guideline prevention-version 170328 - awmf · 2 caries − etiology and pathogenesis dental caries...

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S2k Guideline (unabridged version)

Caries prevention in permanent teeth −

basic recommendations*

AWMF Register No.: 083-021

Status: June 2016

Valid until: May 2021

Leading professional associations:

German Association of Conservative Dentistry Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahnerhaltung (DGZ)

German Society of Dental, Oral and Craniomandibular Sciences Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK)

Other AWMF professional associations involved:

German Society of Paediatric Dentistry Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kinderzahnheilkunde (DGKiZ)

German Society of Prosthetic Dentistry and Biomaterials Deutsche Gesellschaft für Prothetische Zahnmedizin und Biomaterialien e.V. (DGPro)

Other specialist associations/organisations involved:

German Federal Association of Paediatric Dentists Bundesverband der Kinderzahnärzte (BUKiZ)

German Federal Association of Dentists in the Public Health Service Bundesverband der Zahnärzte des Öffentlichen Gesundheitsdienstes e.V. (BZÖG)

German Dental Association Bundeszahnärztekammer (BZÄK)

German Association of Aesthetic Dentistry Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ästhetische Zahnheilkunde e.V. (DGÄZ)

German Association of Endodontics and Dental Traumatology Deutsche Gesellschaft für Endodontologie und zahnärztliche Traumatologie (DGET)

German Nutrition Society Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e.V. (DGE)

Free Association of German Dentists Freier Verband Deutscher Zahnärzte e.V. (FVDZ)

German National Association of Statutory Health Insurance Dentists Kassenzahnärztliche Bundesvereinigung (KZBV)

Association of German Certified Endodontists Verband Deutscher Zertifizierter Endodontologen (VDZE)

German Association of Medical Professions (Qualified Dental Assistants Division) Verband medizinischer Fachberufe e.V. (Referat Zahnmedizinische Fachangestellte)

Agency for Quality in Dentistry Zentrum Zahnärztliche Qualität, ZZQ

*The English translation was critically reviewed for grammar and style by Dr. Gabriela Ibarra, DDS, MS, MPH, Associate Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), Portland, Oregon-USA, and Dr. Gerald E. Denehy, Professor emeritus, College of Denistry and Dental Clinics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA

published

by:

Authors (without voting rights):

Prof. Dr. Werner Geurtsen (DGZ, Guideline Coordinator), Department of Conservative Dentistry,

Periodontology and Preventive Dentistry, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625

Hannover, Germany

Prof. Dr. Elmar Hellwig (DGZ), University Medical Center Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine,

Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, Hugstetter Straße 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany

Prof. Dr. Joachim Klimek (DGZ), retired, formerly: Polyclinic for Conservative and Preventive Dentistry,

Justus Liebig University Gießen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392 Gießen, Germany

Co-authors (with voting rights):

Dr. Jörg Beck (KZBV)

Prof. Dr. Christoph Benz (BZÄK)

Dr. Florian Bertzbach (VDZE, deputy)

Prof. Dr. Andreas Braun (DGET)

Sylvia Gabel (VMF)

drs. Johanna Maria Kant (BuKiZ)

Dr. Peter Kiefner (VDZE)

Nicole Morales Kränzle (VMF, deputy) Dr. Eva Leschik-Bonnet (DGE)

Dr. Pantelis Petrakakis (BZÖG)

Dr. Margrit Richter (DGE, deputy)

Prof. Dr. Stefan Rupf (DGZ)

Prof. Dr. Ulrich Schiffner (DGKiZ)

Annette Schmidt (DGÄZ)

Prof. Dr. Helmut Stark (DGPro)

Dr. Andrea Thumeyer (BuKiZ, deputy)

Prof. Dr. Bernd Wöstmann (DGPro, deputy)

Dr. Thomas Wolf (FVDZ)

Methodological support:

PD Dr. Helmut Sitter (AWMF)

Dr. Silke Auras (DGZMK, Guideline Officer)

Year of creation: June 2016

Present update/ Status: June 2016

Valid until: May 2021

The “guidelines” of the Scientific Medical Professional Societies [Wissenschaftliche

Medizinische Fachgesellschaften] are systematically developed aids for doctors/dentists

in decision-making in specific situations. They are based on current scientific knowledge

and practically established procedures and thus serve to provide more safety in

medicine, while also taking economic aspects into consideration. The “guidelines” are

not legally binding for doctors/ dentists and thus provide neither a basis for liability

claims nor for freedom from liability.

S2k Guideline “Caries prevention in permanent teeth”

Unabridged version Status: June 2016

© DGZ, DGZMK 2

CONTENTS 1 Preamble ......................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Caries − etiology and pathogenesis ................................................................................................ 4

3 Consensus-based and agreed statements and recommendations ................................................ 5

3.1. Mechanical processes for reducing the biofilm ....................................................................... 5

3.2 Influencing the biofilm by the use of chemical compounds ..................................................... 7

3.3 Prevention programs ............................................................................................................... 8

3.4 Fluoridation measures ............................................................................................................. 9

3.5 Nutrition recommendations ................................................................................................... 13

3.6 Saliva stimulation through the use of chewing-gum ............................................................. 15

3.7 Pit and fissure sealing ........................................................................................................... 16

3.8 Basic recommendations on caries prevention in permanent teeth ....................................... 17

Literature ............................................................................................................................................... 18



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1 Preamble The principal objective of conservative dentistry is the preservation of health of the natural or caries-free dentition, as well as that of the restored dentition. This guideline from the German Association of Conservative Dentistry [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahnerhaltung (DGZ)] and the German Society of Dental, Oral and Craniomandibular Sciences [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (DGZMK)] provides basic recommendations for caries prevention in permanent teeth. Attention is paid to recommendations for cases where there is a high risk of caries in accordance with the definition of the American Dental Association (ADA) Council on Access, Prevention and Inter-professional Relations (CAPIR) (1995). No attention is paid to specific recommendations for children of pre-school age and for groups with an especially high risk of caries, e.g. patients who have undergone radiation therapy or with severely limited mobility. Regarding fluoridation measures, the starting date for the literature search was in 2008, because the period before that year had already been covered for the guideline on fluoridation measures for caries prevention (AWMF Register No. 083-021, 2013). This guideline does not address invasive caries treatment (surgical hard tissue intervention), which can also be understood as a measure of secondary prevention, nor the prevention of non-cariogenic loss of hard tooth tissue, such as dental erosion and/or abrasion. The recommendations on nutrition relate solely to caries prevention and are not intended to replace the general recommendations given by the appropriate professional associations. Furthermore, this guideline does not contain any information about the prevention of periodontal diseases. Caries prevention can be carried out as part of an individual prevention program at home and/or in the dental office and also as part of group prevention or public health programs. Accordingly, this guideline is directed to the majority of the population in the Federal Republic of Germany. It has been developed for dentists and other dental health care professionals as well as teachers, parents or other care providers for its implementation. The aim, building on present knowledge about the etiology and pathogenesis of caries, is to provide scientifically sound statements about basic measures and recommendations for caries prevention in permanent teeth. The literature search for the present guideline (2003-2014) yielded only a few new findings from specific clinical studies (see appendix “Methodology and tables of studies”; the studies found are included in the references list). The order in which the various methods for caries prevention are dealt with, is not intended to imply any order of priority, but is based solely on practical considerations. To make the guideline easier to read, masculine and feminine language forms are not used together. All descriptions referencing people apply equally to both sexes. (This does not apply to the English translation of this guideline).



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2 Caries − etiology and pathogenesis Dental caries is a localized disease that affects the teeth, which results from the interaction of a cariogenic, microbial biofilm and certain components of the diet (especially low-molecular-weight carbohydrates). The biofilm develops dynamically and is influenced by microbial metabolic processes and interactions amongst the various microbial species and their interaction with the host. Both, the composition and the “dynamics” of the oral biofilm over time, have their own very different and particular characteristics with corresponding implications for the prevention and treatment of plaque-associated diseases (Filoche et al., 2010). The transition from “healthy” to “diseased” is crucially determined by host factors and the “plaque dynamics”. If the equilibrium between the host and microbial film is disturbed, the balance shifts towards disease (Sbordone and Bortolaia, 2003). Caries develops when, due to the action of microbial acids, demineralization (i.e. the dissolution of minerals) on the tooth surface exceeds the protective and remineralizing influences (factors). During this process, co-factors such as a reduced saliva flow rate, play an additional role. Saliva influences the removal of cariogenic food from the oral cavity (“clearance”) and the neutralization of the acids in the biofilm (Buchalla, 2012). The onset of caries is highly dependent on behaviour. If appropriate preventive measures are taken, carious lesions can be prevented (primary prevention), arrested in their progression (secondary prevention) or remineralized (Longbottom et al., 2009). Primary caries prevention includes: 1. Elimination or monitoring of the microbial factors (cariogenic biofilm) 2. Motivation to adopt a diet that promotes dental health 3. Promotion of the protective mechanisms of the saliva 4. The use of different fluoridation measures, in order to counteract the demineralization of the hard

dental tissue and to promote remineralization, when signs of demineralization first become evident.



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3 Consensus-based and agreed statements and recommendations 3.1. Mechanical processes for reducing the biofilm The term “oral hygiene measures” is used to denote methods for preventing the formation of a pathological plaque and for removing it. Caries results from the metabolic activity of a pathogenic, bacterial biofilm on the teeth. Therefore, it seems obvious and biologically plausible that caries can be prevented if this biofilm is removed mechanically or influenced chemically in an appropriate way. There is a solid body of evidence confirming that brushing the teeth twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste reduces caries prevalence, and that brushing with a fluoride-containing toothpaste more than once a day has shown a better caries-preventive effect than brushing only once a day (Hellwig et al., 2013; Marinho et al., 2003; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001). However, it is impossible to deduce from the relevant studies, what proportion of the caries-preventive effect is due to the action of the fluoride and what proportion is due to the mechanical removal of the biofilm. There are no appropriately carried-out clinical studies available that prove that caries can, in fact, be prevented solely by means of mechanical oral hygiene measures (Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, 2002; Davies et al., 2003; National Oral Health Promotion Clearing House, 2011). In this context, during the present literature search, it was only possible to find one longitudinal cohort study in which data was collected regarding the correlation between the frequency of tooth brushing and the development of new carious lesions within the framework of a 5-year prospective study of children ages 6-10 years who were undergoing restorative treatment consisting of direct fillings (Maserejian et al., 2009). Due to the lack of appropriate studies, the assumption that a reduction in the incidence of caries can result from the removal of plaque by an individual´s own initiative, can only be demonstrated by means of surrogate parameters. Toothbrushing once a day leads to an average plaque reduction of 42%. Depending on the plaque index used, the values vary between 30% and 53% (Slot et al., 2012). It is unclear whether a reduction in plaque on this scale is always linked to a reduction in the risk of caries. It is assumed, however, that the caries-inhibiting effect of toothbrushing probably depends on the quality, rather than on the frequency of toothbrushing (Brothwell et al., 1998). In this context, the time allotted to oral hygiene measures plays an important role in this caries-inhibiting effect. On average, a 27% reduction in plaque is achieved with 1 minute of toothbrushing and a 41% reduction is achieved with 2 minutes of toothbrushing (Slot et al., 2012). However, there is no clear data regarding the exact duration, frequency, timing and method of toothbrushing for optimal benefit (Attin and Hornecker, 2005). Both, manual toothbrushes and electrically powered toothbrushes can be used to remove the biofilm. In short-term as well as in long-term studies, it was possible to remove more plaque with electrically powered toothbrushes than with manual toothbrushes. It is, however, unclear whether these results have any clinical relevance (Sicilia et al., 2002, Yaacob et al., 2014). The teeth should be cleaned after meals to ensure the removal of any biofilm that is present, as well as of food debris, which could be available as a substrate for cariogenic bacteria. Nonetheless, there is no evidence for these recommendations from randomized clinical studies. As a general recommendation for oral hygiene, the individualized cleaning technique should be optimized and a systematic approach should be practiced. Due to the fact that toothbrushes are unable to penetrate completely into the interdental space, aids such as dental floss or interdental brushes are often recommended. It seems plausible that the risk of interproximal caries is reduced through regular use of dental floss or interdental brushes. However, a considerable reduction in interproximal caries has only been demonstrated in one study involving small children with poor oral hygiene habits and low fluoride intake (Wright et al., 1979). In all other studies, there is no proof of a reduction in caries through the regular use of dental floss (Hujoel et al., 2006). Even in the Cochrane Review of Sambunjak et al. (2011) on the effectiveness of flossing in addition to teeth-cleaning to prevent gum disease and tooth decay in adults, the authors came to the conclusion that no studies exist regarding the caries-preventive effect of dental floss in adults. There is also only weak, unreliable evidence that a slight reduction in interproximal plaque is achieved through the additional use of dental floss (Berchier et al., 2008; Sambunjak et al., 2011). Good mechanical removal of the biofilm with the toothbrush with simultaneous use of fluoride seems to



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obscure the caries-inhibiting effect of the regular use of dental floss. No studies are available on the correlations between the use of interdental brushes and caries. In the Cochrane Review of Poklepovic et al. (2013), the effectiveness of the use of interdental brushes in addition to toothbrushing was compared with toothbrushing alone or toothbrushing and flossing, regarding the prevention of periodontal disease, dental plaque formation and caries development in adults. In none of the studies included in this review, was there any data collected on the parametercaries. Thus the use of dental floss, just like the use of interdental brushes for interproximal hygiene, is based first and foremost on the conclusion that plaque can be removed more effectively with these aids than with the toothbrush alone and that consequently, there is also a resulting caries-inhibiting effect. There is insufficient evidence, based on well-designed clinical trials, about the effectiveness of mechanical biofilm removal by means of toothbrushing alone to prevent caries. However, the caries-prevention effectiveness of toothbrushing with fluoride toothpaste has been proven. There is insufficient evidence, based on well-designed clinical trials, about the effectiveness of interproximal mechanical biofilm removal alone regarding caries prevention. However, through the incorporation of methods to clean the interdental spaces, food debris and perhaps cariogenic microorganisms are removed. Consented recommendation: As basic prevention, patients should clean their teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride toothpaste using a method which eliminates as much of the biofilm as possible. Depending on the patient, different toothbrushes may be used. If food debris and biofilm cannot be adequately removed through toothbrushing alone, hygiene aids in the interproximal spaces (dental floss, interdental brushes) should be used in addition.



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3.2 Influencing the biofilm by the use of chemical compounds Apart from mechanical aids, different chemical compounds in toothpastes as well as in mouthwashes, gels and varnishes are used to influence the metabolism and to prevent the growth of cariogenic microorganisms. Reviews show that the use of such products leads to a reduction in bacteria. The available data regarding the caries-reducing effect is, however, weak and inconsistent (Van Rijkom et al., 1996; Bader et al., 2001; Anderson, 2003; Derks et al., 2004; Zhang et al., 2006 a, b; Autio-Gold, 2008; James et al., 2010; Marsh, 2010; Rethmann et al., 2011; Rodrigues et al., 2011; Gluzman et al., 2013, Simon-Soro and Mira, 2015). No additional caries-preventive effect is detectable when chemical plaque inhibitors are used, especially in patients who practice appropriate care with fluoride products. Nevertheless, a caries-reducing effect in pit and fissures in erupting molars and in root caries can be established for chlorhexidine varnishes (Twetman, 2004; Slot et al., 2011). It is evident from a systematic review of toothpastes containing triclosan/copolymer that its addition leads to a slight reduction in caries (DMF-S) in the coronal area of the teeth (Riley and Lamont, 2013). There is also weak evidence of the effectiveness of triclosan/copolymer with respect to root surface caries. However, it is questionable whether this slight reduction is clinically relevant. The question of oral microorganisms possibly developing resistance following the use of triclosan-containing oral hygiene products has not yet been resolved conclusively (Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung, 2006 and 2009). The addition of arginine to toothpastes also leads to a reduction in caries in the coronal and root areas, which can be interpreted as being additional to the effect of fluoride (Hu et al., 2013; Kraivaphan et al., 2013; Souza et al., 2013; Srisilapanan et al., 2013). Here, as well, the evidence from studies is yet not sufficient to make a clear clinical recommendation regarding its use for basic prevention. No recommendation can be made regarding the use of other chemical compounds (e.g. essential oils, cetylpyridinium chloride, phenols) for caries prevention. Influencing the biofilm by the use of chemical compounds

Consented recommendation: The professional use of CHX varnishes containing at least 1% CHX can be recommended for caries prevention in erupting permanent teeth or in the exposed root area.



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3.3 Prevention programs With an overall approach, including the use of different preventive measures, it is possible to reduce caries significantly. This has been shown in carefully carried out clinical studies for all age groups (Hamp et al., 1978, 1984; Axelsson and Lindhe, 1974, 1978; Axelsson et al., 2004). However, these studies do not allow any statement about the relative effectiveness of individual measures to be made. Preventive programs often involve a combination of information, motivation and instruction at various time intervals as well as various types of fluoride applications. Hugoson et al. (2007) compared the effect of various programs on plaque and gingivitis in young adults. All programs led to a reduction in the plaque and gingival indexes. Most programs in which fluoridation measures were also carried out resulted in a 30-70% reduction in caries. It was not possible to show that a certain combination of measures or certain fluoride products were more effective than others (The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, 2002). Prevention programs

Consented recommendation: By combining various prevention measures, it is possible to reduce caries considerably. Participation in structured prevention programs should be recommended especially to patients with a high risk of caries.



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3.4 Fluoridation measures One of the most important cornerstones of individual and group-based caries prevention is the use of different fluoride-containing products. Numerous meta-analyses and systematic reviews (Gluzman et al., 2013; Heijnsbroek et al., 2007 Marinho et al., 2002 a,b, 2003 a,b, 2004; SCTAHC, 2002) have come to the conclusion that the use of fluoride-containing products leads to different, but significant, caries reduction rates. In 2005, the AWMF published a guideline on fluoridation measures for caries prevention, which was updated in 2013 (AWMF Register No. 083- 001, Hellwig et al., 2013). The recommendations below are based on the AWMF guideline. The publications mentioned in the various chapters and in the tables of studies in this guideline, which relate to studies available after the completion of the AWMF guideline, confirm the recommendations given in the latter guideline. However, statements concerning fluoridation measures regarding children of pre-school age have not been taken into consideration in the present guideline. As a basic rule, when fluoridation measures are employed, the total intake of fluoride that is swallowed from the products used and the intake of fluoride from food and drink should not exceed a value of 0.05 mg fluoride per kg of body weight per day (EFSA, 2013). With regard to recommendations for fluoridation measures, attention must be paid to the fluoride content in drinking water. The 2013 fluoride guideline was based on a literature search up to the year 2008. Consequently, for the present guideline the literature search was limited to the years 2009-2013. Fluoride-containing toothpaste Both, systematic reviews as well as fluoride recommendations from different professional associations, arrive consistently to the conclusion that the daily use of fluoride toothpaste (1000 to 1500 ppm fluoride) represents an effective method for caries prevention in children and adolescents (Marinho et al., 2003; American Academy of Pediatrics, 2008; Canadian Dental Association, 2012; European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry, 2009; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Networks, 2005; The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care, 2002; Walsh et al., 2010). In this context, it is evident that the effectiveness is dependent on dose and that in addition, there is a direct relation to the frequency of use. There is little scientific evidence for the cariostatic effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste in older adults. However, nothing indicates that the preventive effect differs significantly from that in younger people (McGrath et al, 2009; Davies, 2004; Griffin et al., 2007; Heijnsbrock et al., 2007). Moreover, the use of a high-concentration fluoride toothpaste (5000 ppm F) seems to play an important role in the prevention of root surface caries (Baysan et al., 2001; Ekstrand et al., 2013; Gluzman et al., 2013). In the systematic literature search for this guideline, six new original articles were identified (see tables; the publications are contained in the list of references) which met the criteria for a clinical study. In addition, numerous reviews were identified as well that did not lead to any new knowledge from the one compiled in the original guideline on fluoridation measures. Consequently, they have not been taken into consideration. In the studies in which fluoride toothpaste was used to prevent caries, other prevention measures were carried out simultaneously, therefore the caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoride toothpaste alone could not be assessed. In summary, it is possible to refer to the statement from the 2013 guideline on fluoridation measures for caries prevention [“Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe”]: “The use of fluoride toothpaste containing at least 1000 ppm fluoride is a widespread and effective caries-preventive measure; the effectiveness of which has been proven beginning at school age. Therefore, it is recommended that the teeth be cleaned with a toothpaste that contains at least 1000 ppm fluoride from the moment the permanent teeth erupt. The effectiveness increases if the frequency of toothbrushing is increased from once to twice daily and if the toothpaste has a higher concentration of fluoride.”



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Fluoride varnish In most of the clinical studies identified in the literature search (see tables in the Appendix; the relevant publications are included in the list of references) and the reviews, it was evident that fluoride varnishes have a caries-preventive effect. However, the studies investigated different groups of patients. In addition, the varnishes containing fluoride were applied at different frequencies. In patients with a risk of root caries there is substantial evidence that quarterly treatments with fluoride varnish lead to a reduction in caries. This is also confirmed in a recent literature review by Gluzman et al. (2013) and in another review by Petersson (2013). Overall, no new information in addition to the one already contained in the guideline on fluoridation measures (Hellwig et al., 2013) was found during the review of these clinical studies. It follows that the recommendations of the 2013 guideline on fluoridation measures still apply without restriction: “In the case of children and young people a fluoride varnish should be applied twice a year. The local application of a fluoride varnish can be carried out regardless of any other general fluoridation measures already in use. Regarding patients with a very high risk of caries, the frequency of fluoride applications should be more than twice (normally four times) a year, because then an enhanced caries-reducing effect can be expected.” The varnishes are to be applied by the dentist or delegated to trained dental personal (e.g. dental hygienist, qualified dental assistant). The use of fluoride varnish should also be considered as an additional caries-preventive measure for adults (Marinho et al., 2002, 2004). Fluoride gel Seven recently identified studies (see tables and references) confirm the statement made in the guideline on fluoridation measures (Hellwig, et al. 2014), that fluoride gels have a caries-preventive effect. This also applies to preventing and arresting root surface caries (Leake, 2001). The application of fluoride gels (in Germany gels with a fluoride concentration of 1.25 % are used for the most part) leads to the inactivation and remineralization of initial carious lesions, especially in caries-active patients. However, the results are very heterogeneous. Fluoride tablets Three studies were identified that demonstrated a caries-reducing effect of fluoride tablets. However, the evidence in the study published by Meyer-Lückel et al. (2010) is lessened by numerous confounding variables. In the investigation by Liu et al. (2013), mentally disabled children were studied in a special program. Here, the fluoride tablets were dissolved slowly in the mouth and led to a 30.4% reduction in caries (DMFT). The investigation by Stecksen-Blicks et al. (2008) concluded that the use of xylitol-containing fluoride tablets for dissolution in the mouth (sucking) does not represent a suitable preventive measure for children with a high risk of caries because compliance is poor. There is still a lack of recent randomized studies on the use of fluoride tablets (Espelid, 2009). It can be concluded from this, that fluoride tablets are effective for preventing caries under certain conditions (see also 2013 guideline on fluoridation measures), but that its effectiveness is linked to good patient compliance. The recommendation from the guideline on fluoridation measures is as follows: “Fluoride tablets are effective for preventing caries. They should be dissolved in the mouth (sucked) after the eruption of teeth in order to maximize the topical active component. If a relevant amount of fluoridated table salt is consumed regularly, the administration of fluoride tablets should be discontinued.” This also applies if the teeth are brushed twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste.



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Fluoridated table salt The use of fluoridated table salt can be recommended as a further basic fluoridation measure. The scientific evidence for the cariostatic effect of fluoridated table salt is, however, weak in countries in which other fluoridation measures (fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish, etc.) are already in use. In a review by Espelid (2009) it is concluded that there are no randomized clinical studies on the caries-reducing effect of fluoridated table salt. During the literature search for the present guideline, no new clinical studies concerning the fluoridation of table salt were found. However, in a meta-analysis by Yengopal et al. in 2010, they concluded that the fluoridation of table salt contributes to a reduction in caries in children and adolescents (age group 6-15 years). Therefore, this guideline must refer to the information contained in the AMWF guideline on fluoridation measures (Hellwig et al., 2013): “It has been reported that the fluoridation of table salt has a caries-preventive effect. In countries where there is already a high level of caries prevention, an additional beneficial effect of the use of fluoridated table salt cannot be quantitatively demonstrated.” Fluoride-containing mouthwashes The use of fluoride-containing mouthwashes has a caries-preventive effect.

With regard to fluoride-containing mouthwashes, a total of five clinical studies were identified for the present guideline. However, due to the design of the trials, they provide relatively little information (see tables and references). Therefore, regarding the use of fluoride mouthwashes, reference must be made again to the AMWF guideline on fluoridation measures (Hellwig et al., 2013): “In children with a high risk of caries, the daily supervised use of mouthwashes (with a concentration of 0.05 % NaF) or the once weekly supervised use of a mouthwash (0.2 % NaF), leads to a significant reduction in the caries incidence. Due to the fact that this effect is not dependent on the use of other fluoride-containing products, e.g. toothpastes, the use of a fluoride mouthwash is recommended for children and young people with a high caries risk. On the basis of the available evidence from studies it can be assumed that fluoride-containing mouthwashes contribute to the prevention of caries in young people (especially if orthodontic treatment is carried out with fixed appliances).” Fluoride-containing mouthwashes should also be used to prevent root caries. This is confirmed in a systematic review from 2003 by Marinho et al. Fluoride application in prevention programs Four clinical studies (Featherstone et al., 2012; Hadler-Olsen et al, 2012; Monse et al., 2013; Nakamura et al., 2009) were identified in which different fluoride preparations were used. However, they were used within the framework of complex prevention programs, so the relative caries-preventive effectiveness of fluoridation could not be assessed in itself. Summary: Fluoride-containing toothpastes: The daily use of fluoride toothpaste is an effective method of caries prevention. The effectiveness depends on the fluoride concentration and the frequency of use. This applies both to children and young people and to adults. Fluoridated table salt: The caries-inhibiting action of fluoridated table salt has been proven. However, the isolated effect is difficult to prove in countries in which other fluoridation measures (fluoride toothpaste, fluoride varnish etc.) are already carried out.



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Fluoride varnishes and gels: There is evidence of the caries-preventive effect of fluoride varnishes and fluoride gels. In this context the varnishes or gels are applied professionally. Gels can also be used by the patients themselves (brushing). If there is high caries activity the preventive effect is improved when the frequency of application is increased. This applies also to the prevention and arresting of root surface caries (Leake, 2001). Here, a quarterly application of fluoride varnish or the use of fluoride gels is recommended. Fluoride-containing mouthwashes: The use of fluoride-containing mouthwashes has a caries-preventive effect, especially in patients with a high caries risk (e.g. orthodontic treatment). The daily use of fluoride-containing mouthwashes is recommended for patients with root caries risk. Fluoridation measures

Consented recommendation: Patients should brush their teeth with a fluoride-containing toothpaste. In addition to this, fluoridated table salt should always be used in the home. Also, the use of a toothpaste with a high fluoride concentration and fluoride varnishes, gels or mouthwashes may be indicated (especially in relation to caries-active patients).



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3.5 Nutrition recommendations There is convincing evidence available from animal studies and from epidemiological and experimental studies in humans that a correlation exists between the quantity and frequency of the intake of free sugars and the onset of caries. Up until about 1970, it was possible to find a very positive correlation between sugar consumption and the prevalence of caries in a number of countries (Sreebny, 1982). Following the introduction of fluoridation measures, however, only a weak correlation is detectable (Burt and Pai, 2001). Sugars, in this sense, are all mono- and disaccharides. Free sugars are all sugars that are added to foods by either manufacturers or consumers, as well as the sugars that are present naturally in honey, fruit juices, syrup etc. Other fermentable carbohydrates are also cariogenic, but epidemiological studies have shown that starchy basic foods and fresh fruits are only weakly associated with caries. The cariogenicity of uncooked starch is very low; that of finely-ground and heat-treated starch is higher, but not as high as that of sugars (Moynihan and Petersen 2004; Sheiham, 2001). There are very few randomized clinical studies in the literature that address the question of the correlation between sugar consumption and caries. The reason for this is that it is very difficult to entirely eliminate the consumption of sugar and sugar-containing foods and drinks. Previously, in the Turku sugar study, sucrose was entirely replaced with xylitol and fructose in a strictly controlled manner (Scheinin et al., 1976). On behalf of the WHO, Moynihan and Kelly (2014) examined all the available data related to the correlation between the quantity of sugar consumption (per day or year or as a percentage of the total energy intake) and the prevalence of caries. In 5 out of 8 cohort studies that were included, more caries was found where sugar consumption was >10%, as opposed to <10%, of the total energy requirement. The effect of a further reduction in the quantity of sugar to below 5% of the total energy requirement has not been adequately demonstrated. Anderson et al. (2009) found a significant correlation between the total quantity of sugar consumption and caries in only 6 out of 15 of the studies included in their review. However, in a different set of studies, 19 out of 31 showed a significant correlation between the frequency of sugar consumption and caries. Examples that can be mentioned in this regard are two studies in children, which concluded that the risk of caries increases considerably as a result of more than four or five sugar-containing snacks between meals (sweet foods and/or sweet drinks in addition to three main meals) (Holbrook et al., 1989, 1995; Kalsbeek and Verrips, 1994). In the current literature search, cohort studies, cross-sectional studies and population studies were used. In six studies the correlation between the total sugar consumption and the consumption of NME sugars (non-milk extrinsic sugars) and caries in children or young people was investigated (Ruottinen et al., 2004; Masson et al., 2010; Marshall et al., 2007; McIntyre et al., 2006; Jamel et al., 2004; Downer et al., 2008). The results of these studies are inconsistent. Viewed as a whole, however, a correlation between sugar consumption and caries is proven in most cases. In three studies involving pre-school children and schoolchildren the correlation between the frequency of sugar consumption and caries was investigated (Johansson et al., 2010; Lee and Messer, 2010; Marshall et al., 2005). Overall, in these studies the correlation between frequent consumption of sugar-containing foods and/or drinks between the main meals and caries was confirmed. Only in one study, the correlation between sugar intake and caries was studied in adults aged 30-89 years (Bernabe et al., 2016). In this longitudinal study, the total quantity but not the frequency of sugar intake, was associated with caries. Moreover, the association was weaker, if the adults used fluoride-containing toothpaste every day. As part of caries prevention, it is common in dental practice to recommend that patients reduce the amount and frequency of their sugar consumption, based on the previously described knowledge. The question of whether caries is in fact reduced as a result of these dental recommendations, has not been investigated to date (Lingström et al., 2003; Harris et al., 2010). Sugar replacements (polyols) such as sorbitol and xylitol as well as sweeteners such as cyclamate and aspartame, cannot be metabolized by oral microorganisms, or can only be metabolized into acids to a very small extent and therefore, are not cariogenic (Matsukubo and Takazoe, 2006; Van Loveren, 2004). Although high-quality clinical studies in this area are not available in sufficient numbers, it is biologically plausible that the risk of caries can be reduced through complete or partial



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replacement of sugar by sugar substitutes or sweeteners (Lingström et al., 2003). In four reviews (Van Loveren, 2004; Antonio et al., 2011; Fontana and Gonzales-Cabezas, 2012; Riley et al., 2015) a possible caries-preventive effect of xylitol is examined independently of its use as xylitol chewing-gum. All four reviews come to the conclusion that up to this point, there has been no adequate proof that xylitol has a caries-preventive effect. In the current literature search, three clinical studies were identified in which similarly, no caries-inhibiting effect of xylitol could be established (Stecksen-Blicks et al., 2008; Lenkkeri et al., 2012; Bader et al., 2013). In a secondary evaluation of the study by Bader et al. (2013) carried out by Ritter et al. (2013), a significant caries-preventive effect on root surface caries was found in adults with high caries risk. This result however, must be viewed with certain caution, because root surface caries was not the primary end point of the study. Overall, there is no adequate evidence that sugar replacements have a caries-preventive effect. Nutrition

Consented recommendations: The total quantity of daily sugar intake and the number of sugar-containing meals (main meals and snacks between meals) including sugary drinks should be kept to a minimum. Foods and drinks without free sugars should be preferred.



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3.6 Saliva stimulation through the use of chewing-gum The onset and progression of caries are influenced in a variety of ways by protective salivary factors. In this context, the neutralization of acids by the buffering capacity of the saliva, the removal of food components from the oral cavity by its rinsing function (clearance) and its the remineralizing effect are especially important (Dawes, 2008). These effects become more evident, as the saliva production increases. A sufficient quantity of saliva (0.5 - 1 litre per day) is thus regarded as a cornerstone of oral health (Buchalla, 2012). Therefore, it seems biologically plausible that the act of chewing with the consequent increase in saliva flow rate, can reduce the incidence and progression of caries. The action of chewing sugar-free gum can increase both, the saliva flow rate and the saliva pH, and can also lower the formation of plaque and the concentrations of mutant streptococci and lactobacilli in the saliva (Ship, 2004; Ribelles Lop et al., 2010). This has been demonstrated in various clinical experimental studies (Holgerson et al., 2007; Dawes and Kubieniec, 2004; Dawes and Macpherson, 1992; Edgar, 1998; Mäkinen et al., 2008; Morgan et al., 2008; Wang et al., 2012). The caries-preventive effect of chewing sugar-free gum at least three times a day has been investigated in numerous clinical studies. As an example, studies of eight- to nine-year-old children and of eight- to thirteen-year-old children have shown a significantly lower progression of caries after 24 months in the group which chewed gum in comparison with the control group, which did not use the chewing-gum (Kandelman and Gagnon, 1990; Szöke et al., 2001). Peng et al. (2004) reported that after two years, there was significantly less caries formation in six- to seven-year-old children who received instruction on oral hygiene and also chewed gum for two years, than in the group that only received instruction on oral hygiene or in the control group who did not receive any instruction on oral hygiene nor chewed gum. Accordingly, on the basis of a meta-analysis, the ADA Center for Evidence-Based Dentistry (2011) established that chewing sugar-free gum for 10 to 20 minutes after meals can reduce the caries incidence in children and adolescents between the ages of five and sixteen years. In a systematic review the authors concluded, on the basis of six clinical studies, that there is objectively good to very good evidence that sugar-free gum can have an anti-cariogenic effect. According to them, this is due to the saliva stimulation effect especially after meals and perhaps also to the inability of the bacteria to metabolize the polyols within the chewing gum into acids (Mickenautsch et al., 2007). Other systematic reviews also come to the conclusion that regular chewing of sugar-free gum has a caries-preventive effect and can therefore be recommended as part of the basic measures for caries prevention (Van Loveren, 2004; Deshpande and Jadad, 2008). The saliva flow can also be increased significantly by means of other gustatory and masticatory stimuli. Possibilities here are, for example, the sucking of sugar-free sweets or drops, though they must not contain any acidic ingredients. Regarding these methods for stimulation of the salivary flow, there is no evidence of their effectiveness available from clinical studies. Saliva stimulation through the use of chewing-gum

Consented recommendations: Regular chewing of sugar-free gum can contribute additionally to caries prevention and therefore, can be recommended especially after meals.



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3.7 Pit and fissure sealing Pits and fissures on molars that are erupting or have just erupted are considered to be at a very high risk of developing caries in children and adolescents. In the period between the years of 2003-2013, several systematic reviews were published on the topic of “sealing of pits and fissures”. In addition, there is a guideline from the European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry (Welbury et al., 2004), a guideline from the AWMF (Kühnisch et al., 2010) and an evidence-based clinical recommendation from the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs (Beauchamp et al., 2008) in respect to this topic. The Cochrane Collaboration systematic review of Ahovuo-Saloranta et al. (2013) summarizes the most relevant clinical articles on pit and fissure sealing and makes an assessment of them. No clinical data is available from the German-speaking areas in the period between 2003-2013, that can be considered for the guideline. Incorporated into the systematic review of the Cochrane Collaboration were randomized and quasi-randomized clinical studies lasting at least 12 months, in which patient groups with and without pit and fissure sealants were compared. Studies were also included, in which various sealing materials for the prevention of occlusal caries in children and young people under the age of 20 years were compared. The end point of the studies was the increase in the number of carious lesions on the occlusal surfaces of the premolars and molars. In total 34 studies were included; twelve studies compared groups with and without sealants and twenty one studies compared different sealing materials. In this context, it was shown that children and young people in whom the occlusal surfaces of molars had been sealed, developed less caries than those in whom sealants had not been used. An investigation from this review, which extended over nine years, was able to demonstrate that 27% of the sealed molars developed caries, whereas 77% of the unsealed molars developed caries (Bravo, 2005). Accordingly, the sealing of pits and fissures is a recommended measure for preventing caries on the occlusal surfaces. This applies especially to children with a high risk of caries; there is insufficient information for other patient groups. The aforementioned publications can serve as the basis for the present chapters of this guideline. Accordingly, the basic recommendations published in the 2010 AWMF guideline on pit and fissure sealing (Register No. 083/002; Kühnisch et al.) continue to be valid: “The sealing of pits and fissures is an effective prevention method that is tooth-surface specific for permanent teeth, which provides most benefit during the years of childhood and youth. The aim is to transform a plaque-retentive fissure topography into a tooth surface that is amenable to prevention. “The indication for pit and fissure sealing should be determined after an examination to diagnose caries. The indication for pit and fissure sealing applies in the case of pits and fissures that are healthy, plaque-retentive and at risk for developing caries as well as in the case of pits and fissures that are affected by non-cavitated carious lesions. “Priority for early sealing should be given to patients with a high risk of caries”. “Contraindications with respect of pit and fissure sealing are extensive occlusal dentine lesions and decidious molars whose exfoliation is imminent.” If an indication exists, pits and fissures with a high risk of caries in premolars, anterior teeth and permanent teeth can be sealed under an individualized dental care program (Beauchamp et al., 2008). Pit and Fissure sealants

Consented recommendation: As part of a preventive plan, pits and fissures at risk of developing caries should be sealed.



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3.8 Basic recommendations on caries prevention in permanent teeth Basic recommendations on caries prevention in permanent teeth:

Chapter 1 Mechanical methods for reducing the biofilm: As basic prevention, patients should brush their teeth at least twice a day with a fluoride-containing toothpaste in a manner that removes as much of the biofilm as possible. Depending on the patient, different toothbrushes may be used. If food debris and biofilm cannot be adequately removed by toothbrushing alone, aids for the hygiene in the interproximal spaces (dental floss, interdental brushes) should be used in addition.

Chapter 2 Influencing the biofilm by the use of chemical compounds: The professional use of CHX varnishes containing at least 1% CHX can be recommended for caries prevention in erupting permanent teeth or in the exposed root area.

Chapter 3 Prevention programs: By combining various preventive measures, it is possible to considerably reduce caries. Participation in structured prevention programs should be recommended, especially to patients with a high risk of caries.

Chapter 4 Fluoridation measures: Patients should brush their teeth with a fluoride-containing toothpaste. In addition to this, fluoridated table salt should always be used at home. Moreover, the use of toothpaste with a high concentration of fluoride as well as fluoride varnishes, gels or mouthwashes may be indicated (in particular for caries-active patients).

Chapter 5 Nutrition: The total quantity of daily sugar intake and the number of sugar-containing meals (main meals and snacks between meals) including sugary drinks should be kept to a minimum. Foods and drinks without free sugars should be preferred.

Chapter 6 Saliva stimulation through the use of chewing-gum: Regular chewing of sugar-free gum can additionally contribute to caries prevention and can therefore, be recommended especially after meals.

Chapter 7 Pit and Fissure sealing: As part of a preventive plan, pits and fissures at risk of developing caries should be sealed.



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Literature Chapter 1 (Preamble) 1. ADA Council on Access, Prevention and Interprofessional Relations: Caries diagnosis and risk

assessment. JADA 126, 1S-24S (1995) Chapter 2 (Caries − etiology and pathogenesis) 1. Buchalla W: Multitalent Speichel: Bekanntes und Neues zu Zusammensetzung und Funktion.

Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 67, 438–446 (2012) 2. Filoche S, Wong L, Sissons CH: Oral Biofilms: Emerging Concepts in Microbial Ecology. J

Dent Res 89, 8–18 (2010) 3. Longbottom C, Ekstrand K, Zero D: Traditional preventive treatment options. Monogr Oral 21,

149-155 (2009) 4. Sbordone L, Bortolaia C: Oral microbial biofilms and plaque-related diseases: microbial

communities and their role in the shift from oral health to disease. Clin Oral Invest 7, 181-188 (2003)

Chapter 3.1 (Mechanical procedures for reducing the biofilm) 1. Attin T, Hornecker E: Tooth brushing and oral health: how frequently and when should tooth

brushing be performed? Oral Health Prev Dent 3, 135-140 (2005)

2. Berchier CE, Slot DE, Haps S, Van der Weijden GA: The efficacy of dental floss in addition to a toothbrush on plaque and parameters of gingival inflammation: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 6, 265-279 (2008)

3. Brothwell DJ, Jutai DK, Hawkins RJ: An update of mechanical oral hygiene practices: evidence-based recommendations for disease prevention. J Can Dent Assoc 64, 295-306 (1998)

4. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations for using fluoride to prevent and control dental caries in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 17; 50(RR-14):1-42 (2001)

5. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083-001 (2013)

6. Hujoel PP, Cunha-Cruz J, Banting DW, Loesche WJ: Dental flossing and interproximal caries: a systematic review. J Dent Res 85, 298-305 (2006)

7. Maserejian NN, Tavares MA, Hayes C, Soncini JA, Trachtenberg FL: Prospective study of 5-year caries increment among children receiving comprehensive dental care in the New England children's amalgam trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 37, 9-18 (2009)

8. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003;(1):CD002278

9. National Oral Health Promotion Clearing House: Oral health messages for the Australian public. Findings of a national consensus workshop. Aust Dent J 56, 331-335 (2011)

10. Poklepovic T, Worthington HV, Johnson TM, Sambunjak D, Imai P, Clarkson JE Tugwell P: Interdental brushing for the prevention and control of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Dec 18;12:CD009857

11. Sambunjak D, Nickerson J.W, Poklepovic T, Johnson TM, Imai P, Tugwell P, Worthington HV: Flossing for the management of periodontal diseases and dental caries in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Dec 7;(12):CD008829

12. Sicilia A, Arregui I, Gallego M, Cabezas B, Cuesta S: A systematic review of powered vs. manual toothbrushes in periodontal cause-related therapy. J Clin Periodontol 29 (Suppl. 3), 39-54 (2002)

13. Slot DE, Wiggelinkhuizen L, Rosema NAM, van der Weijden GA: The efficacy of manual toothbrushes following a brushing exercise: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hygiene 10, 187-197 (2012)

14. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care: Prevention of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review: 2002 http://www.sbu.se/upload/Publikationer/Content0/1/dentalcare_2002/dentalcarieslut.pdf

15. Wright GZ, Banting DW, Feasby WH: The Dorchester dental flossing study: final report. Clin



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Prev Dent 1, 23-26 (1979) 16. Yaacob M, Worthington HV, Deacon SA, Deery C, Walmsley AD, Robinson PG, Glenny AM:

Powered versus manual toothbrushing for oral health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 6. Art. No.: CD002281

Chapter 3.2 (Influencing the biofilm by chemical means)

1. Anderson MH: A review of the efficacy of chlorhexidine on dental caries and the caries infection. J Calif Dent Assoc 31, 211-214 (2003)

2. Autio-Gold J: The role of chlorhexidine in caries prevention. Oper Dent 33, 710-716 (2008) 3. Baca P, Clavero J, Baca AP, González-Rodríguez MP, Bravo M, Valderrama MJ: Effect of

chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on root caries in a geriatric population: a randomized double-blind clinical trial. J Dent 37, 679-685 (2009)

4. Baca P, Junco P, Bravo M, Baca AP, Muñoz MJ: Caries incidence in permanent first molars after discontinuation of a school-based chlorhexidine-thymol varnish program. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 31, 179-183 (2003)

5. Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ: A systematic review of selected caries prevention and management methods. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 29, 399-411 (2001)

6. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung: Triclosan nur im ärztlichen Bereich anwenden, um Resistenzbildungen vorzubeugen. Stellungnahme Nr. 030 (2006)

7. Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung: BFR unterstützt Verwendungsverbot von Triclosan in Lebensmittelbedarfsgegenständen. Stellungnahme Nr. 031 (2009)

8. Derks A, Katsaros C, Frencken JE, van't Hof MA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM: Caries-inhibiting effect of preventive measures during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. A systematic review. Caries Res 38, 413-420 (2004)

9. Ersin NK, Eden E, Eronat N, Totu FI, Ates M: Effectiveness of 2-year application of school-based chlorhexidine varnish, sodium fluoride gel, and dental health education programs in high-risk adolescents. Quintessence Int 39, e45-51 (2008)

10. Gisselsson H, Emilson CG, Birkhed D, Björn AL: Approximal caries increment in two cohorts of schoolchildren after discontinuation of a professional flossing program with chlorhexidine gel. Caries Res 39, 350-356 (2005)

11. Gluzman R, Katz RV, Frey BJ, McGowan R: Prevention of root caries: a literature review of primary and secondary preventive agents. Spec Care Dentist 33, 133-140 (2013)

12. Gokalp S, Başeren M: Use of laser fluorescence in monitoring the durability and cariostatic effects of fluoride and chlorhexidine varnishes on occlusal caries: a clinical study. Quintessence Int 36, 183-189 (2005)

13. Hadler-Olsen S, Sandvik K,El-Agroudi MA, Øgaard B: The incidence of caries and white spot lesions in orthodontically treated adolescents with a comprehensive caries prophylactic regimen – a prospective study. Eur J Orthodont 34, 633-639 (2012)

14. Hausen H, Seppä L, Poutanen R, Niinimaa A, Lahti S, Kärkkäinen S, Pietilä I: Noninvasive control of dental caries in children with active initial lesions. Caries Res 41, 384-391 (2007)

15. Hu DY, Yin W, Li X, Feng Y, Zhang YP, Cummins D, Mateo LR, Ellwood RP: A clinical investigation of the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride, as sodium monofluorophosphate in a calcium base, on primary root caries. J Clin Dent 24 Spec no A: A23-31 (2013)

16. James P, Parnell C, Whelton H: The caries-preventive effect of chlorhexidine varnish in children and adolescents: a systematic review. Caries Res 44, 333-340 (2010)

17. Kraivaphan P, Amornchat C, Triratana T, Mateo LR, Ellwood R, Cummins D, DeVizio W, Zhang YP: Two-year caries clinical study of the efficacy of novel dentifrices containing 1.5% arginine, an insoluble calcium compound and 1,450 ppm fluoride. Caries Res 47, 582-590 (2013)

18. Marsh PD: Controlling the oral biofilm with antimicrobials. J Dent 38 Suppl 1, S11-15 (2010) 19. Øgaard B, Alm AA, Larsson E, Adolfsson U: A prospective, randomized clinical study on the

effects of an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride toothpaste/mouthrinse on plaque, gingivitis and initial caries lesion development in orthodontic patients. Eur J Orthod 28, 8-12 (2006)

20. Papas AS, Vollmer WM, Gullion CM, Bader J, Laws R, Fellows J, Hollis JF, Maupomé G, Singh ML, Snyder J, Blanchard P; PACS Collaborative Group: Efficacy of chlorhexidine



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varnish for the prevention of adult caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res 91, 150-155 (2012) 21. Paraskevas S, Danser MM, Timmerman MF, van der Velden U, van der Weijden GA: Amine

fluoride/stannous fluoride and incidence of root caries in periodontal maintenance patients. A 2 year evaluation. J Clin Periodontol 31, 965-971 (2004)

22. Rethman MP, Beltrán-Aguilar ED, Billings RJ, Hujoel PP, Katz BP, Milgrom P, Sohn W, Stamm JW, Watson G, Wolff M, Wright JT, Zero D, Aravamudhan K, Frantsve-Hawley J, Meyer DM; American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs Expert Panel on Nonfluoride Caries-Preventive Agents: Nonfluoride caries-preventive agents: executive summary of evidence-based clinical recommendations. J Am Dent Assoc 142, 1065-1071 (2011)

23. Riley P, Lamont T: Triclosan/ copolymer containing toothpastes for oral health. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 5; 12, CD010514 (2013)

24. Rodrigues CR, Marquezan M, Barroso LP, Grande RH, Myaki SI, Kabakura V, Miyamura A: Effect of chlorhexidine-thymol varnish on caries lesion development in first permanent molars. J Clin Dent 19, 18-21 (2008)

25. Rodrigues JA, Lussi A, Seemann R, Neuhaus KW: Prevention of crown and root caries in adults. Periodontol 2000 55, 231-249 (2011)

26. Simón-Soro A, Mira A: Solving the etiology of dental caries. Trends Microbiol 23, 76-82 (2015) 27. Sköld-Larsson K, Fornell AC, Lussi A, Twetman S: Effect of topical applications of

chlorhexidine/ thymol-containing varnish on fissure caries assessed by laser fluorescence. Acta Odontol Scand 62, 339-342 (2004)

28. Sköld-Larsson K, Sollenius O, Petersson LG, Twetman S: Effect of topical applications of a novel chlorhexidine-thymol varnish formula on mutans streptococci and caries development in occlusal fissures of permanent molars. J Clin Dent 20, 223-226 (2009)

29. Slot DE, Vaandrager NC, Van Loveren C, Van Palenstein Helderman WH, Van der Weijden GA: The effect of chlorhexidine varnish on root caries: a systematic review. Caries Res 45, 162-173 (2011)

30. Souza ML, Cury JA, Tenuta LM, Zhang YP, Mateo LR, Cummins D, Ellwood RP: Comparing the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride to a dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride alone in the management of primary root caries. J Dent 41 Suppl 2, S35-41 (2013)

31. Srisilapanan P, Korwanich N, Yin W, Chuensuwonkul C, Mateo LR, Zhang YP, Cummins D, Ellwood RP: Comparison of the efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride to a dentifrice containing 1450 ppm fluoride alone in the management of early coronal caries as assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence. J Dent 41 Suppl 2, S29-34 (2013)

32. Tan HP, Lo ECM, Dyson JE, Luo Y, Corbet EF: A randomized trial on root caries prevention in elders. J Dent Res 89, 1086-1090 (2010)

33. Twetman S: Antimicrobials in future caries control? A review with special reference to chlorhexidine treatment. Caries Res 38, 223-229 (2004)

34. van Rijkom HM, Truin GJ, van 't Hof MA: A meta-analysis of clinical studies on the caries- inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine treatment. J Dent Res 75, 790-795 (1996)

35. Vered Y, Zini A, Mann J, DeVizio W, Stewart B, Zhang YP, Garcia L: Comparison of a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride, 0.3% triclosan, and 2.0% copolymer in a silica base, and a dentifrice containing 0.243% sodium fluoride in a silica base: a three-year clinical trial of root caries and dental crowns among adults. J Clin Dent 20, 62-65 (2009)

36. Weiß M, Weiß J, Müller-Hartwich R, Meier B, Jost-Brinkmann PG: Chlorhexidine in cleft lip and palate patients with multibracket appliances. J Orofac Orthop 66, 349-362 (2005)

37. Wicht MJ, Haak R, Lummert D, Noack MJ: Treatment of root caries lesions with chlorhexidine-containing varnishes and dentin sealants. Am J Dent 16 Spec No, 25A-30A (2003)

38. Wyatt CCL, Maupome G, Hujoel PP, MacEntee MI, Persson GR, Persson RE, Kiyak HA: Chlorhexidine and preservation of sound tooth structure in older adults. Caries Res 41, 93-101 (2007)

39. Yin W, Hu DY, Fan X, Feng Y, Zhang YP, Cummins D, Mateo LR, Pretty IA, Ellwood RP: A clinical investigation using quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) of the anticaries efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate. J Clin Dent 24 Spec no A, A15-22 (2013)



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40. Yin W, Hu DY, Li X, Fan X, Zhang YP, Pretty IA, Mateo LR, Cummins D, Ellwood RP: The anti-caries efficacy of a dentifrice containing 1.5% arginine and 1450 ppm fluoride as sodium monofluorophosphate assessed using Quantitative Light-induced Fluorescence (QLF). J Dent 41 Suppl 2, S22-28 (2013)

41. Zhang Q, van Palenstein Helderman WH, van't Hof MA, Truin GJ: Chlorhexidine varnish for preventing dental caries in children, adolescents and young adults: a systematic review. Eur J Oral Sci 114, 449-455 (2006 a)

42. Zhang Q, van 't Hof MA, Truin GJ, Bronkhorst EM, van Palenstein Helderman WH: Caries-inhibiting effect of chlorhexidine varnish in pits and fissures. J Dent Res 85, 469-472 (2006 b)

Chapter 3.3 (Prevention programs) 1. Axelsson P, Lindhe J: The effect of a preventive programme on dental plaque, gingivitis and

caries in schoolchildren. Results after one and two years. J Clin Periodontol 1, 126-138 (1974) 2. Axelsson P, Lindhe J: Effect of controlled oral hygiene procedures on caries and periodontal

disease in adults. J Clin Periodontol 5, 133-151 (1978) 3. Axelsson P, Nyström B, Lindhe J: The long-term effect of a plaque control program on tooth

mortality, caries and periodontal disease in adults. Results after 30 years of maintenance. J Clin Periodontol 31, 749-757 (2004)

4. Hamp SE, Johansson LA, Karlsson R: Clinical effects of preventive regimens for young people in their early and middle teens in relation to previous experience with dental prevention. Acta Odontol Scand 42, 99-108 (1984)

5. Hamp SE, Lindhe J, Fornell J, Johansson LA, Karlsson R: Effect of a field program based on systematic plaque control on caries and gingivitis in schoolchildren after 3 years. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 6, 17-23 (1978)

6. Hugoson A, Lundgren D, Asklöw B, Borgklint G: Effect of three different dental health preventive programmes on young adult individuals: a randomized, blinded, parallel group, controlled evaluation of oral hygiene behaviour on plaque and gingivitis. J Clin Periodontol 34, 407-415 (2007)

7. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care: Prevention of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review: 2002

Chapter 3.4 (Fluoridation measures) 1. EFSA NDA Panel, 2103: Scientific opinion on dietary reference values for fluoride. EFSA Journal

11, 3332 (2013) 2. Gluzman R, Katz RV, Frey BJ, McGowan R: Prevention of root caries: a literature review of

primary and secondary preventive agents. Spec Care Dentist 33, 133-40 (2012) 3. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie

Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083- 001 (2013) 4. Leake JL: Clinical decision-making for caries management in root surfaces. J Dent Educ 65,

1147-1153 (2001) 5. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in

children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002a, 3: CD002279 6. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride gels for preventing dental caries in

children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002b, 2: CD002280 7. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in

children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003a; 1: CD002278 8. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries

in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003b; 3: CD002284 9. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S: Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes,

mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 1: CD002781

10. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care: Prevention of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review. . http://www.sbu.se/upload/Publikationer/Content0/dentalcare_2002/dentalcarieslut.pdf.

Fluoride-containing toothpaste

1. Al Mulla AH, Al Kharsa S, Birkhed D: Modified fluoride toothpaste technique reduces caries in



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orthodontic patients: A longitudinal, randomized clinical trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 138, 285-291 (2010)

2. American Academy of Pediatrics: Section on Pediatric Dentistry and Oral Health. Preventive oral health intervention for pediatricians. Pediatrics 122, 1387-1394 (2008)

3. Baysan A, Lynch E, Ellwood R, Davies R, Petersson L, Borsboom P: Reversal of primary root caries using dentifrices containing 5,000 and 1,100 ppm fluoride. Caries Res 35, 41-46 (2001)

4. Canadian Dental Association: Use of fluorides in caries prevention.http://www.cda-adc/_files/position_statements/fluoride.pdf (2012)

5. Davies RM: The rational use of oral care products in the elderly. Clin Oral Investig 8, 2-5 (2004) 6. Ekstrand K, Martignon S, Holm-Pedersen P: Development and evaluation of two root caries

controlling programmes for home-based frail people older than 75 years. Gerodontology 25, 67-75 (2008)

7. Ekstrand KR, Poulsen JE, Hede B, Twetman S, Qvist V, Ellwood RP: A randomized clinical trial of the anti-caries efficacy of 5,000 compared to 1,450 ppm fluoridated toothpaste on root caries lesions in elderly disabled nursing home residents. Caries Res 47, 391-398 (2013)

8. European Academy of Paediatric Dentistry: Guidelines on the use of fluoride in children: an EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 10,129-135 (2009)

9. Gluzman R, Katz RV, Frey BJ, McGowan R: Prevention of root caries: a literature review of primary and secondary preventive agents. Spec Care Dentist 33, 133-40 (2012)

10. Griffin SO, Regnier E, Griffin PM, Huntley V: Effectiveness of fluoride in preventing caries in adults. J Dent Res 86, 410-415 (2007)

11. Heijnsbroek M, Paraskevas S, Van der Weijden GA: Fluoride interventions for root caries: a review. Oral Health Prev Dent 5, 145-152 (2007)

12. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K-Leitlinie Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083-001 (2013)

13. López RM, Uribe MR, Rodriguez OB, Casasempere IV: Comparison between amine fluoride and chlorhexidine with institutionalized elders: a pilot study Gerodontology 30, 112-118 (2013)

14. Marinho V.C, Higgins J.P, Sheiham A, Logan S: Fluoride toothpastes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 1: CD002278

15. McGrath C, Zhang W, Lo EC: A review of the effectiveness of oral health promotion activities among elderly people. Gerodontology 26, 85-96 (2009)

16. Nordström A, Birkhed D: Preventive effect of high-fluoride dentifrice (5,000 ppm) in caries-active adolescents: A2 –year clinical trial. Caries Res 44, 323-331 (2010)

17. Papas A, Russell D, Singh M, Kent R, Triol C, Winston A: Caries clinical trial of a remineralising toothpaste in radiation patients. Gerodontology 25, 76-88 (2008)

18. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Networks: Prevention and management of dental decay in the pre-school child. A national clinical guideline. Im Internet: http://www.sign.ac.uk/pdf/sign83.pdf; Stand: November 2005

19. The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care: Prevention of Dental Caries: A Systematic Review; 2002

20. Walsh T, Worthington HV, Glenny AM, Appelbe P, Marinho VC, Shi X: Fluoride toothpastes of different concentrations for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 20: CD007868

Fluoride varnish 1. Almeida de MQ, Costa OXI, Ferreira JMS, Menezes de VA, Leal RB, Sampaio FC: Therapeutic

potential of Brazilian fluoride varnishes: an in vivo study. Braz Dent J 22, 193-197 (2011) 2. Arruda AO, Senthamarai Kannan R, Inglehart MR, Rezende CT, Sohn W: Effect of 5% fluoride

varnish application on caries among school children in rural Brazil: a randomized controlled trial. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 40, 267-276 (2012)

3. Du M, Cheng N, Tai B, Jiang H, Li J, Bian Z: Randomized controlled trial on fluoride varnish application for treatment of white spot lesion after fixed orthodontic treatment. Clin Oral Invest 16, 463-468 (2012)

4. Ekstrand K, Martignon S, Holm-Pedersen P: Development and evaluation of two root caries controlling programmes for home-based frail people older than 75 years. Gerodontology 25, 67-75 (2008)

5. Ferreira JM, Aragão AK, Rosa AD, Sampaio FC, Menezes VA: Therapeutic effect of two fluoride varnishes on white spot lesions: a randomized clinical trial. Braz Oral Res 23, 446-451 (2009)



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6. Fure S; Lingström P: Evaluation of different fluoride treatments of initial root carious lesions in vivo. Oral Health Prev Dent 7, 147-154 (2009)

7. Gluzman R, Katz RV, Frey BJ, McGowan R: Prevention of root caries: a literature review of primary and secondary preventive agents. Spec Care Dentist 33 , 133-140 (2013)

8. Hardman MC, Davies GM, Duxbury JT, Davies RM: A cluster randomised controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of fluoride varnish as a public health measure to reduce caries in children. Caries Res 41, 371-376 (2007)

9. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083- 001 (2013)

10. Huang GJ, Roloff-Chiang B, Mills BE, Shalchi S, Spiekerman C, Korpak AM, Starrett JL, Greenlee GM, Drangsholt RJ, Matunas JC: Effectiveness of MI paste plus and PreviDent fluoride varnish for treatment of white spot lesions: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 143, 31-41 (2013)

11. Liu BY, Lo ECM, Chu CH, Lin HC: Randomized trial on fluorides and sealants for fissure caries prevention. J Dent Res 91, 753-758 (2012)

12. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride varnishes for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002, 3: CD002279

13. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Sheiham A, Logan S: Combinations of topical fluoride (toothpastes, mouthrinses, gels, varnishes) versus single topical fluoride for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004, 1: CD002781

14. Milsom KM, Blinkhorn AS, Walsh T, Worthington HV, Kearney-Mitchell P, Whitehead H, Tickle M: A cluster-randomized controlled trial: Fluoride varnish in school children. J Dent Res 90, 1306-1311 (2011)

15. Minquan D, Ning C, Baojun T, Han J, Jing L, Zhuan B: Randomized controlled trial on fluoride varnish application for treatment of white spot lesion after fixed orthodontic treatment. Clin Oral Invest 16, 463-468 (2012)

16. Oliveira de DG and Cunha RF: Comparison of the caries-preventive effect of a glass ionomer sealant and fluoride varnish on newly erupted first permanent molars of children with and without dental caries experience. Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 71, 972-977 (2013)

17. Petersson LG: The role of fluoride in the preventive management of dentin hypersensitivity and root caries. Clin Oral Inv 17 (Suppl 1), S63-S71 (2013)

18. Suwansingha O and Rirattanapong P: Effect of fluoride varnish on caries prevention of partially erupted of permanent molar in high caries risk. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 43, 808-813 (2012)

19. Tan HP, Lo ECM, Dyson JE, Luo Y, Corbet EF: A randomized trial on root caries prevention in elders. J Dent Res 89, 1086-1090 (2010)

20. Uysal T, Amasyali M, Koyuturk AE, Ozcan S: Effects of different topical agents on enamel demineralization around orthodontic brackets: an in vivo and in vitro study. Australian Dental Journal 55, 268-274 (2010)

Fluoride gel 1. Agrawal N, Pushpanjali K: Feasibility of including APF gel application in a school oral health

program as a caries-preventive agent: a community intervention trial. J Oral Sci 53, 185-191 (2011)

2. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083- 001 (2013)

3. Leake J.L: Clinical decision-making for caries management in root surfaces. J Dent Educ 65, 1147-1153 (2001)

4. Limberger K, Rudisch A, Wagner M, Borutta A: Beobachtungsstudie zur karieshemmenden Wirkung von elmex gelée bei Kindern mit hohem Kariesrisiko Oralprophylaxe & Kinderzahnheilkunde 31, 102-107 (2009)

5. López RM, Uribe MR, Rodriguez OB, Casasempere IV: Comparison between amine fluoride and chlorhexidine with institutionalized elders: a pilot study Gerodontology 30, 112-118 (2013)

6. Menezes Bonow ML, Sousa Azevedo M, Leão Goettems M, Martins Delgado Rodrigues CR: Efficacy of 1.23% APF gel applications on incipient carious lesions: a double- blind randomized clinical trial. Braz Oral Res 27, 279-285 (2013)

7. Splieth CH, Berndt C, Alkilzy M, Treuner A: Efficacy of semiannual topical fluoride application in schoolchildren. Quintessence Int 42, 753-760 (2011)

8. Splieth CH, Treuner A, Gedrange T, Berndt C: Caries-preventive and remineralizing effect of



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fluoride gel in orthodontic patients after 2 years. Clin Oral Invest 16, 1395- 1399 (2012) 9. Stokes E, Ashcroft A, Burnside G, Mohindra T, Pine CM: Randomised controlled trial of the

efficacy of a high-fluoride gel self-applied by toothbrushing in children at high caries risk. Caries Res 45, 475-485 (2011)

Fluoride tablets and fluoridated table salt

1. Espelid I: Caries preventive effect of fluoride in milk, salt and tablets: A literature review. Eur

Arch Paediatr Dent 10, 149-156 (2009) 2. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie

Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083- 001 (2013)

3. Liu HY, Hung HC, Hsiao SY, Chen HS, Yen YY, Huang ST, Chen CC, Chen PH, Chen CC, Lin PC, Lu YL: Impact of 24 month fluoride tablet program on children with disabilities in a non-fluoridated country. Res Developmental Disabl 34, 2598-2605 (2013)

4. Meyer-Lueckel H, Grundmann E, Stand A: Effects of fluoride tablets on caries and fluorosis occurrence among 6- to 9-year olds using fluoridated salt. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 38, 315-323 (2010)

5. Stecksen-Blicks C, Holgerson PL, Twetman S: Effect of xylitol and xylitol-fluoride lozenges on approximal caries development in high-caries-risk children. International Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 18, 170-177 (2008)

6. Yengopal V, Chikte UM, Mickenautsch S, Oliveira LB, Bhayat A: Salt fluoridation: a meta-analysis of its efficacy for caries prevention. SADJ 65, 60-64,66-67 (2010)

Fluoride-containing mouthwashes

1. Divaris K, Rozier RG, King RS: Effectiveness of a school-based fluoride mouthrinse program J

Dent Res 91, 282-287 (2012) 2. Duarte AR, Peres MA, Vieira RS, Ramos-Jorge ML, Modesto A: Effectiveness of two mouth

rinses solutions in arresting caries lesions: a short-term clinical trial. Oral Health Prev Dent 6, 231-238 (2008)

3. Fredrick C, Krithikadatta J, Abarajithan M, Kandaswamy D: Remineralisation of occlusal white spot lesions with a combination of 10% CPP-ACP and 0.2% sodium fluoride evaluated using diagnodent: a pilot study. Oral Health Prev Dent 11, 191-196 (2013)

4. Hellwig E, Schiffner U, Schulte A, Koletzko B, Bergmann K, Przyrembel H: S2K- Leitlinie Fluoridierungsmaßnahmen zur Kariesprophylaxe. AWMF Register Nr. 083-001 (2013)

5. Nakamura A, Sakuma S, Yoshihara A, Deguchi T, Yagi M, Miyazaki H: Long-term follow-up of the effects of a school-based caries preventive programme involving fluoride mouth rinse and targeted fissure sealant: Evaluation at 20 years old. Int Dent J 56, 215-221 (2009)

6. Marinho VC, Higgins JP, Logan S, Sheiham A: Fluoride mouthrinses for preventing dental caries in children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2003; 3: CD002284

7. Wyatt CCL, MacEntee MI: Caries management for institutionalized elders using fluoride and chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 32, 322-328 (2004)

Fluoride application in prevention programs

1. Featherstone JDB, White JM, Hoover CI, Rapozo-Hilo M, Weintraub JA, Wilson RS, Zhan L,

Gansky SA: A randomized clinical trial of anticaries therapies targeted according to risk assessment (Caries management by risk assessment). Caries Res 46, 118-129 (2012)

2. Hadler-Olsen S, Sandvik K, El-Agroudi MA, Øgaard B: The incidence of caries and white spot lesions in orthodontically treated adolescents with a comprehensive caries prophylactic regimen – a prospective study. Eur J Orthodont 34, 633-639 (2012)

3. Monse B, Benzian H, Naliponguit E, Belizario V, Schratz A, von Palenstein Helderman W: The Fit for School health outcome study – a longitudinal survey to assess health impacts of an integrated school health programme in the Philippines. BMC Public Health 13, 256 (2013)

4. Nakamura A, Sakuma S, Yoshihara A, Deguchi T, Yagi M, Miyazaki H: Long-term follow-up of the effects of a school-based caries preventive programme involving fluoride mouth rinse and targeted fissure sealant: Evaluation at 20 years old. Int Dent J 56, 215-221 (2009)



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Chapter 3.5 (Nutrition recommendations) 1. Anderson CA, Curzon ME, Van Loveren C, Tatsi C, Duggal MS: Sucrose and dental caries: a

review of the evidence. Obes Rev 10 (Suppl 1), 41–54 (2009) 2. Antonio AG, Pierro VS, Maia LC: Caries preventive effects of xylitol-based candies and

lozenges: a systematic review. J Public Health Dent 71, 117-124 (2011) 3. Bader JD, Vollmer WM, Shugars DA, Gilbert GH, Amaechi BT, Brown JP, Laws RL,

Funkhouser KA, Makhija SK, Ritter AV, Leo MC: Results from the Xylitol for Adult Caries Trial (X-ACT). J Am Dent Assoc 144, 21-30 (2013)

4. Bernabe E, Vehkalahti MM, Sheiham A, Lundqvist A, Suominen AL: The shape of the dose-response relationship between sugars and caries in adults. J Dent Res 95: 167-172 (2016)

5. Burt B.A, Pai S: Sugar consumption and caries risk: a systematic review. J Dent Educ 65, 1017–1023 (2001)

6. Downer MC, Drugan CS, Blinkhorn AS: Correlates of dental caries in 12-year-old- children in Europe: a cross-sectional analysis. Community Dent Health 25, 70-78 (2008)

7. Fontana M, Gonzalez-Cabezas C: Are we ready for definitive clinical guidelines on xylitol/polyol use? Adv Dent Res 24, 123-128 (2012)

8. Harris R, Gamboa A, Dailey Y, Ashcroft A: One-to-one dietary interventions undertaken in a dental setting to change dietary behaviour. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Mar 14;3

9. Holbrook WP, Kristinson MJ, Gunnarsdottir S, Briem B: Caries prevalence, streptococcus mutans and sugar intake among 4-yearold children in Iceland. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 17, 292–295 (1989)

10. Holbrook WP, Árnadóttir IB, Takazoe I, Birkhed D, Frostell G: Longitudinal study of caries, cariogenic bacteria and diet in children just before and just after starting school. Eur J Oral Sci 103, 42–45 (1995)

11. Jamel H, Plasschaert A, Sheiham A: Dental caries experience and availability of sugars in Iraqi children before and after the United Nations sanctions. Int Dent J 54, 21-25 (2004)

12. Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P, Kressin NR, Nunn ME, Tanner AC: Snacking habits and caries in young children. Caries Res 44, 421-430 (2010)

13. Kalsbeek H, Verrips GH: Consumption of sweet snacks and caries experience of primary school children. Caries Res 28, 477-483 (1994)

14. Lee JG, Messer LB: Intake of sweet drinks and sweet treats versus reported and observed caries experience. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 11, 5-17 (2010)

15. Lenkkeri AM, Pienihäkkinen K, Hurme S, Alanen P: The caries-preventive effect of xylitol/maltitol and erythritol/maltitol lozenges: results of a double-blinded, cluster- randomized clinical trial in an area of natural fluoridation. Int J Paediatr Dent 22, 180-190 (2012)

16. Lingström P, Holm AK, Mejáre I, Twetman S, Söder B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Lagerlöf F, Nordenram G, Petersson LG, Dahlgren H, Källestal C: Dietary factors in the prevention of dental caries: a systemic review. Acta Odontol Scand 61, 331-340 (2003)

17. MacIntyre UE, du Plessis JB: Dietary intakes and caries experience in children in Limpopo Province, South Africa. SADJ 61, 58-63 (2006)

18. Marshall TA, Eichenberger-Gilmore JM, Larson MA, Warren JJ, Levy SM: Comparison of the intakes of sugars by young children with and without dental caries experience. J Am Dent Assoc 138, 39-46 (2007)

19. Marshall TA, Broffitt B, Eichenberger-Gilmore J, Warren JJ, Cunningham MA, Levy SM: The roles of meal, snack, and daily total food and beverage exposures on caries experience in young children. J Public Health Dent 65, 166-73 (2005)

20. Masson LF, Blackburn A, Sheehy C, Craig LC, Macdiarmid JI, Holmes BA, McNeill G: Sugar intake and dental decay: results from a national survey of children in Scotland. Br J Nutr 104, 1555-1564 (2010)

21. Matsukubo T, Takazoe I: Sucrose substitutes and their role in caries prevention. Int Dent J 56, 119-130 (2006)

22. Moynihan P, Petersen PE: Diet, nutrition and the prevention of dental diseases. Public Health Nutr 7, 201-226 (2004)

23. Moynihan PJ, Kelly SA: Effect on caries of restricting sugars intake: systematic review to inform WHO guidelines. J Dent Res 93, 8-18 (2014)

24. Riley P, Moore D, Ahmed F, Sharif MO, Worthington HV: Xylitol-containing products for preventing dental caries in children and adults. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD010743



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25. Ritter AV, Bader JD, Leo MC, Preisser JS, Shugars DA, Vollmer WM, Amaechi BT, Holland JC: Tooth-surface-specific effects of xylitol: randomized trial results. J Dent Res 92, 512-517 (2013)

26. Ruottinen S, Karjalainen S, Pienihäkkinen K, Lagström H, Niinikoski H, Salminen M, Rönnemaa T, Simell O: Sucrose intake since infancy and dental health in 10-year-old children. Caries Res 38, 142-148 (2004)

27. Scheinin A, Mäkinen KK, Ylitalo K: Turku sugar studies. V. Final report on the effect of sucrose, fructose and xylitol diets on the caries incidence in man. Acta Odontol Scand 34, 179-216 (1976)

28. Sheiham A: Dietary effects on dental diseases. Public Health Nutr 4, 569-591 (2001) 29. Sreebny LM: Sugar availability, sugar consumption and dental caries. Community Dent Oral

Epidemiol 10, 1-7 (1982) 30. Stecksen-Blicks C, Holgerson PL, Twetman S: Effect of xylitol and xylitol-fluoride lozenges on

approximal caries development in high-caries-risk children. Int J Paediatr Dent 18, 170-177 (2008)

31. Van Loveren C: Sugar alcohols: what is the evidence for caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic effects? Caries Res 38, 286-293 (2004)

Chapter 3.6 (Saliva stimulation through the use of chewing-gum)

1. ADA Center for Evidence Based Dentistry: Non-fluoride caries preventive agents – Full report

of a systematic review and evidence-based recommendations. A report of the Council on Scientific Affairs 5/4/2011

2. Buchalla W: Multitalent Speichel: Bekanntes und Neues zu Zusammensetzung und Funktion. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z 67, 438–446 (2012)

3. Dawes C. Salivary flow patterns and the health of hard and soft oral tissues. J Am Dent Assoc 139 (5 suppl): 18S-24S (2008)

4. Dawes C, Kubieniec K: The effects of prolonged gum chewing on salivary flow rate and composition. Arch Oral Biol 49, 665-669 (2004)

5. Dawes C, Macpherson LMD: Effects of nine different chewing-gums and lozenges on salivary flow rate and pH. Caries Res 26, 176–182 (1992)

6. Deshpande A, Jadad AR: The impact of polyol-containing chewing gums on dental caries: a systematic review of original randomized controlled trials and observational studies. J Am Dent Assoc 139,1602 -1614 (2008)

7. Edgar WM: Sugar substitutes, chewing gum and dental caries – a review. Br Dent J 184, 29–32 (1998)

8. Holgerson PF., Sjösträm I, Stecksén-Blicks C. Twetman S: Dental plaque formation and salivary mutans streptococci inschoolchildren after use of xylitol- containing chewing gum. Int. J Paed Dent 17, 79–85 (2007)

9. Kandelman D, Gagnon G: A 24-month Clinical Study of the Incidence and Progression of Dental Caries in Relation to Consumption of Chewing Gum. J Dent Res 69, 1771-1775 (1990)

10. Mäkinen KK, Alanen P, Isokangas P, Isotuüpa K, Söderling E, Mäkinen PL, Wenhui W, Weijian W, Xiaochi C, Yi W, Boxue Z: Thirty-nine-month xylitol chewing-gum programme in initially 8-year-old schoolchildren: a feasibility study focusing on mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Int Dent J 58, 41-50 (2008)

11. Mickenautsch S, Leal SC, Yengopal V, Bezerra AC, Cruvinel V: Sugar-free chewing gum and dental caries – A systematic review. J Appl Oral Sci 15, 83-88 (2007)

12. Morgan MV, Adams GG, Bailey DL, Fischman SL, Reynolds EC: The anticariogenic effect of sugar-free gum containing CPP-ACP Nanocomplexes on Approximal caries determined using digital bitewing radiography. Caries Research 42, 171-184 (2008)

13. Peng B, Petersen PE, Bian Z, Tai B, Jiang H: Can school-based oral health education and a sugar-free chewing gum program improve oral health? Results from a two-year study in PR China. Acta Odontol Scand 62, 328-332 (2004)

14. Ribelles Llop M, Guinot Jimeno F, Mayné Acién R, Bellet Dalmau LJ: Effects of xylitol chewing gum on salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity and presence of Streptococcus mutans in saliva. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 11, 9-14 (2010)

15. Ship JA: Xerostomia: aetiology, diagnosis, management and clinical implications: In: Edgar, M., Dawes, C., O’Mullane, D. (edts.). Saliva and Oral Health (3rd ed.), BDJ Books British Dental Association, London 2001

16. Szöke J, Banoczy J, Proskin HM: Effect of after-meal sucrose-free gum-chewing on clinical caries. J Dent Res 80, 1725-1729 (2001)



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17. Van Loveren C: Sugar alcohols: What is the evidence for caries-preventive and caries-therapeutic effects? Caries Res 38, 286-293 (2004)

18. Wang XP, Zhong ZK, Stewart ME, Zhang C, Zhang K, Ni J, Dodds MW, Hanley AB, Miller LE: History of frequent gum chewing Is associated with higher unstimulated salivary flow rate and lower caries severity in healthy chinese adults. Caries Res 46, 513–518 (2012)

Chapter 3.7 (Pit and fissure sealing) 1. Ahovuo-Saloranta A, Forss H, Walsh T, Hiiri A, Nordblad A, Mäkelä M, Worthington HV:

Sealants for preventing dental decay in the permanent teeth. Syst Rev. 2013 Mar 28;3:CD001830

2. Azarpazhooh A, Main PA: Pit and fissure sealants in the prevention of dental caries in children and adolescents: a systematic review. J Can Dent Assoc 74, 171-177 (2008)

3. Beauchamp J, Caufield PW, Crall JJ, Donly K, Feigal R, Gooch B, Ismail A, Kohn W, Siegal M, Simonsen R: Evidence-based clinical recommendations for the use of pit-and-fissure sealants: a report of the American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs. J Am Dent Assoc 139, 257-268 (2008)

4. Bravo M, Montero J, Bravo JJ, Baca P, Llodra JC: Sealant and fluoride varnish in caries: a randomized trial. J Dent Res 84, 1138-1143 (2005)

5. Kühnisch J, Reichl FX, Hickel R, Heinrich-Weltzien R: Leitlinie Fissurenversiegelung. AWMF Register Nr. 083/002 (2010)

6. Mejare I, Lingstrom P, Petersson LG, Holm AK, Twetman S, Källestal C, Nordenram G, Lagerlöf F, Söder B, Norlund A, Axelsson S, Dahlgren H: Caries-preventive effect of fissure sealants: a systematic review. Acta Odontol Scand 61, 321-330 (2003)

7. Simonsen RJ, Neal RC: A review of the clinical application and performance of pit and fissure sealants. Aust Dent J 56 (Suppl 1), 45-58 (2011)

8. Welbury R, Raadal M, Lygidakis NA: EAPD guidelines for the use of pit and fissure sealants. Eur J Paediatr Dent 5, 179-184 (2004)

guideline prevention-version 170328 - awmf · 2 caries − etiology and pathogenesis dental caries...

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