimize the stopping distance.

3. Entrance lighting (5/5)

• Light grids (para lumen) – case Tijsmanstunnel

• Part of the sun light passing through on the road surface

• Great initial investment

• Specific solar teeth

• Case by case – rarely used

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (1/6)

• The observation of an obstacle is the result of a difference between luminance or colour induced by difference of luminance between road and object.

• Optimization of the reflection of the walls and the road increases efficiency and decreases required power.

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (2/6)

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (3/6)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel: Different scenarios of reflectance:

• With concrete or asphalt pavement:

• Wall reflection: 0,5 0,3: needed power and flux + 40 %.

This is a huge impact in terms of energy for a rather small impact as far as the infrastructure is concerned.

• With a wall reflection of 0,3:

• Pavement: concrete asphalt: needed flux + 6 – 10 %; needed power + 6 – 8 %.

This is a significant impact, due to the comprehensive yearly energy consumption of the tunnel.

• With a wall reflection of 0,5:

• Pavement: concrete asphalt: the needed flux + 4 – 6,5 %, needed power + 6,5 – 8 %.

This is a significant impact, due to comprehensive yearly energy consumption of the tunnel.

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (4/6)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel:

• The influence of pavement on tunnel lighting due to the energy savings is considerable.

• Optimal material choices are clear pavement and white walls

• The Bevrijdingstunnel is equipped with concrete (R1010) and white walls (reflection factor = 0,5). To reach the same or even better results, other materials are available.

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (5/6)

• A special type of very clear pavement is “clear asphalt”

• Potential power savings: 30 – 50 %

• Noise en SSD lower

• More experience would be gained through a few experiments.

• Firstly the maintenance team will have to be trained and we will have to discuss new types of contracts and prices.

• At this moment the contracts are not provided with this material. The price setting must be examined.

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road (6/6)

• Construction site Tunnel R11

• Visual effect:

Asphalt versus Concrete

• Only visible during this phase

• Asphalt is foundation layer

• Concrete is top layer

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (1/9)

• Total efficiency luminaire:

• Efficiency bulbs

• Efficiency apparatus

• Cos fi driver always best available (cos fi > 0,95)

• Since the 50’s and 60’s: HgLP “Fluorescent”

• Most actual fluorescent: “T5”

• Standard Belgium: base lighting with a continuous white line

• Case studies (executed projects): Craeybeckxtunnel, Rupeltunneland Bevrijdingstunnel

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (2/9)

• Case study Craeybeckxtunnel

• Opened 1981

• Length: 1600 m

• Renewed 2009

• Old installation: Fluorescent 65 W and 110 W, NaLP (SOX) 180 W

• New installation:

• 65 W 28 W (T5)

• 110 W 54 W (T5)

• 180 W (partly) 90 W (SOX)

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (3/9)

• Case study Craeybeckxtunnel

• Saved energy 1,5 GWh (measured)

• Reducing of 50 %

• Equivalent 430 households

• 220 000 euro per year

• Calculated: 2,2 GWh (buring hours of the different regimes are estimated)

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (4/9)

• Case study Rupeltunnel

• Opened 1982

• Length: 600 m

• Renewed 2012

• Old installation: Fluorescent 65 W and 110 W, NaLP (SOX) 180 W

• New installation:

• 65 W 14 W (T5)

• 110 W 54 W (T5)

• 180 W (partly) 90 W (SOX)

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (5/9)

• Case study Rupeltunnel

• Saved energy 1,1 GWh (calculated)

• Equivalent 317 households

• 160 000 euro per year

• 14 W bulb: length of 0,6 m. At night 0,6 m “light” in a luminaire of 2,6 m Flicker is OK

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (6/9)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel

• Opened 1978

• Length: 340 m

• Renewed 2013

• Old installation: Fluorescent 65 W and 110 W, NaLP (SOX) 180 W

• New installation:

• 65 W + 110 W (partly) LED line (base lighting) for 3 and 12 cd/m2

• 110 W (partly) and 180 W NAHP (SON-T)

• New concept!

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (7/9)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel

• Saved energy 0,694 GWh (calculated)

• Equivalent 198 households

• 100 000 euro per year

• New concept of tunnel lighting in Flanders tipping point !

• Irreversible evolution

• Pay back time = 1/2 (1/3) of life time LED (6 years)

• LED: 100 % dimmable and good CRI

• Concepttunnel: Standards for quality in all type of projects

• Standard of concept next step is LED for all regimes, not only the base lighting (entrance lighting)

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (8/9)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel

• New Standard emergency lighting:

• Evacuation lighting: every 15-20 m

green marker lights

• Above emergency exit: signs (icons)

according to Vienna Convention

(internally illuminated)

• Around emergency exit: green contour

lighting

5. New technologies: LED’s save? (7/7)

• Case study Bevrijdingstunnel

Postgraduate course Energy & Climate

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

6. Maintenance and management (1/6)

• Losses of luminance are a result of the accumulation of environment (dust, dirt, …), operating and age conditions

• “Maintenance factor (MF)” describes reduction

6. Maintenance and management (2/6)

• CLO:

• This means the decrease of lighting output during lifetime is continuously compensated by increasing of illuminance of the luminaire (flux) with increased steering current (of the driver).

• The initially oversizing is less due to the fact the lighting installation regulates itself during lifetime

6. Maintenance and management (3/6)

• Case study Tunnel Cointe-Kinkempois in Liège

• Original test with measures

• 2 types apparatus IP 66 equipped with LED:

• 1 type with PMMA lenses

• 1 type with a glass protector (flat and smooth)

• At ceiling in three different areas

• Not electrically connected: eliminate all possible influences variation of the flow of sources

6. Maintenance and management (4/6)

• Case study Tunnel Cointe-Kinkempois in Liège

• Results - efficiency:

• The difference between the "most polluted" and "less polluted" is 4 % for instruments with a glass protector and 6,5 % without protective equipment

• After 3 months installation and cleaning: devices without protective glass irreversible yield loss of 2,5 %

• The average depreciation of devices without protective equipment is 10 % higher than that of devices with smooth, flat glass

• The distribution of flows has become unbalanced like "pro-beam" and causes a change in luminance results on the road (luminaire without outer glazing)

6. Maintenance and management (5/6)

• Case study Tunnel Cointe-Kinkempois in Liège

• Results – 3 types of pavement:

• With outer glazing – drop in luminance level

• minimum: 6,3 %

• Average: varies from 8,6 to 11,8 % depending on the road surface

• Maximum (worst case): 14,4 %

• Without outer glazing - drop in luminance level

• minimum: 17,3 %

• Average: varies from 19,6 to 31,8 % depending on the road surface

• Maximum (worst case): 42 %

• Type of pavement has a great impact by dirty luminaires in case of luminaires without outer glazing depreciation coefficient not sufficient, especially with asphalt pavements

6. Maintenance and management (6/6)

• Luminaires without outer glazing of hardened glass protector are not recommended for tunnel lighting

• A glass protector increases the MF (initial oversizing is less)

• CLO reduced (avoid) the initially oversized luminance (power!)

• Not only the bulb counts for efficiency whole the luminaire

• Apparatus above lane most effective

• Management:

• No peak load gradually start up (pumps, ventilation, …)

• Downsizing installed power less material, lower costs for connection on the energy grid

1. Introduction

2. Terminology & definitions

3. Entrance lighting

4. Impact of reflection properties wall and road

5. New technologies: LED’s save

6. Maintenance & management

7. Conclusion

7. Conclusions (1/3)

• Entrance lighting

• SSD

• Speed

• Entrance design

• Orientation

• Impact of reflection properties wall and road

• Clear pavement and white walls

• White asphalt

7. Conclusions (2/3)

• New technologies: LED’s save?

• Tipping point fluorescent LED

• Standard concept

• Near future: entrance lighting with LED (decided)

• Maintenance and management

• CLO

• Luminaires with a flat smooth glass protector MF

• Gradually start up

7. Conclusions (3/3)

• Further investigation

• Interreflection

• Calculated and measured gains: difference

• Relationship between tunnel lighting and tunnel safety

• “Through the whole building process – from concept to realization and maintenance – all interdisciplinary parties must be involved. They must be aware of the importance and impact of the influencing factors. Only that way the integral project (design) succeeds in minimizing the energy use of tunnel lighting and optimizing the tunnel design. We are on the road.”

Questions?

2-6-2016

[email protected]