hassan soleimani ph.d. in applied linguistics, pnu

27
ELT In Iran: Globalization or Localization? Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

Upload: lillian-daniel

Post on 27-Dec-2015

217 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

ELT In Iran: Globalization or

Localization?

Hassan Soleimani

Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

Page 2: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

• Free market policies

• political., economic, cultural life

• One single community

• New technologies

Economic Liberalizati

on

Westernizatin

Americanization

Global integration

Internet Revolution

GlobalizationScheuerman, 2008

19-May-12

Page 3: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Globalization

intensification

Worldwide social

relations

Link distant

localities

Local happenings shaped by

distant events

Giddens (1990)

19-May-12

Page 4: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Social process

Constraints

of geography on social/cultural arrangements recede

Globalization

Malcolm, 1995

19-May-12

Page 5: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

• Glocalization

Synergic relationship

Robertson, 1995

19-May-12

Page 6: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Worldwide social relations’ unfettered by ‘the constraints of geography’

Language : the medium of social interactionNew communication technologies enable individuals

to have regular exchanges with distant others whom they have never met face-to-face

satellite television Social capital: the exercise of power through

language and culture (Bourdieu, 1993; Park, 2008

Social Capital

19-May-12

Page 7: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Pre-modern phenomenonFifteenth century Europe when the nation-state

was bornThe Catholic Church began to spread

worldwide and explorers began to map the planet and colonize the world

History

19-May-12

Page 8: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

A few centuries ago, English area/shores of a small island

Shakespeare’s era, English had little value outside England, not even in Ireland or Wales

Fortunes of Lg. not purely linguistically-based Commercial/political power and prestige derived from

scientific, cultural/other achievements” (Leitner, 1992) Power and influence of their speakers Large scale migration and settlement of native

language speakers, military imposition (colonialism),

Globalization of English

19-May-12

Page 9: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Outside colonies: 19th century, Industrial Revolution Britain the leading industrial/trading nation (Crystal,

1997) New technology (telephone, telegraph) far-reaching

communications network mainly dominated by English Today, English the language of America The economic/political power of America and current

position of English in the world (Leith, 1997) After WW II, the USA and USSR world superpowers After the Cold War, collapse of Russia and communism,

the USA the sole superpower (Blake, 1996)

Globalization of English

19-May-12

Page 10: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

American Imperiali

sm

19-May-12

Page 11: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Other languages English

Linguistic Imperialism/Linguicism?Philipson, 1992

19-May-12

Page 12: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Kachru, 1985; Swaan, 2007English Territories

19-May-12

Page 13: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Ethnoscapes

Financescapes

Mediascapes

Technoscapes

Ideoscapes

Globalization Appadurai, 1990

19-May-12

Page 14: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

To me, as far as globalization and ELT is concerned, the major motivation is financial and economic!

ELT materials produced/exported to Expanding Circle countries

Expanding circle authors no right for materials development in the global market

Unidirectional globalization! increase control over markets and to protect the wealth

of “inner circle” English market in global terms

ELT Financescapes

19-May-12

Page 15: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Spread of teaching materials from IC (USA and Britain) to EC

Interchange, New interchange, Headway, Person to Person, Intercom, Streamline, ….

Interchange’ series: a pack consisting ofa Student’s book, Teacher’s manual, class audio CDs and Student’s audio CDS, film

TESOL teacher training programs, conductingseminars, work shops especially in Expanding Circle countries in various ways and meansthrough British councils or American centers

ELT Financescapes

19-May-12

Page 16: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

75 territories with English as official or co-official language (2.24 billion people !! one third of world population)

Users of English as first lg 329, 140, 800; second lg 430,614,500(Crystal, 2003: census 2000)

Nearly 600 English language book publishing companies (Wikipedia)/196 universities in the US and England

Iran’s revenue from oil export vs. revenue from ELT materials developed in the US and imported to periphery/outer circle/expanding countries in the world ! (no statistics )

Financescapes

19-May-12

Page 17: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

The university of Chicago Press, the largest in the world

The Chicago Manuel Style, existing in nearly all libraries in the world

Researchers all over the world have to follow the “thinking framework, reasoning formula” imposed by American scholars!

Linguistic Imperialism?!

Ideoscapes: flow of ideasLinguistic Imperialism

19-May-12

Page 18: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Linguistic Imperialism

19-May-12

Page 19: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Who is a native speaker? A reality or myth?!A controversial issue

Criterion: Country of birth: then America, England (the white or black?)

What about Canada, Australia, New Zealand?

Eminent novelists: Conrad, Nabokov, Soyinka

Native speakers, the owners of English?

Ideoscapes: flow of ideas Native Speakerism/proficiency

19-May-12

Page 20: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

A politico-economic matter, not-linguistic (Lele, 2005) Some native speakers of English see some other NSs of

English as non-native speakers Chomsky (cited in Davies, 2003): “the difference between

native and non-native speaker is pointless” ‘Everyone is a Native Speaker of the particular language states

that the person has ‘‘grown’’ in his/her mind/brain. In the real world, that is all there is to say’

Supposing native speaker is a reality, then is it achievable?

Native Speaker: A Myth

19-May-12

Page 21: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Psychomotor variables Native pronunciation not achievable! Critical Period Hypothesis Articulators/muscles: tongue, larynx, vocal chords Loss of plasticity after puberty (12) Not controlled by learners, instruction no role /θ/, /δ/, /∂/, /l/, /r/ Exaggeration, more American than American

themselves ! Justification? Fever of native-like pronunciation

Native Pronunciation: A Myth

19-May-12

Page 22: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Dell Hymes: Native speaker competenceLinguistic,sociocultural,discourse, strategicCLT example of pedagogical ideoscape, a global flow

of ideas about teachingWhat to teach/how to teach Acculturation modelLuring learners into western cultures, not immediate

needs of learners

Ideoscapes: Communicative Competence

19-May-12

Page 23: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Authorities to blame: No official education policy Curriculum reform in ELT: social, political,

economic, cultural, ideological Critical pedagogy Local needs and local realities

Japan: education reform since the 1980sKukosaika: blend Americanization, Westernization with nationalism

Localization in Iran: authorities

19-May-12

Page 24: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Teacher education programsProfessionalism in language teaching

Teachers: needs analysts, curriculum developers, syllabus designers, materials developersKumaravadivelu (2006): practicality, particularity, possibility

Localization in Iran: ELT experts

19-May-12

Page 25: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Think globally, act locallyReality of language learning in Expanding countriesBeing realistic: ecosystem of ELT in IranSelf-confidenceNot slaves to ELT packagesDesigners of their own methods based on unique needs

of LsAction researchersScientists and artistsNot imposing our perceived needs upon learners

Localization in Iran: Teachers

19-May-12

Page 26: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Achievable real goals and objectivesAgency in the ecosystem of ELTNegotiate your felt needs

19-May-12

Localization in Iran: Learners

Page 27: Hassan Soleimani Ph.D. In Applied Linguistics, PNU

[email protected]

Thank You for Your Attention

19-May-12