hand tools session 9. shop tools and techniques2 industrial tool usage two categories hand tools...

Hand Tools

Session 9

Shop Tools and Techniques 2

Industrial Tool Usage

• Two categories• Hand tools• Machine tools

• Importance of hand tools should not be overlooked

• Bench work includes operations of inspecting, fitting, and assembling


Two Classes of Hand Tools• Noncutting

• Cutting


Two Classes of Hand Tools• Noncutting

• Include vises, hammers, screwdrivers, wrenches, pliers, and etc.

• Used basically for holding, forming, assembling, reassembling, destroying, or dismantling parts


Bench Vise

• Also Called Machinist’s Vise

• Used to hold small work securely for sawing, chipping, filing, polishing, drilling, reaming, and tapping

• Size determined by width of jaws


Bench Vise

Solid or swivel base

Jaw caps made of brass, aluminum, or copper to protect the work surface from being marred or damaged


Other Vises


Clamping Device

• C-Clamp• Popular in Plant settings• 2” to 12”• Allows clamping two or

more items together or clamping one item to another


Clamping Device

• Boiler Clamps• Heavy Duty• 6” to 24”


Hard Faced Hammers

• Ball Peen• Peen: smaller, rounded

end• Used in riveting or

peening operations

• Variety of sizes


Hard Faced Hammers

• Sledge• Largest striking surface• Used in persuading or

“nudging” objects• Variety of sizes: head

mass range 1 to 12 lb• Smaller sizes used for

gentle persuasion• Larger sizes used for

serious business


Hard Faced Hammers

• Claw type• Smaller striking surface• Claw end can be used

for prying nails and etc

• Variety of sizes: head mass range 10 oz to 22 oz

• Smaller available with ergonomic handles


Soft-Faced Hammers

• Faces made of plastic or rubber.

• Plastic or rubber faced hammers are fastened to steel body and replaced when worn

• Used in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred


Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads with replaceable faces made of plastic or rubber


Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads made of rawhide, aluminum, brass, copper, copper/bronze or lead

• Entire head made of above material

• Used in assembling or dismantling parts so finished surface of work not marred


Soft-Faced Hammers

• Heads with replaceable section of leather.


Soft-Faced Hammers

• Dead Blow hammers• Filled with lead or steel shot• Do not “bounce back” or

“rebound” after striking object

• Do not lose shape and last longer than lead hammers


Safety Precautions When Using a Hammer1. Be sure handle is solid and not cracked

2. Be sure head is tight on handle and secured with proper wedge to keep handle expanded in head

3. Never use with greasy handle or when your hands are greasy

4. Never strike two hammer faces together


Screwdrivers

• Two most common types • Standard or flat blade

• Blades for smaller make of round stock• Blades for larger often square for

leverage• Phillips

• Different sizes and styles• Standard shank• Stubby shank• Offset


Regular Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with slotted-type screw

• Manufactured in various sizes• To suit various-sized slots in heads of

fasteners


Phillips Screwdrivers

• Tip for use with Phillips-type screws

• Manufactured in sizes: #1, #2, #3, #4• To suit various-sized recesses in heads

of fasteners


Torx Screwdrivers

shaped tip for use with Torx-type recessed screw heads

• Manufactured in assorted sizes• To suit various-sized recesses in heads

of fasteners


Square Head Screwdrivers• Tip for use with Square-type screw

heads• Manufactured in assorted sizes

• To suit various-sized recesses in heads of fasteners


Star Head Screwdrivers

• Star shaped tip for use with Star-type recessed screw heads

• Manufactured in assorted sizes• To suit various-sized recesses in heads

of fasteners


Allen Head Screwdrivers• Tip for use with Allen-type screw

heads

• Manufactured in assorted sizes


Care of a Screwdriver

1. Choose correct size of screwdriver for job

• Too small, both screw recess and tip of screwdriver may become damaged

2. Do not use screwdriver as pry bar, chisel, or wedge

3. If tip or handle breaks or wears out, replace the screwdriver


Wrenches

• Many types used in machine shop work

• Each suited for specific purpose• Name derived from use, shape, or

construction

• Most available in both inch and metric measuring systems


Open-End Wrenches

• Single-ended or double-ended

• Openings usually offset at 15º angle• Permits turning nut or bolt head in

limited spaces by "flopping" wrench• Double-ended have different-size

opening at each end


Box-End Wrenches

• Completely surround nut and useful in close quarters where only small rotation of nut can be obtained at one time

• Box end has 4, 6, or 12 precisely cut notches around inside face

• Notches fit closely over points on outside of nut

• Have different sizes at each end


Combination Wrenches

• Box end at one end

• Open end at other• May have socket attached as one end

• Wide variety available


Line Wrenches

• Also referred to as Flared nut wrenches

• Six point construction• One section of wrench

head removed to enable the head to encircle a flared nut with a line or tube running through it.


Spud Wrenches

• Similar to box or open end wrenches

• Only one end has a wrench head

• Other end used as an alignment tool


Striking End Wrenches

• Box or open end wrenches

• Only one end has a wrench head

• Other end used as an striking surface


Torque Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for tightening nuts and bolts to specifications

• Beam Type

• Dial Type

• Digital Type

• Clicker Type


Torque Wrenches

Beam Types


Torque Wrenches

Dial Type


Torque Wrenches

Digital Type


Torque Wrenches

Clicker Types


Torque Wrenches

3/8” Drive will measure 25-250 inchpounds

3/8” Drive will measure 10-75 footpounds

1/2” Drive will measure 20-150 footpounds


Torque Wrenches

Clicker Type


Sockets

• Size of Drives• ¼ inch

• Light duty• ⅜ drive

• General purpose• ½ inch drive

• General Purpose• ¾ inch drive and above

• Industrial Applications


Sockets

Six Point Eight Point Twelve Point


Sockets

• Regular• General purpose

• Impact• Heavy duty• Industrial


Socket Accessories

Universal Joints

Various Adapters


Sockets

Specialty

Hex Head

Torx Head Internal

Torx Head External Flare Nut Crow’s Foot


Socket Drivers

Rachets


Sockets Adjuncts

Extensions


Socket Accessories

Breaker Bar

Speeder Bar

Breaker Bar


Adjustable Wrenches

• May be adjusted to within certain range to fit several sizes of nuts or bolt heads

• Useful for odd-size nuts or when proper size not available

• Can slip when not properly adjusted to flats of nut


Pipe Wrenches

• Made of Cast Iron, Aluminum, or Beryllium/Copper

• Used to loosen or tighten pipe connections• 6” to 48”


Allen Setscrew Wrenches• Commonly called

hex keys• Hexagonal fits into

recesses of socket head setscrews and capscrews


Allen Setscrew Wrenches


Pin Spanner Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches supplied by machine tool manufacturer for use on specific machines

• Supplied in various sizes



• Fixed-face spanners position in two fixed location holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine



• Adjustable-face spanners adjust to various positions of two holes on face of special nut or threaded fitting on machine



• Hook-pin spanner used on circumference of round nut

• Pin of spanner fits into hole in periphery of nut


Strap Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubing



Chain Wrenches

• Specialized wrenches for use on pipe or large tubing


• Similar to the Strap wrenches


Hints on Using Wrenches1. Always select wrench that fits nut or

bolt properly• Don’t use inch on metric or vice versa

2. Pull rather than push on wrench3. Always be sure nut is fully seated in

wrench jaw• Misalignment will cause slippage

4. Use wrench in same plane as nut or bolt head


Pliers

• Useful for gripping and holding small parts for certain machining operations or when assembling parts

• Many types and sizes

• Names by shape, function or construction


Types of Pliers

• Combination or slip-joint pliers• Adjustable to grip both large and small

work• Grip work when small holes must be drilled

or for bending or twisting light, thin materials


Types of Pliers

• Side-cutting pliers• Used mainly for cutting, gripping, and

bending of small diameter (1/8 in. or less) rods or wires


Types of Pliers

• Channel-Locks• Available in variety of

sizes• Useful for holding just

about anything, loosening and tightening about anything, and about anything else you can think of.


Types of Pliers

• Needle-nose pliers• Available in both straight- and bent-nose

types• Useful for holding very small parts,

positioning them in hard-to-get-at places and bending wire


Types of Pliers

• Snap Ring pliers• External Type shown• Used to remove or install external snap

rings


Types of Pliers

• Snap Ring pliers• Internal Type shown• Used to remove or install internal snap

rings.


Types of Pliers

• Vise-grip pliers• Extremely high

gripping power because of adjustable lever action

• Many different styles• standard jaws, needle

jaws and C-clamp jaws


Hints on Using Pliers

1. Never use pliers instead of wrench

2. Never attempt to cut large-diameter or heat-treated material with pliers

3. Always keep pliers clean and lubricated


Two Classes of Hand Tools

• Noncutting

• Cutting


Two Classes of Hand Tools• Cutting

• Include saws, grinders, files, and etc.• Used to separate, part, trim, or divide

parts


Sawing, Filing and Scraping• Often necessary to perform certain

metal-cutting operations at bench or on job

• Common tools• Hacksaws• Files• Scrapers


Pistol-Grip Hand Hacksaw

• Solid frame rigid and will accommodate blades of one specific length

• Adjustable frame more common and will take blades from 10 to 12 in. long

• Wing nut provides adjustment


Hacksaw Blades

• High-Carbon Steel Blades• Short lasting• Blades relatively soft

• Blade wears quickly• Inexpensive

• High-Speed Molybdenum or Tungsten-alloy Steel Blades

• Long lasting• Blades with hardened and tempered teeth


Hacksaw Blades

• Two types• Solid blade (all-hard)

• Hardened throughout and very brittle• Flexible blade

• Teeth hardened, while back of blade soft and flexible

• Stand more abuse than all-hard blade, but will not last long in general use

• Used on channel iron, tubing, copper and aluminum


Blade Pitch

• Number of teeth per inch• Manufactured in various pitches

• 14, 18, 24, and 32• General use choice – 18 in. tooth blade• Choose as coarse blade as possible

• Provides plenty of chip clearance and to cut through work as quickly as possible

• Should have at least two teeth in contact with work at all times

• Prevent work from jamming and stripping teeth


Guide for Proper Blade Selection



.


Files

• Hand cutting tool made of high-carbon steel

• Series of teeth cut on body by parallel chisel cuts

• Used to remove surplus metal and to produce finished surfaces

• Manufactured in variety of types and shapes

• Two classes: single-cut and double-cut


Single-cut Files

• Single row of parallel teethrunning diagonally across face

• Used when smooth finish desired

• Include mill, long-angle lathe, and saw files


Double-cut Files

• Two intersecting rows of teeth• First row coarser and called overcut• Second row called upcut

• Hundreds of cutting teeth• Provides for fast removal of metals and

easy clearing of chips


Degrees of Coarseness

• Both single- and double-cut files come in various degrees of coarseness

• Rough• Coarse• Bastard• Second-cut• Smooth• Dead smooth

Most Common


Machinist Files

• Types most commonly used in shop

• Flat• Hand• Round• Half-round• Square

• Pillar • Three-quarter• Warding• Knife


Cross-sectional Views of Shop Files


Care of Files

1. Do not store files where they rub together

• Don’t throw into drawer with other files

2. Never use file as pry of hammer3. Do not knock file on vise or other

metallic object to clean it • Use brush or file card

4. Apply pressure only on forward stroke


Care of Files

5. Do not press too hard on new file• Too much pressure also results in

"pinning" which scratches work surface

• Small particles get wedged between teeth of file and clog it up


Rotary Files

• Teeth cut and form broken lines

• Dissipate heat of friction

• Useful for work on tough die steels, forgings, and scaly surfaces


Ground Burrs

• Teeth uniform in tooth shape and size • Unbroken flutes• Flutes machine ground to master burr to

ensure uniformity of tooth shape and size• May be made of high-speed steel or

carbide• Carbide last up to 100 times

longer

hand tools session 9. shop tools and techniques2 industrial tool usage two categories hand tools...

Documents

shop tools

assembling slide

marred slide

rubber slide

techniques6 slide

damaged slide

hand tools session

dismantling parts slide