Healthy Bodies Unit One. By the end of this unit you should ;- 1. Know where your lungs and windpipe are. 2. Know that in the lungs,oxygen from the air

enters the blood. 3. Know that in the lungs,carbon dioxide leaves

the blood and gets breathed out. 4. Be able to name the harmful substances in

tobacco smoke.

Healthy Bodies Unit One. 5. Be able to measure the amount of tar in

cigarette smoke. 6. Know something about the diseases

connected with smoking. 7. Know some of the other substances which can

pollute our lungs. 8. Be able to state what the diaphragm and

the ribs do.

The Lungs.

The Ribcage.

How we breathe 1. 1. The lungs are protected by the ribcage. 2. Air enters our lungs via the trachea or wind

pipe. 3. When the air enters our lungs,the muscle

called the diaphragm goes downwards. 4. When we breathe out the diaphragm moves up

and air is expelled from the lungs. 5. The lungs are located in the chest.

How we breathe 2.

6. The lungs are red in colour. 7. This is because they contain oxygen. 8. They feel spongy when touched. 9. They float in water because of the air in

them. 10. They can be polluted by dirty air.

How we breathe 3. 11. When we breathe in ,air passes to the tubes

leading to the air sacs. 12. These are next to blood vessels called

capillaries. 13. Red blood cells pick up oxygen from the

sacs when we breathe in. 14. They release carbon dioxide back to the

sacs when we breathe out.

How we breathe 4.

1. Your windpipe and other air passages are lined with a sticky substance.

2. This is called MUCUS. 3. This traps dirt and germs. 4. Tiny hairs sweep the dirty mucus up

your throat where it is swallowed.

A test for carbon dioxide. 1. If we blow breathed air into lime water,the lime water

turns milky. 2. This is because breathed air contains carbon dioxide. 3. Unbreathed air will not affect the lime water. 4. Breathed air contains more carbon dioxide than

unbreathed air. 5. Lime water can be used as a test for carbon dioxide.

Another test for carbon dioxide.

Bicarbonate indicator can be used as another test for carbon dioxide.

The presence of carbon dioxide will turn the indicator from dark red to orange .

The dangers in smoking.The three poisons in cigarette smoke

1. Nicotine : - affects the brain, is addictive. 2. Carbon monoxide : - poisonous gas stops

blood carrying oxygen ,can be fatal. 3. Tar : - made of many chemicals, clogs up

lungs, causes cancer.

Air Pollution 1 This is a view of the

air above a street in Mexico City.

2. This called smog and is caused by exhaust fumes from cars.

Effects of air pollution on the body.

1. Car exhaust fumes contain harmful substances from burnt petrol.

(a) lead particles which can cause brain damage in developing children.

(b) carbon monoxide reduces the ability of the blood to carry oxygen.

(c )smoke clogs up air sacs.

Water pollution 1. When sulphur dioxide

is combined with water , the result can be in the form of acid rain.

Effects of acid rain.

1. Can damage the linings of the lung.

Effects of solvent abuse.

1. Can lead to people causing or being involved in accidents.

2. Long term effects include death by choking , liver failure and damage to the heart and brain.

Effects of passive smoking.

1. Essentially the same effects as smoking itself,the only difference is that the person subjected to the effects does not smoke.

Unit 2 Heart and Blood. By the end of this unit you should :- 1. Know where the heart is in the body. 2. Know that it acts like a muscular pump. 3. Know that blood carries food,heat and oxygen

round the body. 4. Know that blood flows through vessels. 5. Know that pulse rate tells how fast your

heart beats.

Heart and Blood. 6. Know that recovery time is a measure of

fitness. 7. Know that blood helps the body fight germs

and disease. 8. Heart disease can be caused by

worry,smoking and diet 9. Know that we can be protected from disease by

immunisation.

Heart and Blood.

You may also know that :- 1. There are three types of blood vessel,namely

veins,arteries and capillaries. 2. Exercise affects your pulse rate. 3. Blood consists of plasma,red cells,white

cells and platelets.

The Heart. 1. The right side of the

heart takes blood from the body and pumps it to the lungs.

2. The left side of the heart takes blood from the lungs and pumps it to all parts of the

body.

Arteries veins and capillaries.

Blood Vessels.

1. An artery is a vessel which carries blood away from the heart.

2. It has a thick muscular wall. 3. The blood travelling in the artery is under great

pressure. 4. The high pressure is caused by the heart

beat.

Capillaries and Veins. 1. The arteries divide into smaller vessels called

capillaries. 2. The capillaries join up to form larger vessels

which in turn form veins. 3. The veins carry blood back to the heart. 4. The veins are under less pressure than the arteries. 5. Veins have no pulse and are found nearer the

surface than arteries.

Valves. 1. The pressure has

dropped by the time it reaches the veins.

2. To prevent blood from flowing backwards,the veins have valves.

3. Valves are like doors which only open one way.

Blood Composition.

Blood is made up from 1. Red blood cells. 2. White blood cells. 3. Platelets. 4. A white liquid called

plasma.

Red blood cells.

These cells are the carriers of oxygen round the body.

The chemical called haemoglobin makes the blood red.

White blood cells.

1. These cells are responsible for building up immunity to disease.

2. They build up antibodies which fight against various infections we get.

Platelets. The platelets are the cells which cause clotting at the sight of an

injury,thus helping healing of wounds.

Plasma

This is the liquid part of the blood. It is responsible for the transporting of the various

things in the blood.

Body Temperature. By the end of this unit you should :- 1. Know what normal body temperature is. 2. Know that body temperature is higher than the

surroundings. 3. Know that if your body temperature is not

normal you are ill. 4. Know that sweating decreases body

temperature.

Body Temperature. 5. Shivering increases body temperature. 6. Food supplies the body with energy to maintain

temperature. 7. Clothes stop heat loss and maintain body temperature. 8. Loss in temperature causes hypothermia.