Group 8

Anthony McCorvey

Ronnie LalchanChris Beck

George Thompson

ProblemThe power companies are

converting the old mechanical meters to Smart meters. Wireless Communication Accurate Readings KWH every hour Power Factor Connect/Disconnect

No jobs for meter readers Hiring untrained contractors Cheaper

Looking for a cost efficient method to train contractors

GoalsTo design a product that the power companies can use

for their renovationsCost efficientSafeUser FriendlyTest and Train

Design Requirements Hardware

Meter CansPotential TransformersVariable TransformerToggle Switches/RelaysFusesControl Box

Thinking about the Design

PhasePhase

ConfigurationConfigurationPhase to Phase to GroundGround

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 2Phase 2

Phase 2 to Phase 2 to Phase 3Phase 3

and and

Phase 3 to Phase 3 to Phase 1Phase 1

*Power *Power leg to leg to

GroundGround

Single PhaseSingle Phase

DeltaDelta120 Volts120 Volts 240 Volts240 Volts 240 Volts240 Volts

Three PhaseThree Phase

DeltaDelta120 Volts120 Volts 240 Volts240 Volts 240 Volts240 Volts

208 208 VoltsVolts

Single PhaseSingle Phase

WyeWye120 Volts120 Volts 208 Volts208 Volts

Three PhaseThree Phase

WyeWye120 Volts120 Volts 208 Volts208 Volts 208 Volts208 Volts

2 Phase Configurations Delta Wye

Single Phase Three Phase How can we convert single phase to

three phase? Rotary motors etc Too expensive Defeats our goal

“Trick the Voltage” That’s when Simulator was added to

the name

Meter Cans(2) Three Phase Meter Cans

2 Wire Delta Junction Meter3 Wire Delta3 Wire WyeLED Lights

(3) Single Phase Meter Cans(3) Single Phase Meter Cans 2 Wire Delta2 Wire Delta 3 Wire Delta3 Wire Delta 3Wire Wye3Wire WyeLED Lights (Safety Precautions)LED Lights (Safety Precautions)

Potential Transformers6 total potential transformers3 Step-down PT’s “Configuration”

115:50 (Phase to Phase - Delta) and (Phase to Ground – Delta and Wye)

115:80 (Stinger leg Delta)115:42 (Phase to Phase – Wye)

3 Step-Up PT’s “Multiplier”3 Step-Up PT’s “Multiplier”2.4:12.4:1

Step-Up PT Schematic

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

Secondary

Primary

11550

11580

11542

S3 S3

Variable Transformer

S3

Voltage CalculationsPhase to Ground for Wye and Delta (115:50)

50 x 2.4 = 120 VoltsPower leg to Ground (Delta) (115:80)

80 x 2.4 = 192 VoltsSpecific to needsFound a solution

Phase to Phase for Wye to DeltaSubtractive PolarityDelta

50 x 2.4 = 120 volts Different terminals 120 <0 – 120 <180 = 240 Volts

Wye (115:42) 42 x 2.4 = 100.8 Volts 100.8 <0 – 100.8 <180 = 201.6 Volts

Control BoxVariable Transformer4 Fuses

(1) 5 Amps (3) 2 Amps

ON/OFF switch Safety Precautions

5 toggle switches for selection of configuration 3PDT

Delta Single Delta Single PhasePhase

Switch 1Switch 1 Switch 2Switch 2 Switch 3Switch 3 Switch 4Switch 4 Switch 5Switch 5

Phase 1&2 to Phase 1&2 to GroundGround

UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp DownDown

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 2Phase 2

UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp DownDown

Delta Three Delta Three Phase Phase

Phase 1&2 to Phase 1&2 to GroundGround

UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp DownDown

Power Leg to Power Leg to GroundGround

UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 2Phase 2

UpUp UpUp UpUp UpUp DownDown

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Power LegPower Leg

UpUp UpUp UpUp DownDown DownDown

Phase 2 to Phase 2 to Power LegPower Leg

Up Up UpUp UpUp Down Down DownDown

Delta Switching Sequence

Wye Switching SequenceWyeWye

Single PhaseSingle Phase

Switch 1Switch 1 Switch 2Switch 2 Switch 3Switch 3 Switch 4Switch 4 Switch 5Switch 5

Phase 1&2 Phase 1&2 to Groundto Ground

UpUp Down Down Up Up Down Down DownDown

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 2Phase 2

Down Down DownDown DownDown UpUp DownDown

Wye Three Wye Three PhasePhase

Phase 1,2,&3 Phase 1,2,&3 to Groundto Ground

UpUp DownDown UpUp DownDown DownDown

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 2Phase 2

DownDown DownDown DownDown UpUp DownDown

Phase 1 to Phase 1 to Phase 3Phase 3

DownDown DownDown DownDown DownDown DownDown

Phase 2 to Phase 2 to Phase 3Phase 3

DownDown DownDown DownDown DownDown DownDown

Phase Converter Simulator Hardware 1

• Mechanically changes configurations• Allows microcontroller to control

switching• A lower voltage device can now

control the voltages of the meter cans

• Eliminates need for the user to know list of combinations

Relays

• -

• Type Impedance Input voltage

Voltage Required to operate

Current Required

Triple pole double throw (3PDT)

120 Ω 6 – 240 VAC 8 - 14V Min of .2 A

Schematic of Relay Connection

Testing

1.Tested relays by realizing the schematic

2.For the microcontroller, we applied a steady voltage.

3.Connected to relays to microcontroller.

4.Replaced switched with relays.

First attempt:•Diode parallel with relay• Purpose:• Protect circuit from feedback

current when relay switched• Diode shorted out the

transistors• Solution:• Remove diode

Second attempt:•1K resistor• Limited current to

microcontroller• Too much impedance on

breadboard•Switch to 100 ohms• Blew transistors 2n2222• 2n2222 didn’t have a high

enough rating• Solution:

•Changed transistor to TIP120

Building

Software Objective

Create a Interface to compliment the Training Simulation

To allow the user to interact with the system.To give a visual reference to the user of his

or her actionsControl Relays for Configuration PurposesApprove or Decline Users Certification

Software ComponentsMicrocontroller Voltmeter CircuitLCD Screen 2 line X 20 characters

LCD System Flow Chart

Push Button Voltmete

rCircuit

Switches to Switching Relays

Microcontroller changes configurations

Eliminates need for the user to know switch combination

Configurations can switch when required or prompted automatically

LCD/system Code

Voltmeter Circuit(Feedback) Input Voltage (120-240)

| Probes

| Transformer

| Full Wave Rectifier w/ Capacitor | Voltage Divider | A/D converter(microcontroller)

Problems….

A/D Converter-5(A/D) Voltage +5(A/D)

115V-.284V(53) 120V 125V-.385V(77)

203V-1.85V(379) 208V 213V-1.87V(385)

235V-1.88V(388) 240V 245V-1.91V(397)

PCB2 Layer PCB.10” TracesGround PlaneUsing PCB ExpressSchematicPCB Board

Schematic

PCB Board

Microcontroller Vs. FPGA

PIC16F876A ATmega168 FPGA Basys

ATmega168

Features ATmega168 I/0 Pins 23Memory Type FLASH Program Memory (KB)

16

EEPROM (Bytes) 512SRAM (KB) 1Operating Voltage 5.5 Volts

PIC16F876A

Features PIC16F876A I/0 Pins 22Memory Type FLASH Program Memory (KB)

14

EEPROM (Bytes) 256SRAM (KB) 0.359Operating Voltage 5.5 Volts

FPGA Basys

Features FPGA Basys I/0 Pins 24Memory Type FLASHProgram Memory (KB)

72

EEPROM (Bytes) -SRAM (KB) 72Operating Voltage 3.3 Volts

Microcontroller Vs. FPGAFeatures ATmega168 PIC16F876A FPGA Basys

I/0 Pins 23 22 24

Memory Type FLASH FLASH FLASH

Program Memory (KB) 16 14 72

EEPROM (Bytes) 512 256 -

SRAM (KB) 1 0.359 72

Operating Voltage 5.5 Volts 5.5 Volts 3.3 Volts

•ATmega168

BudgetPart Development Immediate Cost PrototypeSwitches $10 $10 $10

Fuses $10 $10 $10

Enclosure $30 $30 $30

Three Phase Meter Box $140 $140 $140

Single Phase Meter Box $75 $75 $75

Potential Transformer $60 $60 $60

Wiring $0 $30 $30

Microcontroller $60 $60 $60

Interface $60 $60 $60

Volt Meter $30 $30 $30

A/D converter $40 $40 $40

Variable Transformer $0 $100 $100

User Interface $50 $50 $50

Keyboard $0 $30 $30

Total: $565.00 $725.00 $725.00

Budget Analysis

Budget

Current Cost $550Development Budget $565Prototype Budget $725

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