The Multi-layered Effects and The Multi-layered Effects and Support Received by Victims of Support Received by Victims of

the Bali Bombings:the Bali Bombings:A Cross Cultural Study in A Cross Cultural Study in Indonesia and AustraliaIndonesia and Australia

Gwen Brookes Gwen Brookes Center For International Center For International

Health Health

Background Background

Bali Bombings October Bali Bombings October 1212thth 2002 2002

Paddy’s Bar &Sari Club 0ct Paddy’s Bar &Sari Club 0ct 1212thth 2002 2002

Newspaper ReportsNewspaper Reports Terror In Bali : The Consequences; Terror In Bali : The Consequences;

Bombing in Bali Seen as Opening New Bombing in Bali Seen as Opening New Front in Fight on Terror (Front in Fight on Terror (New York Times New York Times OCT 14OCT 14thth 2002 2002) )

Terror Unites Balinese and Foreigners Terror Unites Balinese and Foreigners ((Jakarta Post Oct 15Jakarta Post Oct 15thth 2002) 2002)

Carnage As Bomb Blasts Destroy Clubs: Carnage As Bomb Blasts Destroy Clubs: Bali Terror (Bali Terror (The West Australian October The West Australian October 1414thth 2002 ) 2002 )

The Effects The Effects 202 People Died 202 People Died

88 were Australians : 16 from Perth 88 were Australians : 16 from Perth

38 were Indonesians 38 were Indonesians

160 People were Injured 160 People were Injured

Many family and community members Many family and community members were traumatised were traumatised

Kingsley Football ClubKingsley Football Club

20 Men Went on Post Finals Trip to Bali 20 Men Went on Post Finals Trip to Bali

7 Men were Killed /14 Injured 7 Men were Killed /14 Injured

2 were Airlifted to the Eastern States 2 were Airlifted to the Eastern States

11 of the Injured were flown Home in Kerry 11 of the Injured were flown Home in Kerry Stokes Private Jet with Medical Support Stokes Private Jet with Medical Support

Support MechanismsSupport Mechanisms PerthPerth

Family & Friends Family & Friends

General Community/Kingsley Community General Community/Kingsley Community

Government Government

Support Mechanisms Support Mechanisms BaliBali

Family & Friends Family & Friends

Local Community and Community on Holiday Local Community and Community on Holiday

Government Government

International Response in Form of Donations International Response in Form of Donations

YKIP, Rotary, Bali International Women’s YKIP, Rotary, Bali International Women’s AssociationAssociation

Aims of the studyAims of the study Overarching AimOverarching Aim

To InvestigateTo Investigate : : The mutilayered The mutilayered effects and forms of support effects and forms of support received by received by directly affected directly affected victimsvictims, and their , and their indirectly indirectly affected family membersaffected family members

Sub AimsSub Aims To investigate the mutilayered effects and To investigate the mutilayered effects and support received by victims at the support received by victims at the individual, family and community levelindividual, family and community level in in

2002, and during the intervening 2002, and during the intervening periodperiod

Sub Aims continued Sub Aims continued To systematically critique the literature on To systematically critique the literature on

the effects and forms of support available the effects and forms of support available in this & previous attacks in this & previous attacks

To develop a framework that may be used To develop a framework that may be used by professionals and non professionals in by professionals and non professionals in the aftermath of a crisis the aftermath of a crisis

To highlight the need to choose appropriate To highlight the need to choose appropriate and culturally relevant interventions and culturally relevant interventions

Methodological FrameworkMethodological Framework Psychosocial Well BeingPsychosocial Well Being

of Individuals and Communitiesof Individuals and Communities

Event Human Capacity Social Ecology Culture and Values

The Psychosocial Working Group (2001)

The 3 DomainsThe 3 Domains

Human CapacityHuman Capacity : Skills & Knowledge of : Skills & Knowledge of the People the People

Social DomainSocial Domain : Familial, Religious and : Familial, Religious and Cultural Resources Cultural Resources

Culture and ValuesCulture and Values : Cultural Values, : Cultural Values, Beliefs and Practices Beliefs and Practices

Tri Hita KaranaTri Hita Karana

Event God & Humanity Humanity & Itself Humanity &Environment

Data Collection Data Collection

In Depth Semi -Structured Interviews with In Depth Semi -Structured Interviews with Directly and Indirectly Affected Victims Directly and Indirectly Affected Victims

2 Focus Groups in Bali and Perth 2 Focus Groups in Bali and Perth

Maintain a Reflective Journal Maintain a Reflective Journal

In Depth Literature Review In Depth Literature Review

Interviews Interviews Priority to acknowledge the need for sensitivity Priority to acknowledge the need for sensitivity

in Bali & in Perth in Bali & in Perth

There will be a strict entry criteria There will be a strict entry criteria

Questions based around previously formed Questions based around previously formed protocols protocols

Free Discussion EncouragedFree Discussion Encouraged

Interviews will be recorded in the language of Interviews will be recorded in the language of choice in Bali choice in Bali

Focus Group DiscussionsFocus Group Discussions

Discussions will center on specific aspects Discussions will center on specific aspects of the support mechanisms arising from IDI of the support mechanisms arising from IDI

A General Theme List Will Also Be Used. A General Theme List Will Also Be Used.

Hope to Acquire A Broader Understanding Hope to Acquire A Broader Understanding of The Bombing, Cultural Values and Group of The Bombing, Cultural Values and Group Norms Norms

Distressed CommunityDistressed Community

Topics Raised Within FGD AND IDI’S :Topics Raised Within FGD AND IDI’S :

Will Refer to the Variety of Resources Will Refer to the Variety of Resources DisruptedDisrupted in Distressed Communities when a in Distressed Communities when a Disaster Occurs Disaster Occurs

And the Variety of Resources And the Variety of Resources UtilisedUtilised By a By a Distressed Community Following A Disaster Distressed Community Following A Disaster

Documentary Data Documentary Data CollectionCollection

Will EncompassWill Encompass A Comprehensive Review of the Literature A Comprehensive Review of the Literature

Collation and Review of Conference Collation and Review of Conference Presentations Presentations

Newspaper Reports & Television Newspaper Reports & Television Documentaries Documentaries

Reports from Key Organisations such as U.N. Reports from Key Organisations such as U.N.

Data AnalysisData Analysis Systematic Analysis will Occur Systematic Analysis will Occur

throughout the collection phase:throughout the collection phase:

New Avenues of Inquiry will be New Avenues of Inquiry will be identified and incorporated identified and incorporated

Thematic Framework Analysis will be Thematic Framework Analysis will be used to organise and analyse the data used to organise and analyse the data

The frequency and Distribution of The The frequency and Distribution of The Codes Will Be Refined by using N-Vivo Codes Will Be Refined by using N-Vivo SoftwareSoftware

Update Update Full Candidacy Status Full Candidacy Status

Ethics Approval September 2007Ethics Approval September 2007

Support of Professor Muliawan School of Support of Professor Muliawan School of Public Health Udayana University, Bali Public Health Udayana University, Bali

Support of YKIP an NGO in Bali Support of YKIP an NGO in Bali

Support of The Kingsley Football Club Support of The Kingsley Football Club Community Community

Memorial To The Victims in Memorial To The Victims in Bali & PerthBali & Perth