hemant mittal
TRANSCRIPT
JOINT LIABILITIES UNDER CRIMINAL LAW
¼ vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro½
egkRek T;ksfr jko Qqys fo’ofo|ky; t;iqj] ,dsMeh vkWQ yk] dh ,y-,y-,e- izFke
lsesLVj izkstsDV gsrq
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
Dr. Sanjula Thanvi Pramod Kumar Sharma
Associate Professor L.L.M. 1st Semester
MJRP Academy Of Law Roll No. –
egkRek T;ksfr jko Qqys fo’ofo|ky;t;iqj ¼ jktLFkku ½
2010&11
Mahatma Jyoti Rao Phoole University, Jaipur ( Rajasthan)
Dr. Sanjula Thanvi
Associate Professor
MJRP, Academy Of Law
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that PRAMOD KUMAR SHARMA has
successful completed his project report on JOINT LIABILITIES
UNDER CRIMINAL LAW. Further it is certified that the study is
original and has not been submitted in any other university in India or
abroad for L.L.M. 1st semester.
DATE: Dr. Sanjula Thanvi
PLACE: Supervisor
fo"k; lwph (INDEX) v/;k;&1izLrkoukla;qDr nkf;Rof}rh;d nkf;Ronkf;Ro D;k gSnkf;Ro dh ifjfLFkfr;kafons’kh dgkornkf;Ro fuHkkus dh ftEesnkjhv/;k;&2O;k[;k& /kkjk 34 ¼ Hkk-n-la-½mn~ns’;fl)kUrHkkx ysuk ekeyk rRo {ks=lkekU; vk’k; lkekU; vk’k;% dSls lkfcr fd;k tkrk gSdksbZ lkekU; vk’k; ughaHkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 vkSj /kkjk 149 esa varj/kkjk 149 ds LFkku ij /kkjk 34 ds v/khu nks"k flf)
ekeys feydj ngst e`R;q dkfjr djukywV ,oa vigj.klkewfgd d``R;nqfoZfu;ksx jktekxZ ij lg;ksx ls ywVcykRdkj ds ekeysfo’ks"k fopkj.klaO;ogkj ds nkSjku lkekU; vk’k; dk fodflRk gksuk/kkjk 34 esa vkjksfir u gksukigys ls lkspk&le>k lkekU; vk’k;bafXy’k ekeysv/;k;&3O;k[;k& /kkjk149 ¼ Hkk-n-la-½rRo/kkjk 34 rFkk /kkjk 149{ks=lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ djus esa 'keuh;rklkekU; mn~ns’; dk vxzlkj.ktkrh; cyoklkEiznkf;d cyok
fof/k fo:) teko&izfrj{kk vf/kdkj ls ijs izR;sd lnL; }kjk d`R; dk djuk vko’;d ugha gSlkekU; mn~ns’; dk u gksukfof/k fo:) teko rFkk ,d lk{khv/;k;&4vid`R; fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr vid`R; dÙkkZ la;qDr nkf;Ro dh ifjfLFkfr;kala;qDr rFkk Lora= vid`R; dÙkkZvkas esa varjla;qDr vid`R; dÙkkZ ds nkf;Ro dh izd`fr% la;qDr ,oa izFkd nkf;Rola;qDr vid`R; dÙkkZvksa ds chp va’knkufof/k lq/kkj vf/kfu;e]1935Hkkjrh; fof/kmRrjksRrj dk;Zokgh dk vf/kdkjflfoy nkf;Ro ¼ va’knku ½] vf/kfu;e 1978
v/;k;&5vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro ij fu"d"kZ
v/;k;&1
JOINT LIABILITIES UNDER
CRIMINAL LAW
vkijkf/kd fof/k ds
vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro
izLrkouk la;qDr nkf;Ro %& la;qDr nkf;Ro ,d izdkj dk vkHkkj ;k dÙkZO; gSA ftlds fy;s ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr ftEesnkj gS vFkkZRk la;qDr nkf;Ro ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS ftlds vUrxZr ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds Åij ftEesnkjh ¼ mRrjnk;h ½ gSA la;qDr vkSj vusd izdkj ds nkf;Ro ,d izdkj dh ck/;rk gS mu yksxksa ds Åij] tks fd Lo;a ;k la;qDr :i ls vius }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z ds fy;s ftEesnkj gS vkSj vxj dksbZ O;fDr vius nkf;Ro dks iwjk ugha djrk gS rc og O;fDr nwljs ds Åij okn nk;j dj ldrk gS vkSj vius uqdlku dh HkjikbZ dkuwu ds vUrxZr U;k;ky; ls djk ldrk gS fdUrq fdlh Hkh gkyr esa nqxquh HkjikbZ izkIr ugha dh tk ldrh gSA dsoy lEiw.kZ uqdlku dh gh HkjikbZ djokbZ tk ldrh gSAizkFkfed nkf;Ro %& ( Primary liabilities ) izkFkfed nkf;Ro ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS ftlds fy;s O;fDr lh/kk&lk/kk ftEesnkj gS vkSj ;g f}rh;d nkf;Ro ls fHkUurk izdV djrk gSAf}rh;d nkf;Ro %& ( Secondary liabilities ) fnrh;d nkf;Ro ds vUrxZr vxj lh/ks ftEesnkj O;fDr viuk nkf;Ro ugha fuHkk ikrk gS ;k nkf;Ro fuHkkus ls badkj djrk gS ;k Hkkj dks nwljs O;fDr ds vuqlkj fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gSA rc ;g nwljs lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa ij ftEesnkjh lkfcr djokrk gS vkSj bl izdkj dk nkf;Ro fuHkkuk gh f}rh;d nkf;Ro dgykrk gSAnkf;Ro D;k gS %&fof/k ds vuqlkj *nkf;Ro* 'kCn vius vki esa ,d egRoiw.kZ 'kCn gSA ftldk eryc gS& dkuwuh ftEesnkjh
vFkkZr fof/kd ftEesnkjh] ftlds vUrxZr ,d O;fDr vius }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z vkSj vijk/kksa ds fy;s nkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy;s Lo;a ftEesnkj gS vkSj vxj ftEesnkj O;fDr viuh ftEesnkjh ;k nkf;Ro ugha fuHkkrk gS ;k nkf;Ro fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gS rc mlds f[kykQ okn yk;k tk ldrk gS vkSj U;k;ky; }kjk uqdlku dh HkjikbZ izkIr dj ldrk gSAmnkgj.k%&
jkds’k viuh dkj dks nkSMkrk gqvk ,d tSCzk dzkWflax ¼ lMd ikj djus dk LFkku½ ikj djrk gS vkSj lMd ikj dj jgh fu’kk dks VDdj ekj dj ?kk;y dj nsrk gSA tcfd fu’kk tSCzk dzkWflax ls jksM ikj dj jgha FkhA jkds’k dk nkf;Ro ;k dÙkZO; ;k ftEesnkjh Fkh fd lMd ikj dj jgh fu’kk dh j{kk djus dk] ftls fd jkds’k us ykijokgh ls xkMh pykdj] ugha fuHkk;k vc jkds’k ij fu’kk dh pksVksa dk nkf;Ro gS vkSj fu’kk vius vf/kdkj jkds’k ds Åij okn nk;j djds U;k;ky; ls uqdlku dh HkjikbZ djk ldrh gS vkSj jkds’k ds nkf;Ro uk fuHkk;s tkus ij] nkf;Ro dh iwfrZ jkds’k ds firk ls djokbZ tk ldrh gS D;ksafd dkj jkds’k ds firk ds uke jftLVMZ gS A firk us gkaykfd Lo;a dksbZ uqdlku dkfjr ugha fd;k gS fdUrq *fof/kd nkf;Ro* ds vUrxZr mUgsa nkf;Ro fuHkkuk iMsxkA,d izksfef’k;jh uksV dks gLrk{kj djus okys O;fDr ds Åij /ku pqdkus dk nkf;Ro gS vkSj nkf;Ro iwjk uk djus ij xkjUVj ds :i esa lggLrk{kj djus okys O;fDr ds Åij /ku pqdkus dk nkf;Ro gksrk gSAnkf;Ro dh ifjfLFkfr;ka %& (Associated concepts)-
nkf;Ro dh fuEufyf[kr ifjfLFkfr;ka gS %&
Absolute liability, admission of liability, civil liability, contingent liability, criminal liability, denial of liability, existing liability, fixed liability, incurring liability, joint liability, known liability, legal liability, liability imposed by law, liability insurance, liability without fault, limited liability, manufacturing liability, original liability, pecuniary liability, potential liability, primary liability, secondary liability, several liability, statutory liability, strict liability, tort liability.
fons'kh dgkorsa %& (Foreign phrases)- ,d dgkor esa bl izdkj ls dgk x;k gSAQuando de una et eaden re duo oneraailes existunt, unus pro insufficientia alterius, de inteero, onerabitur.tc nks O;fDr;ksa ij fdlh ,d dk;Z ;k lEiw.kZ dk;Z dk nks"k vkjksi.k fd;k x;k gS vkSj muesa ls ,d vius nkf;Ro dks fuHkkus esa vlQy jgrk gS rks nwljs O;fDr dks lEiw.kZ dk;Z ds nkf;Ro dks iwjk djuk gksxkAnkf;Ro fuHkkus dh ftEesnkjh %&¼1½ dkuwu vkSj U;k; ds fy;s fof/k ds vuqlkj nkf;Ro dk fuHkkuk Hkh ck/;dkjh gSA vius vidR;Z dk;ksZa ds ifj.kkeksa ds fy;s izdV :i esa ;k lkadsfrd :i ls laafonk ds vuqlkj nkf;Ro isSnk gksrk gS vkSj U;k;ky; }kjk iwjk djok;k tk ldrk gSA¼2½ nkf;Ro dks ,d O;fDr ls nwljs O;fDr dks lkekU; ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa LFkkukUrfjr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA¼3½ ifr viuh iRuh }kjk fd;s x;s lafonk tU; vidR;Z ds fy;s nkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy;s ftEesnkj gksrk gS vkSj iRuh Hkh eqdnek djus ds fy;s vf/kdkjh gSA vius ifr ds ,MfefuLVªsVj ds :i esa tc og dk;Z djrh gSA
¼4½ ekfyd vius ukSdj ds }kjk ukSdjh ds nkSjku fd;s x;s dk;ksZa ds fy;s nkf;Ro fuHkkus ds fy;s iw.kZ :i ls ftEesnkj gSA ysfdu vkijkf/kd dk;ksZa ds fy;s ftEesnkj ekfyd ugha gS vkSj ekfyd us ugha djok;s gSa vkSj foLr`r tkudkjh Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk /kkjk 34 vkSj /kkjk 149 esa nh xbZ gSAtks fd fuEu izdkj ls crkbZ xbZ gSA
v/;k;&2JOINT LIABILITIES UNDER CRIMINAL LAW AS PER INDIAN PENAL CODE, 1860
LkkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z%&
tc fd dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk vius lc ds lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA rc ,sls O;fDr;ksa esa ls gj O;fDr ml dk;Z ds fy;s mlh izdkj nkf;Ro ds v/khu gS] ekuks og dk;Z vdsys mlh us fd;k gksA ¼/kkjk 34] Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk] 1860½O;k[;k%&mn~ns’; ¼ Comment-object ½%&
;g /kkjk mu ekeyksa ds fuiVkjksa ds fy;s gS ftuesa fdlh ny ds O;fDrxr lnL;ksa ds dk;ksZa dks vyx&vyx djuk dfBu gks ;k ;g lkfcr djuk dfBu gks fd mu lc ds lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa muesa ls izR;sd us fdruk Bhd&Bhd Hkkx fy;k FkkA1,sssls ekeyksa esa ftl dkj.ko’k lHkh dks nks"kh le>k tkrk gS og ;g gS fd lg vijkf/k;ksa dh mifLFkfr mu yksxksa dk tks okLro esa dksbZ dk;Z dj jgs gSa] izksRlkfgr djrh gS] leFkZu djrh gS vkSj laj{k.k nsrh gSAfl)kUr ¼ Principle ½%&
;g /kkjk dsoy lk{; dk ,d fu;e gS vkSj dksbZ ewy vijk/k l`ftr ugha djrhA blfy;s Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ykxw gksxh pkgs blds v/khu dskbZ vkjksi u cuk;k x;k gksA ijUrq lk{; ls ;g Li"V gksrk gS fd lkekU;r
% vk’kf;r mn~ns’; dks ikus ds fy;s iwoZ xfBr ;kstuk FkhA2bl izdkj Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 148]302@149 vkSj 307@149 ds v/khu 6 O;fDr vkjksfir FksA ijUrq nks cjh dj fn;s x;s Fks] jks"k pkj vfHk;qDrksa dh bl n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls gR;k rFkk gR;k ds iz;Ru ds vkjksiksa ds fy;s nks"kflf) dh tk ldrh FkhA3bl /kkjk dk okLro esa ;g vFkZ gS fd ;fn nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr vk’k; iwoZd fdlh dk;Z dks feydj djrs gSa rks ;g dk;Z oSlk gh gS tSls fd muesa ls izR;sd us mls O;fDrxr :i ls fd;k gksA 4 vkijkf/kd fof/k 'kkL= dk loZekU; fl)kUr ;g gS fd U;k;ky; lg"kM;a=dkfj;ksa dks vyx&vyx ugha dj ldrs vkSj u gh os ,slh tkWp dj ldrs gSaA vkSj ;fn ,slk djuk laHko Hkh gksrk fd vijk/k esa izR;sd us fdruk Hkkx fy;k Fkk A
laxBuksa esa e`R;q dkjd izgkj ;|fi xqV ds ,d lnL; us fd;k gks og fof/k dh n`f"V esa izR;sd mifLFkr vkSj n.Mizsjd O;fDr }kjk fd;k x;k ekuk tkrk gSA tks O;fDr okLro esa okj djrk gS og ml gfFk;kj vkSj gkFk ds vfrfjDr vkSj dqN Hkh ughsa gS ftlls nwljs yksx okj djrs gSaA5 ijUrq og i{kdkj ftls vius lkFkh ds gR;k djus ds vk’k; dk laKku ugha gS og naMuh; ugha gS ;|fi mlus vius lkFkh dk dksbZ voS| dk;Z djus esa lkFk fn;k gksA6 ;fn vkijkf/kd dk;Z ,slk dksbZ Lora= vkSj u;k dk;Z Fkk tks dk;Z djus okys ds eu ls gh iw.kZ :i ls gh cu vk;k Fkk] vU; lkFkh dsoy blfy;s n.M ds v/khu ugha gksaxs D;ksafd tc og fd;k x;k Fkk os dk;Z djus okys ds lkFk fdlh fHkUu vkijkf/kd dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus dk vk’k; j[krs FksAU;k;ky; /kkjk 34 dk voyEc ys ldrk gSA pkgs vkjksi esa bl /kkjk dk fof’k"V :i ls mYys[k u fd;k x;k gksA7 tgkWa ;g fl) gks tk;s fd lHkh us feydj d`R;
fd;k gS vkSj lkekU; vk’k; esa Hkh Hkkxhnkj jgs gSaA ogka /kkjk 34 dh enn ls nks"k flf) dh tk ldrh gSA8 Hkkx ysuk ( Participation):-mPpre U;k;ky; us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k gS fd bl /kkjk dk lkj ;g gS fd iz’uxr O;fDr dk vijk/k ds okLro esa fd;s tkus ds le; 'kkjhfjd :i ls ekStwn gksuk vko’;d gSA bldk okLrfod d{k esa ekStwn gksuk vko’;d ugha% mnkgj.k ds fy;s og ckgj njokts ij pkSdhnkj dh rjg [kMk jg ldrk gS rkfd og vius lkfFk;ksa dks fdlh [krjs ds iSnk gksus dk ladsr ns lds ;k fudV dh lMd ij ,d dkj esa mudh izrh{kk ds fy;s cSBk jgs rkfd muds rqjUr cp fudyus dks lqudj cuk lds] ijUrq ;g vko’;d gS fd og ?kVuk LFky ij 'kkjhfjd :i ls ekStwn jgk gks vkSj tc vijk/k okLro esa gks jgk gks mlesa fdlh u fdlh rjhds ls okLrfod Hkkx fy;k gksA9
bl /kkjk dk eq[; y{k.k gS dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus dk rRoA10bl /kkjk ds vUrxZr vkijkf/kd n.M dk lkj gS lkekU; vk’k; dk vfLrRo tks vijkf/k;ksa dks gjdr esa ykrk gS vkSj ml lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus esa fdlh vkijkf/kd dk;Z esa Hkkx ysukA mPpre U;k;ky; us bl ckr ij cy fn;k gS fd fdUgha ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa ekU; lk{; }kjk dk;Z esa Hkkx ysus dk izek.k lkekU; vk’k; dk ekxZn’kZd gks ldrk gS vkSj ;g gS fd ckr vfHk;kstu ekeys ds fy;s ?kkrd ugha gksxh fd vijkf/k;ksa dk dksbZ lkekU; fgr ugha FkkA 11blds vfrfjDr mu vijk/kksa ds lEcU/k esa Hkh ftuesa 'kkjhfjd fgalk gksrh gS ;g vko’;d ugha gS fd izR;sd vfHk;qDr us ihfMr O;fDr ij vkdze.k esa lfdz; Hkkx fy;k gksA
mPpre U;k;ky; us bl ckr dh iqu:fDr dh gS fd ;|fi nwljs vfHk;qDr cjh dj fn;s x;s gSa vkSj ;|fi bl lk{; dk
dksbZ izek.k ugha gS fd fl) nks"k vfHk;qDr us ?kkrd pksVksa esa ls /kkjk 302 ds v/khu nks"kflf) ls cp ugha ldrkA tc e`rd ij vkdze.k esa rhu vU; geykojksa ds lkFk mldk Hkkx ysuk ;qfDr;qDr lansg ls ckgj fl) gks pqdk gSA12dHkh&dHkh okLrfod Hkkx ysus dk u gksuk egRoiw.kZ vk;kstu dk dke dj ldrk gS] mnkgj.k ds fy;s tSlk fd ,slk ogkW gqvk tgkW fdlh f=dks.kh; ;kj us ,d L=h ds ifr dh gR;k dj nh Fkh vkSj fcuk njokts [kksys og ?kj ds vUnj jko ds lkFk cSBh jghA pwafd eq[; vfHk;qDr dks cjh dj fn;k x;k Fkk] mPpre U;k;ky; us ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ds lkFk /kkjk 302 ds v/khu dsoy ml L=h dks fl) nks"k ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk fof’k"V :i ls bl rF; ij n`f"V j[krs gq;s fd fdlh iq:"k 'kfDr }kjk dkfjr dh xbZ Fkh u fd fdlh ukjh ds gkFk lsA 13tgkW vfHk;qDr vius fe=ksa lfgr vius [ksr ij fojks/kh cy }kjk Qly dks cy iwoZd dkVus ls cPkkus ds fy;s x;k vkSj mlds nkSjku gkFkkikbZ esa mlus fojks/kh ny ds ,d vkneh dh gR;k dj nhA mlds lkfFk;ksa dks Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 dk voyac ysrs gq;s ekuoo/k ds fy;s nks"k fl) ugha fd;k tk ldrkA rnuqlkj Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 ds izFke Hkkx ds v/khu og vdsys gh fl)nks"k Bgjk;k x;kA14 Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 ds vFkZ esa dsoy vfHk;qDr ds lkFk tkus ls vfHk;qDr }kjk fd;s x;s fdlh vijk/k ds fy;s dksbZ O;fDr naMuh; ugha gks tkrkA15
Hkkxhnkjh dh ek=k Hkh ,d egRoiw.kZ ckr gksrh gSA tgkW vfHk;qDr dh iRuh us e`rd ds flj ij dsoy ,d gh okj fd;k Fkk vkSj mlds ckn vfHk;qDr }kjk nwljks ds lkFk rst /kkj okys vk;q/kksa ls pksVsa dkfjr djrs le; ewd n’kZd dh rjg [kMh jgh] ;g fu/kkZfjr gqvk fd mlds
ckjs esa ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk Fkk fd og e`R;q dkfjr djus ds lkekU; vk’k; dh Hkkxhnkj FkhA mldh nks"kflf) dks cnydj ?kksj mikd`fr dkfjr djus ds fy;s /kkjk 323 ds v/khu dj fn;k x;kA16
ekeyk ¼ Case ½%& tgka vkgr O;fDr ij vfHk;qDrksa es ls dsoy ,d us gh xksyh pykbZ Fkh vkSj nwljs vfHk;qDrksa ij dksbZ [kqyk dk;Z vkjksfir ugha Fkk vkSj dsoy ?kVukLFky ij ek= ekStwn Fks] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd gR;k djus dk lkekU; vk’k; lkfcr ugha gqvk Fkk vkSj vU; vfHk;qDrksa dks /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls fl)nks"k ugha fd;k tk ldrkA17
rRo ¼ Ingredients ½%& bl /kkjk ds micU/kksa ds vUrxZr blls iwoZ dh fdlh O;fDr dks fdlh vU; ds dk;ksZa ds fy;s nf.Mr fd;k tk;s ;g lkfcr fd;k tkuk pkfg;s fd&
1-mu nksuksa dk lkekU; vk’k; ,d iwoZ xfBr ;kstuk ds Hkko esa Fkk] vkSj
2-ftl O;fDr dks n.Muh; cukuk gS mlus ml dk;Z esa mlh rjhdss ls HkkXk fy;k Fkk tks vijk/k xfBr djrk gSA
tc rd lkekU; vk’k; vkSj mlesa Hkkx ysuk nksuksa ghs ekStwn u gks] ;g /kkjk ykxw ugha gksrhA18 {ks= ¼ Scope ½%& ;g /kkjk ,sls i`Fkd dk;ksZa ds ckjs esa gS tks pkgs ,d ls gksa ;k fofHkUu vkSj tks dbZ O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s
x;s gSaA ;fn os lkjs dk;Z ,d lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s fd;s x;s gSa rks izR;sd O;fDr mu lc ds ifj.kke ds fy;s mruk gh n.Muh; gS tSls fd os lc dk;Z mlus Lo;a gh fd;s gksaA D;ksafd 'kCn *ml dk;Z* esa vkSj *dk;Z* tks bl /kkjk ds igys Hkkx essa vk;s gSa] vko’;d :i ls og iw.kZ dk;Z dk 'kkfey gksxkA tks izFke Hkkx esa iz;qDr 'kCn *dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z* esa vkrs gSa D;ksafd os mlh ds lUnHkZ esa gSaA19 ;g /kkjk ,sls ekeyksa dsk lUnfHkZr djrh gS ftuesa dksbZ O;fDr dksbZ djus dk vk’k; j[krs gSa vkSj djrs gSaA ;g /kkjk mu ekeyksa ds ckjs esa ugha gS ftuesa dbZ O;fDr dksbZ dk;Z djus dk vk’k; j[krs gSa vkSj muesa ls dqN ,d ;k fcYdqy gh fHkUu dk;Z dj nsrs gSaA ,sls ekeyksa ds i’pkroRrhZ oxZ esa /kkjk 149 ykxw gks ldrh gSA ;fn O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k ikWp ;k vf/kd gks vkSj nwljk dk;Z lcds lkekU; vk’k; dks iwjk djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA20
lkekU; vk’k; fdlh vijk/k ls gh lqlaxr gksrk gS vkSj izkbosV izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj ls ughaA21 lkekU; vk’k; ogka ik;k tkrk gS tgkW vijk/k d`R; esa 'kkfey lHkh O;fDr;ksa }kjk lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzflr djus ds fy;s vijk/k d`R; fd;k tkrk gSA /kkjk 34 ykxw gks tk;sxh pkgs O;fDr fo’ks"k }kjk dksbZ {kfr u igqWapkbZ x;h gSA22
1- lkekU; vk’k;%& ( Common intention) lkekU; iwoZxfBr ;kstuk vkSj ml ;kstuk ds vuqlj.k
esa la;qDr dk;Z bafxr djrk gSA ;g lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko’;d gksrk gS fd vkijkf/kd dk;Z iw.kZxfBr ;kstuk ds
vuqlj.k esa feydj fd;k x;k FkkA lkekU; vk’k; dk;Z ds fuf’pr le; ij fd;s tkus ds iwoZ cu tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g t:jh ugha gS fd mu nksuksa ds chp yEck varjky gksA 23
bl /kkjk ds v/khu ;g lkfcr fd;k tkuk vko’;d ugha gS fd fuf’pr iwoZ ;kstuk ds Hkko esa dksbZ ckr feydj r; gqbZ FkhA dksbZ fo’ks"k ifj.kke mRiUu djus dk lkekU; vk’k; dksbZ ,d O;fDr;ksa ds chp LFky ij gh ekeys ds rF;ksa vkSj fLFkfr;ksa dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lanHkZ esa iSnk gks ldrk gSA 24
;|fi lkekU; vk’k; LFky ij gh iSnk gks ldrk gS] ;g t:jh gS fd og vijk/k ds fd;s tkus ls le; ds dze esa iwoZ dk jgk gks vkSj tks dksbZ iwoZxfBr ;kstuk vkSj ml vijk/k dks djus dk iwoZ esytksy iznf’kZr djrk gksA25vejhd flag ds ekeys eas ;g Hkh vHkh fu/kkZfjr gqvk gS fd ;|fi la?k"kZ ds nkSjku gh lkekU; vk’k; cu ldrk gS fQj Hkh lkekU; vk’k; ds vuqeku dks U;k;ksfpr cukus ds fy;s ,slk lk{; gksuk pkfg;s tks Li"V vkSj vdkV~; gksA26ml vijk/k dk nkf;Ro muesa ls fdlh ,d ij mlh rjhds ls Mkyk tk ldrk gS ekuksa fd og dk;Z vdsys mlh us fd;k FkkA 27 tgkWa Hkwfe dks ysdj ,d fookn esa] vfHk;qDr ny ds lnL; dzsrk Fks rFkk f’kdkj gqvk fodzsrk ny Fkk rFkk vfHk;qDr ny vk;q/k fy;s gq;s ,d lkFk vk;k vkSj f’kdkj gq;s fugRFks ny dks ?ksj fy;k Fkk vkSj mUgsa ihVuk vkjaHk dj fn;k Fkk rFkk vfHk;qDrksa esa ls ,d us tks cUnwd fy;s gqvk FkkA f’kdkj gq;s ,d O;fDr dks xksyh ekj nh Fkh] blls vfHk;qDrksa ds lkekU; vk’k; dk irk py tkrk FkkA28
fu.kkZ;d fLFkfr ;g gS fd og dk;Z tks vijk/k xfBr djrk gSA mlls igys ghs O;ofLFkr ;kstuk dk gksuk vko’;d gSSA ;g ckr fd tc vfHk;qDr us e`rd dks xksyh
ekjh Fkh] rks dqN yksx vfHk;qDr ds cxy esa [kMs Fks] mudk lkekU; vk’k; Fkk fd Hkkx ysuk xfBr djuss ds fy;s i;kZIr ugha gSA29
;g rF; lkekU; vk’k; lkfcr djus ds fy;s i;kZIr ugha Fkk fd Hkwfe fookn ds ,d ekeys esa dqN O;fDr vfHk;qDr ds lkFk x;s] bl ckr dk fdlh Lkk{; ds fcuk fd vfHk;qDr ds vfrfjDr fdlh vkSj O;fDr us e`rd dks d{k ls ckgj ?klhVus vkSj mls e`R;q dkfjr djus esa Hkkx fy;k FkkA30bldks lkFk ysrs gq;s /kkjk 302 ds v/khu nks vfHk;qDrksa dks nks"kflf) gqbZ gks vkSj vihy gksus ij buesa ls ,d dks nks"keqDRk dj fn;k tk;s rks nwljs vfHk;qDr dh /kkjk 302 ds v/khu ,sls lcwr ds vHkko esa fd izR;sd vfHk;qDr us fdl izdkj dh fuf’pr pksVsa dkfjr dh Fkha] nks"kflf) ugha dh tk ldrhA
,slh ifjfLFkfr;ska esa ;g ugha ekuk tk ldrk fd nwljs vfHk;qDr us vdsys ghs lkjh pksVsa dkfjr dh FkhaA31tgkWa rhu vfHk;qDr fdlh Hkou esa ywV ds fy;s ?kqls vkSj muesa ls fdlh us x`gLFk efgyk ds psgjs vkSj xys ij nckc Mkyk vkSj ne ?kqVus ls mldh e`R;q gks xbZ] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd /kkjk 34 ykxw ugha gksxhA ftlus nckc Mkyk Fkk mldh Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 Hkkx&2 ds v/khu nks"kflf) dh tk ldrh gS vU; lkfFk;ksa dh ughaA32 tgkW eq[; vfHk;qDr }kjk gR;k ds dk;Z dks nks vU; yksxksa }kjk f’kdkj gq;s O;fDr dks idM fy;s tkus ls lqdj cuk;k x;k fdUrq fcuk tkurs gq;s ;k e`R;q dkfjr djus dk vk’k; j[krs gq;s] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd dsoy ?kksj mifgr dkfjr djus ds gh lkekU; vk’k; dk fu"d"kZ fudkyk tk ldrk FkkA 33tgkW vfHk;qDr dks bl ckr dk dksbZ Kku ugha
Fkk fd nwljk vfHk;qDr [krjukd vk;q/k fy;s gq;s Fkk vkSj e`rd ls mldh igys ls dksbZ 'k=qrk ugha Fkh] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd e`rd dks ekj Mkyus ds lkekU; vk’k; dk og Hkkxhnkj ugha Fkk og lk/kkj.k mifgr dkfjr djus ds lkekU; vk’k; dk Hkkxhnkj gksus dks nks"kh gksxkA34 tgkW vfHk;qDr us dsoy izR;{kn’khZ lkf{k;ksa ij pksVsa dkfjr djrs gq;s ykBh ls okj fd;k Fkk fd og e`rd dh gR;k djus ds lkekU; vk’k; dk Hkkxhnkj FkkA mls gR;k ds vkjksi ls nks"keqDr dj fn;k x;k vkSj mls /kkjk 325 ds v/khu fl)nks"k fd;k x;kA35 vfHk;qDr us xksyh pykdj e`R;q dkfjr dj nh FkhA tcfd vU; vfHk;qDrksa us ek= bruk dgk Fkk fd e`rd dh fiVkbZ djuh t:jh gSA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd vU; vfHk;qDrkssa dks irk ugha Fkk fd eq[; vfHk;qDr ds ikl cUnwd Fkh vkSj og mldk bLrseky djuk pkgrk FkkA ;g Hkh fl) ugha gks ldk Fkk fd lkekU; vk’k; dk xBu ekSds ij gqvk FkkA vr% vU; vfHk;qDrksa dks /kkjk 302@34 ds vUrxZr nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrk FkkA 36+ jkLrs ij py jgs e`rd ds Åij izgkj fd;k x;k Fkk fdUrq ,ohMsal crk jgh Fkh fd rhu vfHk;qDrksa us vyx&vyx rjhds ls izgkj fd;s FksA vr% vfHk;qDr dh /kkjk 302 ds vUrxZr dh xbZ nksf"krk dks jn~n djds /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu dh xbZ nksf"krk dks mfpr ekuk x;kA 37 nksuksa vfHk;qDrksa us feydj e`rd dks ?kk;y dj fn;k ftlls mldh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj lqizhe dksVZ us mudh /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu dh xbZ nks"kflf) dks lgh Bgjk;kA38 vfHk;qDr us lgvfHk;qDr }kjk yydkj fn;s tkus ij xksyh pyk;s tkus dh ckr dks ekuus ls badkj dj fn;k ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd vfHk;kstu dk dsl lUnsgizn Fkk D;ksafd ?kfVr gqbZ ?kVuk dk o.kZu lgh rjhds ls ugha fd;k x;k FkkA39 ;g fl)
gks x;k Fkk fd lkl&llqj vkSj ifr us feydj e`rd dks vkRegR;k djus ds fy;s etcwj dj fn;k FkkA lHkh dks /kkjk 306 vkSj 498,@34 ds vUrxZr nksf"kr Bgjkrs gq;s nf.Mr djus ds vkns’k tkjh fd;s x;sA40
nsk vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ds e/; gq;s >xMs esa rhu vU; O;fDr 'kkfey gq;s ftuesa ,d e`rd Hkh FkkA ekeyk ekewyh le> dj e`rd i{k ds yksx vkxs c< x;s rks vfHk;qDrksa us mudk ihNk djus ds fy;s yMkbZ NsM nhA ;g Li"V Fkk fd vkijkf/kd d`R; lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzflr djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA /kkjk 302@34 ds vUrxZr n.Muh; djuk mfpr ekuk x;kA41 lkf{k;ksa ds vuqlkj vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa us lkekU; vk’k; ds vxzlj.k esa gR;k dh Fkh vkSj mudh xgu izfr ijh{kk dh xbZ FkhA vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa ij bldk foijhr vlj ugha iM jgk Fkk D;ksafd vkjksi /kkjk 302 ds vUrxZr yxk;s x;s Fks vkSj /kkjk 34 dk ftdz ugha fd;k x;k FkkA vihykFkhZ ds vfHk;qDr us lh-vkj-ih-lh- dh /kkjk 313 ds vUrxZr Li"V dgk fd vU; vfHk;qDrksa ds lkFk vkdj mlus e`rd ij izgkj fd;k Fkk vkSj Hkkx [kMk gqvk FkkA blls Li"V gks jgk Fkk fd mlus vijk/k lkekU; vk’k; ls vfHkizsfjr gksdj fd;k FkkA vr% /kkjk 302 dh nks"kflf) dks /kkjk 302@34 esa cny fn;k x;kA pw`afd bl dsl esa ,d cky vijk/kh Fkk mldh vk;q dh lgh tkWp djus ds fy;s fjdkMZ okil Hkst fn;s x;s vkSj Qkbuy vkWMZj ikfjr djus ds fy;s Vªk;y dksVZ ls 3 ekg ds vUnj fjiksVZ Hkstus ds fy;s dgk x;kA42
xqUMk VSDl u fn;s tkus ds dkj.k vfHk;qDr us e`rd dh gR;k dj nh vkSj lHkh lk{; vfHk;qDrksa ds i{k esa u gksdj mldh nksf"krk dh vksj b’kkjk djrs FksA ;g
fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd vfHk;qDrksa dh nks"kflf) lansg tud gh Fkh cfYd mfpr FkhA43fdlkuksa dk ,d ny viuh Qly dkV jgk FkkA e`rd dVh gqbZ Qly dk ,d fgLlk mBk ys x;kA ml jkr tc og ,d ckjkr ls ykSV jgk Fkk] jkLrs esa 16 O;fDr mldh rkd esa FksA os mldh vksj vk;s vkSj fl)nks"k us] tks ,d Nqjk fy;s gq;s Fkk] mlds xys esa HkkSaidj t[e dj fn;k tks ?kkrd lkfcr gqvkA nwljksa dks ;g Kkr ugha Fkk fd mlds ikl Nqjk Fkk vkSj muesa ls lHkh [kkyh gkFk Fks] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk Fkk fd e`R;q dkfjr djus dk mudk lkekU; vk’k; FkkA os ;g Hkh lksp ldrs Fks fd vfHk;qDr dks ?ksjdj mlls tks og Qly mBk ys x;k Fkk mls okil djus ;k mldk ewY; pqdkus ds fy;s dgk tk;sxkA44
,d O;fDr us viuh Hkwfe vius ikS=ksa esa ls ,d dks nku ns nhA iwjh rjg ls gfFk;kj ;qDr gksdj viuh iRuh ds lkFk mldk nwljk iq= ykBh fy;s gq;s vkSj iRuh xaMklk vkifRr djus vk;sA iq= fu;a=.k [kks cSBk vkSj vknkrk ikS= vkSj mlds firk us fLFkfr laHkkyus ds fy;s gLr{ksi fd;k fdUrq mUgsa ykBh ls pksVsa vk;ha vkSj os ej x;sA iRuh us vius ifr ds HkkbZ ij xaMklk ls ,d v?kkrd {kfr gh dkfjr dhA mlds ifr dh gR;k ds fy;s nks"kflf) gqbZ fdUrq mlds n.M dks ?kVkdj ?kksj migfr dkfjr djus ds fy;s dj fn;k x;k D;ksafd ,slk izrhr gksrk Fkk fd lkjh dh lkjh ckr ?kVuk LFky dh fLFkfr ls gqbZ Fkh vkSj ;kstukc) dk;Z ugha FkkA 45 tgkW iMkSfl;ksa us ekSf[kd fookn ds tM dk irk ugha Fkk] fdUrq ,sls yxrk Fkk fd og vpkud gh iSnk gks x;k Fkk] pwafd lkekU; vk’k; ds cuus dk volj gh ugha Fkk] izR;sd geykoj dks mlds dk;ksZa ds fy;s naMuh; Bgjk;k x;kA46tgkW lkekU; vk’k; fl) gks tk;s rks ek= ;g rF; fd vfHk;qDr
us ?kVuk LFky ls vius vki dks gh nwj j[kk Fkk] mls nkf;Ro ls eqDr ugha dj ldsxkA47 bl dsl esa lk{; }kjk ;g fl) gks fd vfHk;qDrksa us lwpuknkrk rFkk vU; lkf{k;ksa dks ?ksj fy;k vkSj ?kkrd vkStkjksa ls mu ij vkdze.k dj fn;kA ;|fi /kkjk 34 dk vkjksi.k ugha Fkk fQj Hkh mUgsa /kkjk 302@34 ds rgr nks"kh ekuk x;kA ,d O;fDr ds yydkj nsu ij vU; vfHk;qDr us e`rd ij xksyh pyk nhAnwljh xksyh ds fy;s ftEesnkj ugha ekuk x;kA nwljh ckj xksyh pykuk e`rd dks ekjus ds fy;s lkekU; vk’k; dk gh fgLlk ekuk x;kA U;k;ky; us dgk fd /kkjk 34 ykxw djds vihykFkhZ vfHk;qDr dks gR;k ds fy;s nk;h ugha Bgjk;k tk;sxkA 48
;g vko’;d ugha gS fd /kkjk 34 ds vUrxZr dsl ykus ds fy;s ;g irk yxk;k tk;s fd okLro esa ?kkrd izgkj fdlus fd;k FkkA lkjoku vijk/k ds fy;s bl /kkjk ds enn ls nks"kflf) dh tk ldrh gSA ysfdu 'krZ ;g gS fd bl /kkjk ds lHkh rRo fo|eku gksaA fu.kZ; esa bl /kkjk dk mYys[k djuk Hkh vko’;d ugha gSA49lgvfHk;qDr us ihfMr O;fDr dks idMk vkSj vfHk;qDr dks ml ij okj djus ds fy;s mRizsfjr fd;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mlus d`ik.k ls mls ?kk;y dj fn;k vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd mRizsj.k dsoy okj dkfjr djus ds lkekU; vk’k; dk Hkkxhnkj FkkA vr% mldh nksf"krk dks /kkjk 302@34 dh txg /kkjk 324 esa ifjofrZr dj fn;k x;kA 50eq[; vfHk;qDr gkFk esa ,d ns’kh reapk ?kqekrk gqvk [kqy vke py jgk FkkA rHkh ftKklko’k dqN NksVs cPps ogkW tek gks x;s vkSj mlus mudks ogkW ls pys tkus dks dgk fdUrq os ugha ekusA lg&vfHk;qDr us mlds gkFk ls fiLVy Ykh] mlesa xksyh Hkjh vkSj dgdj mls okil dj fn;k fd bUgsa ekj Mkyks] ftl ij vfHk;qDr us xksyh
pykdj nks cPpksa dks ekj MkykA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd lg&vfHk;qDr /kkjk 302@34 ds vUrxZr gR;k dk nsk"kh FkkA51
lkekU; vk’k; dSls lkfcr fd;k tkrk gS ( Common intention how proceed) :-
fu%lUnsg fdlh ,d O;fDr dk Hkh vk’k; lkfcr djuk dfBu dke gS vkSj blfy;s O;fDr;ksa ds fdlh lewg dk lkekU; vk’k; nf’kZr djuk vkSj Hkh dfBu gks tkrk gSA ijUrq ;g dk;Z pkgs fdruk Hkh dfBu gks] vfHk;kstu dks ,sls rF;ksa] ifjfLFkfr;ksa vkSj vfHk;qDrksa ds vkpj.k dk lk{; is’k djuk gh gksxk ftuls muds lkekU; vk’k; dk Bhd ls irk py ldsA vf/kdka’k ekeyksa esa ,sls vk’k; dk fu"d"kZ tks ekeyk lEeq[k gksrk gSAmlesa gksus okys dk;Z ;k vkpj.k ;k vU; lqlaxr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fudkyk tkrk gSA52 ;g fu"d"kZ ftl <ax ls vfHk;qDr ?kVuk LFky ij vk;s Fks vkSj geyk fd;k Fkk ftl fu’p; vkSj ,derrk ds lkFk muesa ls ,d ;k dqN us ekjihV dh Fkh ;k pksVsa dkfjr dh xbZ Fkh] tks O;fDr pksVsa dkfjr dj jgs Fks mudh lgk;rk ds fy;s vU; ds }kjk fd;s x;s dk;Z vijk/k ds i’pkr feydj fd;k x;k vkpj.k] tSls fd ?kVuk ds LFky ls lc dk ,dlkFk tkuk rFkk vU; ,sls dk;Z tks lc us ;k dqN us fd;s gksa tks muds lkekU; vk’k; ds vo/kkj.k esa lgk;rk djsaxsA
nwljs 'kCnksa esa bl QSlys ij vkus ds fy;s lEiw.kZ ifjfLFkfr;ska ij /;ku nsuk gksxk fd D;k vfHk;qDr fdlh ,sls vijk/k dsk djus dk lkekU; vk’k; j[krs Fks ftlds fy;s mUgsa nf.Mr fd;k tk ldrk FkkA53lqizhe dksVZ us iqu% bl ckr dks nksgjk;k fd ** ge iqu% nksgjkrs gSa fd lkekU; vk’k; ds fy;s fcjys gh lh/kh lk{; fey ldrh gSA
vUrr% fu.kZ; fdlh Hkh dher ij fu%lUnsg izR;sd dsl esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ ij gh fuHkZj djsxkA** ;g fu/kkZfjr fof/k gS fd lkekU; vk’k; ;k dqN lEcfU/kr O;fDr;ksa dk vk’k; tks lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzflr djus ls lEcfU/kr gSA mldks lh/kh lk{; ;k i{kdkjksa ds vkpj.k rFkk lHkh lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k d`R;ksa ds fu"d"kZ }kjk fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA54 rFkkfi ;g nf’kZr djuk vko’;d ugha gS fd fdlh fo’ks"k vfHk;qDr }kjk dksbZ [kqyk dk;Z fd;k x;k FkkA ;g /kkjk vkdf"kZr gks tk;sxh ;fn ;g lkfcr gks tk;s fd lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s dksbZ vkijkf/kd dk;Z vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa esa ls lHkh ds }kjk ;k fdlh ,d ds }kjk fd;k x;k gSA55
fdlh ekeys esa lkekU; vk’k; ds fu"d"kZ ij igqWapus ds iwoZ] vijk/k esa Qalkus okys mu rF;ksa dks ftuls ,sls vk’k; dk fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkuk gS iDdh rjg lkfcr gks tkuk pkfg;sA mu rF;ksa ls ,sls fu"d"kZ dk iDdh rjg ls vkSj iwjh rjg ls fudkyk tkuk vko’;d gks tk;s fd ,d ls vf/kd vfHk;qDrksa us lHkh ds lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlfjr djus ds fy;s dk;Z fd;k gh FkkA muls nwljk fu"d"kZ fudkyk tkuk iw.kZr;k vlaxr gks] vkSj fdlh vU; ;qfDRk;qDr ifjdYiuk ds vk/kkj ij mudk Li"Vhdj.k u gks ldrk gksA56+ lkekU; vk’k; dk fu.kZ; lkjs vfHk;qDrksa }kjk fuHkkbZ xbZ Hkwfedk dkfjr dh xbZ pksVksa ds Lo:i vkSj ckg~; ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls gh fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA57
tgka ,d O;fDr gks ,d iqfyl pkSdh ij ifj:) dj fy;k tkuk Fkk vkSj mldh nks flikfg;ksa }kjk fiVkbZ dh xbZ Fkh ftlds dkj.k og ej x;k] mudh nsk"kflf) /kkjk 34 dks lkFk ysrs gq;s /kkjk 217] 330 vkSj 348 ds v/khu dh xbZ vkSj ml iqfyl pkSdh ds izHkkjh lc baLisDVj dsk] ;|fi
mlus dksbZ fiVkbZ ugha dh x;h Fkh] /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls leku :i ls n.Muh; Bgjk;k x;k D;ksfd fcuk mldh ekSu lEefr vkSj xqIr lg;ksx ds fiVk;h fd;k tkuk lEHko ugha FkkA58
dksbZ lkekU; vk’k; ugha ( No comment intention):- ikWap vfHk;qDrksa us vius esa ls ,d gh iRuh dks
iRuh ds HkkbZ ds ?kj esa ys tkus dk iz;Ru fd;kA lk{; ls ;g nf’kZr gksrk gS fd ifr us vius lkys ls gkFkkikbZ ds nkSjku mls lk’k; xksyh ekj nh ftlls mldh rqjUr e`R;q gks xbZA nwljksa dks gR;k ds fy;s n.Muh; Ukgha Bgjk;k x;kA D;ksafd fdlh dh e`R;q dkfjr djuk mudk lkekU; vk’k; ugha Fkk vkSj u gh bl ckr dk Kku Fkk fd ifj.kke Lo:i e`R;q lEHkkfor FkhA59nks"kflf) dks vikLr dj fn;k x;k Fkk tgkW ,d lgvfHk;qDr dks ekeys ls lEc) ugha fd;k tk ldk FkkA60 ,d nwljs ekeys esa lgvfHk;qDr us vfHk;qDr ds lkFk feydj e`rd dks idMk vkSj vU; vfHk;qDrksa us mlds xys vkSj isV ij pkdw ls yxkrkj izgkj fd;kA vfHk;kstu lkf{k;ksa dks mlds lk{; ls mlds lgvfHk;qDr }kjk vijk/k esa lfdz; Hkkx ysuk fl) gks x;k FkkA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd blls Li"V fu"d"kZ fudy jgk Fkk fd d`R; lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzflr djus ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu nks"kflf) mfpr BgjkbZ xbZA61 ek= ,d lk{kh dk c;ku Fkk fd lgvfHk;qDr us idM j[kk Fkk vkSj vU; vfHk;qDrksa us izgkj fd;s FksA bl lk{; dks lgh rFkk mfpr ekuk x;k vkSj /kkjk 302@34 dh nks"kflf) U;k;ksfpr ekuh x;hA62
l;qDr :i ls izgkj fd;k x;k Fkk ftlesa ,d dh e`R;q gks x;h vkSj dbZ ?kk;y gks x;s FksA /kkjk 34 ykxw djrs gq;s ;g dgk x;k fd fdlh O;fDr fo’ks"k }kjk vnk dh xbZ
Hkwfedk ;fn fl) ugha gksrh gS rks blls ;g vFkZ ugha yxk;k tkuk pkfg;s fd /kkjk 34 ykxw gksus ds vk/kkj miyC/k ugha gSA63 lHkh ds d`R;ksa dk leku vkSj ,d tSlk gksuk t:jh ugha gSA64tks ?kVuk LFky ij ;k mlds vkl&ikl ekStwn gS vkSj lkFk esa dksbZ vlykg fy;s gq;s ugha gS vkSj vU; vfHk;qDrksa ds lkFk ugha py jgs gSaA mUgsa /kkjk 34 dh enn ls nks"kh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA 65tgkW gR;k ds lkekU; vk’k; dk fu"d"kZ ugha fudkyk tk ldrk gS] ogkW fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ek= ;g rF; fd ,d ls vf/kd vkStkjksa dk bLrseky fd;k x;k Fkk nwljs vfHk;qDrks dh Hkkxhnkjh lqfuf’pr djus ds fy;s i;kZIr ugha gSA66nks efgykvksa] e`rd dh iRuh vkSj vkSj vfHk;qDr dh iRuh ds e/; uy ls ikuh ysus ds dkj.k dgk&lquh gks xbZA blus ckn esa yMkbZ dk :i /kkj.k dj fy;k vkSj nksuksa i{kksa ds e/; py jgh yMkbZ ds nkSjku fdlh us ,d O;fDr dks pkdw HkkSai fn;kA ftlls mldh e`R;q gks xbZA iwoZ fu;ksftr ?kVuk ugha FkhA ;g iw.kZr;k vdLekr gqvk Fkk vkSj /kkjk 34 ykxw ugha dh xbZA pkj O;fDr;ksa }kjk pkdw pykuk fl) ugha gqvk D;ksafd ?kVuk ij ek= ,d vL= gh cjken fd;k tk ldk FkkA e`rd vfHk;qDr vLirky ,d lkFk igqWps ysfdu vfHk;qDr dh pksVksa ds ckjs esa dksbZ fooj.k ugha fn;k x;k FkkA 67 Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dhs /kkjk 34 vkSj /kkjk 149 esa varj ( Distinction between s.34 and 149, IPC):-
;|fi ;s nksuksa /kkjk,sa izfrfuf/k;qDr nkf;Ro ds fl)kUr ls lEcfU/kr gS vkSj dHkh&dHkh ,d nwljs ds O;kih Hkh gks tkrh gSA68 fQj Hkh bu nksuksa esa fHkUurk ds rkfRod eqn~ns gSaA os fuEufyf[kr gSa&
1-/kkjk 34 Lo;a dksbZ fofufnZ"V vijk/k l`ftr ugha djrh gS tcfd /kkjk 149 ,slk djrh gSA
2-/kkjk 34 ds v/khu fo’ks"k dj fdlh ,sls vijk/k esa tks 'kkjhfjd fgalk ds lkFk gksrk gS dqN lfdz; Hkkx ysuk vko’;d gSA ijUrq Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 149 ,slh dksbZ vis{kk ugha djrh gS vkSj fdlh lkekU; mn~ns’; okys fof/k fo:) lekt ds lnL; gks tkus ds dkj.k gh vkijkf/kd nkf;Ro mRiUu gks tkrk gS vkSj pkgss vijk/k dh rS;kjh vkSj mlds fd;s tkus esa dksbZ Hkh lfdz; Hkkx u fy;k x;k gksA69
3-/kkjk 34 lkekU; vk’k; dh ckr djrh gS ijUrq /kkjk 149 ,sls lkekU; mn~ns’; ds ckjs esa gS tks vius {ks= vkSj ifjf/k esa fu% lUnsg vk’k; ls vf/kd foLr`r gSA ;fn fdlh fof/k fo:) teko ds lnL; }kjk fd;k x;k vijk/k fof/k fo:) teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s gS ;k ,slk gS ftlds ckjs esa ml teko ds lnL; tkurs Fks lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlj djus esa mldk gksuk laHkkO; Fkk] rks bl n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 149 ds v/khu ml vijk/k ds fy;s fof/k fo:) teko ds lHkh vU; lnL; nks"kh gksaxs pkgs os bls djus dk vk’k; u j[krs gksa ;k mlds okLrfod dk;kZUo;u esa mUgksaus dksbZ Hkkx u fy;k gksA 70
4-/kkjk 34 mu O;fDr;ksa dh U;wure la[;k fu/kkZfjr ugha djrh gS ftudk lkekU; vk’k; esa Hkkxhnkj gksuk vko’;d gS] tc fd Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 149 ;g vis{kk djrh gS fd de ls de ikWp ,sls O;fDr gksus pkfg;s ftudk dksbZ lkekU; mn~ns’; gksA
/kkjk 149 ds LFkku ij /kkjk 34 ds v/khu nks"kflf) ( Substitution of conviction from section 149 to section 34)
/kkjk 34 dks lkFk ysdj /kkjk 302 ds v/khu dksbZ vkjksi ugha FkkA ijUrq bl ekeys ds rF; ,sls gSa fd vfHk;qDr ij /kkjk 149 dks lkFk ysdj /kkjk 302 ds v/khu ;k /kkjk 34 dks lkFk ysdj /kkjk 302 ds v/khu cnydj vkjksi yxk;k tk ldrk FkkA vkSj pwafd vfHk;qDrksa esa ls ,d dks nks"keqDr dj fn;k x;k gS] blfy;s /kkjk 302@49 ds LFkku ij /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu flf) nks"k fd;k tk ldrk gSA vfHk;qDr] ftldh dh vihy [kkfjt dh tk jgh gS] ml ij fdlh Hkh izfrdwy izHkko iMus dh dksbZ lEHkkouk ugha gSAekeys ( Cases):-
tgkW dbZ ,d O;fDr;ksa esa ls izR;sd us ,d O;fDr dks ihVus esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk] mldh 18 ilfy;ka VwV xbZa vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZ] gj ,d dks nks"kflf) gR;k ds fy;s gqbZA 71 blh izdkj tgkW dbZ O;fDr;ksa us feydj ykfB;ksa ls ,d vU; O;fDr ij okj fd;s vkSj LFky ij gh djhc&djhc mls ekj fn;k] os gR;k ds nks"kh vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;s x;sA 72 ijUrq tgkW rhu O;fDr;ksa us e`rd ij geyk fd;k vkSj mldh fiVkbZ dh ftlds nkSjku ,d us mlds flj ij ,d ckj fd;k ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mldh e`R;q gks xbZ ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ,sls lcwr ds vHkko esa fd vfHk;qDr ,slh pksV dkfjr djus dk lkekU; vk’k; j[krs FksA ftlls e`R;q dkfjr gksuk laHkkO; Fkh] mUkdh gR;k ds fy;s nks"kflf) ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA73
vfHk;qDrksa ij /kkjk 302 ds v/khu ,d iksLVekLVj dh gR;k djus dk vkjksi Fkk fopkj.k ds nkSjku lk{; ;g
n’kkZrk gS fd tc iksLVekLVj vius nQrj ds vUnj iSls fxu jgk Fkk] rhu O;fDr;ksa us ftuesa ls vfHk;qDr ,d FkkA ml ij ;g dgus ds ckn fd iSlk ns nks] fiLrkSyksa ls xksfy;ka pyk nhaA mls nks txg pksVsa vk;ha vkSj og ej x;kA fopkj.k U;k;k/kh’k us twjh dsk funsZf’kr fd;k fd mUgsa ;g lek/kku Fkk fd iksLVekLVj dh gR;k mu rhuksa ds lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s dh xbZ Fkh rks vfHk;qDr gR;k dk nks"kh Fkk pkgs ?kkrd xksyh mlus pykbZ gks ;k ughaA fizfo dkSafly us vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k fd ;g funsZ’k lgh FkkA74
feydj ngst e`R;q dkfjr djuk ( Dowry death in concert):-
tgkW toku iRuh dks mlds ifr ,oa llqjky okyksa us tykdj ekj Mkyk Fkk D;ksafd os vi;kZIr ngst ij vizlUu Fks mUgsa /kkjk 300@34 ds v/khu fl)nks"k Bgjk;k x;kA 75
ywV ,oa vigj.k ( Robbery and abduction)
lank; dks ysdj vpkud ,d >xMs esa dkj esa cSBs O;fDr us izsVªksy iai ds deZpkjh dks vUnj ?klhV fy;k vkSj dkj Hkxk ys x;sA dkj esa cSBs yksx naM ls cp x;sA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls dsoy dkj pkyd dks gh ywV vkSj vigj.k ds vijk/k dk nks"kh ugha Bgjk;k tk ldrkA76
lkewfgd d`R; ( Mob action):-
fofHkUu vL=ksa ls ySl 200 O;fDr;ksa ds lewg us ikS/ks yxk jgs O;fDr;ksads vfHk;ku dks jksdus ds fy;s [ksr esa izos’k fd;kA muesa ls dqN us ekSds ij mBs
dkj.k ls vkos’k esa vkdj ,d O;fDr dh gR;k dj nhA blds fy;s iwjs lewg dks nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA77
nqfoZfu;ksx ( Misappropriation):-
tgkW vfHk;qDrksa us tks fd xzke iapk;r ds ljiap vkSj lfpo Fks iapk;r ds dks"kksa dk nqfoZfu;ksx dj fy;k Fkk vkSj lk{; ls vfHk;qDrksa ds izfr Li"V csbZekuh dk vk’k; nf’kZr gksrk Fkk] ogkW /kkjk 409@34 ds v/khu vfHk;qDrksa dh nsk"kflf) ,oa naMkns’k esa gLr{ksi ugha fd;k x;kA78
jktekxZ ij lg;ksx ls ywV ( Highway robbery in collabration):-
jktekXkZ ij dze’k% ,d gR;k vkSj ywV esa ,d gh yksxksa dk gkFk Fkk] ;g ik;k x;k fd ogh nks yksx ,d lk{kh }kjk ,d nwljs uxj esa ?kVuk ds iwoZ lkFk&lkFk ns[ks x;s FksA muds f’kdkj O;fDr;ksa essa ls ,d cp x;k Fkk vkSj mlus Hkh lk{; fn;k Fkk fd mlus nksuksa dks lkFk&lkFk ns[kk FkkA nksuksa dks mu dzfed vijk/kksa dk nks"kh ekuk x;k vkSj fcuk ;g ekus fd fdlus D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkbZ Fkh /kkjk 34 dh lgk;rk ls gR;k ds fy;s fl)nks"k fd;k x;kAcykRdkj ds ekeys (Rape case) :-
f’kdk;r ;g Fkh fd vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa us xzkeh.k efgyk dk cykRdkj blfy;s fd;k D;ksafd mlds ifr us muds fo:) iqfyl esa fjiksVZ fy[kk j[kh Fkh fdUrq cykRdkj dk dksbZ lk{; ugha FkkA efgyk ds c;ku dk ;g fgLlk
fo’oluh; Fkk fd mlds diMs [khaps x;s ml ij ySafxd geyk fd;k x;k vkSj mlds 'kjhj dks uk[kwuksa ls dkVk x;kA vfHk;qDr O;fDr;ksa dh /kkjk 354 rFkk 323@34 ds vUrxZr nks"kh ik;k x;k fdUrq n.M dks igys ls Hkksxs x;s dkjkokl rd lhfer dj fn;k x;kA80
fo’ks"k fopkj.k
tgkW nks Hkkb;ksa us nks O;fDr;ksa ij pksVsa dkfjr dh Fkh ftuesa ls ,d dh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj ;g ik;k x;k fd fdlh O;fDr dh e`R;q dkfjr djus dk mUkdk dksbZ vk’k; ugha Fkk vkSj izd`fr ds lkekU; vuqdze esa dsoy ,d gh {kfr ?kkrd ikbZ xbZ FkhA ;g ugha lkfcr gks ik;k Fkk fd nksuksa esa ls fdlus og ?kkrd {kfr dkfjr dh FkhA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os /kkjk 326@34 ds v/khu fl)nks"k fd;s tkus ;ksX; Fks u fd /kkjk 307@34 ds v/khuA bl ckr dks fopkj.k esa ysrs gq;s fd nksuksa esa ,d vihy fuyfEcr jgus ds nkSjku ej x;k Fkk vkSj mldh iRuh vkSj cPpksa dk Hkkj nwljs vfHk;qDr ij vk x;k Fkk tks ,d fdlku FkkA tks igys gh 52 fnuksa dk dkjkokl dkV pqdk FkkA dkjkokl ds mlds n.M dks mlds }kjk igys gh dkV fy;s x;s rd ?kVk fn;k x;kA81
laO;ogkj ds nkSjku lkekU; vk’k; dk fodflr gksuk
vfHk;qDr vius fdjk,nkj dks lkFk ysdj vius firk dh nqdku ij x;k tgkW mlds firk us ml ij xksyh pyk nh vkSj fdjk,nkj dh e`R;q gks xbZ ysfdu mlus firk ls xksyh pykus dks ugha dgk Fkk vkSj u mlus ,slk djus ds fy;s mUgsa mRizsfjr fd;k FkkA fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd vfHk;qDr dks /kkjk 34 ds vUrxZr nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrk Fkk
D;ksafd lkekU; vk’k; ds v/khu fd;s x;s d``R; dh ckr ifjokj esa ugha dgh FkhA82
/kkjk 34 esa vkjksfir u gksuk
vfHk;qDr vius 'k=q ds ?kj vk;s vkSj mUgksaus e`rd ij geyk dj fn;k vkSj geyk dkQh nsj rd tkjh jgkA iRuh ds gLr{ksi djus ij mlus ikuh ekWaxkA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ;|fi iwoZfopkjksa dk feyu ugha gqvk Fkk fdUrq lk{; ds vk/kkj ij muds iwoZ fu’p; dk irk vo’; pyrk gSA ;|fi /kkjk 34 dk vkjksi.k ugha Fkk fQj Hkh mUgas /kkjk 300@34 esa nks"kh ik;k x;kA83
igys ls lkspk le>k lkekU; vk’k;
vihykFkhZ vU; vfHk;qDrksa ds lkFk gh thi ls mrjk mUgksaus vius f’kdkj rFkk mlds firk dk ihNk fd;k tks ckn esa p’enhn xokg cu x;kA vfHk;qDrksa us ,d lkFk xksyh pykuh 'kq: dj nhA lqizhedksVZ us fu.kZ; fn;k fd e`R;q dkfjr djus ds lkekU; vk’k; esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh FkhA ;g vlaxr Fkk fd vihykFkhZ dh xksyh dsoy izR;{kn’khZ rd igqaph Fkh vkSj og ?kk;y gks x;k FkkA vihykFkhZ dks /kkjk 300@34 esa nks"kh Bgjkuk mfpr FkkA vU; vihykFkhZ ds ikl pkdw Fks vkSj e`rd ds uhps fxj tkus ds i’pkr Hkh mUgksaus ml ij okj ugha fd;k vkSj ;g iznf’kZr djus dk dksbZ lk{; ugha Fkk fd mUgsa nwljksa ds bjkns dh tkudkjh ugha FkhA mUgsa funksZ"k djkj nsuk mfpr Bgjk;k x;kA84
bafXy’k ekeys
ykWMZ Mkdjs us dbZ yksxksa ds lkFk ,d vU; ikdZ esa fgj.k dk f’kdkj djuk r; fd;k vkSj ;g fd tks Hkh lkeus vkdj izfrjks/k djsxk mls ekj fn;k tk;sxkA ml ny ds ,d vkneh us ,d pkSdhnkj dks ekj fn;k x;kA lHkh gR;k ds nks"kh ik;s x;sA ;|fi ykWMZ Mkdjs ,d pkSFkkbZ ehy nwj Fkk vkSj ml O;fDrxr okj ds ckjs esa dqN Hkh ugha tkurk FkkA85
nks O;fDr vius esa ls ,d ds igys dh fdlh efgyk fe= ds ?kj ij x;sA os ?kj esa lsa/k yxkdj ?kql x;sA dqN oLrqvksa dks Uk"V dj fn;k vkSj ,d dqlhZ esa vkx yxk nhA nksuksa fHkUu&fHkUu fn’kkvksa esa Hkkx x;sA ckn esa nksuksa lkFk&lkFk vk;sAiqfyl dks fn;s x;s vius c;ku esa nksuksa us vkx yxkus ds fy;s ,d nwljs dks nks"kh cryk;kA nks"kflf) ds fo:) mudh vihy [kkfjt dj nh xbZA U;k;ky; us dgk fd la;qDr dk;Z djus dk Li"V lk{; ekStwn FkkA tc vkx yxkbZ xbZ nksuksa ?kj esa ekStwn FksA mUgksaus nwljh vkijkf/kd {kfr dkfjr dh tks vkx yxkus ls vyx ugha dh tk ldrh FkhA ?kj esa lsa/k yxkus dk Li"V la;qDr dk;Z fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj ckn esa os fQj fey x;sA86
jSfxax ekeyk%&
jktLFkku if=dk fnukad 12 uoEcj 2010 ds vuqlkj fnukad 11 uoEcj 2010 dks fn;s x;s fu.kZ; ds vuqlkj vfrfjDr ftyk ,oa l= U;k;k/kh’k iqfjanj oS| us veu jSfxax okn esa pkjksa nksf"k;ksa dks vkbZ-ih-lh- dh /kkjk 304 Hkkx nks ¼xSj bjknru gR;k½ ds rgr pkj lky ds lJe dkjkokl] /kkjk 452
ds rgr ,d ekg ds dkjkokl vkSj /kkjk 34 ds rgr rhu ekg ds dkjkokl dh ltk lqukbZA
v/;k;&3;fn fof/k fo:) teko ds fdlh lnL; }kjk ml teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlj djus esa vijk/k fd;k tkrk gS] ;k dksbZ ,slk vijk/k fd;k tkrk gS] ftldk fd;k tkuk ml teko ds lnL; ml mn~ns’; dks vxzlj djus esa lEHkkO; tkurs Fks] rks gj O;fDr tks ml vijk/k ds fd;s tkus ds le; ml teko dk lnL; gS] ml vijk/k dk nks"kh gksxkAO;k[;k&izR;sd lnL; dk nkf;Ro
;g /kkjk ,d fofufnZ"V ,oa fHkUu vijk/k l`ftr djrh gSA bl /kkjk dk mn~ns’; ;g Li"V djuk gS fd dksbZ Hkh vfHk;qDr O;fDr] ftldk fd ekeyk blds fucU/kuksa ds vUrxZr vk tkrk gSA ;g izfrj{kk ugha izLrqr dj ldrk gS fd mlus fdlh fo:) fof/k teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; ds vxzlj.k esa dkfjr gksus okyk vijk/k ;k dksbZ ,slk vijk/k ftlls fd teko ds lnL; ,sls mn~ns’; ds vxzlkj.k esa ;g tkurs Fks fd og laHkor;k dkfjr fd;k tk ldrk Fkk] Lo;a vius gkFkksa ls dkfjr ugha fd;k FkkArRo
bl /kkjk esa fuEufyf[kr vko’;d rRo gSa&1-fdlh fo:) teko ds fdlh lnL; }kjk dksbZ vijk/k dkfjr
gksukA2-,slk vijk/k vo’; gh teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks
vxzlj djus esa ghs dkfjr gksuk pkfg;ss vFkok mls ,slk vo’; ghs gksuk pkfg;s] ftls fd teko ds lnL; tkurs Fks fd og laHkkO;r% dkfjr gks ldrk FkkA
/kkjk 34 rFkk /kkjk 149/kkjk 149 /kkjk 34 dh vis{kk vf/kd foLr`r gSA bl
/kkjk ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro * lkekU; mn~ns’; * ij vk/kkfjr gS vkSj /kkjk 34 ds vUrxZr *lkekU; vk’k;* ijA ;s nksukssa ghs /kkjk;sa vkUof;d vkijkf/kdrk ds fy;s nkf;Ro vFkok ,sls vijk/k ds fy;s nkf;Ro ij fopkj djrh gS tks fd vkjksfir O;fDr }kjk dkfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA /kkjk 149 ,d fofufnZ"V vijk/k l`ftr djrh gSA tks fd vkjksfir O;fDr }kjk dkfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA /kkjk 149 ,d fofufnZ"V vijk/k l`ftr djrh gS vkSj dsoy mlh vijk/k ds nf.Mr fd;s tkus ds lEcU/k esa gS ;g ,d lkekU; mn~ns’; j[kus okys ikWp vFkok vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds teko ds vk/kkj rRoksa dks ysdj pyrh gSA vFkkZr os vk/kkj rRo ftuesa ls ,d /kkjk 141 esa of.kZr gS% Reg v/s
Sabed ali, (1873)II beng LR 347, 359,20WR (Cr)5 vkSj fQj ;g teko ds lnL;ksa }kjk lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlj djus ds fy;s tkus okys dk;ksZa dks ysrh gSA mn~ns’; rFkk vk’k; esa vUrj gksrk gSA D;ksafd ;|fi budk mn~ns’; lkekU; gS rFkkfi buesa ls dbZ ,d lnL;ksa ds vk’k; fHkUu Hkh gks ldrs gSa vkSj fu%lUnsg dsoy bl ckr dks ysdj os ,d tSls gks ldrs gSa fd os lc ds lc fof/k fo:) gSaA tcfd dk;Zokgh esa muds Hkkx ysus ds rRo ds LFkku ij tks fd /kkjk 34 dk ,d eq[; y{k.k gSA /kkjk 149 esa vijk/k ds dkfjr gksus ds le; ij teko dh lnL;rk gh gks tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa gh /kkjk;sa ,sls O;fDr;ska dh la;kstu ds lEcU/k esa fopkj djrh gSaA tks fdlh vijk/k ds Hkkxhnkjksa ds :i esa n.Muh; gks tkrs gSaA bl izdkj muesa dqN lkn`’;rk gSA vkSj ;s /kkjk;sa fdlh lhek rd ,d nwljs dks vkYgkfnr dj ldrh gSaA ijUrq /kkjk 149 fdlh Hkh n’kk esa /kkjk 34 dks bl fLFkfr rd ihNs ugha
Mky ldrh gS fd og dsoy rn:ih ,d tSls vkijkf/kd dk;ksZa dks dkfjr djus ls gksus okys la;qDr dk;Z rd ghs lhfer jg tk;s vkSj ;g ,d ,slk ekeyk gS tks fd Lo;a vius esa vyx ls ppkZ ds ;ksX; fcYdqy ugha gSA
;fn ikWp vFkok vf/kd yksx dksbZ dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mlh dks djus dk ;s vk’k; Hkh j[krs gS rks bl lafgrk dh nksuksa /kkjk,sa 34 rFkk 149 ykxw gks ldrh gSaA D;ksafd *lnL;* 'kCn ds ,dopu esa mldk cgqopu Hkh lfEefyr gSA /kkjk9 bl lEcU/k esa /kkjk 34 esa mi&’kh"kZd Hkkjrh; naM lafgrk dh /kkjk 34 rFkk /kkjk 149 ds chp lqfuf’prrk ds vUrxZr foLr`r fopkj foe’kZ dkQh ekeyksa esa U;k;ky; }kjk le>k;k x;k gSA{ks=
;g /kkjk ml izR;sd vijk/k ds fy;s tks fd fdlh fof/k fo:) teko ds fdlh ,d lnL; }kjk ml le; dkfjr gksrk gSA tcfd os mlds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks iwjk djus esa yxs gksrs gSaA mlesa fdlh ,d gh lnL; dks n.M dk Hkkxh cukus vk’k; ugha j[krhA ;g nks Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gSA
1-fdlh fof/k fo:) teko ds ,d lnL; }kjk teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks iwjk djus esa dkfjr dksbZ Hkh vijk/kA
2-,slk dksbZ Hkh vijk/k] ftls fd teko ds lnL; tkurs gks fd og fof/k fo:) teko ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dh IkzkfIr esa laHkkO;r% fd;k tk ldrk FkkAtgkW vfHk;qDrksa dks irk Fkk fd e`rd vkSj mldh iRuh ,oa iq= dh gR;k djus ds fy;s os fof/k fo:)
teko ds lnL; FksA /kkjk 149 dh lgk;rk ls mUgsa fl)nks"k fd;k tkuk mfpr Fkk ;|fi /kkjk 149 dh lgk;rk ls muds fo:) vkjksi ugha yxk;s x;s FksA 87
blls iwoZ f dbl /kkjk dh lgk;rk yh tk lds] U;k;ky; dks fuf’Pkr :i ls ;g ns[k ysuk pkfg;s fd lkekU; mn~ns’; esa Hkkx ysus okys O;fDr de ls de ikWp FksA bl egRoiw.kZ fcUnq ij vfuf’prk iznf’kZr gksrh gS vkSj ifj.kke Lo:i bl vfuf’prrk vk/kkj dk lgkjk ysdj nks"kflf) dh vuqKk fn;k tkuk vlaHko gks tkrk gSA dgus dk rkRi;Z ;g ugha gS fd bl /kkjk ds ykxw fd;s tkus ds iwoZ ikWp O;fDr;ksa dks lnSo gh nks"kflf) Bgjk;k tkuk pkfg;sA dqN ekeyksa esa U;k;k/kh’kksa ds fy;s bl fu"d"kZ ij igqWpuk laHko gS fd ;|fi fu%lansg ikWp O;fDr ogkW Fks] ijUrq muesa ls ,d vFkok vf/kd dh igpku lUnsgtud gSA ,sls ekeys esa bl /kkjk dh lgk;rk ls 'ks"k yksxksa dh nks"kflf) Bhd jgsxhA88
ikWp O;fDr;ksa dh ekStwnxh Li"Vr;k fl) gks xbZ vkSj lkf{k;ksa us vius c;ku esa Li"V :i ls dgk fd lHkh O;fDr jkLrksa lfgr ekSdksa ij ?kVuk LFky ij ekStwn FksA fdUrq dsoy pkj O;fDr;ksa dh igpku dh tk ldh FkhA ;g rdZ fn;k x;k fd vfHk;qDr }kjk fd;s x;s fof’k"V d`R; dk mYys[k u djus ds dkj.k /kkjk 149 ykxw ugha dh tk ldrh gS fdUrq U;k;ky; us bls ekuus ls badkj dj fn;kA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ek= 4 dh igpku djus ds dkj.k /kkjk 149 dh vijkf/krk ij dksbZ vlj ugha iMsxkA89blh izdkj dqN vijkf/k;ksa ds cjh gks tkus ls vU; dh vijkf/krk izHkkfor ugha gksxhA fdUrq blds fy;s ;g vko’;d gS
fd vU; nks"kfl) vfHk;qDrksa dk vijk/k d`R; esa 'kkfey gksuk fl) dj fn;k tk;s vkSj blds iq[rk lcwr is’k dj fn;k tk;s fd d`R; lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ ds fy;s fd;k x;k FkkA 90
ysfdu tgkW dqN vfHk;qDr cUnwdksa vkSj vkStkjksa ls ySl Fks ogkW dqN ek= ykBh gkFk esa fy;s Fks ogkW ykBh /kkjh vfHk;qDrksa dks blfy;s cjh dj fn;k x;k Fkk fd e`rd ds 'kjhj ij ykBh }kjk igqWpk;s tkus yk;d pksV ds fpUg ugha Fks D;ksafd mUgksaus tku cpkdj Hkkxrs gq;s e`rd dk ihNk djrs gq;s ml ij xksfy;ka pykbZ FkhA91
blh izdkj tgkW fo’ks"kK ds vuqlkj dqN cUnwdks ls xksfy;ak pykbZ gh ugha xbZ Fkh ogkW Hkh cUnwd /kkfj;ksa dh nks"keqfDr dks mfpr djk fn;k x;k FkkA 92
lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ djus esa lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ dk vFkZ gS lkekU;
mn~ns’; dks izkIr djukA /kkjk 149 ds nwljs Hkkx esa *tkurk Fkk * iz;qDr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gS ek= laHkkoukvksa ls dqN vf/kd vkSj bldk vFkZ ;g ugha gS fd tkudkjh vo’; FkhA lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ,sls gksrs gSa ftUgsa fd;s tkus ;k lEHkor% fd;s tkus dh tkudkjh voS/k lHkk ds lHkh lnL;ksa dh FkhA93
;g fl)kUr lqizhe dksVZ }kjk ,d dsl esa ykxw fd;k x;kA tgkW lkekU; mn~ns’; ek= vkijkf/kd vfrpkj djuk Fkk vkSj mlds vuqpj.k esa fd;s x;s d`R; esa dksbZ {kfr ugha igqWpkbZ x;hA xEHkhj pksV ,d lnL; }kjk
nwljs lnL; dks mRizsfjr djds igqWpkbZ xbZ FkhA fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ,d dks pksV igqWpkus rFkk nwljs dks nqizsj.kk ds fy;s nk;h Bgjk;k tk;sxkA94fdUrq tgkW fof’k"V :i ls djkj dsoy ;g Fkk fd vius f’kdkj dh fiVkbZ dh tk;s] fdUrq muesa ls ,d us pkdw fudky fy;k vkSj f’kdkj dks HkkSad fn;k] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd u rks izkjafHkd Lrj ij vkSj u gh dk;kZUo;u ds Lrj ij gh ;g dgk tk ldrk Fkk fd ?kkrd pksV dkfjr djus dk dksbZ mn~ns’; Fkk ftlls fd vU; lHkh yksx e`R;q n.M ls n.Muh; gks ldsA95
'keuh;rkvijk/k dks i{kdkjksa }kjk 'keu dj nsus ds dkj.k
vfHk;qDrksa dks xEHkhj pksV igqWpkus ds vkjksi ls cjh dj fn;k x;kA96
lkekU; mn~ns’; dk vxzlkj.ktgkW xnkvksa ls lfTtr dqN O;fDr;ksa ds ,d n`<
lewg us ,d cUnwd /kkjh ds usr`Ro esa dqN tehuksa dk cyiwoZd dCtk ysus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj muds usrk us fojksf/k;ksa ds ,d O;fDr dks xksyh ekj nh] vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os lc gR;k ds nks"kh FksA 97tgkW vfHk;qDrksa us fof/k fo:) teko dk lnL; gksrs gq;s vkSj rst /kkj okys vk;q/kksa ls lfTtr gksrs gq;s Hkh] vius vk;q/kksa dks dsoy dqUnh dh vksj ls ghs iz;ksx fd;k Fkk] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os ?kksj mighr dkfjr fd;s tkus ds lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Hkkxhnkj Fks vkSj u fd gR;k djus dsA 98
dbZ yksxksa us MdSrh Mkyus ds fy;s "kM;a= fd;k ftlds nkSjku vfHk;qDrksa esa ls ,d us xksyh pykbZ
ftldk fu’kkuk pwd x;k vkSj og mlds ,d lg&vijk/kh dks yxh tks ej x;kA nwljs vfHk;qDr us ,d xksyh pykbZ vkSj ?kj okyksa esa ls ,d dks ekj MkykA ?kj okys O;fDr dks ekjus okys vfHk;qDr dks /kkjk 302 vkSj /kkjk 398 ds v/khu fl)nks"k fd;k x;k D;kssafd mudk lkekU; mn~ns’; MdSrh Mkyuk Fkk vkSj u fd gR;k djukA 99
tkrh; cyokvuqlwfpr tkfr ds yksxksa ds eSfjt ikVhZ ij geys ds
ifj.kke Lo:i vusdksa ekSrsa dkfjr gqbZ FkhaA muesa ls dqN dks muds ?kjksa esa ftank tyk fn;k x;k FkkA ,d dks NksMdj ftldh ekStwnxh lansgkLin Fkh lkjs vfHk;qDrksa dks /kkjk 147 ¼cyos ds fy;s naM½] 302@149] 436@149¼ lEifRr ds fouk’k½]322@149¼migfr½] 307@149¼gR;k ds iz;Ru½ ds v/khu nks"k Bgjk;k x;kA100
lkEiznkf;d cyokckcjh efLtn /oLr gksus ds ckn] 25&30 eqlyeku
yMdksa ds ,d lewg us fgUnqvksa dh fiVkbZ djus ,oa mUgas ekj Mkyus ds lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlkfjr djus ds fy;s fof/k fo:) teko xfBr fd;k x;kA ,d cl pkyd cl dks pykdj ,d eqfLye ifj{ks= rd ys x;k rFkk HkhM us mu ij geyk dj fn;kA ifj.kkfed ekSrksa ds fy;s vU; ds lkFk ml pkyd dks Hkh /kkjk 120[k] 302] 147] 148] 457 rFkk 149 ds v/khu fl)nks"k fd;k x;kA101
fof/k fo:) teko&izfrj{kk vf/kdkj ls ijs tgkW rd vfHk;qDr vius izfrj{kk ds vf/kdkj ls ijs
dk;Z ugha djrs gSa] muds }kjk fof/k fo:) teko ds xBu
dk vkjksi ugha yx ldrk gSA vkSj ;fn dksbZ lnL; bl vf/kdkj dh lhEkk ls ckgj tkdj dk;Z djrk gS rks vU; /kkjk 149 dh enn ls nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g mldk O;fDrxr d`R; gksxk ftlds fy;s mls nf.Mr fd;k tk;sxkA102
izR;sd lnL; }kjk d`R; dk djuk vko’;d ugha gS,d fof/k fo:) lHkk ds lnL; ds :i esa ekStwnxh ek=
gh nks"kflf) ds fy;s dkQh gSA vfHk;qDr dh ekSds ij mifLFkfr fufoZokfnr FkhA dksbZ d`R; u djus ij Hkh mls nf.Mr djuk mfpr ekuk x;kA ;g fl)kUr ogkW ykxw ugha gksxkA tgkW ek= mifLFkfr ls ghs dksbZ ,slh lHkk dk lnL; ugha ekuk tkrk gSA ,slk ml ekeys esa gqvk ftlesa ifjokn esa pkj yksxksa dk uke lfEefyr fd;k x;kA ikWp vU; dk uke ugha fn;k x;k D;ksafd os mUgsa Hkh /kkjk 149 dh pisV esa ys fy;k x;kA lqizhe dksVZ us mUgs lHkk dk lnL; u ekurs gq;s funksZ"k djkj ns fn;kA103
lkekU; mn~ns’; dk u gksuk
,d 50 O;fDr;ksa ds fof/k fo:) teko us nkss gR;k,sa dh fdUrq nks ds fo:) dksbZ ,DV u vkjksfir ugha Fkk fd mUgksaus vkijkf/kd d`R; esa Hkkx fy;k Fkk vkSj lkekU; vk’k; ds vxzlkj.k esa Hkkxhnkj FksA ;g fu.kZ; gqvk fd mUgsa /kkjk 34 ;k 149 dh enn ls nf.Mr ugha fd;k tk ldrkA 104
tgkW ij ,d lnL; ds }kjk dkjrwl fn;s tkus ij nwljs lnL; us xksyh pykbZ] dsoy og lnL; gh ftlus fd dkjrwl nh Fkh] /kkjk 302@149 ds v/khu n.Muh; vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk Fkk vkSj vU; yksx /kkjk 325@149 ds v/khu nks"kflf) Bgjk;s x;s FksA105 tgkWa nsk lewgksa esa
dgk&lquh ds nkSjku vpkud gh vkSj fcuk fdlh iwoZfpUru ds [kqyh yMkbZ gksus yxh] ftlls ,d O;fDr dh e`R;q gks xbZ] ;g ugha dgk tk ldrk fd vihykFkhZ x.k gR;k dk dksbZ lkekU; mn~ns’; xfBr gq;s ,d fof/k fo:) teko ds :i esa laxfBr gks x;s Fks vkSj blfy;s izR;sd O;fDr dsoy vius gh dk;ksZa ds fy;s izfrfuf/kd :i ls og n.Muh; u FkkA106
fof/k fo:) teko rFkk ,d lk{kh
xqVcUnh ls =Lr xkWo esa 'kL=ksa ls lfTtr djhc 50 yksxksa us voS/k teko fd;kA ftlls nks ppsjs HkkbZ ekjs x;sA p’enhn xokg muesa ls ,d dh iRuh FkhA ?kVuk ds le; og [kkuk idk jgh Fkh vkSj mlus lc dqN Li"V ns[kk D;ksafd fnu ds 11 cts FksA mldh xokgh Li"V] fcuk fgpfdpkgV okyh RkFkk iw.kZ Hkjkslsean FkhA ;gkW tfLVl lcjoky us ,d ek= lk{kh dh xokgh dk o.kZu djrs gqvk fd tc lk{; LokHkkfod] Hkjkslsean rFkk lR; gS rks ml ij vk/kkfjr nks"kflf) dks vLohdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA 14 o"khZ; ckyd }kjk QnsZ c;ku ¼,Q-vkbZ-vkj-½ esa ,sls lk{kh dk uke u Mkyus ls dksbZ vUrj ugha iMsxkA107
blh izdkj ,d vfHk;qDr ds vijk/k Lohdkj dj ysus ls gh fu.kZ; muds fo:) ugha fn;k tk ldrk gSA 45 O;fDr;ksa dh tkusa x;ha vkSj dbZ dks pksVsa vk;ha vkSj ,d vfHk;qDr us bdckfy;k c;ku fn;kA bls nks"kflf) dk vk/kkj ugha ekuk tk ldrk gSA 108
v/;k;&4vid`R; fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr vid`R; dÙkkZ
tc nsk ;k nks ls vf/kd O;fDr feydj dksbZ vid`R; fdlh lkekU; mn~ns’; dh izkfIr ds fy;s djrs gSa rks mUgsa la;qDr vid`R;dÙkkZ dgk tkrk gS vFkkZr tc dbZ O;fDr fdlh nks"kiw.kZ ;k vuqfpr d`R; esa lgk;rk djrs gSa ;k jk; nsrs gSa ;k funsZ’k nsrs gS ;k ,d lkFk dk;Z djrs gSa rks os dkuwu dh n`f"V esa la;qDr vidRrkZ gksrs gSaAmnkgj.k%& vxj d] [k dh ekugkfu djrk gS vkSj ckn esa x Hkh [k dh ekugkfu djrk gS rks d vkSj x Lora= vidRrkZ gksaxs vkSj muds fo:) [k vyx&vyx eqdnek pyk ldrk gSA fdUrq ;fn d vkSj x la;qDr :i ls [k dh ekugkfr djsa rks os la;qDr vidRrkZ gksaxs vkSj blls ;g Li"V gS fd la;qDr vid`R; djus ds fy;s ,d vidRrkZ ds dk;Z vkSj nwljs vidRrkZ ds dk;Z esa dksbZ lEcU/k gksuk pkfg;sAdksLdZ ds ekeys1924] ykW fjiksVZ izkSCsV fMohtu esa la;qDr vidRrkZ dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj nh xbZ gS&Oks O;fDr la;qDr vidRrkZ dgs tk;asxs ftudk vid`R; djus esa i`Fkd&i`Fkd fgLlk fdlh lkEkkU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlkfjr djus ds fy;s gksrk gSA
bl ckn esa nks tgktksa esa viuh&viuh mis{kk ds dkj.k VDdj gks xbZ muesa ls ,d tgkt rhljs tgkt ls fcuk fdlh mis{kk ds Vdjk x;kA pwafd nksuksa tgktksa esa lkekU; vk’k; ugha Fkk blfy;s ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k
fd igyh nksuksa tgktsa la;qDr vidRrkZ ugha Fkha D;ksafd muesa lkekU; vk’k; dk vHkko FkkA bl izdkj la;qDr nkf;Ro rHkh mRiUu gksxk tcfd vid`R; iw.kZ dk;Z la;qDr gks] i`Fkd ughaA ;fn izR;sd Lora= :i ls vyx&vyx vid`R; djrs gSa rks os l;qDr vidRrkZ ugha gks ldrs] Hkys gh muds vid`R; ls ,d gh {kfr gqbZ gksAczqd cuke cqy ¼1928½2 ds-ch-578 ds ekeys esa ,d jkf= ekfjl us cwy ls dgk fd oknh dh nqdku ls fdlh xSl dh xa/k vk jgh gSA nksuksa us bldh tkWp djus ds fy;s ckjh&ckjh ls nhid dh Tokyk dk iz;ksx fd;kA ekfjl tc bl izdkj Nku&chu dj jgk Fkk rc xSl ty mBh vkSj ,d foLQksV gqvk ftlls oknh dh nqdku dks dkQh uqdlku gqvkA oknh }kjk nkok djus ij U;k;ky; us fu.kZ; fn;k fd cwy rFkk eksfjl nksuksa gh la;qDr vidRrkZ ds :i esa oknh dh uqdlkuh ds nsunkj gSaA D;ksfd ;|fi vkx ,d ds gh d`R; ls yxh fdUrq nskuksa dk mn~ns’; ,d Fkk rFkk nksuksa ds dk;ksZa esa lEcU/k FkkA la;qDr nkf;Ro dh ifjfLFkfr;ka%&
rhu eq[; voLFkkvksa esa la;qDr nkf;Ro mRiUu gksrk gS&
1- vfHkdj.k vFkkZr ,tsUlh& tc ,d O;fDr fdlh O;fDr dks dksbZ ,slk dk;Z djus ds fy;s dgrk gS tks vid`R; gksrk gS ;k tc ,d O;fDr fdlh O;fDr ls vid`R; djokrk gS ;k ,slk vuqfpr d`R; djus ds fy;s izkf/kd`r gS]rc dkuwu nksuksa dks ftEesnkj ekurk gSA
2- izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro& tc dksbZ O;fDr nwljs O;fDr;ksa }kjk fd;s x;s vid`R;ksa ds fy;s mRrjnk;h
Bgjk;k tkrk gS rks ,sls nkf;Ro dks izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro dgrs gSaA ;g nkf;Ro bu lEcU/kksa ls mRiUu gks ldrk gS& Lokeh ,oa lsod] fizafliy ,oa ,tsUV] laj{kd ,oa lajf{krA bu lEcU/kkas ls mRiUu nkf;Ro la;qDr nkf;Ro dh Js.kh esa vkrk gSA
3- la;qDr d`R;&tc ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr la;qDr :i esa dksbZ {kfrdkjh d`R; djrs gSa rks os lHkh uqdlkuh ds fy;s nk;h gksrs gSaA ;g vko’;d ugha gS fd fdlus dkSu lk dk;Z fd;k gSA ;fn d`R; la;qDr gS rks lHkh nk;h gSaA
la;qDr rFkk Lora= vid`R; dRrkZvksa esa varj&1-la;qDr vid`R; dRrkZvksa ds ekeys essa ckn gsrq
dsoy ,d gh gksrk gSA nwLkjh rjQ Lora= vid`R; dRrkZvksa dh fLFkfr esa okn gsrqd mrus gh gks ldrs gSa ftrus dh Lora= vidRrkZ gksrs gSaA vr% ;fn ,d Lora= vid`R; dRrkZ ds fo:) dk;Zokgh dh xbZ gks rks dk;Zokgh vU; vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds fo:) dk;Zokgh djus ds fy;s ck/kk ugha cu ldrhA ijUrq mi;qDr varj orZeku fof/k ds varxZr lekIr gks x;k gSA baXyS.M esa fof/k lq/kkj ¼ fookfgrk efgyk ,oa la;qDr vid`R; dRrkZ ½ vf/kfu;e 1935] ds }kjk la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZ dh fLFkfr dks Lora= vid`R;dRrkZ ds leku dj fn;k x;k gSA vc la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ;k dqN ds fo:) dh xbZ dk;Zokgh 'ks"k vid`R; dRrkvksa ds fo:)
dk;Zokgh ds fy;s vojks/kd ugha cu ldrhA Hkkjr esa Hkh ;gh fLFkfr gSA
2-la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa esa ls fdlh ,d dks nkf;Ro ls eqfDRk 'ks"k lHkh vid`r;dRrkZvksa dks nkf;Ro ls eqDr dj nsrh gS tc rd fd blls foijhr dksbZ djkj u gksA ijUrq Lora= vid`R;dRrkZvksa esa fdlh ,d vid`R;dRrkZ dh nkf;Ro ls eqfDr vU; dh eqfDr esa izfrQfyr ugha gksrhA
¼v½la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds nkf;Ro dh izd`fr% la;qDr ,oa izFkd nkf;Ro %&
la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa dk nkf;Ro la;qDr Hkh gksrk gS rFkk i`Fkd HkhA ftlls izR;sd vid`R;dRrkZ iw.kZ uqdlkuh dk nsunkj gksrk gSA {kfrxzLr muesa ls ;k rks fdlh ,d O;fDr ;k dqN ij eqdnek pyk ldrk gS ;k lHkh ij la;qDr :i lsA muds fo:) nh xbZ la;qDr fMxzh muesa ls fdlh ,d O;fDr ls Hkh olwy dh tk ldrh gSA
¼v½la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds chp va’knku %&
pwafd vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds nkf;Ro la;qDr ,oa i`Fkd nksuksa gksrs gSaA blfy;s uqdlkuh dh iwfrZ muesa ls fdlh ls Hkh dh tk ldrh gSA bl izdkj ;fn la;qDr
vid`R;dRrkZvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ls uqdlkuh ds fy;s fu/kkZfjr iw.kZ /kujkf’k olwy dj yh xbZ gS rks og O;fDr vU; la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZ ls ml /kujkf’k dk dksbZ Hkkx olwy ugha dj ldrk FkkA
bls esjhosnj cuke fuDlu ds fu;e ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA bl ckn esa esjhosnj ,oa fuDlu us la;qDr :i ls *d* dh e’khujh dks fou"V dj fn;k FkkA d us nksuksa ds fo:) uqdlkuh dk okn pyk;k vkSj 840 ikm.M olwy djus dk fu.kZ; izkIr fd;kA ftls mlus lkjk dk lkjk esjhosnj ls olwy fd;kA esjhosnj us /kujkf’k ds ijLij foHkktu ds fy;s fuDlu ds fo:) okn nk;j fd;kA ;g fu.kZ; fn;k x;k esjhosnj fuDlu ls mlds Hkkx dh uqdlkuh dk va’k olwy ugha dj ldrk FkkA bl izdkj bl okn esa ;g fu;e LFkkfir gqvk fd {kfrxzLr O;fDr fdlh ,d vid`R;dRrkZ ls gh uqdlkuh dh iwjh fu.khZr /kujkf’k olwy ys rks ,slk vid`R;dRrkZ ds fo:) uqdlkuh ds /kujkf’k ds ijLij va’knku ds fy;s ugha pyk ldrk FkkA
esjhosnj okys fu.kZ; esa LFkkfir fu;e ds dqN viokn Hkh Fks&
;g fu;e fuEu ekeyksa esa ykxw ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk&
1-vlko/kkuh ;k mis{kk ds ekeyksa esaA
2-uqdlkuh ds mu ekeyksa esa tgkW ,d O;fDr us nwljs O;fDr dks dksbZ ,slk dk;Z djus ds fy;s fu;qDr fd;k gks tks Lor% voS/k ugha gS] fdUrq fdlh vf/kdkj dks LFkkfir djus ds fy;s gSA
3-,sls ekeys esa ftuesa ,d i{k nwljs i{k dks ,sls dk;Z djus ds fy;s izsfjr djrk gS tks fof/k }kjk ekU; ugha gS fdUrq mlls dkuwu Hkax ugha gksrkA
4-ukS la?k"kZ ds ekeyksa esa uokf/kdj.k okn A
5-dEiuh ds funs’kdksa vFkok laizorZdksa ds chp esa foHkktuA
ml le; bl fu.kZ; dh rhoz vkykspuk dh xbZ Fkh vkSj ckn esa cgqr lkjs fu.kZ;ksa esa bldh dBksjrk dks de djus dk iz;Ru fd;k x;kA fdUrq bl fu.kZ; esa esjhosnj cuke fuDlu esa izfrikfnr fu;e dks fof/k lq/kkj vf/kfu;e] 1935 }kjk iwoZ :i ls lekIr dj fn;k x;k gSA
bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 6¼1½¼lh½ ds vuqlkj] ;fn la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa esa ls fdlh ,d ls iwjs uqdlku dh /kujkf’k olwy dh tk pqdh gks rks og vius lg& vid`R;dRrkZvksa ls uqdlkuh dh /kujkf’k dk va’knku izkIr djus dk gdnkj gSA
fof/k lq/kkj vf/kfu;e]1935 us fuEufyf[kr ckrsa ykxw dh&
¼1½ la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa fdlh vU; vid`R;dRrkZ ls /kujkf’k dk mfpr vuqikr olwy dj ldrk gSA uqdlkuh dh /kujkf’k dk va’knku la;qDrvid`R;dRrkZvksa esa dsoy mlh O;fDr ls izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gS ftlls oknh okLrfod :i ls {kfrxzLr gqvk gks ;fn og nk;h ugha Bgjk;k tk ldk rks vid`R;dRrkZ uqdlkuh dh /kujkf’k dk ijLij foHkktu djkus dk vf/kdkjh ugha gSA
¼2½ ijLij va’knku dh /kujkf’k mfpr ,oa U;k;iw.kZ gksuh pkfg;s vkSj O;fDr fo’ks"k ds nkf;Ro dks ns[krs gq;s gksuh pkfg;sA
¼3½ U;k;ky; fdlh Hkh la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZ dks uqdlkuh dh /kujkf’k nsus ls eqDr dj ldrk gSA
viokn&
,sls lg&vid`R;dRrkZ ls dksbZ va’knku izkIr ugha fd;k tk ldrk] tks va’knku pkgus okys O;fDr ls {kfriwfrZ izkIr djus dk gdnkj gS] vr%
1-dksbZ nks"kdRrkZ ml funksZ"k O;fDr ls va’knku ugha izkIr dj ldrk ftls mlus vid`R; djus ds fy;s izsfjr fd;k gksA
2-;fn fdlh ukSdj us vius fu;kstu ds vuqdze esa dksbZ vid`R; fd;k gS ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i mls {kfrxzLr O;fDr dks uqdlkuh nsuh iMh gks] rks og vius ekfyd ls {kfriwfrZ izkIr ugha dj ldrkA
Hkkjrh; fof/k&
Hkkjr esa baXyS.M ds fof/k lq/kkj vf/kfu;e] 1935 vFkok O;kogkfjr nkf;Ro¼va’knku½ vf/kfu;e 1978 tSlk dksbZ vf/kfu;e ugha gSA esjhosnj cuke fuDlu okys ekeys ds fu.kZ; ls mnHkwr fu;e bl le; Hkh ykxw gksrk gSA ;|fi bl fu.kZ; dks dbZ LFkkuksa ij ekU;rk nh xbZ gSA fQj Hkh lHkh U;k;k/kh’kksa us bls ,d er ls ugha ekuk gSA
¼l½mRrjksRrj dk;Zokgh dk vf/kdkj %&
;fn oknh lHkh la;qDr vid`R; dRrkvksa esa ls dqN ds gh fo:) okn ykrk gS rFkk muls fu/kkZfjr {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k olwy ugha gks ikrh rks D;k oknh dks vU; la;qDr vid`R; dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn ykus dk vf/kdkj miyC/k jgrk gS\bafXy’k dkWeu ykW ds vUrxZr mRrjksRrj dk;Zokgh djus dk vf/kdkj izkIr ugha FkkA ;fn oknh us dqN ghs la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn izLrqr fd;k gS rks vU; la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZ eqDr eku fy;s tk;saxsA ,slk blfy;s ekuk tkrk Fkk fd ;fn okn dk dkj.k
rks ,d gh gksrk gS vkSj ;fn ,d la;qDr vid`R; dRrkZ ds fo:) fu.kZ; izkIr dj fy;k x;k rks okn gsrqd ds fu.kZ; esa fey tkus ls vU; la;qDr vid`R;dRrkZvksa ds fo:) okn ugha yk;k tk ldrk FkkA
fdUrq mi;ZqDr fu;e ds rdZlaxr u gksus ds dkj.k mls lekIr dj fn;k x;k FkkA yk fjQkseZ ¼ eSjhM foesu ,.M VkVZ QhtlZ ½ ,DV 1935 dh /kkjk 1 ds vuqlkj oknh dks mRrjksRrj dk;Zokgh djus dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr baXyS.M esa 1978 esa flfoy nkf;Ro va’knku vf/kfu;e ikl fd;k x;kA bl vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 3 ;g micfU/kr djrh gS fd ;fn fdlh _.k ;k {kfr ds fy;s nks ;k vf/kd O;fDr mRrjnk;h gS rks muesa ls fdlh ,d ds fOk:) ml _.k ;k {kfr ds fy;s izkIr fd;k x;k fu.kZ; fdlh nwljs ds izfr dk;Zokgh ykus ;k dk;Zokgh tkjh j[kus ds fy;s otZu ugha gksxkA
,slk micU/k blfy;s fd;k x;k gS fd ;fn dksbZ izfroknh fnokfy;k gks tk;s rks oknh vU; izfrokfn;ksa ds Åij okn ykdj _.k ;k {kfr dh iwjh /kujkf’k olwy dj ldsaA
1935 dk vf/kfu;e ;g micfU/kr djrk Fkk fd ckn esa yk;s x;s oknksa esa nh xbZ {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k dk dqy ;ksx ml {kfriwfrZ dh jkf’k ls vf/kd ugha gks ldrk] tks igys fn;s x;s fu.kZ; esa fu.khZr dh tk pqdh gSA /kkjk
6¼1½ fdUrq 1978 ds vf/kfu;e esa dsoy ,d gh izfrcU/k gS] og ;g gS fd dk;Zokgh ds [kpksZa ds fo"k; esa 1978 ds vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 ;g dgrh gS fd tc rd U;k;ky; dh jk; esa ;g vko’;d u gks ckn esa yk;h x;h dk;Zokfg;ksa ds [kpZ dh jkf’k oknh dks ugha nh tk;sxhA
flfoy nkf;Ro ¼va’knku½ vf/kfu;e dh /kkjk 4 esa ;g micfU/kr gS& ** ;fn fdlh {kfr ds lUnHkZ esa {kfrxzLr O;fDr }kjk ;k mldh vksj ls fdlh vU; O;fDr }kjk ,d ls vf/kd dk;Zokgh dh tkrh gS] vkSj ;g dk;Zokgh ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds fo:) dh tkrh gS] tks ml {kfr ds fy;s mRrjnk;h gSaA pkgs la;qDrr% ;k vU;FkkA rks oknh mu dk;Zokfg;ksa ds vfrfjDr ftuesa igys gh fu.kZ; fn;k tk pqdk gS] vU; dk;Zokfg;ksa ds O;; IkzkIr djus dk rc rd gdnkj ugha gksxk tc rd fd U;k;ky; dk er ;g u gks fd ,slh dk;Zokfg;ksa dks lafLFkr djus ds fy;s ;qfDr ;qDr vk/kkj FksA*
Hkkjr esa ykW fjQkeZ ¼ eSfjM foeu ,.M VkVZ QhtlZ ½ ,DV 1935 rFkk flfoy ykbfcfyVh dkWUVªhC;w’ku ,DV] 1978 tSlk dksbZ vf/kfu;e ugha gS blfy;s ;gkW ds U;k;ky; lkE;k] U;k; rFkk 'kq) vUr% dj.k dk lgkjk ysrs gSaA
[kqjkjks ,l- xka/kh cuke ,u-,-xtnj okn esa mPpre U;k;ky; us Hkh mijksDr fl)kUr dks viuh Lohd`fr iznku dh tgkW ekugkfu ds okn esa ,d izfroknh ds }kjk ekQh ekWxus ij oknh us mls mUeksfpr dj fn;k] U;k;ky; us bl vk/kkj ij vU; izfrokfn;ksa dks nkf;Ro ls eqDr djus ij euk dj fn;kA
v/;k;&5vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro ij fu"d"kZ ^&
fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro 'kCn dk vius vki esa fo’ks"k egRo gS rFkk la;qDr nkf;Ro dks lkfcr djus esa lkekU; vk’k; ,oa lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Åij fo’ks"k :i ls U;k;ky; }kjk /;ku j[kk tkrk gSA tSlk fd lkekU; vk’k; ds ckjs esa lqizhe dkVZ }kjk f>adq ukbZ cuke LVsV vkWQ mRrj izns’k54 esa iqu% nksgjk;k gSA lqizhe dksVZ ds dFku bl okn ds vuqlkj& ** ge iqUk% nksgjkrs gSa fd lkekU; vk’k; ds fy;s fojys gh lh/kh lk{; fey ldrh gSA vUrr% fu.kZ; fdlh Hkh dher ij fu%lUnsg izR;sd dsl esa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ls fudkys x;s fu"d"kZ ij gh fuHkZj djsxkA**
;g fu/kkZfjr fof/k gS fd lkekU; vk’k; dks vxzlkfjr djus ls lEcfU/kr gS mldks lh/kh lk{; ;k i{kdkjksa ds vkpj.k rFkk lHkh lEcfU/kr ifjfLFkfr;ksa ;k d`R;ksa ds fu"d"kZ }kjk fl) fd;k tk ldrk gSA vejhd flag ds ekeys esa ;g Hkh vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd ;|fi la?k"kZ ds nkSjku gh lkekU; vk’k; cu ldrk gSA fQj Hkh lkekU; vk’k; ds vuqeku dks U;k;ksfpr cukus ds fy;s ,slk lk{; gksuk pkfg;s tks Li"V vkSj vdkV~; gksA 26 /kkjk 34 lkekU; vk’k; dh ckr djrh gSA
lkekU; mn~ns’; dks izkIr djukA /kkjk 149 ds nwljs Hkkx esa ** tkurk Fkk** iz;qDr 'kCnksa dk vFkZ gS lkekU; mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ esa fd;s x;s dk;Z ,sls gksrs gSa ftUgsa fd;s tkus ;k lEHkor% fd;s tkus dh tkudkjh voS/k lHkk ds lHkh lnL;ksa dks FkhA lq[kjke jkmr
cuke LVsV vkWQ fcgkj94 esa lqizhe dkVZ us ;g fl)kUr ykxw fd;k fd tgkW lkekU; mn~ns’; ek= vkijkf/kd vfrpkj djuk Fkk vkSj mlds vuqlj.k esa fd;s x;s d`R; esa dksbZ {kfr ugha igqapk;h x;h FkhA fu.kZ; fn;k x;k fd ,d dks pksV igqapkus rFkk nwljs dks nq.izsj.kk ds fy;s nks"kh Bgjk;k tk;sxkAdYyw vfy;kl elhg cuke LVsV vkWQ e/; izns’k98
okn esa tgkW vfHk;qDrksa us fof/k fo:) teko dk lnL; gksrs gq;s Hkh vius vk;q/kksa dks dsoy dqUnh dh vksj ls iz;ksx fd;k FkkA ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os ?kksj mifgr dkfjr fd;s tkus ds lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Hkkxhnkj Fks vkSj u fd gR;k djus dsA fdUrq jkgkikfy vcwyw cuke LVsV vkWQ vkU/kz izns’k97 okn esa tgkW xnkvksa ls lfTtr dqN O;fDr;ksa ds ,d n`< lewg us ,d cUnwd /kkjh ds usr`Ro esa dqN tehuksa dk cyiwoZd dCtk ysus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj muds usrk us fojkf/k;ksa ds ,d O;fDr dks xksyh ekj fn;k] vfHkfu/kkZfjr gqvk fd os lc gR;k ds nsk"kh FksA vid`R; fof/k ds vUrxZr os O;fDr la;qDr vidRrkZ dgs tk;saxs ftudk vid`R; djus esa izFkd& izFkd fgLlk fdlh lkekU; mn~ns’; dks vxzlkfjr djus ds fy;s gksrk gS ,oa rhu eq[; voLFkkvksa esa la;qDr nkf;Ro mRIkUu gksrk gS tSls& ,tsUlh] izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro vkSj la;qDr d`R;A
/kkjk 34 vkSj /kkjk 149 nksuksa gh /kkjk,sa vkUof;d vkijkf/kdrk ds fy;s nkf;Ro vFkkZr ,sls vijk/k ds fy;s nkf;Ro ij fopkj djrh gS tks fd vkjksfir O;fDr }kjk dkfjr ugha fd;k x;k gSA
;fn ikWp vFkok vf/kd yksx dksbZ dk;Z djrs gSa vkSj mlh dks djus dk os vk’k; Hkh j[krs gSa rks bl
lafgrk dh nksuksa gh /kkjk,sa 34 rFkk 149 ykxw gks ldrh gS D;ksafd lnL; 'kCn ds ,d opu esa mldk cgqopu Hkh lfEefyr gSA
bl izdkj ge dg ldrs gSa fd la;qDr nkf;ROk ,d ,slk nkf;Ro gS ftlds vUrxZr ,d ls vf/kd O;fDr;ksa ds Åij ftEessnkjh gS vFkkZr la;qDr nkf;Ro ,d izdkj dh ck/;rk gSA tks fd la;qDr :i ls ;k Lo;a uk fd;s tkus ij ihfMr O;fDr vius vf/kdkj dh dkuwu ds vUrxZr U;k;ky; }kjk iw.kZ uqdlku dh HkjikbZ ftEesnkj O;fDr nkf;Ro ds v/khu ls djok ldrk gS vkSj iw.kZ U;k; dj ldrk gSA ;gh vkijkf/kd fof/k ds vUrxZr la;qDr nkf;Ro gSAizse dqekj cuke LVsV vkWQ jktLFkku 07@01@2009 ,l lhjktsUnz flag] lwjt Hkku] jke fuokl rFkk nwljs lkFkh cuke LVsV vkWQ gfj;k.kk 09@01@2009okn esa ?kVuk ij mifLFkr lk{kh ds c;ku dks iwjh rjg Lohdkj fd;k x;k D;ksafd lkekU; vk’k; ds lkFk 'kkfey gksdj e`rd dh fiVkbZ djus rFkk pksVksa dks dkfjr fd;k x;k ftlds dkj.k e`R;q gqbZ vr% fu.kZ; fn;k x;kA /kkjk 302 lgifBr /kkjk 34 ds vUrxZr lg&vfHk;qDr la;qDr nkf;Ro ds vUrxZr vijk/k djus esa 'kkfey FkkA vr% nks"kh lkfcr fd;k x;kA'kf’k eksgu cuke LVsV vkWQ e/;izns’k 15@07@2008 ,l lh Hkjr ikfj[k cuke lh-ch-vkbZ ,oa vU; 14@07@2008 ,l lhokn esa U;k;ky; us ekuk fd lg&vfHk;qDr vkSj vfHk;qDr nksukas ds }kjk ?kk;y djus ls rFkk pksVsa dkfjr djus ls e`R;q gqbZ Fkh vkSj
tks fd bl izdkj Fkk fd lg&vfHk;qDr us vdsys LOk;a lkekU; vk’k; ls vijk/k dkfjr fd;kA vr% /kkjk 302 lg ifBr /kkjk 34 ds vuqlkj lg&vfHk;qDr dks lkekU; vk’k; ds dkj.k nks"kh lkfcr fd;k x;kA
funsZ’k1. Mepa Dana, (1959) 62 Bom LR 269 (SC)
2. (a)Garib singh v/s state of Punjab,AIR 1973 SC 460,
(b) Harbans kaur v/s state of Haryana, 2005 CRLJ2199 (SC)
(c) Yogendra v/s state of Bihar, 1984 CRLJ2199(SC)
(d)Marachalil Pakku v/s state of Madras, AIR 1954SC 648
(e) Sundar singh v/s Punjab AIR 1962 SC 1211
(f) Harshad Singh v/s Gujrat, AIR 1977 SC 710, (1976)4SCc 640
blls iwoZ dh /kkjk 34]149 ;k 120 [k ykxw dh tk lds U;k;ky; dks pkfg;s og fuf’pr :i ls ;g irk yxk ys fd lkekU; vk’k; ds Hkkxhnkj de ls de nks O;fDr ;k lkekU; mn~ns’; ds Hkkxhnkj de ls de ikWp O;fDr ;k djkj djus oky de ls de nsk O;fDr FksA izfrfuf/kd nkf;Ro dk fl)kUr visf{kr la[;k esa yksxksa dks fl)nks"k fd;s tkus dh vko’;drk ij ugha fuHkZj djrk] ;g ;qfDr;qDr lansg ls ijs mu rF;ksa ds lcwr ij fuHkZj djrk gS ftuds vk/kkj ij ;g fl)kUr ykxw gksrk gSA
(g) galla pullanna v/s A.P. 1996 CRLJ3987 SC essa vuqlfjr gqvk] de la[;k esa yksxska dks fl) nks"k djus ds fy;sA
3. (1)Ram Tahal v/s state of U.P., AIR 1972SC 254, 1972 CRLJ227 SC
(2) Amar Singh v/s state of Haryana, AIR 1973 SC 2221:1973CRLJ1409,SC
(3) Dharam Pal v/s state of U.P.,AIR 1975SC1917:1975CRLJ1666SC
(4) Amir Hussain v/s state of U.P., AIR 1975SC 2211:1975 CRLJ 1874SC
4. B.N. Srikantiah v/s state of Mysore AIR 1958 SC 672:1958 CRLJ 1251
5. Chang Wing siu v/s R., (1984)3 All ER 877
6. Domu Chopadi v/s state, 1987 CRLJ1481 Orissa, tks yksx vfHk;qDr ds lkFk ?kVuk LFky rd x;s vkSj ogka ls mlds lkFk pys x;s] dsoy ml dkj.k ls naMuh; ugha
7- Nanak chand v/s state of Punjab, AIR 1955 SC 274:1955CRLJ721
8. Hammu v/s state of M.P.AIR1979 SC 1755:1979 CRLJ1329
9. (1) Tanu v/s state of Orrisa , 1988 CRLJ524 Orrisa vfHk;qDr us lMd jksd ds lkekU; vk’k; dk Hkkxhnkj FkkA
¼2½ Tunny putty v/s state of Orrisa , 1988 CRLJ1913 Orrisa ny ds lnL; us izgkj fd;k mldk O;fDrxr dk;Z ftlls nwljksa dks dksbZ lEcU/k ugha FkkA
(3) Arjun Thakur v/s state, 1944 CRLJ3526 Orrisa U;k;ky; us in *lkekU; vk’k;** dks Li"V fd;kA
(4) Krashanan v/s kerala1996 CRLJ4444 (SC) /kkjk 34 ds v/khu nks"kflf) ds fy;s [kqys dk;Z dk fd;k tkuk vko’;d ugha gSA
10. (1) Chikkarange Gowda, (1956)Mys377 SC.
(2) Shikh Nawab v/s state of Maharstra, 1993 CRLJ43 SC AIR 1993 SC 169
ml vfHk;qDr dh ftlus e`R;q dkfjr djus okyh pksVsa dkfjr dh Fkh] vfHk;kstu ds nkSjku e`R;q xbZ] lkjs lk{kh fgrc) Fks fQj Hkh mUgksaus vU; vfHk;qDrksa ij dksbZ [kqyk dk;Z vkjksfir ugha fd;k] nks"keqfDrA
11. Abdulla Kunhi v/s state of Kerala AIR1991 SC 452 ( 1991)252CC 225:1991 CRLJ525 Hkkx ysuk bl izek.k ls fl) gqvk fd vfHk;qDr uaxh ryokj ysdj e`rd dh vksj >iVk FkkA
12. Lakhi Ram v/s Sita devi (1987) 3SCC 555: 1987 CRIJ 613: 1987 CRLJ(SC) 624
13. Tara Devi v/s state of U.P., 1990 4 SCC 144: AIR 1991 SC 342
;g lkfcr gqvk fd vfHk;qDrksa esa ls dsoy ,d us gh ?kkrd okj fd;k Fkk] nwljksa dk Hkkx ysuk lkfcr ugha gqvk Hkk-n-la- dh /kkjk 302@34 ds v/khu nwljksa dks nks"k fl) ugha Bgjk;k x;kA
14. i State of Orrisa v/s Raghuram sahu, 1979 CRLJ502 ( Orrisa)
ii State of kerela v/s raghuramam sahu, 1979 CRLJ(kerela) ek= ekStwnxh
15. i Rangaswami v/s state of Tamilnadu AIR 1989 SC 1137: 1989 CRLJ875: 1989 SCC (cri)617: 1989 supp (1) SCC 686, tgkW u oks ekStwnxh gh lkfcr gqbZ vkSj u gh Hkkx ysuk vkSj vfHkys[k ij ek= ,d gh ckr Fkh fd vihykFkhZ vfHk;qDr ds lkFk x;k Fkk vkSj mlds lkFk vkRe leiZ.k dj fn;k Fkk] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ml /kkjk 34 ugha ykxw dh tk ldrh FkhA
16. i Dharshan Singh v/s state of Rajasthan, (1995)2 CRLJ2195(Bombay) tgkW lkl llqj ;g Li"V ugha dj lds fd nqYgu dh e`R;q dSls gqbZ Fkh tcfd og mudh vfHkj{kk esa Fkh vkSj muds }kjk is’k dh xbZ vkRegR;k dh ckr Hkh ugha ekuh x;hA e`R;q dkfjr djus esa mudh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj ,slk djus esa mudk lkekU; vk’k; lkfcr ekuk x;kA
17. i Yadu yadav v/s state of Bihar, 1992 CRLJ1743 (patna) lkekU; vk’k; Hkwfe ij dCtk djuk Fkk vkSj mUgsa /kkjk 302@34 ds vUrxZr nks"kh Bgjk;k x;kA
ii Parmanand v/s state, 2004 CRLJ968 (Allahabad)
18. State of Karnataka v/s eshwariah, 1987 CRLJ1659, rRoksa dk larks"ktud izek.kA
19. Baranda Kumar ghosh (1924) 52 1La 40, 52 calcutta 197:211, 27 BombayLR148, overruling Nirmal kanta roy (1914) 41 calcutta 1072 and profulla kumar mazumadan (1922) 50 calcutta 41, ds foijhr O;oLFkk nsrs gq;sA
20. Faiyaz Khan, (1949) Allahabad 216, Atma singh (1954) Punjab 813 lkbfdy ejEer ds esgurkus ds iSls dks ysdj ,d >xMs esa ,d us feL=h dks idM fy;k vkSj nwljs us vpkud Nqjk HkkSad dj mls ekj MkykA okn okys dk O;fDrxr dk;Z vfHk;qDr us cpdj Hkkx tkus dk iz;kl fd;k vkSj feL=h ds HkkbZ us mls jksdus dk iz;kl fd;k fQj mls ,d us idM fy;k vkSj vfHk;qDr us mls vkgr dj fn;k] ;g vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k fd ;g mudk la;qDr dk;Z FkkA
21. Shyam singh v/s state of U.P. 1992 CRLJ1632 (Allahabad)
22. Janak singh v/s state of U.P., 2004 CRLJ2533(SC); Anil Sharma v/s state of Jharkhand, 2004 CRLJ2527 (SC)
23. Sharif Ahamad Alias Achhan, (1956)2 Allahabad 188, Ramcharan, 1970 CRLJ653.
24. Kripal,AIR 1954 SC 706; 1954 CRLJ1757 tgkW ,d O;fDr us vfHk;qDr dks viuh idM esa ys fy;k vkSj nwljs us mls rhu ckj Nqjk HkkSadk vkSj mldh e`R;q gks xbZ vkSj viuh fxjQrkjh jgs]lkekU; vk’k; fu"df"kZr]
25. State of Bihar, 1995 CRLJ231(patna) esa vuqlj.k fd;k x;kA tgkW vfHk;qDr ds xzqi la[;k esa rhu] lHkh l’kL= vkSj nks vU; ds chp >xMs esa fdlh chp cPkko djus okys ij rhu esa ls ,d ds Hkkys ls ,d ?kkrd okj gqvk] nwljs nksuksa dks mlds lkFk n.Muh; ugha vfHkfu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k] D;ksafd lkekU; vk’k; ugha Fkk vkSj mls Hkkjrh; n.M lafgrk dh /kkjk 304 Hkkx 1 ds v/khu vkSj u fd /kkjk 302 ds v/khu n.Muh; Bgjk;k x;kA Suyambu, 1991 CRLJ2506 Madras.
26. Amrik Singh v/s state of Punjab, (1972) 4SCC (N) 42: 1972 CRLJ465 (SC); Rambali Thakur v/s state of Bihar, 1 CRLJ764 (patna) vkgr O;fDr ij vyx&vyx O;fDr;ksa us vkdze.k fd;k] dsoy ,d gh ckr lkekU; izrhr gksrh Fkh fd muesa ls ,d Hkh O;fDr nwljs dks jksd ugha jgk Fkk] ;g lcds a}kjk fd;k x;k dk;Z gks x;k vkSj mlls os la;qDr :i ls n.Muh; gq;sA
Mohan singh v/s state of U.P., (1995)1 CRLJ649 Allahabad;
Jogindar singh v/s state of H.P., (1995)1 CRLJ124 (HP),
27. Nandu Rastogi v/s state of Bihar, AIR 2002 SC 3443
28. Ambika Prasad v/s state of Delhi, 1997 CRLJ2853( delhi)
29. Hare Krishna singh v/s state of Bihar and Paras Nath singh v/s state of Bihar (1988) 25cc 95; AIR 1988 SC 863; 1988 CRLJ925; Ramesh chand v/s state of U.P., AIR 1985 SC 766 : (1985)1 SCC 464; 1985 CRLJ530; 1988 BBCJ 77,d vU; vlQy vfHk;kstu
30.Ram lal singh v/s state of Haryana,AIR 1992 SC 59; 1992 CRLJ1 SC : 1992 supp (2) 746,
31. Baul,AIR 1968 SC 728:1968 CRLJ872
32. Santosh v/s state of Kerela, 1990 CRLJ570; Appu v/s state of Kerela 19CRLJ36, ;Z ftuds lk{; ;k mudh nks"kflf) vkSj nwljh dh nks"keqfDrA
Issaq, Mohammed v/s state of Rajasthan, 1988 CRLJ537 (Rajasthan)
33. Harbans Nonia v/s state of Bihar ,AIR 1992 SC 125: 1992 CRLJ105
34. Yunus v/s state 1995, CRLJ3205(Delhi).
35. Dharampal v/s state of U.P., AIR 1995 SC 1988; 1995 CRLJ3642
36. Girija Shankar v/s state of U.P., 2004 CRLJ1388 (SC)
37. Manga khan v/s state of Rajasthan, 2005 CRLJ1748 (SC)
38. Harbans Kaur v/s state of Haryana., 2004 CRLJ2199 (SC)
39. State of Rajasthan v/s Taran singh, 2004 CRLJ654 (SC)
40. Kamlakar Nandram Bhausar v/s state of Maharastra, 2004 CRLJ615 (SC)
41.Sarvan v/s of Pandicheri, 2005 CRLJ117 (SC)
42., Mohindar pal singh v/s state of Punjab, 2006 CrLj 126 (SC); abani K Debnath v/s state of Tripura., 2006 CrLj314 (SC)izk.k ?kkrd okj dsoy ,d vfHk;qDr us fd;k Fkk] vr% nwljs dks /kkjk 306 ds vUrxZr nf.Mr djuk mfpr ugha ekukA
43. Ramashray Yadaua v/s state of Bihar., 2006 CrLj133 (SC) Rajan Rai v/s state 2006 CrLj1388 (SC) esa ,d vfHk;qDr dh e`R;q gks xbZ rks {ks= ,d ek= vfHk;qDr dks 302@34 esa nf.Mr djrk;kA
44. Rambilas singh v/s state of Bihar,AIR 1989(SC) 1593; (1989) 3 SC 605CrLj1782, /kkjk 34@302 ds v/khu nks"kflf) vikLr dh xbZA
45. Major singh v/s state of Punjab,AIR 2003(SC) 342:2003 CrLj473
46. Gopinath v/s state of U.P., AIR 2001 SC2493:2001 CrLj3514: munney v/s state of U.P., 2002 CrLj1541 (All) Ramkishan v/s state of U.P., 2002 CrLj1548 (All)
47.Lallan Rai v/s state of Bihar,AIR 2003 SC 323:2003 CrLj465;
48. Mohammad Rustam v/s state of Bihar,AIR 2003 SC 562:2003 CrLj 834;Chitramal v/s state of Rajasthan 2003 CrLj889(SC) esa vfHk;qDr dk lkekU; vk’k; fl) gks x;k vkSj U;k;ky; us lkekU; mn~ns’; vkSj lkekU; vk’k; dk varj Li"V fd;kA
49. Narendra singh v/s state of Punjab,AIR 2000 SC 2212:2000 CrLj 3462; Damodar v/s state of U,P.2005 CrLj330(SC); Mukati Prasad v/s state of Bihar, 2005 CrLj681SC;
50. Ajay Sharma v/s state of Rajasthan,AIR 1998 SC 2798:1998 CrLj 4599;
51. Mahesh Tiwari v/s state of U.P.,AIR 2002 CrLj2711; Ezhil v/s state of T.N.2002 CrLj2799 Rampreet v/s state of N.C.R. of Delhi 2001 CrLj2434 Delhi., Vishnu v/s state of N.C.T. Delhi 2002 CrLj2006, Hukum Singh v/s state of Rajasthan.2001 CrLj511, Narendra v/s state of U.P.2003 CrLj2068 All. Banti v/s state of M.P.2004 CrLj(SC) vfHk;qDr us pkdw ekjdj gR;k dh mls 302@34 esa nf.Mr fd;k x;kA
52. Madhusudan v/s state of U.P., AIR 1983 SC 126 (1983)1SCc 218: 1983 CrLj218 (SC)
53. Ghana Pradhan v/s state of Orrisa., AIR 1991 SC 1133:1191 CrLj 1178lkekU; vk’k; fl) ugha gks ldk tcfd nks vfHk;qDr ,d gh O;fDr dks vius&2 <ax ls ekj jgs FksA
54. Jhinku Nai v/s state of U.P., AIR 2001 SC 2815 (2817),
55. Rameshwar v/s state of M.P., 1993 CrLj2004 (M.P.) sarafat ali v/s state of assam, 1993 CrLj1943 (Guhati)
56. Sayed Ahamad v/s state of maharastra, 1995 CrLj3885 (Bom):
State of U.P., v/s ganga ram 2005 CrLj4643 (SC)
57. Shangara v/s state of Punjab, 1995 SCc CrLj163: 1994 CrLj1098
58. Anup sing v/s state of H.P., AIR 1995 SC 1941 : 1995 CrLj3223
59. Lala Ram v/s state of M.P.,AIR 1994 SC 1447:1994 2 CrLj2123, Kashmira singh v/s state of Punjab, 1994 2 CrLj1974(SC) AIR 1994 SC 1651: 1995 supp (4) SCc 558
60. Prem sagar v/s Dharamveer, 2004 CrLj17 SC
61. Parasa Raju Manikayala Rao v/s state of A.P., 2004 CrLj390 SC: Ramanand yadav v/s Prabhath jha, 2004 CrLj640 SC vfHk;qDr /kkjk 34 dh enn ls nf.Mr
fd;s x;s FksA
62. Sunil Kumar v/s state of NCT delhi 2004 CrLj819 SC /kkjk 34 ykxw gksus ds fy;s fdlh d`R; ds fy;s tkus dh vko’;drk ugha gSA ek= Hkkx ysuk dkQh gSA girija Shankar v/s state of U.P., 2004 CrLj1388SC
63. State of M.P., v/s deshraj, 2004 CrLj1415 SC
64. Raju Pandurang Mahle v/s state of Maharashtra, 2004 CrLj1441 SC
65. Suresh v/s state of U.P.,AIR 2001 SC 1344: 2001 CrLj1462
Hari Singh v/s state of Rajasthan,AIR1997 SC 1505: 1997 CrLj733
66. kamal murma v/s state of W.B.,AIR 1997 SC 3802:1997 CrLj4411, Babul Kalia v/s state of Assam,AIR 2000SC 3592: CrLj2001, 142 (dying declaration) Harijana Thirumala v/s PP AP High court, 2002 CrLj3751(SC)
67. Cherolopali Chelimmabi Saheb v/s state of AP,AIR 200 3 SC 1014
Gurudue singh v/s state of Rajasthan, 2003 CrLj552 (Raj.)
68. Balineedi Venkataramaiah v/s state of A.P., AIR 1994SC 76: 1994 supp (3)SCc 732,
69. Taga v/s state of Rajasthan, 1997 CrLjNoc 240 Raj. Mubeswar Ali v/s state of Assam, 1983 CrLjNOC 7c Gau.
70. Bharendra singh ghosh v/s emp.AIR 1925pc 1(7): 26 CrLj431
Nanak chand v/s state of Punjab 1995 CrLj721 (SC)
Anam Pradhan v/s state of, 1982 CrLj1585 (orrisa)
71. Gour Chander Das, (1875) 24 WR (Cr) 5, Ralya, v/s arjan (1886)PR no.2 of 1887
72. Sipahi singh, (1922) 45 All 130; umed, (1923)45 All 727, Bhola singh 1907 29 All 282
73. Duma baidya, 1896, 19 Mad 483: sultan 1930 12 lah 442
74. Barendra Kumar Ghosh, 1924, 52 1 A 40; 52 Cal 197: 27 Bom LR 148
75. State of U.P. v/s Ashok Kumar srivastav 1992 CrLj1104 AIR 1992 SC 840
76. Brahamjit singh v/s state 1992,CrLj408 delhi
77. Dukhmochan Pandey v/s state of Bihar AIR 1998 SC 40, 1998 CrLj66
78. Ghoru Chandra Naik v/s state of orrisa , 1992 CrLj275 orrisa
79. Prem v/s state of Maharastra 1993 CrLj1608 (Bom.)
80. State v/s Rangaswamy 2003 CrLj607 KNT.
81. Pashora singh v/s state of Punjab AIR 1993 SC 1256
82. Abdul wahid v/s State of Rajasthan 2004 CrLj2850(SC)
83. Chittormal v/s state of Rajasthan AIR 2003 SC 796
84. Pandurang kalu patil v/s state of Maharastra AIR 2002 SC 733
85. Dacre’s case, 1 Hale PC 439
86. R. v/s clark 1991 CrLj625 CA
87. Lakhusingh v/s state of Rajasthan 1997 CrLj3638 (Raj.)
88. State of U.P. v/s Ram Bharat, 2002 CrLj1529 All ftuesa dqN lnL; ,Q-vkbZ-vkj- esa uketn Fks fdUrq u dksbZ gfFk;kj fy;s Fks vkSj u dksbZ d`R; dj jgs Fks cfYd nwj [kMs FksA bUgsa lnL; ugha ekuk x;kA
89. Ram Dular Rai v/s state of Bihar, 2004 CrLj635 (SC); Bhargauan v/s state of kerela, 2004 CrLj646 (SC); Hali Ram Bardoli v/s state, 2005 CrLj2174 (SC) Hkkx ysuk fl) gqvk vkSj nks"kh Bgjk;k x;kA argauan v/s state of kerela, 2004 CrLj646 (SC); Hali Ram Bardoli
90.Chandra v/s state of U.P., 2004 CrLj2536 (SC)
91. Sahadeo v/s state , 2004 CrLj2876 (SC)
92. Dani singh v/s state of Bihar, 2004 CrLj3328 (SC)
93. Gangadhar Behera v/s state of Orrisa, 2003 CrLj41:AIR2002 (SC)3633
94. Sukhan Raot v/s state of Bihar AIR2002(SC)319
95. Rameshwar pandey v/s state of Bihar, 2005 CrLj1407(SC)
Ganga singh v/s state of U.P., 2000 CrLj1695 (All)
96. Choturam giri v/s state of U.P., 1999 CrLj2986 (All)
97. Rachi palliabulu v/s state of A.P., (2002) 4SCC 208 AIR 2002 SC 1805
98. Chandar lal v/s state of Haryana 2004 CrLj285 SC
Hariram Barodoli v/s state of Assam 2005 CrLj2174 SC
Mangal Singh v/s state of Bihar 2005 CrLj3755 SC
Kallu alias masih v/s state of M.P., 2006 CrLj799 SC
99. Sharwan bhadaji bhirad v/s state of Maharastra AIR 2003SC 199
Alla china apparao v/s state of A.P.AIR 2002 SC 3648
Gangadhar bahara v/s state of Orissa 2003 CrLj41 SC
100. State of U.P. v/s Dansingh 1997 CrLj1150 SC
101.Moh.Samsuddin Malik v/s state of Gujrat 1996 CrLj4129 SC
102. Kashi Ram v/s state of M.P., 2002 SCC 71 AIR 2001 SC2902
103. Yunus v/s state of M.P.,AIR 2003 SC 539 2003 CRLJ817
Ram pravas Sharma re 2003 CrLjnoc 180 jhar AIR 2003 jhar hcr 220
104. Jhapsa kabari v/s state of Bihar AIR 2002 SC 312
State of Punjab v/s Harjit singa AIR 2002 SC 3040
105. Sukhbir singh v/s state of Haryan AIR 2002 SC 1168
Kajal singh v/s state of Assam AIR 2002 SC 617
State of U.P, v/s Rasid of Bihar ,AIR 2003SC 1439
Barahistta raj. v/s state of Bihar AIR 2003 SC 1439
106. Rajendra v/s state of U.P.,2003 CrLj1821 all
107. Jhapsa v/s state of Bihar AIR 2002 SC312
108. Bihari Manjhi v/s state of Bihar, 2002 CrLj2539 AIR 2002 SC 1832 all
