guru prasad

E-Journal Usage Study and Scholarly Communication

Using Transaction Log Analysis:

A Case Study of E-Journal (Full-Text) Download Patterns of NAL Scientists and Engineers

*R Guruprasad, +Khaiser Nikam

#M Gopinath Rao *Vidyadhar Mudkavi

*National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore +Dept. of Studies, Library and Information Science, University of Mysore

#College of Agriculture, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bangalore

Paper Presentation at the 7th International Convention on Automation of Libraries in Education and Research, Theme: E-Content Management: Challenges and Strategies, Pondicherry University: 25-27, February 2009.

Slide No:1

Gutenberg’s Invention of the Printing Press…

1455 AD…

Slide No:2

The Invention of the Printing Press 1455 AD belonged to Johannes Gutenberg,

the German Goldsmith and Printer (Mainz,Germany)

His invention of the first movable printing press – considered as one of Western Civilization’s greatest inventions

American team researching World History over the last centuries declared him – ‘Man of the Millennium’

Jon Man on his book on Gutenberg aptly coined the titled – ‘How one man remade the world with words’

According to Mark Twain, Gutenberg’s invention – ‘incomparably the greatest event in the history of the World’

What took months by hand in 1450 to copy a book shot up to 500 copies to be produced in a Week

A Single Obscure Artisan: Instrumental in the changing

the course of History

Johannes Gutenberg (1395 – 1468 )

Slide No:3

The Invention of the Printing Press

The invention effectively broke the monopoly, the aristrocracy, the monarchy maintained by the Churches in publishing information

This invention had an immediate radical change, it brought in the Renaissance (or the Reformation) which directly led to the ‘Modern Age’

Most importantly, it made dissemination of information easy, affordable and accessible to the common man.

By 1500 A.D. million of books were being printed ranging from literature, poetry, to scientific

manuscripts, and most importantly in ‘Vernacular’.

Slide No:4

A Typical ‘Renaissance ‘

Clothing

The Invention of the Printing Press

His Major Work: The Gutenberg Bible: (also known as 42 line bible), acclaimed for its high aesthetic and technical quality. In his period 200 copies of

the Bible were printed.

Specific Contributions to Printing:Invention of a process for

a mass producing moving typeThe use of oil based ink

in the printing processUse of a Wooden

Printing PressSlide No:5

The Invention of the Printing PressIf Gutenberg were alive today…..probably, he would have said this about himself…

Slide No:6

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication

And The Evolution of

The Scholarly Scientific Journals

Late 17th Century…Slide No:7

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific) Until late 17th century, communication between

scholars depended heavily on social contacts and by attending meetings arranged by learned societies

(e.g. the Royal Society)

Membership to these societies increased gradually

Many could not attend these meetings, so the Proceedings (usually a record of the last meeting) became a place to publish papers

These eventually evolved into scholarly journals

First peer-reviewed journals: (a) ‘Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society’, (b) ‘Le Journal

Des Scavans’ (both published in 1665)

Google always comes to your rescue…Slide No:8

A Brief History of Scholarly Electronic Communication: Evolution of Scholarly Journals (Scientific)

19th century Explosion in the number of journals produced: caused by increased specialization and diversification of academic research

Means of producing mass publications was in place: (cheap wood pulp based paper)

Elsevier Scientific Publishing began publishing engineering journals way back as 1884

After WW.II, Robert Maxwell Pioneered move: the Pergamon Press (aimed towards mass commercial publication).

Slide No:9


By 1960, commercial publishers occupied a major part of the market

By the end of the 17th Century, there were about 30 to 90 scientific and medical journals and this rose to 750 by the end of the 18th Century

First prototype e-journal was in 1976, however the booming time for electronic journals was during the period 1990-1999

Currently, the number of scientific and abstract journals published worldwide is estimated over 100,000. This has grown steadily during the second half of the 20th Century.

Slide No:10


Kessler [1967], says that “although scientific journals have flaws, they have been said to be the “most successful and ubiquitous carriers of scientific information in the entire history of science”.

To substantiate this, hundreds of studies have demonstrated their use, usefulness and value.

In a survey conducted from 1993 to 1998, scientists average 120 readings of scholarly articles per year.

On an average, scientists spend over 100 hours per year reading scholarly articles

Slide No:11

The Coming of the Web….

Slide No:12

"The Internet is not a thing, a place, a single technology, or a mode of governance. It is an agreement.“

John Gage, Director of Science, Sun Microsystems, Inc.

The Coming of the Web….

Slide No:13

“It’s (the Internet) the most fundamental shift since Gutenberg. The Internet is basically a Space and Time

destroyer. It shrinks distance and time to zero. It’s as if all the world’s scientists were in one room, available at one

computer. Needless to say this is having a profound impact on the way science is done”

– Astrophysicist, Larry Starr, (Hallmark, 1995).

The Coming of the Web:Mushrooming of E-Journals If Gutenberg’s invention of

movable printing Press was a great leap towards information dissemination and communication, then the invention of the Web is equally a great leap towards electronic scholarly communication

According to Prof. Steven Harnad, Univ. Quebec (Montreal) ‘the arrival of electronic communication is the 4th revolution in the means of production of knowledge: afterspoken language, written language and the Printing Press’

Slide No:14

Role of Electronic Media in Supporting Scholarly Communication

Slide No:15

Role of Electronic Media in Supporting Scholarly Electronic Communication

Scholarly electronic communication refers to distribution of scholarly articles, papers and messages by electronic means as opposed to their distribution by paper media

Kling and McKim [2000] say ‘that the shift towards use of electronic media in scholarly communication appears to be an inescapable path’

They add, ‘the use of electronic media to support scientific communication is one of the major shifts of practice of science in this era

Today, the Internet is the primary medium of this Scholarly Communication

Slide No:16

Coming of Age of E-Journals Coming of age of Electronic Journals has

altered the way scholarly information is disseminated throughout the world

E-journals have not only affected the way information is spread, but the way

information is acquired and how scientific researcher seek that needed information

Today, scientists have adopted electronic journals because of quick, convenient

access from their desktops

Very little effort is required to retrieve them

Slide No:17

Information Seeking Patterns of Scientists….

Slide No:18

Information Seeking Patterns of Scientists

Surveys from 1993 to 1998 show that scientists identify articles they read by browsing through journal issues or bound volumes (62% of readings are identified this way)

Automated searches accounts for 12%

Having other persons tell them about the articles amounts to 11%

Using citations found in other articles, books etc.. Adds up to 9%

Current awareness services, printed indexes, and so on fills the remaining 6%

The same study indicates during 1993 to 1998, scientists surveyed average about 120 readings of scholarly articles per year.

Slide No:19

Scientific Scholarly Journals: What the trends reflect?

Since their birth in the 17th century, scientific scholarly journals have become the most sought out type of publication, and, for most fields of science – ‘the most inevitable and single most channel of scientific communication’

Over the last 40 years, numerous studies on scientific journals indicate that: Journals are extensively read The information they contain is

extremely useful for research, teaching and lifelong learning;

Extremely valuable in terms of favourable outcomes from its use

Slide No:20

The NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR E-Conglomerate…

Slide No:21

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR National Aerospace Laboratories (NAL)

Constituent of CSIRIndia’s premier civil R&D establishment

in aeronautics and allied disciplinesVision Statement-”development of

aerospace technologies with a strong science content and with a view of

their practical application to the design and construction of flight vehicles”

Staff strength: 1250 with about 400 full-fledged R&D professionals (over 100 Ph.D.’s)Through NISCAIR have been provided

unique facility to access almost 3316 international e-journals from 11 key publishers

CSIR, New DelhiConstituted in 1942, premier R&D

Organization in IndiaToday, one of the world’s largest

publicly funded R&D Organizations having linkages to academia,

R&D Organizations and Industry.

Slide No:22

NAL / CSIR / NISCAIR

National Institute of Science Communication and Information

Resources (NISCAIR)Constituent units of CSIR in the

area of Information ScienceNISCAIR provides access to 4042 world

class e-journals to all S&T personnel of the CSIR fraternity

Right at their Desktops through this Consortia

Has tied up with 11 popular international publishers

Aim of this Consortia:Strengthen the pooling, sharing and

electronically accessing the CSIR library resources

Provide access to World S&T literature through the CSIR labs

Slide No:23

What are Transaction Log Analysis or Web Log Analysis (TLA/WLA Vs. DLA)

Slide No:24

What are Web-Log or Transaction Log Analysis?

This methodology has immense potential for studying online journal’s use and their user’s information seeking behaviour

Before advent of online journals, most of studies on journal usage were based on (a) Citation Analysis, (b) re-shelving data or (c) Questionnaire

Limitations: (a) Citation Analysis: does not represent all of journal usage as authors do not cite all the articles they read, moreover ‘not every journal reader is an author’(b) Re-Shelving Data: Not accurate, not possible to distinguish between the use of individual articles or the whole journal(c) Questionnaire: based studies rely heavily on what people think they do or might do – not what they actually do. This could end up in misinterpretations

Widespread use of computer and network technologies had led to a New Methodology: WLA or the TLAComputers record or log all user transactions in a plain text file

called “transaction log”Slide No:25


Log files contain data about many of the details of the users’ interaction with the system

Hence some researchers have adopted log analysis to find out about the use of electronic journals in terms of both volume and patterns

of use

Intention of the WLA or TLA is multi-purpose: One can determine overall web site traffic Also location of users, portions of the site accessed Number of document downloads

Ihe TLA Technique:Web servers automatically generate 4 different log files:

(a) access logs (e.g. hits), (b) agent log (e.g. browser, operating system), (c) error log (download aborts), referrer logs (e.g. referring links)

These log files size can range from 1 KB to 100 MB (depending upon traffic on a particular site)

Slide No:26


Ihe TLA Technique (contd..

Distinction between a hit and an access is critical to understanding the type of data contained in these files.

A hit is any file from a Web site that a user downloadsDownload of a Web page with 6 images on accounts for

7 hits (6 images + 1 text)An Access (or a page hit) is an entire page download regardless

of the number of images, sounds, or movies on the page. Download of a Web page with 6 images accounts for

only 1 access.

Deep Log Analysis Method (DLA) came later on to overcome pitfalls of TLA

Nicholas (2003, 2005) conducted a series of studies on Emerald and Blackwell electronic journals to study in depth the information seeking behaviour of the users.

Slide No:27


Salient Features of DLA:

Study of ‘repeat users’ to the same site Use of SPSS (statistical analysis package) to analyze

raw log dataEnriching log data with demographic data, such as user data

gathered from the subscription of publishersPaying special attention to ‘returnees’ – users who come back to

use the service

Usefulness of Log StudiesParticularly helpful in understanding the searching and

browsing behaviour of e-journal’s users.

Findings of eJUST project on Journal’s Home Page and PubMed revealed three very common seeking patterns: Journal homepage – TOC – HTML full text – PDF full text PubMed – HTML full text – PDF full text Journal homepage – search – HTML full text – PDF full text

Slide No:28


Findings of Log Studies:Findings showed that most requests were for full text in HTMLFollowed by requesting the full text in PDFFinal goal of most visits was to take away a PDF version of an

article.

Sample Web Log Data from the NISCAIR Web Server

Slide No:29

Data Source: www.niscair.res.in

Findings From Full-Text Downloads of E-Journals of NAL

Scientists and Engineers, Period: (2005 – 2007)

Slide No:30

Findings from Full-Text Download Statistics of NAL Scientists and Engineers

Number of E-Journals available for E-Access through NAL-NISCAIR-CSIR Conglomerate

Total Number of E-Journals: 40421500

800

600

374 355

12674 69 41 37 30 20 16

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Elsevier Springer T & F Wiley Blackwell Emerald CUP OXP ACS RSC ASCE ASME AIP

Publisher Name

Nu

mb

er o

f Jo

urn

als

Publisher Name

The maximum number of e-journals for the conglomerate is from Elsevier, followed by Springer and

T & F. Wiley and Blackwell e-journals are also available in good number. Journals from ASME and AIP are the lowest. There are 13 publishers whose e-journals are available for e-access for the conglomerate.

Figure 1: Highlights the number of Scientific Journals available for

E-Access through the NAL-CSIR-NISCAIR E-Conglomerate.

Slide No:31



There are 42 CSIR labs which have access to 8 e-publishers from this conglomerate 40 CSIR labs have e-access to T & F and 35 labs have e-access to Indian Standards 33 CSIR labs have e-access to ASTM Standards and 32 labs e-access to Blackwell 22 CSIR labs have e-access to Emerald and CUP Only 11 CSIR labs have e-access to ASME

Figure -2: List of CSIR Labs Having Access to the following International Scientific Journal Publishers through the CSIR/NISCAIR E-Conglomerate

Slide No:32

Number of CSIR Labs having access to E-Publishers through CSIR / NISCAIR Conglomerate

42 42 42 42 42 42 42 4240

3533 32

22 22

14 14 1311

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Names of Publisher

No

. o

f C

SIR

Lab

s

Publisher Names



NAL scientists have e-access to 1839 e-journals from Elsevier and 1600 e-journals from DOAJ and 1312 e-journals from Springer

A moderate number of e-journals for e-access belong to Blackwell, Taylor and Francis and Wiley NAL scientists have open access to 700 e-journals through ICAST Gateway The minimum of e-journals for which e-access is available is for publishers AIAA and World Science.

Figure -3: NAL Scientists access to additional E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway

NAL Scientists Access to additional E-Journals through NAL-ICAST Gateway

1839

613530

74

1312

125

865

469 38 30 8 4 20 33 16

700

1600

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

Elsev

ier

T & F

Wile

y

CUP

Springer

Emer

ald

Black

well

AIAA

OUPACS

ASCE

SAGE

World

Sc.

ASME

RSCAIP

ICAST O

A

DOAJ

Publisher's Name

No

. of

E-J

ou

rnal

s

Names ofPublishers

Slide No:33

Data Source: www.icast.org.in


Table – 1, 2, 3: Highlights the full-text usage statistics of E-Journals by NAL Scientists for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

Sl. No

Publ. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total- Publ. Wise

1 ACS 0 3 47 4 18 22 21 51 23 10 2 3 204 2 AIP 0 0 0 0 0 47 153 172 417 46 19 26 880 3 ASME 115 54 115 56 83 98 54 53 30 43 11 325 1037 4 CUP 12 15 31 47 16 12 22 2 8 0 6 13 184 5 Elsevier 1384 1026 2221 1056 1903 2000 1026 1914 1503 1120 1814 2100 19067 6 RSC 3 2 8 0 12 9 8 9 7 7 0 5 70 7 Springer 19 172 183 128 63 70 69 31 60 61 51 36 943 8 Wiley 28 67 147 158 123 129 144 348 117 133 84 153 1631 Total: 24016 (Month Wise All Publishers)

1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661 24016

ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry

Table-1: Year 2005

Slide No:34



Figure – 4: Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers

79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2005 are from journals published by ElsevierOnly 7% of full-text downloads for the same year are from journals published by Wiley 4% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, AIP and ASMEOnly 1% each of full-text downloads are from publishers ACS and CUP

Year 2005: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers

1% 4% 4%

1%

79%

0%

4%7%

ACS

AIP

ASME

CUP

Elsevier

RSC

Springer

Wiley

Slide No:35

Inferred by Authors



ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry, T & F= Taylor and Francis, OUP=Oxford University Press

Table-2: Year 2006

Sl. No

Publisher Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total-Publr. Wise

1 AIP 15 20 36 89 104 69 246 268 241 136 181 215 1620 2 ACS 1 8 7 3 5 12 2 10 8 19 13 40 128 3 ASME 0 39 67 40 63 50 103 66 177 83 397 112 1197 4 CUP 47 6 5 2 8 6 1 26 37 21 19 36 214 5 Elsevier 3202 3482 1888 2249 2837 1856 1698 2192 1512 2198 1939 2738 27791 6 OUP 0 0 0 0 5 6 12 6 38 53 29 0 149 7 RSC 1 1 3 10 7 4 3 5 6 15 16 21 92 8 Springer 137 100 90 98 98 81 63 175 314 93 313 283 1845 8 T & F 6 194 28 19 34 25 13 34 44 24 114 56 591 9 Wiley 216 91 124 120 210 201 119 161 172 131 237 174 1956 Total: 35583 (Month Wise All Publishers)

1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661 35583

Slide No:36




79% of full-text downloads for the Year 2006 are from journals published by Elsevier 5% each of full-text downloads are from publishers Springer, Wiley and AIP 3% of full-text downloads are from publisher ASME 2% of full-text downloads are from publisher Taylor and Francis The least percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher CUP

Year 2006: NAL Full-Text Download Usage Statistics: All Publishers

5%0%

3%

1%

0%

0%

5% 2%5%

79%

AIP ACS

ASME CUP

Elsevier OUP

RSC Springer

T & F Wiley

Slide No:37

Inferred by Authors



ACS=American Chemical Society, AIP=American Institute of Physics, ASME= American Society of Mechanical Engineers, CUP=Cambridge University Press, RSC=Royal Society of Chemistry, T & F= Taylor and Francis, ASCE=American Society of Civil Engineers. Download statistics of ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have not been tabulated for 2007 because of non-availability of data

Table-3: Year 2007

Sl.No Publisher Jan Feb March Apr May Jun July Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total-Publr. Wise

1 AIP - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 2 ACS - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 3 ASME - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 4 CUP - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 5 T & F - - - - - - - - - - - - -- 6 Elsevier 4006 3453 5759 5105 4396 4302 4333 5653 4103 4645 3689 3335 52779 7 RSC 44 24 34 56 62 42 48 24 44 94 26 18 516 8 Springer 349 323 268 426 346 409 465 442 410 465 317 395 4615 9 Wiley 322 322 452 406 786 444 456 418 322 362 406 232 4928 10 ASCE 8 6 16 20 18 52 20 6 16 20 0 0 182 Total: 63020 (Month Wise All Publishers)

4729 4128 6529 6013 5608 5249 5322 6543 4895 5586 4438 3980 63020

Slide No:38




84% of full-text downloads for the Year 2007 are from journals published by Elsevier 8% of full-text downloads are from the publisher Wiley 7% of full-text downloads are from publisher Springer Minimum percentage of full-text downloads are from the publisher RSC Download statistics for the following publishers, namely, ACS, AIP, ASME and CUP for the Year 2007 is not available.

Year 2007: NAL Usage Full-Text Download Statistics: All Publishers

84%

1%

7%

8% 0%

Elsevier RSC

Springer Wiley

ASCE

Slide No:39

Inferred by Authors


Table – 4: Highlights the consolidated monthly total downloads, Publisher Wise for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

Consolidated statistics for ACS, AIP, ASME, CUP have not been tabulated for 2007 as data is not available.

Sl.No. Name of the Publisher 2005 2006 2007 1. ACS 204 128 - 2. AIP 880 1620 - 3. ASME 1037 1197 - 4. CUP 184 214 - 5. Elsevier 19067 27791 52779 6. RSC 70 92 516 7. Springer 943 1845 4615 8. Wiley 1631 1956 4928 9. ASCE - - 182 10. OUP - 149 - 11. Taylor and Francis - 591 -

Chi-Square test was applied to test whether there is independence between the years and the publishersThe calculated value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant. Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data the years and the publishers

are not independentThis Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number) for which the data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).

Slide No:40

Inferred by Authors


Table – 5: Highlights the total number of downloads (Month Wise, All Publishers) for the Years 2005, 2006, 2007.

From this table it is observed that the mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the above three years was found to be different through Kruskal Wallis test of ‘One Way Analysis of Variance’ at 1% level of significance.

Sl.No. Name of the Month 2005 2006 2007 1. January 1561 3625 4729 2. February 1339 3941 4128 3. March 2752 2248 6529 4. April 1449 2630 6013 5. May 2218 3371 5608 6. June 2387 2310 5249 7. July 1497 2260 5322 8. August 1631 1956 4928 9. September 2165 2549 4895 10. October 1420 2773 5586 11. November 1987 3258 4438 12. December 2661 3675 3980 Grand Total: 24016 35583 63020

Slide No:41

Inferred by Authors


Figure – 7: Line Graph: Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years, 2005, 2006, 2007

In 2005, full-text usage varied between 1561 in the month of January to 2661 in the month of December with a peak of 2752 in the month of March, 2005. In 2006, the number of full-text usage varied little with 3625 in the month of January to 3675 in the month of December with a peak of 3941 in the month of February, 2006. In 2007, the full-text download increased with 4729 in the month of January to a maximum of 6529 in the month of March and 6543 in the month of August and declined to a value of 3980 in the month of December 2007.

Full-Text Usage Statistics: Years 2005, 2006, 2007

15611339

2752

1449

22182387

1497

2580

2165

1420

1987

2661

36253941

2248

2630

3371

2310 2260

2943

25492773

3258

3675

4729

4128

6529

6013

5608

5249 5322

6543

4895

5586

4438

3980

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Months

No

. o

f F

ull T

ex

t D

ow

nlo

ad

s 2005 2006 2007

2005 1561 1339 2752 1449 2218 2387 1497 2580 2165 1420 1987 2661

2006 3625 3941 2248 2630 3371 2310 2260 2943 2549 2773 3258 3675

2007 4729 4128 6529 6013 5608 5249 5322 6543 4895 5586 4438 3980

Jan Feb March April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

Slide No:42

Inferred by Authors

Limitations of our Study Full-text download patterns analyzed in this paper are only for the last 3

years (2005-2007). Data prior to this is unavailable.

Reliability of the data is to the extent what NISCAIR server has put up in their web-site.

Access to NISCAIR full-text download statistics is IP based, hence no one else apart from CSIR scientists have access to this data. To that extent the data is unfiltered, pure, non-intrusive.

The Chi-Square test was carried out for only those publishers (4 in number) for which the data was available for all the three years (2005-2007).

Benefits.. This paper would greatly facilitate my final Ph.D. thesis work as ‘Web Log

Techniques’ are one of the reliable methodologies or tools availableto study the ‘on-line journals usage patterns and the user’s InformationSeeking Behaviour Patterns’.

Very little ‘Indian Studies’ have been carried out and documented in this area. Slide No:43

Concluding Remarks

The coming of age of the electronic journals has altered the way scholarly information is disseminated throughout the world [22],

but also the way in which information is acquired and how scientific researchers seek that needed information.

Today, most Scientists have access to full-text e-journals for their access. And, in most cases, this facility is provided right at their desktops.

We discuss in this paper two popular methodologies that has emerged to study online journal usage and scholarly information seeking behaviour [5], namely: (a) WLA/TLA and (b) Deep Log Analysis.

In this paper, we present the analysis of data (2005-2007) of full-text e-journal downloads of NAL Scientists and Engineers. Data Analyzed from NISCAIR, CSIR Server.

Slide No:44

Concluding Remarks

The major findings that we would like to highlight in this paper are:

The mean number (per-month) of full-text downloads for the

above three years was found to be different through Kruskal Wallis test of ‘One Way Analysis of Variance’ at 1% level of significance and

Chi-Square test was applied on this data to test whether there is independence between the years and the publishers. The calculated value of Chi-Square was found to be 510.6, which is highly significant. Hence we conclude that for the full-text downloads data, the years and the publishers are not independent.

Chi-Square test was carried out with only with 4 publishers for which the full-text data was available for all the three years (2005, 2006, 2007).

Slide No:45

References…1. Tenopir, C and King, D W (2000), “Towards Electronic Journals: Realities for Scientists, Librarians, and Publishers,

Psycoloquy: 11 (084) electronic journals (1) [Special Libraries Association 2000, xxii+488 pp.

2. Garvey, William D (1979), “Communication: The Essence of Science.” Oxford Pergamon Press.

3. Rob Kling, Ewa Callahan (2005), “Electronic Journals, the Internet, and Scholarly Communication”, Indiana University, Bloomington, ARIST, 37(1), pp.127-177.

4. Okerson, A. (2000). Are we there yet? Online e-resources ten years after. Library, Dends,48,671-694.

5. Hamid R. Jamali, David Nicholas and Paul Huntington (2005), “The use and users of scholarly e-journals: a review of log analysis studies”, CIBER, School of Library, Archive and Information Studies, University College, London, London, UK, ASLIB Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 57(6).

6. Nicholas, D., Huttington, P. and Watkinson, A. (2003), “Digital journals, Big Deals and Online searching behaviour: a pilot study”, ASLIB Proceedings, 55(1/2), pp. 84-109.

7. Nicholas, D., Huntington, P. and Watkinson, A (2005). “Scholarly journal usage: the results of deep log analysis”, Journal of Documentation, 61(2), pp.246-80.

8. Nicholas, D., Huttington, P., Watkinson, A. and Jamali, H. R. (2005), “The use of digital scholarly journals and their information seeking behaviour: what deep log analysis and usage data can disclose”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 56(12).

9. Morse, D. H. and Clintworth, W. A. (2000), “Comparing patterns of print and electronic journal use in an academic health science library”, Issues in Science and Technology Librariananship, Vol.28, available at:www.istl.org/00-

fall/refereed.html.

10. Davis, P. and Solla, L. (2003), “An IP-level analysis of usage statistics for electronic journals in chemistry: making inferences about user behaviour”, Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 54(11), pp. 1062-8.

11. Davis, P.M. (2002), “Patterns in electronic journal usage: challenging the composition of geographic consortia”, College and Research Libraries, 63(6), pp. 484-97.

12 Ke, H., Kwakkelaar, R., Tai, Y. and Chen, L. (2002), “Exploring behaviour of e-journal users in science and technology: transaction log analysis of Elsever’s ScienceDirect OnSite in Taiwan”, Library and Information Science Research, 24(3), pp. 265-91.

Slide No:46

References…

13. Tenopir, C. (2003), “Use and users of electronic library resources: an overview and analysis of recent research studies”, Report for the Council on Library and Information Resources, August 2003, available at:www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub120/pub120.pdf (accessed 20 March 2005).

14. Tenner, E. and Zheng Ye, Y. (1999), “End-user acceptance of electronic journals: a case study from a major academic research library”, Technical Services Quarterly, 17(2), pp. 1-14.

15. Worlock, K. (2002), “Electronic journals: user realities – the truth about content usage among the STM community”, Learned Publishing, 15(3), pp. 223-6.

16. Davis, P.M. (2004), “For electronic journals, total download can predict number of users”, Portal: Libraries and the Academy, 4(3), pp. 379-92.

17. National Aerospace Laboratories, www.nal.res.in.

18. www.csir.res.in

19. www.niscair.res.in

20. Kling, R., & McKim, G. (1997). A typology for electronic journals: Characterizing scholarly journals by their distribution forms, (Working Paper No.WP-97-07), Indiana University, Bloomington, Center for Social Informatics. Retrieved, November 16,2001, from http://www.slis.indiana.eddcsi/wp97-07.html

21. Kessler, M. M. (1967), “Some very general design considerations”. In TP system report, Appendix H. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

22. Amy C Gleeson (2001), “Information seeking behaviour of scientists and their adaptation to electronic journals”, Masters paper for the M.S. in Library Science degree, School of Information and Library Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Slide No:47

AcknowledgementsDr A R Upadhya, Director, NAL for all the kind encouragement to approval for presenting this paper.Dr Ranjan Moodithaya, Head, KTMD for kind support and according necessary approvals.Dr M N Satyanarayana, Jt. Head, KTMD for kind support

and according necessary approvals. Mr Prakash Chand, Scientist-in-charge NISCAIR / CSIR

e-journal conglomerate and his colleagues for allowing access to e-journal full-text download data.

Mr Prem Chand, Sc. D (Lib.Sc.) INFLIBNET and his editorial team for stringent review of our paper and

final acceptance. Dr R Samyuktha, Organizing Secretary and her able team for all the excellent arrangements and

audio-visual logistics support.Dr Khaiser Nikam, Chairperson, DOS, LIS and Ph.D. Guide for permitting me to write this paper and providing me an excellent opportunity to present the same amidst such a distinguished gathering.

Slide No:48

AcknowledgementsProf. V G Talwar, Vice Chancellor, Mysore University

for providing excellent research facilities for all Doctoral students.

Prof. Shalini R Urs, Professor and Executive Director, ISIM Dr Mallinath Kumbar, Reader Dr M Chandrashekara, Reader Dr Y Venkatesha, Reader and Dr N S Harinarayana, Reader (DOS, LIS,

Univ. Mysore) for their overwhelming support in all my literary interactions with them at the University of Mysore.

Slide No:49

About the Authors……

Slide No:50

Mr R Guruprasad, Ph.D. Research Scholar, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore and Scientist, Knowledge and Technology Management Division (KTMD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore – 560 017. Email: [email protected], [email protected]

Dr Khaiser Nikam, Ph.D. Research Guide, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore and Chairperson, DOS, LIS, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 006Email: [email protected]

Dr M Gopinath Rao, Professor of Statistics, College of Agriculture, GKVK, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.Email: [email protected]

Dr Vidyadhar Y Mudkavi, Head, Computational and Theoretical Fluid Dynamics Division (CTFD), National Aerospace Laboratories, Bangalore – 560 017, Email: [email protected]

guru prasad

Engineering