guía sobre riesgos y buenas prácticas en autenticación online

7/30/2019 Gua sobre riesgos y buenas prcticas en autenticacin online

1/64

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2/64

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3/64

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5/64


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6/64


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7/64

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8/64


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wkonef hz xf ~h{xezewi efgez|hfzknbh {xh hb xzxk~ei whfmk hb gez|izeweti jifzemi zeho|~h

{xh {xeh~k xwebepk~ hb zezwhok&

Hf Hz|kk hb GFE hbhjw~feji hz hb gez|izeweti gh kxwhfwejkjef hbhjw~fejk oz

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1 Hzwkz wk~`hwkz |xhghf |~igxje~ j~hghfjekbhz oxu zhmx~kz" kz jioi de~okz gemewkbhz&5aww|0))newhbek&jio)>);


12/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk ;> gh ;>Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

xzxk~ei |k~k jifde~ok~ zx eghfwegkg" kb jifzegh~k~zh {xh gejaiz ~kzmiz zif" hf nxhfk

ohgegk" fejiz |k~k jkgk |h~zifk h efeoewknbhz&

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okfi i bk jkghfjek gh bk hzj~ewx~k hf xf whjbkgi&

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efzwkbkjeifhz&

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ghdefh jioi kxwhfwejkjef nkzkgk hf ginbh dkjwi~ i oxbwe/dkjwi~" u |i~ bi mhfh~kb efjbxuh

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jifw~kzhkz&

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fi hz ghdefewetk fe eftk~eknbh" uk {xh zh zxhbh gh`k~ kneh~wk bk |izenebegkg gh oigedejkjef u

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>&:&; Hbhjjef gh j~hghfjekbhz

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hb j~hkgi~ gh bkz k|bejkjeifhz xwebepkgkz hf hb |~ijhzi" |h~i bk ghwh~oefkjef gh bkefdi~okjef i j~hghfjekb hqkjwk |xhgh zh~ bbhtkgk k jkni |i~ gedh~hfwhz kjwi~hz&

J~hghfjekbhz gh |~eoh~k |k~wh

Bkz j~hghfjekbhz gh |~eoh~k |k~wh zif k{xhbbkz {xh hb xzxk~ei zh kzemfk k z oezoi& Gh

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|~ithhgi~ gh zh~tejeiz i |i~ hb kgoefezw~kgi~ ghb zezwhok gh kxwhfwejkjef&

;> Hf jifj~hwi" hf hb jkzi gh bkz j~hghfjekbhz jifzezwhfwhz hf jifw~kzhkz hzwwejkz& Hf kbmxfiz jkziz" hzwh |~ijhgeoehfwigh jkonei gh jifw~kzhk hz bhmkbohfwh hqemenbh&


13/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk ;: gh ;:Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

Hb oz jbk~i h`ho|bi gh hzwh we|i gh j~hghfjekbhz zif biz fion~hz gh xzxk~ei u

jifw~kzhkz {xh zh hzwknbhjhf kb kn~e~ xfk jxhfwk gh ji~~hi hbhjw~feji i xf |h~deb hf

~hghz zijekbhz& Hb |~i|ei xzxk~ei ghjegh koniz hbhohfwiz jif bkz |izenbhz ~hzw~ejjeifhz

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zhmx~egkg&

J~hghfjekbhz gh zhmxfgk |k~wh

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kgoefezw~kgi~ ghb zezwhok gh kxwhfwejkjef& Hf hzwh jkzi" hb xzxk~ei fi wehfh jk|kjegkg

gh hbhjjef&

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oigedejkjef gh hzwiz gez|izewetiz&

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zx j~hkjef" hf oxjaiz gh hzwiz jkziz hb xzxk~ei jxhfwk jif bk |izenebegkg gh

oigedejkjef gh iw~k |k~wh gh bkz j~hghfjekbhz jioi zif bkz jifw~kzhkz& Hf hziz jkziz

zh |ig~k w~kwk~ gh xfk zewxkjef efwh~ohgek hfw~h bkz j~hghfjekbhz gh |~eoh~k |k~wh u gh

zhmxfgk |k~wh&


14/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk ;7 gh ;7Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

J~hghfjekbhz gh wh~jh~k |k~wh

Bkz j~hghfjekbhz gh wh~jh~k |k~wh zif k{xhbbkz {xh fi zif ghwh~oefkgkz |i~ biz xzxk~eiz

|h~i wko|iji |i~ hb |~ithhgi~ gh zh~tejeiz i hb kgoefezw~kgi~ ghb zezwhok ghkxwhfwejkjef {xh bkz tk k xwebepk~& Hf zx bxmk~" hzwkz j~hghfjekbhz zif ghwh~oefkgkz |i~

xf |~ithhgi~ gh j~hghfjekbhz |k~k zx xzi hf bkz ~hbkjeifhz ghb xzxk~ei jif iw~kz

|h~zifkz u i~mkfepkjeifhz gedh~hfwhz k gejai |~ithhgi~&

Zh w~kwk gh bk efwh~ohgekjef gh xf wh~jh~i {xh iwi~mk kb xzxk~ei xfkz j~hghfjekbhz {xh

|ig~ xzk~ hf iw~kz zewxkjeifhz u hf ~hbkjeifhz hf bkz {xh hzwh |~ithhgi~ gh

j~hghfjekbhz fi zh th~ eo|bejkgi ge~hjwkohfwh&

Hb |~efje|kb h`ho|bi gh hzwh we|i gh j~hghfjekbhz hz hb GFE hbhjw~feji" uk {xh zh w~kwk gh

xf gijxohfwi kj~hgewkweti hzwknbhjegi |i~ xf |~ithhgi~ gh j~hghfjekbhz !hb Oefezwh~ei ghbEfwh~ei~ hf hzwh jkzi% |k~k zx xwebepkjef |i~ |k~wh ghb xzxk~ei |k~k |igh~ kwhzwemxk~ zx

eghfwegkg d~hfwh k iw~iz kmhfwhz" zhkf zwiz |k~wejxbk~hz" ho|~hzkz" i~mkfepkjeifhz x

iw~iz i~mkfezoiz gh bkz Kgoefezw~kjeifhz \nbejkz&

>&:&> Ji~~hz|ifghfjek hfw~h eghfwegkg ~hkb h eghfwegkg gemewkb

Kghoz gh bk hbhjjef gh bkz j~hghfjekbhz" hf hb |~ijhzi gh ~hmezw~i zh |bkfwhk xfk

zewxkjef gh okui~ ~hbhtkfjek" bk jio|~inkjef gh {xh {xehf hzwknbhjh hb ~hmezw~i hz

~hkbohfwh {xehf gejh zh~& Hz ghje~" xf |~ijhzi gh th~edejkjef |~htei&

Hzwk kjwxkjef zh |xhgh bbhtk~ k jkni gh gedh~hfwhz oigiz" |xgehfgi zx|ifh~ jkgk xfi

xf okui~ i ohfi~ fethb gh jio|~inkjef gh hzwk ji~~hz|ifghfjek& K jifwefxkjef zh

|~hzhfwkf kbmxfiz gh biz owigiz gh jio|~inkjef oz xwebepkgiz hf bk kjwxkbegkg&

\h~deb i jxhfwk |~htekohfwh j~hkgk

Xfi gh biz ohjkfezoiz oz xwebepkgiz hz hb xzi gh xfk jxhfwk uk j~hkgk hf iw~iz

zh~tejeiz ifbefh" aknewxkbohfwh gh ji~~hi hbhjw~feji kxf{xh kjwxkbohfwh wkonef zh

xwebepkf bkz jxhfwkz i |h~debhz hf ~hghz zijekbhz& Gh hzwh oigi" zh |xhgh hftek~ xf hfbkjh

gh jio|~inkjef k bk jxhfwk gh ji~~hi {xh hb xzxk~ei efge{xh u hf jkzi gh {xh hzh

hfbkjh zhk xwebepkgi zh hfwehfgh {xh hb xzxk~ei {xh zh ~hmezw~k hz wkonef hb bhmweoixzxk~ei gh hzk jxhfwk |~htek&


15/64


Hf hzwiz jkziz fi zh |xhgh jifzegh~k~ {xh zh ~hkbejh xfk jio|~inkjef gh bk

ji~~hz|ifghfjek hfw~h bk eghfwegkg ~hkb u bk eghfwegkg gemewkb" hz ghje~" fi zh hzw

jio|~inkfgi {xh bk |h~zifk {xh zh hzw ~hmezw~kfgi hf hb zezwhok zhk ~hkbohfwh {xehf

gejh zh~" zefi {xh fejkohfwh zh hzwf tefjxbkfgi hfw~h z gedh~hfwhz jxhfwkz hf gezwefwiz

zh~tejeiz&

Jio|~inkjef |~hzhfjekb

Hf hzwh jkzi" hf kbmf oiohfwi ghb ~hmezw~i hz fhjhzk~ei {xh bk |h~zifk {xh zh hzw

gkfgi gh kbwk hf hb zezwhok kjxgk k xf bxmk~ hf hb {xh zh jio|~ink~ zx eghfwegkg&

H`ho|bi gh hzwk di~ok gh jio|~inkjef hz bk k|h~wx~k gh xfk jxhfwk gh nkfjk

hbhjw~fejk" uk {xh aknewxkbohfwh zh ~hkbepk k |k~we~ gh xfk jxhfwk nkfjk~ek w~kgejeifkb"

zehfgi fhjhzk~ei kjxge~ k xfk zxjx~zkb nkfjk~ek kb ohfiz |k~k zibejewk~ hb kjjhzi ifbefhu {xh zh bh hfw~hmxhf hf |h~zifk zxz j~hghfjekbhz&

Xwebepkjef gh jh~wedejkjeifhz

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kj~hgewkjeifhz jioi hb GFEh {xh kwhzwemxkf bk eghfwegkg gh xfk |h~zifk& Gh hzwh oigi"

u ghnegi k {xh hb GFE hz xf gijxohfwi idejekb" |h~zifkb h efw~kfzdh~enbh" gh jxui xzi hz

~hz|ifzknbh zx wewxbk~" zh |xhgh bbhmk~ k ~hkbepk~ xfk jio|~inkjef hdhjwetk zef fhjhzegkg

gh kjxge~ dzejkohfwh k fefmf bxmk~ |k~k jio|bhwk~ hb |~ijhzi gh ~hmezw~i&

>&7 \^IJHZI GH KXWHFWEJKJEF

Xfk thp {xh hb xzxk~ei ak ~hkbepkgi hb ~hmezw~i efejekb hf xf zezwhok" hb kgoefezw~kgi~ gh

gejai zezwhok ~h{xh~e~ kj~hgewk~ zx eghfwegkg jxkfgi {xeh~k kjjhgh~ kb oezoi& Gh hzwh

oigi zh htewk {xh |h~zifkz fi kxwi~epkgkz kjjhgkf k hzwiz zh~tejeiz i {xh kbmxehf

|xhgk akjh~zh |kzk~ |i~ xf xzxk~ei bhmweoi zx|bkfwkfgi zx eghfwegkg& Hz bi {xh zh

ghfioefk kxwhfwejkjef&

Bk kxwhfwejkjef |xhgh ~hkbepk~zh gh giz oigiz gezwefwiz" bk th~edejkjef u bk

eghfwedejkjef" hf dxfjef gh bk efdi~okjef {xh whfmk {xh k|i~wk~ hb xzxk~ei&

>&7&; Th~edejkjef

Zh w~kwk ghb |~ijhgeoehfwi oz aknewxkb& Hf b" bk |h~zifk {xh {xeh~h kjjhgh~ kb zezwhok

ghnh zhkbk~ {x xzxk~ei ~hmezw~kgi hz !ohgekfwh xf fion~h gh xzxk~ei" xfk jxhfwk gh

ji~~hi hbhjw~feji i hb owigi {xh zh ghwh~oefkzh hf hb ~hmezw~i% u |~hzhfwk~ zxz

j~hghfjekbhz gh kjjhzi !jifw~kzhk" hbhohfwi dzeji i ~kzmi |h~zifkb%& Gejai gh iw~i

oigi" hb xzxk~ei efgejk {xef hz u bi ghoxhzw~k gh bk di~ok hzwknbhjegk&

Kz" hb zezwhok fejkohfwh ghnh th~edejk~ {xh koniz hbhohfwiz jiefjeghf hf zxz nkzhz

gh gkwiz" hz ghje~" {xh bkz j~hghfjekbhz gh kjjhzi |~hzhfwkgkz zif bkz oezokz {xh zh

akf ~hmezw~kgi |~htekohfwh |k~k hb xzxk~ei zhkbkgi&


16/64


Hf jkzi gh {xh konkz efdi~okjeifhz jifjxh~ghf zh jifzegh~k~ {xh bk |h~zifk {xh

|~hwhfgh kjjhgh~ kb zezwhok hz ~hkbohfwh hb bhmweoi xzxk~ei u zh |h~oewe~ gejai kjjhzi&

Hf jkzi gh {xh fi jiefjegkf bk ~hz|xhzwk gh|hfgh~ gh bi hzwknbhjegi |i~ hbkgoefezw~kgi~ ghb zezwhok" zehfgi bi oz aknewxkb zibejewk~ {xh zh ~h|ewk hb efwhfwi gh

kjjhzi& Hf jkzi gh {xh bk efjifm~xhfjek zh |~igxpjk ~h|hwegkz thjhz" hz |izenbh {xh hb

kgoefezw~kgi~ ghwh~oefh xf nbi{xhi kxwioweji gh bk jxhfwk u kn~k xfk fxhtk |izenebegkg

gh kjjhzi" uk zhk xwebepkfgi xfk kxwhfwejkjef nkzkgk hf jifijeoehfwiz !kb ~hkbepk~

|~hmxfwkz jxuk ~hz|xhzwk ghnh~k jifijh~ fejkohfwh hb bhmweoi xzxk~ei% i xfk

kxwhfwejkjef nkzkgk hf bk |izhzef !|i~ h`ho|bi hftekfgi xf ohfzk`h k xfk jxhfwk gh

ji~~hi hbhjw~feji i xf foh~i gh whbdifi |~htekohfwh tefjxbkgiz%&

>&7&> EghfwedejkjefHzwh zhmxfgi we|i gh |~ijhgeoehfwi hz oz zhfjebbi |k~k hb xzxk~ei" |h~i oxjai oz

jio|bh`i |k~k hb |~i|ei zezwhok kb ~h{xh~e~ okui~hz jk|kjegkghz gh jio|xwkjef& Hf b"

hb xzxk~ei hf bxmk~ gh k|i~wk~ giz we|iz gh efdi~okjeifhz zibkohfwh k|i~wk zxz

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{xh zh hzw kxwhfwejkfgi&

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jif wigkz bkz ~hmezw~kgkz hf hb zezwhok" bi jxkb eo|bejk okui~hz fhjhzegkghz hf bk

jk|kjegkg gh jio|xwkjef ghb zezwhok u xf okui~ weho|i gh hz|h~k |k~k ~hkbepk~ bkeghfwedejkjef&

Ghnegi k biz geth~ziz |~inbhokz {xh |ig~k kjk~~hk~ hzwh owigi hf jxkfwi k bkz

|izenebegkghz gh zx|bkfwkjef gh eghfwegkg" hz |iji ji~~ehfwh" u hf jkzi gh zh~ xwebepkgi

fejkohfwh bi zh~k hf zezwhokz {xh nkzkf bkz j~hghfjekbhz hf bk |izhzef gh hbhohfwiz

dzejiz i hf biz ~kzmiz dzejiz" zehfgi hzwh zhmxfgi jkzi hb {xh okui~ zhmx~egkg

k|i~wk~k&

>&7&: Hzjhfk~eiz gh kxwhfwejkjef

Ghb oezoi oigi {xh hqezwhf gedh~hfwhz di~okz gh ghwh~oefkjef gh j~hghfjekbhz u ghjio|~inkjef gh eghfwegkghz hf hb ~hmezw~i" hqezwhf w~hz hzjhfk~eiz gh kxwhfwejkjef

ifbefh" hf dxfjef ghb ohjkfezoi ho|bhkgi u gh {xef zhk hb kmhfwh {xh bk bbhth k jkni&

Kxwhfwejkjef ge~hjwk

Biz zezwhokz gh kxwhfwejkjef ge~hjwk zif k{xhbbiz {xh zh nkzkf hf bk efwh~kjjef hfw~h

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kxwhfwejkjef&

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efwh~jkonei gh jifw~kzhkz u iw~kz efdi~okjeifhz jifijegkz |i~ konkz |k~whz


17/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk ;= gh ;=Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

!j~hghfjekbhz gh |~eoh~k i gh zhmxfgk |k~wh%" {xh zh ~hbkjeifkf gh di~ok ge~hjwk&

^hzxbwk d~hjxhfwh {xh bk ~hbkjef hfw~h hb xzxk~ei u hb |~ithhgi~ zh nkzh hf hzwh we|i gh

zezwhokz&

Kxwhfwejkjef jh~wedejkgk

Hzwiz zezwhokz zh nkzkf hf hb ho|bhi gh jh~wedejkgiz hbhjw~fejiz gh jbkth |nbejk

!aknewxkbohfwh j~hghfjekbhz gh wh~jh~k |k~wh%& Zx |~efje|kb thfwk`k hz bk |izenebegkg gh

kxwhfwejk~ k xfk |h~zifk zef fhjhzegkg gh xf ~hmezw~i |~hzhfjekb" gkgi {xh zh |xhgh

jifdek~ hf bk efdi~okjef gh eghfwedejkjef ghb jh~wedejkgi" hz|hjekbohfwh jxkfgi bk

bhmezbkjef k|bejknbh hzwknbhjh jifwhfegiz ofeoiz" jioi hz hb jkzi ghb ghfioefkgi

jh~wedejkgi hbhjw~feji ~hjifijegi& H`ho|biz gh hbbi zif hb GFE hbhjw~feji u iw~iz

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18/64


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19/64


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20/64


21/64


22/64

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23/64


24/64

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25/64


26/64


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27/64

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28/64


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hbhjw~fejk&

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|k~wh k {xehf efwh~hzk bk hdejkjek gh xfk de~ok hbhjw~fejk wehfh gh~hjai k {xh zh|~kjwe{xh xfk |~xhnk zxdejehfwh" {xh ghwh~oefh ze bk de~ok h~k zxdejehfwhohfwh deknbh jioi

|k~k eo|xwk~ hb kjwi k bk |h~zifk {xh bk |~igx`i3 u hb |~efje|ei gh h{xetkbhfjek dxfjeifkb"

{xh fi hbeoefk bk fhjhzegkg gh hzwk |~xhnk" |h~i bk ~hgxjh jifzegh~knbhohfwh" ohgekfwh

bk |~hzxfjef gh bk hz|hjekb egifhegkg gh bk whjfibimk |k~k kjwxk~ jioi bk de~ok gh bk

|h~zifk&

Biz hdhjwiz" |i~ wkfwi" zh jifgejeifkf zeho|~h u hf wigi jkzi k bk |~xhnk gh bk

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gh |h~oewe~ bk eo|xwkjef ghb gijxohfwi de~okgi k bk |h~zifk&

Bk |~xhnk `xgejekb gh bk de~ok hbhjw~fejk

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gh bi oezoi {xh zxjhgh hf hb jkzi gh bk de~ok okfxzj~ewk" {xh hf jkzi gh jifdbejwi zh

zxzwkfjek ohgekfwh xfk |~xhnk |h~ejekb jkbem~dejk&

Kb hdhjwi" bk BDH ghwh~oefk xf w~kwkoehfwi hz|hjdeji gh bk |~xhnk gh bk kxwhfwejegkg gh bk

de~ok hbhjw~fejk" hf biz jkziz gh bk de~ok ktkfpkgk u gh bk de~ok ~hjifijegk !fi kz gh bk

de~ok i~gefk~ek%&

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hbhjw~fejk ~hjifijegk jif bk {xh zh akukf de~okgi biz gkwiz efji~|i~kgiz kb gijxohfwi

hbhjw~feji" zh |~ijhgh~ k jio|~ink~ {xh0 zh w~kwk gh xfk de~ok hbhjw~fejk ktkfpkgk

nkzkgk hf xf jh~wedejkgi ~hjifijegi" {xh jxo|bh wigiz biz ~h{xezewiz u jifgejeifhz

hzwknbhjegiz hf hzwk Bhu |k~k hzwh we|i gh jh~wedejkgiz u {xh bk de~ok zh ak mhfh~kgi

ohgekfwh xf gez|izeweti zhmx~i gh j~hkjef gh de~ok hbhjw~fejk&

Bk inbemkjef gh ~hkbepk~ bkz jewkgkz jio|~inkjeifhz ji~~hz|ifgh k {xehf |~hzhfwh hbgijxohfwi hbhjw~feji de~okgi jif de~ok hbhjw~fejk ~hjifijegk&


29/64


Ze gejakz jio|~inkjeifhz inwehfhf xf ~hzxbwkgi |izeweti" zh kzxoh bk kxwhfwejegkg gh bk

de~ok hbhjw~fejk ~hjifijegk jif bk {xh zh ak de~okgi gejai gijxohfwi hbhjw~feji"

whfehfgi {xh akjh~zh jk~mi gh bkz jizwkz" mkzwiz u gh~hjaiz {xh i~emefh bk

jio|~inkjef {xehf axnehzh di~oxbkgi bk eo|xmfkjef& H efjbxzi" ze k `xejei ghb w~enxfkb

bk eo|xmfkjef axnehzh zegi whoh~k~ek" |ig~ eo|ifh~bh kghoz xfk oxbwk gh hfw~h ;> Jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk dzejk" gh |h~zifk `x~gejk i gh hfwegkg zef|h~zifkbegkg `x~gejk

Hb jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk dzejk hz hb {xh zh hq|egh k xf xzxk~ei efgetegxkb" {xh zh

ghfioefk zxzj~e|wi~ ghb jh~wedejkgi" {xh zh~ hb de~okfwh !hf jh~wedejkgiz gh jbkth |nbejk

gh de~ok% i hb {xh ghzjed~h biz gijxohfwiz |~iwhmegiz jif zx jbkth |nbejk !hf

jh~wedejkgiz gh jed~kgi%&

Hb jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk `x~gejk fi zh ~hjimh hf bk Ge~hjwetk 55)5:)JH" fe zh ghdefh

hf bk Bhu 85)>< Hb jxzwigei gh xf jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk `x~gejk hz bk |h~zifk dzejk zibejewkfwh gh xf jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk `x~gejk" {xhgez|ifh gh xf gez|izeweti gh de~ok hbhjw~fejk u {xh" |i~ wkfwi" bi xwebepk |k~k |~igxje~ de~okz hbhjw~fejkz&


32/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk :> gh :>Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

Fi inzwkfwh" bkz k|bejkjeifhz ghb jh~wedejkgi gh |h~zifk `x~gejk wehfhf oz {xh th~ jif

bk |~igxjjef gh gijxohfwiz i~emefkbhz eo|xwknbhz k bk hfwegkg {xh jif bk de~ok hzj~ewk

ghb ~h|~hzhfwkfwh bhmkb i tibxfwk~ei gh bk |h~zifk `x~gejk& Hzwk |izenebegkg inbemk k

~h|bkfwhk~ bk fhjhzegkg gh bk ~h|~hzhfwkjef hf bk ~hbkjef hbhjw~fejk hfw~h bkz |h~zifkz

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ge~hjwkohfwh kjwk&

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hbhjw~fejk jif bk Kgoefezw~kjef&

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~h|~hzhfwkjef" |i~ zh~ effhjhzk~ek u {xh" |i~ wkfwi" k gejak kjwxkjef fi zh bh ghnhf

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de~ok gh |h~zifk `x~gejk i {xh kjwh xf ~h|~hzhfwkfwh ohgekfwh xf jh~wedejkgi gh

|h~zifk dzejk" hf hzwh zhmxfgi jkzi kj~hgewkfgi zx ~h|~hzhfwkjef gh di~ok zxdejehfwh&

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hfwegkghz gh jh~wedejkjef gh de~ok hbhjw~fejk fe k biz jh~wedejkgiz hoewegiz k bkz

Kgoefezw~kjeifhz \nbejkz" {xh zh ~hme~f |i~ zx fi~okwetk hz|hjdejk !hf hb jkzi gh

zwkz bweokz" bk bhu ;;)>


33/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk :: gh ::Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

hf biz {xh |ig~f hq|hge~zh jh~wedejkgiz hbhjw~fejiz k bkz hfwegkghz zef |h~zifkbegkg

`x~gejk&

Gejak I~ghf k|bejk k bkz hfwegkghz zef |h~zifkbegkg `x~gejk fi~okz kfbimkz k bkzk|bejknbhz |k~k biz jh~wedejkgiz gh |h~zifkz `x~gejkz" kxf{xh jif hz|hjekbegkghz& Hf

|k~wejxbk~ ~hz|hjwi kb |~ijhgeoehfwi gh ~hmezw~i" jif bk defkbegkg gh kzhmx~k~ {xh zbi xf

~h|~hzhfwkfwh bhmkb i tibxfwk~ei gh bk hfwegkg zef |h~zifkbegkg" {xh kjwxk~ jioi

jxzwigei" ~hjenh hb jh~wedejkgi&

:&:&: Jh~wedejkgi |k~k kjwxk~ hf fion~h |~i|ei i |i~ ~h|~hzhfwkjef

Hb jh~wedejkgi gh de~ok |xhgh zh~te~ |k~k kjwxk~ hf fion~h |~i|ei i hf ~h|~hzhfwkjef gh

xfk |h~zifk" jioi ghwh~oefk hb k~wjxbi 4&> gh bk Bhu 85)>


34/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk :7 gh :7Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

Kxf{xh fi k|k~hjh jewkgi hq|~hzkohfwh" hb jh~wedejkgi |h~zifkb wkonef |xhgh zh~

ji~|i~kweti" jxkfgi efgejk xfk ~hbkjef gh tefjxbkjef gh hzwk fkwx~kbhpk jif iw~k

|h~zifk" {xh zh |xhgh efjbxe~ ze bi `xzwedejk bk defkbegkg hz|hjdejk ghb jh~wedejkgi !k~wjxbi

;;&: gh bk Bhu 85)>;&

Hb GFE hbhjw~feji" kghoz gh jifzwewxe~ xf ohgei zhmx~i u deknbh gh kj~hgewkjef gh bkeghfwegkg |h~zifkb hf hb onewi dzeji" kkgh bk dxfjeifkbegkg gh zx xwebepkjef jioi

ohgei gh eghfwedejkjef dhakjehfwh hf hb onewi gemewkb0 ohgekfwh zx xzi hf gez|izewetiz

hbhjw~fejiz" k w~ktz gh Efwh~fhw u hf ~hghz gh jioxfejkjeifhz |~etkgkz&

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gijxohfwiz |i~ |k~wh ghb de~okfwh&

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i|h~kjef whbhowejk" kz jioi ~hkbepk~ i|h~kjeifhz jif mk~kfwk gh kxwhfwejkjef

neiow~ejk nkzkgk hf axhbbk gkjwebk~&

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hb Hzwkgi" |k~k bi jxkb zh ak jifzwewxegi xfk Kxwi~egkg gh Jh~wedejkjef hbhjw~fejk |~i|ek"

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35/64


|h~zifkbepkgk hf hb Oefezwh~ei ghb Efwh~ei~ k w~ktz gh bk Ge~hjjef Mhfh~kb gh bk \ibejk

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jh~wedejkjef {xh hq|egkf jh~wedejkgiz ~hjifijegiz jif hqjh|jef gh bk ~hbkwetk k bk

jifzwewxjef gh bk mk~kfwk k bk {xh zh ~hdeh~h hb k|k~wkgi > ghb k~wjxbi >&n%" ;8 u >; ghb |~i|ei whqwi&

Bk gezw~enxjef ghb GFE hbhjw~feji ak kuxgkgi k bk eo|bkfwkjef gh bk de~ok hbhjw~fejk u

ak |h~oewegi {xh zh jifipjk u zh diohfwh zx xwebepkjef& Kghoz" ak jifw~enxegi k {xh

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whjfibimk&

Hb ghzk~~ibbi ~hmbkohfwk~ei ghb GFE hbhjw~feji zh ak ~hkbepkgi |i~ hb ^hkb Ghj~hwi

;88:)>


36/64


Fkjeifkb gh Eghfwegkg u zxz jh~wedejkgiz gh de~ok hbhjw~fejk& Aku {xh ghzwkjk~ {xh"

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!k~wjxbi ;> ghb ^hkb Ghj~hwi%&

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bk oezok wk~`hwk%&

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ho|bhkfgi biz h{xe|koehfwiz gez|xhzwiz kb hdhjwi&

:&8 BK EGHFWEDEJKJEF GEMEWKB D^HFWH K BK KGOEFEZW^KJEF

Bk Bhu ;;)>


37/64

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Bk Bhu wkonef ~hmxbk biz zezwhokz |k~k bk eghfwedejkjef hbhjw~fejk gh bkz

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|~igxpjkf0

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u hb hzwknbhjeoehfwi jif hbbk gh jioxfejkjeifhz zhmx~kz&

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nkzkgk hf hb Gijxohfwi Fkjeifkb gh Eghfwegkg&


38/64


7 ^ EH ZM IZ \ K K BK ZH MX EG KG U BK \^ ET KJ EG KG

7&; \ÊFJE\KBHZ H^Î^HZ

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7&;&; Dkbziz fhmkwetiz

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7&> ÊHZMIZ HF BIZ \ÎJHZIZ GH KXWHFWEJKJEF

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41/64

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8 N XHF KZ \ J WEJ KZ \ K K KG OEF EZ W KGI H Z

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Hz fhjhzk~ei {xh zh eo|bkfwhf zezwhokz zhjxfgk~eiz {xh |izenebewhf hb kjjhzi hf jkzi gh{xh hb zezwhok |~efje|kb fi |xhgk xwebepk~zh |i~ jxkb{xeh~ oiweti& Hzwiz zezwhokz

zhjxfgk~eiz |xhghf bbhmk~ efjbxzi k xf wh~jh~ fethb hf jkzi gh {xh hb zezwhok zhjxfgk~ei

hzwknbhjegi fi |xhgk zh~ web& H`ho|bi gh hbbi hz bk |izenebegkg gh {xh hb zezwhok

zhjxfgk~ei hzwknbhjegi jifzezwk hf hb hfti gh xfkz fxhtkz j~hghfjekbhz" i gh xf kjjhzi

|k~k ~hghdefe~bkz" k xfk jxhfwk gh ji~~hi" |xgehfgi hb xzxk~ei aknh~ jkfjhbkgi gejak

ge~hjjef i |h~gegi zx jifw~ib&

Biz zezwhokz zhjxfgk~eiz gh kxwhfwejkjef ghnhf jifwk~ jif hb oezoi fethb gh zhmx~egkg

{xh zh hqemh hf hb ohjkfezoi |~efje|kb" uk {xh hf jkzi gh ~h{xh~e~ ohfi~hz hqemhfjekz|ig~kf jifth~we~zh hf xfk |xh~wk kneh~wk gh jk~k k |izenbhz zx|bkfwkjeifhz&

Xfi gh biz zezwhokz zhjxfgk~eiz oz xwebepkgiz hz di~oxbk~ xfk |~hmxfwk {xh hb xzxk~ei

ak ghwh~oefkgi jif kfwh~ei~egkg `xfwi k zx ~hz|xhzwk& Hf oxjaiz jkziz zh zxmeh~hf

kbmxfkz |~hmxfwkz {xh ~hkbohfwh fi |xhghf jifzegh~k~zh zhmx~kz kb |igh~ zh~

~hz|ifgegkz |i~ jxkb{xeh~ |h~zifk {xh jifipjk ofeokohfwh kb xzxk~ei" gh oigi {xh

|ig~k bbhmk~ k zx|bkfwk~ zx eghfwegkg u kjjhgh~ k zx |h~deb i jxhfwk zef zx

jifzhfweoehfwi& H`ho|bi gh hzwkz |~hmxfwkz gh zhmx~egkg zif hb fion~h gh kbmf

dkoebek~" gh xfk okzjiwk" gh zx |~eoh~ jibhmei i gh zx |hbjxbk dkti~ewk&

Wko|iji |xhgh jifzegh~k~zh zhmx~i xf zezwhok gh kxwhfwejkjef zhjxfgk~ei hf hb {xh

zh xwebejh k iw~iz xzxk~eiz jioi mk~kfwhz gh xfk eghfwegkg" uk {xh zh dkjebewk~k xf kwk{xh

ohgekfwh efmhfeh~k zijekb |k~k kjjhgh~ k xf ghwh~oefkgi zh~tejei& Xf h`ho|bi gh hbbi

zh~k xf zh~tejei ifbefh {xh |k~k ~hzwknbhjh~ xfk jifw~kzhk hf jkzi gh ibtegi |egk {xh

zh zhkbhf ghwh~oefkgiz xzxk~eiz {xh zh jifzegh~hf jifwkjwiz gh jifdekfpk |k~k {xh

th~ede{xhf bk eghfwegkg gh {xehf {xeh~h ~hzwknbhjh~ bk jifw~kzhk& Hzwh zezwhok dkjebewk~k

kjjhziz efghnegiz uk {xh ghbhmk hf iw~iz xzxk~eiz bk kxwhfwejkjef" zhkf hzwiz jifwkjwiz

~hkbhz i j~hkgiz |k~k hzwknbhjh~ xf kwk{xh ohgekfwh efmhfeh~k zijekb&


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Gh hzwh oigi" bk hbhjjef gh jifw~kzhkz ghnh efjbxe~ xfkz jifgejeifhz gh jio|bhègkg

jioi |xhghf zh~ xfk bifmewxg ofeok u bk efjbxzef gh okuzjxbkz" oefzjxbkz"

foh~iz u zonibiz&

Ghb oezoi oigi" hz ~hjiohfgknbh eo|hge~ hb xzi gh jionefkjeifhz ghokzekgi

zhfjebbkz" jioxfhz i djebhz gh kgetefk~ !|i~ h`ho|bi0 |kzz}i~g" jifw~kzhk" {}h~wu"

;>:784" knj;>:%&

\i~ iw~i bkgi" ghnh ~hjiohfgk~zh k biz xzxk~eiz defkbhz {xh htewhf {xh bkz jifw~kzhkz

zhkf i efjbxukf gkwiz |h~zifkbhz& Hzwk ~hjiohfgkjef |xhgh bbhmk~ k jifth~we~zh hf xfk

|~iaenejef hf kbmxfiz jkziz" jioi |i~ h`ho|bi hf bi {xh ~hz|hjwk kb xzi gh biz oezoiz

gkwiz {xh zh akf k|i~wkgi hf hb ~hmezw~i !fion~h" dhjak gh fkjeoehfwi" foh~i gh

whbdifi" hwj&%&

\i~ iw~i bkgi" biz mhzwi~hz gh biz zezwhokz ghnhf |~ioith~" h efjbxzi hqeme~" bk

~hfitkjef gh bkz jifw~kzhkz jkgk jeh~wi weho|i&

8&= JIO\ÎNKJEF GH J^HGHFJEKBHZ HF HB ^HMEZWÎ

Hf hb ~hmezw~i ghnhf hzwknbhjh~zh jbk~kohfwh bkz efdi~okjeifhz {xh zh xwebepk~f |k~k

|izwh~ei~hz kjjhziz u kxwhfwejkjeifhz& \i~ hbbi zh ghnh |~hzwk~ hz|hjekb kwhfjef kb

jio|~ink~ {xh hb xzxk~ei fi jiohwh h~~i~hz {xh bh |xhgkf eo|hge~ hb kjjhzi hf hb

dxwx~i&

Xf h`ho|bi gh hzwk zewxkjef hz whjbhk~ h~~fhkohfwh xfk jifw~kzhk hf hb |~ijhzi gh

~hmezw~i& Hzwk zewxkjef |xhgh htewk~zh hqemehfgi {xh bk oezok zhk whjbhkgk giz thjhz u

jio|~inkfgi {xh jifjxh~gk" kghoz gh ktezk~ kb xzxk~ei hf jkzi gh {xh hb whjbkgi

okfwhfmk kjwetk kbmxfk dxfjef jioi bk hzj~ewx~k hf okuzjxbkz&

8&1 HZWKNBHJH^ OHGEGKZ GH ZHMXÊGKG KFWH JKONEIZ GH

J^HGHFJEKBHZ U IW^KZ OIGEDEJKJEIFHZ GH JKBKGI

Hz fhjhzk~ei {xh ghwh~oefkgiz jkoneiz hf bk jifdemx~kjef gh xzxk~ei" jioi |i~

h`ho|bi bk oigedejkjef gh j~hghfjekbhz i bk hbeoefkjef gh bk jxhfwk i |h~deb" zh|~igxpjkf w~kz jio|~ink~zh fxhtkohfwh bk eghfwegkg ghb xzxk~ei&

Gejak jio|~inkjef ghnh~k ~hkbepk~zh ohgekfwh xf zezwhok gedh~hfwh kb ho|bhkgi |k~k

hb kjjhzi" gh oigi {xh hf jkzi gh {xh xf kwkjkfwh |xgeh~k zx|h~k~ hb zezwhok gh

kxwhfwejkjef efejekb fi |xhgk eo|hge~ kb bhmweoi xzxk~ei hb kjjhzi&

8&5 EO\BEJKJEF GH WH^JHÎZ

Bk eo|bejkjef gh iw~iz kmhfwhz hf hb |~ijhzi gh kxwhfwejkjef ghnh bbhtk~zh k jkni jif

hz|hjekb jkxwhbk" uk {xh |xhgh bbhmk~ k |h~oewe~zh {xh hzwiz wh~jh~iz jifipjkfghwh~oefkgiz gkwiz gh eghfwedejkjef&


47/64

Mxk zin~h ~ehzmiz u nxhfkz |~jwejkz hf kxwhfwejkjef ifbefh \mefk 7= gh 7=Efzwewxwi Fkjeifkb gh Whjfibimkz gh bk Jioxfejkjef

Bk kxwhfwejkjef dhgh~kgk hz xf jbk~i h`ho|bi hf hb {xh bk kxwhfwejkjef zh bbhtk k jkni

jifwkfgi jif oz kmhfwhz eo|bejkgiz {xh hb |~i|ei xzxk~ei u hb |~ithhgi~ gh zh~tejeiz&

Hzwh we|i gh kxwhfwejkjef hz ~hjiohfgknbh zeho|~h {xh hb kmhfwh th~edejkgi~ i

kxwhfwejkgi~ |~hzhfwh mk~kfwkz hf ~hdh~hfjek kb ~hz|hwi gh bk |~etkjegkg gh biz xzxk~eiz&

Hf jxkb{xeh~ jkzi" hb kjjhzi k bk efdi~okjef gh eghfwedejkjef zh ghnh beoewk~ k wh~jh~iz

{xh whfmkf xfk |izejef `xzwedejkgk u deknbh hf jkgk jkzi&

8&;< KBOKJHFKOEHFWI ZHMX^I

Bk efdi~okjef gh kxwhfwejkjef hz kbokjhfkgk hf biz zezwhokz ghb kmhfwh hfjk~mkgi ghb

|~ijhzi gh kxwhfwejkjef |k~k kz |igh~ xwebepk~bk kb jio|~ink~ bk jifji~gkfjek gh zwk

jif bk k|i~wkgk |i~ biz xzxk~eiz ghb zh~tejei& Hzwi inbemk k {xh gejai kbokjhfkoehfwi

jxhfwh jif kbwkz ohgegkz gh zhmx~egkg |k~k {xh fkgeh |xhgk kjjhgh~ k hbbk zefkxwi~epkjef&

Hzwkz ohgegkz ghnhf eo|hge~ {xh fkgeh |xhgk kjjhgh~ k bkz j~hghfjekbhz ghb ~hzwi gh

xzxk~eiz" |h~i ghnhf hzwknbhjh~ wkonef {x |h~zifkz i |h~debhz gh xzxk~ei ghfw~i bk

i~mkfepkjef |~hzwkgi~k gh zh~tejeiz |xhghf kjjhgh~ k hbbkz& Hz ghje~" hf bk ghdefejef gh

~ibhz u ~hz|ifzknebegkghz gh bk i~mkfepkjef zh ghnh ghbeoewk~ hb kjjhzi k bkz

j~hghfjekbhz gh biz xzxk~eiz jbehfwhz&

Hf jxkb{xeh~ jkzi" zeho|~h hz kjifzh`knbh {xh bk efdi~okjef kbokjhfkgk hzw jed~kgk"

gh oigi {xh efjbxzi hf jkzi gh {xh kbmxehf |xgeh~k zx|h~k~ bkz gedh~hfwhz ohgegkz gh

zhmx~egkg" zwh fi |xgeh~k kjjhgh~ k bkz j~hghfjekbhz&

Hz fhjhzk~ei whfh~ hf jxhfwk k zx thp hb bxmk~ gifgh zh bijkbepkf biz zh~tegi~hz hf biz

{xh zh kbokjhfk~ bk efdi~okjef gh kxwhfwejkjef" ghnegi hz|hjekbohfwh k bkz gedh~hfwhz

bhmezbkjeifhz k|bejknbhz hf jkgk |kz ~hz|hjwi k biz zezwhokz gh zhmx~egkg u bk

|~iwhjjef gh gkwiz |h~zifkbhz&

8&;; W^KFZOEZEF JED^KGK

Hb efwh~jkonei gh efdi~okjef hfw~h biz gez|izewetiz gh biz xzxk~eiz u biz h{xe|iz hf biz{xh zh kbi`k hb zezwhok" u hz|hjekbohfwh hb efwh~jkonei gh j~hghfjekbhz" ghnh ~hkbepk~zh

gh oigi {xh fkgeh k`hfi k hzwh efwh~jkonei |xhgk jifijh~ hzwk efdi~okjef& \k~k hbbi"

zh kjifzh`k {xh hzwk efdi~okjef zh jed~h" gh oigi {xh hf jkzi gh {xh kbmxehf |xhgk

kjjhgh~ k bkz j~hghfjekbhz hftekgkz fi zhk jk|kp gh efwh~|~hwk~bkz&

Hzwk nxhfk |~jwejk hz gh hz|hjekb ~hbhtkfjek hf hb ghzk~~ibbi gh k|bejkjeifhz u zh~tejeiz

|k~k gez|izewetiz otebhz" uk {xh xwebepkf whjfibimkz efkbon~ejkz u |i~ wkfwi zxz

w~kfzoezeifhz zif oz djebhz gh efwh~jh|wk~& Zh akf ghwhjwkgi fxoh~iziz jkziz hf biz

{xh bk efdi~okjef zh w~kfzoewh hf whqwi |bkfi" |bhfkohfwh bhmenbh |k~k jxkb{xeh~k"|ifehfgi kz hf ~ehzmi bk |~etkjegkg gh hzwkz j~hghfjekbhz&


48/64


8&;> FI K\I^WK^ OZ EFDI^OKJEF GH BK GHNEGK ZIN^H BIZ XZXK^EIZ

Bk kjwxkjef gh biz |~hzwkgi~hz gh zh~tejeiz u gh biz kmhfwhz hfjk~mkgiz gh bk

kxwhfwejkjef ghnh whfh~ hfw~h zxz |~hoezkz bk jifzh~tkjef gh bk |~etkjegkg gh bizxzxk~eiz" |i~ bi {xh fi ghnhf k|i~wk~ efdi~okjef kjh~jk gh hbbiz zkbti hf jkziz

wiwkbohfwh eo|~hzjefgenbhz&

\i~ h`ho|bi" hz aknewxkb {xh kb w~kwk~ gh ~hkbepk~ xf fxhti ~hmezw~i hf hb {xh zh xwebejh

efdi~okjef uk ~hmezw~kgk zh ktezh gh hzwk zewxkjef" |i~ h`ho|bi efdi~okfgi gh {xh bk

ge~hjjef gh ji~~hi hbhjw~feji {xh zh efwhfwk xwebepk~ |k~k ~hmezw~k~zh hf xf zh~tejei uk ak

zegi xwebepkgk |k~k ~hmezw~k~zh kfwh~ei~ohfwh& Hzw |~jwejk k|i~wk oz efdi~okjef gh bk

{xh ghnh~k zin~h biz xzxk~eiz ghb zezwhok" uk {xh hf hb jkzi gh jeh~wiz gkwiz {xh

|ig~kf eghfwedejk~ k xfk |h~zifk" |i~ h`ho|bi zx ge~hjjef gh ji~~hi hbhjw~feji"

|ifg~kf hf hteghfjek {xh gejak |h~zifk zh ak ~hmezw~kgi hf hb zh~tejei&

Hzwk zewxkjef zh |xhgh htewk~" |i~ h`ho|bi" ~hkbepkfgi gejak fiwedejkjef ohgekfwh xf

ji~~hi hbhjw~feji" gh oigi {xh zibkohfwh |xgeh~k jifijh~ hzwh ktezi hb xzxk~ei jif

kjjhzi k hzk jxhfwk gh ji~~hi&

Ghb oezoi oigi {xh fi zh ghnh~k efdi~ok~ zin~h ze xfk efdi~okjef uk ak zegi

~hmezw~kgk" wko|iji zh ghnh~k efdi~ok~ hf jkzi gh {xh fi bi hzwxteh~k& Hf hzwh jkzi bk

zewxkjef efkghjxkgk |ig~k ijx~~e~ wkfwi hf hb |~ijhzi gh ~hmezw~i jioi hf hb |~ijhzi gh

kxwhfwejkjef&

8&;: ^H[XEZEWIZ BHMKBHZ

Kb mhzweifk~ biz zezwhokz gh kxwhfwejkjef zh ghnh whfh~ hf jxhfwk {xh wkfwi bk

efdi~okjef xwebepkgk hf hb |~ijhzi gh kxwhfwejkjef jioi bk efdi~okjef {xh zh |~iwhmh

ohgekfwh hzwh ohjkfezoi" h efjbxzi biz zh~tejeiz k biz {xh zh gk kjjhzi" |xhghf jifwk~

jif ghwh~oefkgiz ~h{xezewiz bhmkbhz&

Gh hzwh oigi" hz fhjhzk~ei tkbi~k~ hf jkgk jkzi jxbhz zif bkz eo|bejkjeifhz bhmkbhz k

bkz {xh zh ghnh akjh~ d~hfwh" |xgehfgi hf oxjaiz jkziz zh~ fhjhzk~ei ~h|bkfwhk~ghwh~oefkgiz kz|hjwiz ghb |~ijhzi gh kxwhfwejkjef gezhkgi&

Xf jbk~i h`ho|bi gh hzwkz zewxkjeifhz hz hb xzi gh ghwh~oefkgkz efdi~okjeifhz

neiow~ejkz {xh" kb |igh~ bbhmk~ k zhkbk~ kz|hjwiz zin~h bk zkbxg i hb i~emhf wfeji"

|ig~kf fhjhzewk~ xf w~kwkoehfwi hz|hjekb |k~k |igh~ jxo|be~ biz ~h{xezewiz hzwknbhjegiz

|i~ bk Bhu I~mfejk gh \~iwhjjef gh Gkwiz gh Jk~jwh~ \h~zifkb !BI\G%&

Bkz oezokz jifzegh~kjeifhz zh ghnhf whfh~ hf jxhfwk hf hb |~ijhzi gh ~hmezw~i" uk {xh

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