HHD Revision HHD Revision NotesNotes

UNIT THREEUNIT THREEAOS 2AOS 2

PROMOTING HEALTH INPROMOTING HEALTH IN AUSTRALIA.AUSTRALIA.

A bit of history…A bit of history…

Old Public healthOld Public health up to late 1800s saw a period of sanitary up to late 1800s saw a period of sanitary reform and control of conditions to manage infectious reform and control of conditions to manage infectious diseases.diseases.

Biomedical approachBiomedical approach in the 1900s saw a shift to a greater in the 1900s saw a shift to a greater dependence on medical science and its role in preventing dependence on medical science and its role in preventing diagnosing & treating illness. Health care during this era diagnosing & treating illness. Health care during this era was based on the idea that every illness had a cure. It was was based on the idea that every illness had a cure. It was the “fix it” approach.the “fix it” approach.

Preventative approachPreventative approach (new public health) in the 1970s saw (new public health) in the 1970s saw an increased awareness about the role lifestyles factors play an increased awareness about the role lifestyles factors play in influencing our health. It had become clear that many in influencing our health. It had become clear that many deaths were due to preventable causes.deaths were due to preventable causes.

Social Model of Health.Social Model of Health.

This is an approach to health care that sees health & disease This is an approach to health care that sees health & disease as a result of as a result of social processes.social processes.

There is an understanding that there are a There is an understanding that there are a range of factorsrange of factors that influence an individual’s health such as access to health that influence an individual’s health such as access to health care, work, diet, physical activity, housing & socio-economic care, work, diet, physical activity, housing & socio-economic state.state.

It refers to the It refers to the organised response by societyorganised response by society to protect & to protect & promote health and prevent illness, injury & disease.promote health and prevent illness, injury & disease.

It It encourages individuals to take more responsibilityencourages individuals to take more responsibility for their for their own health & well being through adopting healthier lifestyles.own health & well being through adopting healthier lifestyles.

While the biomedical model of health is still dominant it is While the biomedical model of health is still dominant it is now paired with now paired with preventative strategiespreventative strategies..

Biomedical approach.Biomedical approach.

Focuses on the Focuses on the medical professionmedical profession.. Aims to treat the Aims to treat the physical or biological physical or biological

aspectaspect of the disease. of the disease. Involves Involves diagnosis & interventiondiagnosis & intervention.. Fix itFix it model model ExamplesExamples include X-rays, blood tests, include X-rays, blood tests,

surgery & chemotherapy.surgery & chemotherapy.

Preventative approach.Preventative approach.

Focuses on Focuses on preventing illness from preventing illness from occurring or returning.occurring or returning.

Considers Considers all componentsall components of health. of health. Promotes healthy lifestylesPromotes healthy lifestyles.. The main aim is to The main aim is to stop people stop people

becoming ill in the first place or to becoming ill in the first place or to detect illness at the earliest possible detect illness at the earliest possible timetime..

Types of preventive Types of preventive health care.health care.

PRIMARYPRIMARY Prevent the onset of illnessPrevent the onset of illness Through education & awarenessThrough education & awareness Eg. TAC Ads.Eg. TAC Ads.

SECONDARYSECONDARY Focuses on detection & treatment at the earliest timeFocuses on detection & treatment at the earliest time Often directed people who are at riskOften directed people who are at risk Eg. MammogramEg. Mammogram

TERTIARYTERTIARY Involves treatment, rehabilitation & support who already Involves treatment, rehabilitation & support who already

suffer from disease.suffer from disease. Aimed at increasing quality of life.Aimed at increasing quality of life. Eg. Counselling for a mental illness.Eg. Counselling for a mental illness.

Ottawa Charter.Ottawa Charter.

This is a document that outlines action to achieve This is a document that outlines action to achieve health for all by the year 2000 and beyond.health for all by the year 2000 and beyond.

It identified the fundamental conditions & resources It identified the fundamental conditions & resources needed for health.needed for health.

These included :These included :

peace, shelter, education, food, income, a peace, shelter, education, food, income, a stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources,

social justice & equity.social justice & equity.

Ottawa Charter.Ottawa Charter.The five key elements of the charter are :The five key elements of the charter are :

1. 1. Build Healthy Public Policy.Build Healthy Public Policy. health care policyhealth care policy

2. 2. Create supportive environments.Create supportive environments. Taking care of each other, our communities & environment.Taking care of each other, our communities & environment.

3. 3. Strengthen Community action.Strengthen Community action. Communities working together.Communities working together.

4. 4. Develop personal skills.Develop personal skills. Individuals gaining skills & knowledge.Individuals gaining skills & knowledge.

5. 5. Reorient Health Services.Reorient Health Services. Health promotion.Health promotion.

Ottawa Charter.Ottawa Charter.

Structure of our Health Structure of our Health system.system.

Three levels of Government:Three levels of Government:

Commonwealth (Federal)Commonwealth (Federal) Medicare & PBSMedicare & PBS Develops policies like NHPASDevelops policies like NHPAS National/International health issuesNational/International health issues

StateState Operates the bulk of health services like hospitalsOperates the bulk of health services like hospitals Plans & delivers health carePlans & delivers health care Looks after the environmentLooks after the environment

LocalLocal Clean public areasClean public areas Garbage collectionGarbage collection Meals on wheelsMeals on wheels

Values of our Health Values of our Health system.system.

Principle of equityPrinciple of equity

Free ChoiceFree Choice

Health promotionHealth promotion

Accessibility*Accessibility*

UniversalityUniversality

EfficiencyEfficiency

SimplicitySimplicity

Affordability*Affordability*

Quality of Care*Quality of Care*

Medicare & Private Medicare & Private health Insurance.health Insurance.

MedicareMedicare A tax payer funded health insurance scheme.A tax payer funded health insurance scheme. Aims to provide access to health for all.Aims to provide access to health for all. Funded by a 1.5% levy on taxable income.Funded by a 1.5% levy on taxable income.

Private Health InsurancePrivate Health Insurance A patient pays.A patient pays. Enables access to private hospitals & own choice of Enables access to private hospitals & own choice of

doctor.doctor. Government rebate (30%)Government rebate (30%)

NHPAs.NHPAs.

National Health Priority Areas.National Health Priority Areas.

Focus on factors that contribute most Focus on factors that contribute most to the morbidity & mortality of to the morbidity & mortality of Australians.Australians.

Are selected because significant gains Are selected because significant gains can be made in these areas.can be made in these areas.

NHPAsNHPAs

1.1. Cardiovascular DiseaseCardiovascular Disease2.2. CancerCancer3.3. InjuryInjury4.4. Mental healthMental health5.5. DiabetesDiabetes6.6. AsthmaAsthma7.7. Arthritis & musculoskeletal Arthritis & musculoskeletal

conditionsconditions

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Family & Household influence.Family & Household influence.

The family has the most influence on what a The family has the most influence on what a person eats.person eats.

The family shapes the individual’s knowledge of The family shapes the individual’s knowledge of food & nutrition.food & nutrition.

Parents provide nearly all the food resources for Parents provide nearly all the food resources for children.children.

Rules & guidelines in relation to eating times, Rules & guidelines in relation to eating times, frequency, eating place, what foods.frequency, eating place, what foods.

Establish clear ideas of acceptable eating patterns.Establish clear ideas of acceptable eating patterns. Culture, family size & structure may also have an Culture, family size & structure may also have an

influence.influence.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Economics, availability & Advertising.Economics, availability & Advertising.

The national economy influences the range of The national economy influences the range of foods imported & exported and affects the foods imported & exported and affects the availability to the population.availability to the population.

Families need to consider the price of food.Families need to consider the price of food. Availability of foods increased due to culture & Availability of foods increased due to culture &

migration.migration. Accessibility of foods can be an issue.Accessibility of foods can be an issue. Advertising may have some influence on food Advertising may have some influence on food

choice.choice.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Perceptions & Knowledge.Perceptions & Knowledge.

Individual’s knowledge of the health effects of food Individual’s knowledge of the health effects of food will impact on food choice.will impact on food choice.

Individuals usually gain most of their nutritional Individuals usually gain most of their nutritional knowledge from family or schoolknowledge from family or school

Information on packages is another good source.Information on packages is another good source.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Technology.Technology.

Advances in technology have influenced the range Advances in technology have influenced the range of food available.of food available.

Scientific advances have enabled better quality Scientific advances have enabled better quality products with greater nutritional value.products with greater nutritional value.

Genetically engineered foods.Genetically engineered foods. Convenience & fast food.Convenience & fast food. Technology in the kitchen has provided individuals Technology in the kitchen has provided individuals

with the ability to prepare nutritious meals quickly.with the ability to prepare nutritious meals quickly.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Lifestyle factors.Lifestyle factors.

These include :These include : Work & school commitments.Work & school commitments. Recreation & leisure activities.Recreation & leisure activities. Social & personal role.Social & personal role.

All these factors interact to shape an All these factors interact to shape an individual’s & family’s lifestyle.individual’s & family’s lifestyle.

Examples include working parent and peer Examples include working parent and peer influence.influence.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.FACTORS THAT AFFECT FOOD CHOICE.Capacity to change.Capacity to change.

Many individuals can be resistant to change Many individuals can be resistant to change because it involves :because it involves : Acquiring new knowledge & conceptsAcquiring new knowledge & concepts Learning to accept new ingredients etc.Learning to accept new ingredients etc. Learning new methods of preparation.Learning new methods of preparation.

Lack of motivation could also be a factor.Lack of motivation could also be a factor.

Australian Guide to Australian Guide to Healthy Eating.Healthy Eating.

It was funded by the Commonwealth Department of It was funded by the Commonwealth Department of Health & Family Services as part of the National Food Health & Family Services as part of the National Food & Nutrition Policy in 1992.& Nutrition Policy in 1992.

It is based on the dietary guidelines ad RDIs.It is based on the dietary guidelines ad RDIs. The information contained in the guide discusses the The information contained in the guide discusses the

5 food groups, serve sizes, nutritional requirements, 5 food groups, serve sizes, nutritional requirements, sample serves, diet patterns and child & adult sample serves, diet patterns and child & adult information.information.

It aims to encourage people to choose a healthy & It aims to encourage people to choose a healthy & nutritious diet by making the decision making nutritious diet by making the decision making process less complicated.process less complicated.

The basic principles for choosing a healthy diet are The basic principles for choosing a healthy diet are based on what makes an individual’s body grow well, based on what makes an individual’s body grow well, perform at it’s best & avoid illness.perform at it’s best & avoid illness.

Dietary Guidelines.Dietary Guidelines.

The guidelines provide advice to the general The guidelines provide advice to the general population about healthy food choices, so that population about healthy food choices, so that their everyday eating patterns put them at minimal their everyday eating patterns put them at minimal risk of developing diet related diseases.risk of developing diet related diseases.

The healthy eating habits encouraged by the The healthy eating habits encouraged by the guidelines can help reduce the risk of health guidelines can help reduce the risk of health problems such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes problems such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes and obesity.and obesity.

The guidelines summarise current nutritional The guidelines summarise current nutritional knowledge based an the relationship between diet knowledge based an the relationship between diet & disease, nutrients available in the Australian & disease, nutrients available in the Australian food supply and the mortality & morbidity rates in food supply and the mortality & morbidity rates in Australia.Australia.

Dietary Guidelines Dietary Guidelines for Australian for Australian

Adults.Adults.

Eat Well Australia.Eat Well Australia.

The vision of EWA is that by 2010 the nutrition-The vision of EWA is that by 2010 the nutrition-related health of all Australians will be measurably related health of all Australians will be measurably improved, with marked improvements for improved, with marked improvements for indigenous Australians & other vulnerable groups.indigenous Australians & other vulnerable groups.

It is a coherent national approach to the underlying It is a coherent national approach to the underlying causes of preventable diet related illnesses & early causes of preventable diet related illnesses & early death, providing a set of inter-linked iniativtives for death, providing a set of inter-linked iniativtives for the preventions & management of these diseases.the preventions & management of these diseases.

Examples of strategic action include promoting Examples of strategic action include promoting fruit & vegie consumption and encouraging healthy fruit & vegie consumption and encouraging healthy weight and food nutrition across various sections weight and food nutrition across various sections of the population.of the population.

The role of Non –The role of Non –Government agencies.Government agencies.

There are a number of non-government agencies that There are a number of non-government agencies that provide dietary advice to promote healthy eating.provide dietary advice to promote healthy eating.

NUTRITION AUSTRALIANUTRITION AUSTRALIA Australia’s primary community nutrition education Australia’s primary community nutrition education

body.body. Healthy Eating Pyramid.Healthy Eating Pyramid.

THE HEART FOUNDATIONTHE HEART FOUNDATION Improve heart health of AustraliansImprove heart health of Australians Tick programTick program