Herbal Herbal MedicinesMedicines

Department of Drug Department of Drug TechnologyTechnology

Higher Institute Higher Institute of of

Medical TechnologyMedical TechnologyDernah, LIBYADernah, LIBYA

Fissitigma lanuginosumFissitigma lanuginosum Source: Source: Fissitigma lanuginosum,Fissitigma lanuginosum, a climber, which grows wild in a climber, which grows wild in the primary rain forests.the primary rain forests.Family: Family: AnnonaceaeAnnonaceaeActive constituents: Active constituents: Isoquinoline, Liriodenine, Isoquinoline, Liriodenine, Discretamine and AcetogenineDiscretamine and AcetogenineTherapeutic uses: Therapeutic uses:

The decoction of roots is used The decoction of roots is used as a postpartum remedy and to as a postpartum remedy and to treat stomach troubles. treat stomach troubles.

Pedicin from the plant inhibited Pedicin from the plant inhibited tubulin assembly into tubulin assembly into microtubules. microtubules.

Other chalcones, fissistin, and Other chalcones, fissistin, and isofissistin are cytotoxic against isofissistin are cytotoxic against KB cells KB cells

Vitex agnus-castusVitex agnus-castusSource :Source : Vitex agnus-castus Vitex agnus-castus

Family : Family : Verbenaceae Verbenaceae

Constituents :Constituents : Diterpenes: rotundifuran, Diterpenes: rotundifuran,

vitexilactonevitexilactone Flavonoids: Casticin, Flavonoids: Casticin,

penduletin, chrysoplenol. penduletin, chrysoplenol. C-glycosides, Polyphenols C-glycosides, Polyphenols Essential oilEssential oil

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: Extracts of agnus castus act at Extracts of agnus castus act at

dopamine receptors and dopamine receptors and Affect prolactin release.Affect prolactin release.

Gymnopetalum cochinchinenseGymnopetalum cochinchinense

Source: Source: Momordica Momordica charantiacharantiaFamily: Family: AucurbetaceaeAucurbetaceaeConstituents: Constituents: Aoibaclyin and Aoibaclyin and Sitosterol-3-D-Sitosterol-3-D-

glucopyranoside.glucopyranoside.

Therapeutic uses: Therapeutic uses: As a postpartum remedy, As a postpartum remedy, Decoction of leaves is used Decoction of leaves is used

as a drink to counteract the as a drink to counteract the poisonous effects of the poisonous effects of the fruits. fruits.

The juice squeezed from the The juice squeezed from the leaves is used to soothe leaves is used to soothe inflamed eyes.inflamed eyes.

Catharanthus roseusCatharanthus roseus

Source: Source: Catharanthus Catharanthus roseusroseusFamily: Family: ApocynaceaeApocynaceaeConstituents:Constituents: Alkaloids Alkaloids Vinblastine and Vinblastine and

VincrystineVincrystine

Therapeutic uses: Therapeutic uses: Anticancer and Anticancer and in the treatment of in the treatment of

Hodgkin’s diseaseHodgkin’s disease

Centrostemma coriaceuCentrostemma coriaceuSource: Source: Centrostemma Centrostemma coriaceumcoriaceum

Family: Family: AsclepiadaceaeAsclepiadaceae

Constituents:Constituents: Saponins, Saponins, Tylocrebine and Tylocrebine and Congeners Congeners

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: Decoction of leaves is Decoction of leaves is

used as a drink to used as a drink to promote expectoration promote expectoration and to treat asthma.and to treat asthma.

Aloe veraAloe vera

Source: Source: Aloe veraAloe vera

Family: Family: LiliaceaeLiliaceae

Constituents:Constituents: Anthraquinone Anthraquinone

glycosides, glycosides, Emodin, Emodin, Aloe-emodiAloe-emodi

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: Purgative and Purgative and Used as Sun screenUsed as Sun screen

Cinnamomum zeylenicumCinnamomum zeylenicum

Source: Source: Cinnamomum Cinnamomum zeylenicumzeylenicum

Family: Family: LauraceaeLauraceae

Constituents:Constituents: Volatile oil Volatile oil TerpenoidsTerpenoids TanninsTannins

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used as It is used as

carminativecarminative

Coriandrum sativumCoriandrum sativum

Source: Source: Coriandrum Coriandrum sativumsativumFamily: Family: UmbelliferaeUmbelliferaeConstituents:Constituents: It contains volatile It contains volatile

oil. oil. Volatile oil contain Volatile oil contain

mono terpenoids, mono terpenoids, Coriandrol.Coriandrol.

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used as It is used as

carminativecarminative

Foeniculum vulgarisFoeniculum vulgaris

Source: Source: Foeniculum Foeniculum vulgarisvulgarisFamily: Family: UmbelliferaeUmbelliferaeConstituents:Constituents: It contains volatile It contains volatile

oil. oil. Volatile oil contain Volatile oil contain

mono terpenoids, mono terpenoids, Anethole and Anethole and FenchoneFenchone

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used as It is used as

carminativecarminative

Glycyrrhiza glabraGlycyrrhiza glabra

Source: Source: Dried roots and Dried roots and rhizomes of rhizomes of Glycyrrhiza Glycyrrhiza glabraglabraFamily: Family: LeguminoseaeLeguminoseaeConstituents:Constituents: It consists of Saponin It consists of Saponin

glycosides, particularly glycosides, particularly Glycyrrhizine and Glycyrrhizine and glycyrrhetinic acid.glycyrrhetinic acid.

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used in the treatment It is used in the treatment

of peptic ulcer and of peptic ulcer and as an Expectorantas an Expectorant

Rauwolfia serpentinaRauwolfia serpentinaSource: Source: Roots of Roots of Rauwolfia serpentinaRauwolfia serpentina

Family: Family: ApocynaceaeApocynaceae

Constituents:Constituents: It consists of Alkaloids, It consists of Alkaloids,

Reserpine, Reserpine, Deserpidine, Deserpidine, Recinnamine and Recinnamine and Serpentine.Serpentine.

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used in the It is used in the

treatment of treatment of HypertensionHypertension

Opium Opium

Source: Source: Papaver Papaver somniferumsomniferum

Family: Family: ApocynaceaeApocynaceae

Constituents:Constituents: It consists of Alkaloids, It consists of Alkaloids,

morphine, codeine, morphine, codeine, thabaine and thabaine and papaverine.papaverine.

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used as Narcotic It is used as Narcotic

analgesic.analgesic.

Digitalis purpureaDigitalis purpureaSource:Source: Digitalis Digitalis purpureapurpurea

Family: Family: ScrophulariaceaeScrophulariaceae

Constituents:Constituents: Cardiac glycosides, Cardiac glycosides,

Purpurea glycoside A, Purpurea glycoside A, Purpurea glycoside B, Purpurea glycoside B, Digitoxin, DigoxinDigitoxin, Digoxin

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: Cardiotonic.Cardiotonic.

Senna leavesSenna leavesSource: Source: Cassia Cassia angustifolia angustifolia and and Cassia Cassia acutifoliaacutifolia

Family: Family: LeguminoseaeLeguminoseae

Constituents:Constituents: It contains It contains

Anthraquinone Anthraquinone glycosides, Sennoside glycosides, Sennoside A, Sennoside B, A, Sennoside B, Sennoside C and Sennoside C and Sennoside D.Sennoside D.

Therapeutic uses:Therapeutic uses: It is used as purgativeIt is used as purgative

Name :TANACETUM PARTHENIUM

Family :Asteraceae – Aster family

Constituents: sesquiterpene lactones (including parthenolide and santamarine) , volatile oil, tannins Properties: Analgesic,

Anti-inflammatory ,COX-2 Inhibitor ,Circulation ,Insect repellents

Uses: Allergies/hay Fever , Gout , Insect Repellent , Lupus , Migraine Headache , Parasites/Worms, Rheumatoid Arthritis

Side Effects: Avoid feverfew if you are allergic to plants in the ragweed family. The fresh leaves can cause mouth ulcers, discontinue use if this occurs .

Not to be used while pregnant.

DOSE : 6.25 mg per day Part used : Arial parts -

- - Name :Chamomile , Camomile, Chamomilla

-Family : ASTERACEAE or COMPOSITAE Sunflower family

-Constituents: volatile oil, fatty acids, cyanogenic glycosides, salicylate derivatives, polysa , coumarins (including umbel-liferone) , flavonoids -Properties: Anti-inflammatory , Antispasmodic, Digestive , Diuretic ,

Antiviral , Analgesic , Vasoconstrictor

-Uses: Toothache/Earache , Female Tonics, Stress , Depression , Anxiety/Panic , Abscess/Boil

-Side Effects: Chamomile is one of the safest herbs but some animals (and people) are allergic to this and any member of the ragweed family

-DOSE : free dose

-Part used : Flowers

-Name : Ephedra

-Family : Ephedra sinica Stapf (Ephedraceae)

-Constituents: Alkaloids , Volatile oil , Other constituents Tannins (catechin, Gallic acid), ephedrans

(glycans )and acids )citric, malic, oxalic(.Flavonoids A flavonoflavonol (ephedrannin A)

-Properties: stimulating the centralnervous system (CNS), sympathomimetic agents -Uses : immunomodulatory, anti-

inflammatory ,CNS stimulatory and antimicrobial effects, smooth muscle relaxant, cardiovascular,

-Side Effects: tachycardia, anxiety, restlessness and insomnia.

-DOSE : 15–30 mg alkaloids (maximum daily dose300 mg), calculated as ephedrine

-Part used : Aerial parts

-Name : Ginkgo

-Family : Ginkgo biloba L. (Ginkgoaceae) -Constituents: Amino acids Cyanogenetic glycosides Ginkgolic acids, Alkaloids Ginkgotoxin (4-O-methylpyridoxine), Proanthocyanidins, Flavonoids Dimeric flavones -Properties : Effects on behaviour, learning and memory, Cardiovascular and haemorheological activities ,

Antioxidant activity. -Uses : antitussive, expectorant and

anti-asthmatic, and in bladder

inflammation , cardiovascular

disorders , cognitive deficiency, and

vertigo. -Side Effects: fatigue , fever , sweating increased , flushing , visionAbnormal , hypertension

-DOSE : 120–160 mg dry

-Part used : Leaf

-Name :Bloodroot (Sanguinaria Canadensis).

-Family : Sanguinaria Canadensis

-Constituents: Alkaloids Isoquinoline type, Sanguinarine , Resin, starch, organic acids (citric, malic) , coptisine and homochelidonine .

-Properties : antimicrobial activity , anti-inflammatory

activity. -Uses :expectorant, spasmolytic , antiseptic, cardioactive , asthma, laryngitis, pharyngitis.

-Side Effects: diarrhea, Hepatotoxicity , acute dermal toxicity .

-DOSE :0.06–0.5 g three times daily.

-Part used :Rhizome

-Name : Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis)

-Family : Oenothera biennis

-Constituents: Fixed oils ; cis-Linoleic acid , cisgammalinolenicAcid oleic acid , palmitic acid ,

stearic acid. -Properties : anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory andvasodilators properties, sedative andastringent properties

-Uses : asthmatic coughs, gastrointestinal disorders, whooping coughand as a sedative painkiller.

-Side Effects: Mild gastrointestinal effects, indigestion,nausea and softening of stools and headache haveoccasionally occurred .

-DOSE :6–8 g daily (adults); 2–4 g daily (children); -Part used : Seed

oil .

-Name : Ginger -Family : Zingiber

officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) -Constituents: Carbohydrates Starch (major constituent, up to 50%), Lipids , Oleo-resin Gingerol homologues (major, about 33%) , Volatile oils 1–

3%., vitamin A , arginine, aspartic acid, minerals. -Properties : anti-emetic, antithrombotic,antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant and anti-inflammatoryProperties. -Uses : prevention and treatment of nausea and

vomiting of various causes , vertigo and inflammatory conditions . -Side Effects: there is a lack of clinical safety and

toxicity data for ginger and further investigation of these aspects is required.

-DOSE :170 mg three times daily .

-Part used : Rhizome

-Name :Aconitum variegatum

-Family : Ranunculaceae

-Constituents: Alkaloids, including aconitine and traces of ephedrine.

-Properties :Sedative; relieves pain

-Uses : fever, headache , High blood pressure , Inflammation , Severe stabbing pains

-Side Effects: Blurred vision , diarrhea, nausea , Slow heartbeat

,throat closure , Weakness.

-DOSE : 50 mg

-Part used : Dried root, collected in the autumn

-Name : Life root

-Family : Senecio aureus L. (Asteraceae/Compositae)

-Constituents: The volatile oil composition,

Pyrrolizidine alkaloids.

-Properties : uterine tonic, diuretic and mildexpectorant properties.

-Uses :not used as a food , treatment of functional amenorrhea, menopausal neurosis and leucorrhoea.

-Side Effects: Life root contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The toxicity, primarily hepatic,

-DOSE : 1–4 g as an infusion three times daily.

-Part used : Herb

-Name : Ginseng, Panax -Family : Panax quinquefolius L.

-Constituents: Terpenoids , vitamins (B1, B2, B12, panthotenicacid, biotin), fats, minerals , Volatile oil. -Properties : Corticosteroid-like activity , Hypoglycemic activity , Cardiovascular activity , Antiviral

activity. -Uses : for neurasthenia,

neuralgia, insomnia, hypotonia, and specifically for depressivestates associated with sexual inadequacy

-Side Effects: diarrhea, hypertension, nervousness, skineruptions and sleeplessness; other symptoms occasionallyobserved included amenorrhea, decreased appetite, depression,euphoria, hypotension and edema. -DOSE : 0.4–0.8 g root daily. Doses may be taken continuously.

-Part used : Root.

-Name : Golden seal (Hydrastis canadensis). -Family : Hydrastis canadensis

-Constituents: Alkaloids Isoquinoline-type , Chlorogenic acid, carbohydrates, fatty acids , volatile oil (trace), resin, meconin (meconinic acid lactone).

-Properties : Antibiotic, immunostimulant, anticonvulsant, sedative, hypotensive,uterotonic, choleretic and carminative activities. -Uses : digestive disorders,gastritis, peptic ulceration, colitis, anorexia, upper respiratorycatarrh, menorrhagia, post-partum haemorrhage -Side Effects: potentially toxic and symptoms of golden seal

poisoning include stomach upset, nervous symptoms and depression;large quantities may even be fatal .

-DOSE : 0.5–1.0 g as a decoction three times daily

-Part used : Rhizome, root .

-Name : Squill (Drimia maritima).

-Family : Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn (Asparagaceae)

-Constituents: Cardiac glycosides Scillaren A and proscillaridin A (major constituents) ;

glucoscillaren A, Flavonoids Apigenin, volatile and fixed oils. -Properties : expectorant, cathartic, emetic,

cardioactive and diuretic properties.

-Uses : used for chronic bronchitis, asthma with bronchitis, whooping cough, and specifically for chronic bronchitis with scantysputum.

-Side Effects: Excessive use of squill is potentially toxic because of thecardiotonic constituents. is also a gastric irritantand large doses will stimulate a vomiting reflex.

-DOSE :60–200 mg as an infusion three times daily.

-Part used :Bulb (red and white varieties)

-Name : Blue flag. -Family : Iris versicolor.

-Constituents: Volatile oils , salicylic acid, lauric acid, stearic

acid, palmitic acid , Iridin, b-sitosterol, iriversical(1) and tannin. -Properties : laxative, diuretic,dermatological, anti-inflammatory and antiemetic properties.

-Uses : used for skin diseases, biliousness with constipation andliver dysfunction, and specifically for cutaneous eruptions.

-Side Effects: cause nausea and vomiting , irritant to mucous membranes , not be taken during pregnancy.

-DOSE : 0.6–2.0 g as a decoction three times daily.

-Part used : Rhizome.

-Part used : Fruits (often referred to as 'seeds'), herb.

-Name : Milk Thistle .

-Family : Silybum marianum .

-Constituents: Flavolignans , Flavonoids , palmitic acid , Sterols , Mucilages, sugars , amines and saponins.

-Properties : hepatoprotective, antioxidant and choleretic properties.

-Uses :prophylaxis and treatment of liver damage and disease , treatment of liver, spleenand gall bladder disorders and as an antimalarial emmenagogue ,and for uterine complaints. -Side Effects: severe sweating, abdominal cramping, nausea

vomiting, diarrhea and weakness.

-DOSE : 12–15 g daily in divided doses.

-Part used : Stigma, style.

-Name : Corn Silk

-Family : Zea mays L. (Gramineae).

-Constituents: Amines , Fixed oils , Saponins, Tannins , pigments, resin, vitamins (C and K).

-Properties : diuretic and stone-reducing properties.

-Uses : cystitis, urethritis, nocturnalenuresis, prostatitis, and specifically for acute or chronicinflammation of the urinary system.

-Side Effects : dermatitis and urticaria as Allergic reactions .

-DOSE : 4–8 g as an infusion three times daily.

-Part used : Flowering top, leaf.

-Name : Lemon Verbena

-Family : Aloysia triphylla (L'Her.) Britton (Verbenaceae)

-Constituents: Flavonoids , Volatile oils,

-Properties : antispasmodic, antipyretic,sedative and stomachic properties.

-Uses : treatment of asthma, cold, fever, flatulence, colic, diarrhoea andindigestion.

-Side Effects: Terpene-rich volatile oils are generallyregarded as irritant and may cause kidney irritation duringexcretion.

-DOSE : 45 mL taken several times daily

-Part used : Clove (dried flower bud), leaf, stem

-Name : Clove

-Family : Syzygium aromaticum -Constituents : Volatile oils

Clove bud oil Campesterol, carbohydrates, kaempferol,lipids, oleanolic acid, rhamnetin, sitosterol, stigmasterol andvitamins . -Properties : antihistaminic and antispasmodic

properties .

-Uses :carminative, anti-emetic, toothache remedy and counter-irritant.

-Side Effects: dermal and mucous membrane irritant;

-DOSE : 120–300 mg.

-Part used :Herb

-Name : Nettle

-Family : Urtica dioica L.

-Constituents: Acids, Amines , Flavonoids , Inorganics , Lignans , bsitosteroland tannin

-Properties : antihaemorrhagic and hypoglycemic properties. -Uses : supportive therapy for

rheumaticailments and as irrigation therapy for inflammatory disease of thelower urinary tract and prevention of kidney gravel; internal andexternal use for rheumatic ailments. -Side Effects: gastric irritation,

aburning sensation of the skin, oedema and oliguria. -DOSE : 2–4 g as an infusion three times daily

-Part used : Leaf

-Name : Uva-Ursi

-Family :Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng.

-Constituents: Flavonoids , Iridoids , Quinones , Tannins , Terpenoids , volatile oil (trace) and

wax . -Properties : diuretic, urinary and antiseptic, astringent properties. -Uses : used for cystitis,Urethritis , dysuria, pyelitis, lithuria, and specifically for acutecatarrhal cystitis with dysuria and highly acidic urine.

-Side Effects: causedtinnitus, nausea and vomiting, sense of suffocation, shortness ofbreath, cyanosis, convulsions, delirium and collapse. -DOSE :1.5–4.0 g as an infusion three times daily

-DOSE : 1–2 g as an infusion three times daily

-Name : Tansy

-Family : Tanacetum vulgare L.

-Constituents: Steroids , Terpenoids , Volatile oils , Gum, mucilage, resin and tannins.

-Properties : anthelmintic, carminative andantispasmodic properties and to act as a stimulant to abdominalviscera. -Uses :Traditionally, it has been used for nematode infestation,topically for scabies (as a decoction) and pruritus ani (as anointment), and specifically for roundworm or threadworminfestation in children.

-Side Effects:Tansy yields potentially allergenic

-Part used :Herb