griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · griggs-type apparatus has been...

13
腌腜腗腆腔腘腅腤 Griggs 腈腡腉腏腊腖腘腀腇腢腒腞腟腄 Evaluation of fundamental performance of a modified Griggs type apparatus installed at Hiroshima University 腁腝腐腂*腙腃 **腑腋腂腓*腕腎腍腣* Jun-ichi Ando*, Toru Takeshita**, Kazunari Matsubara* and Yasutaka Hayasaka* Abstract : Deformation experiments using triaxial solid-medium deformation rigs such as a Griggs-type apparatus have been important in order to quantitatively understand plastic behavior of the Earth’s constituent minerals and rocks. A modified Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration of this deformation apparatus and evaluate its fundamental performance, using NaCl and glass sample cells, which have been devel- oped by ourselves. We conclude that this deformation apparatus using the NaCl cell has a good potential to produce precise mechanical data under the following circum- stances. The upper limit of confining pressure in the NaCl cell at room temperature is inferred to be ca. - GPa, which is slightly higher than that in glass cell. We calibrated confining pressure of both cells at high temperature as a function of applied load up to 1/* kN. The results show that confining pressure in the glass cell reaches almost +**of the ideal pressure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the piston), whereas that in the NaCl cell decreases with increasing applied load and reduced to 1,of the ideal pressure at 1/* kN. Hydrostatic condition can be generated in the NaCl cell at temperatures as low as /**. However, the NaCl cell becomes unstable over 2**.A sample in the glass cell is non-hydrostatically stressed at low temperature, but stress state becomes hydrostatic over 1**due to softening of the glass. The glass cell is very stable up to +-**. Therefore, the NaCl and glass cells can be useful for deformation experiments at temperature lower than 2**and higher than 1**, respectively. Temperature gradient along the graphite heater is large, and is expressed as Tg*.*3T, where Tg and T represent temperature gradient (/mm) and temper- ature at the center of heater (), respectively. In order to minimize the temperature gradient of sample, new devices such as metallic capsule and/or step heater must be installed in the present sample cell. Using the NaCl cell, we conducted a constant displacement rate test of serpentinite at P*.3 GPa, T0**, and at a preset displace- ment rate of inner-piston of 0** mm/hr. The experimental stress-time curve is good enough for a dynamic base line, hit point and steady state creep to be well-defined. Based on the results, it can be inferred that the flow strength of the sample is ca. /1* MPa at the strain rate of -.++* / /s. Key words : Modified Griggs-type apparatus, confining pressure calibration, temperature gradient, constant displacement rate test * ** ,**/ 3 ,2 腢腙腤,**0 , +. 腢腙腦 腔腠腝腏腝腏腌腦腏腓腑腍腟腐腧腚腈腉腊腋腏腛腕 Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi- Hiroshima, 1-32/,0, Japan 腥腎腡腝腏腝腏腌腦腏腓腑腍腟腐腧腚腍腏腛腕 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, *0**2+*, Japan 腋腚腥腠 腖腜腟腘.3 ,1-3,**0 Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .3, ,1-3, ,**027

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Page 1: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

�������� Griggs�� ���������

Evaluation of fundamental performance of a modified Griggs type

apparatus installed at Hiroshima University

����*��� �**�����*� !"#*

Jun-ichi Ando*, Toru Takeshita**, Kazunari Matsubara* and Yasutaka Hayasaka*

Abstract : Deformation experiments using triaxial solid-medium deformation rigs

such as a Griggs-type apparatus have been important in order to quantitatively

understand plastic behavior of the Earth’s constituent minerals and rocks. A modified

Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this

paper, we briefly describe configuration of this deformation apparatus and evaluate its

fundamental performance, using NaCl and glass sample cells, which have been devel-

oped by ourselves. We conclude that this deformation apparatus using the NaCl cell

has a good potential to produce precise mechanical data under the following circum-

stances. The upper limit of confining pressure in the NaCl cell at room temperature is

inferred to be ca. - GPa, which is slightly higher than that in glass cell. We calibrated

confining pressure of both cells at high temperature as a function of applied load up to

1/* kN. The results show that confining pressure in the glass cell reaches almost +**�of the ideal pressure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the piston), whereas that in the

NaCl cell decreases with increasing applied load and reduced to 1,� of the ideal

pressure at 1/* kN. Hydrostatic condition can be generated in the NaCl cell at

temperatures as low as /**�. However, the NaCl cell becomes unstable over 2**�. A

sample in the glass cell is non-hydrostatically stressed at low temperature, but stress

state becomes hydrostatic over 1**� due to softening of the glass. The glass cell is

very stable up to +-**�. Therefore, the NaCl and glass cells can be useful for

deformation experiments at temperature lower than 2**� and higher than 1**�,

respectively. Temperature gradient along the graphite heater is large, and is expressed

as Tg�*.*3�T, where Tg and T represent temperature gradient (�/mm) and temper-

ature at the center of heater (�), respectively. In order to minimize the temperature

gradient of sample, new devices such as metallic capsule and/or step heater must be

installed in the present sample cell. Using the NaCl cell, we conducted a constant

displacement rate test of serpentinite at P�*.3 GPa, T�0**�, and at a preset displace-

ment rate of inner-piston of 0** mm/hr. The experimental stress-time curve is good

enough for a dynamic base line, hit point and steady state creep to be well-defined.

Based on the results, it can be inferred that the flow strength of the sample is ca. /1*

MPa at the strain rate of -.+�+*�//s.

Key words : Modified Griggs-type apparatus, confining pressure calibration, temperature

gradient, constant displacement rate test

*

**

,**/� 3� ,2�� ,**0� ,� +.���� ���������������������Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science,

Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-

Hiroshima, 1-3�2/,0, Japan

�� ������������������Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate

School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, *0*�*2+*, Japan

�$%&

!"�# $ .3% ,1�-3 ,**0 &Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .3, ,1�-3, ,**0'

( 27 (

Page 2: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

����

�������� -�������� Griggs������ �� �������������� ���� ��� �������������� ���� ����� ! ����"� #$%&�'(�)�'��� , GPa*+'���,-./�� 0'�����1�23/�� 45���DIA����� 6�37�������8 !9"#�� +* GPa$�'%��+�':�&;<&=''��������>/� �Nis-

hiyama et al., ,**/�� 3?3� ()��� @A*3/,B�#� CA+D�,- .&�D�� E7� ���/ 0F1.2�G H39�� ���� -�������IJ�K� 4L#:�&; <&9='#M5'NOPQ!'RS���6�T�����A7U��VW �8BX� Jung et al.

�,**.������� -������'T2�3/� ��YZ$%&������9�[���9:\;]�C>/� �����9^_�< =`�>?�D����@A�./�� 0.�� _�>?'��!�P!ab; ��� !'cB�C��d B�����e����� 0'�� fg9��� ��'hA'��9������1+�?�ADi����� Ef9 NaCl�G'j;k�lmna F!9��� Go':\;] HF3� ^_�<'>?=� Gp�q���.7 �8BX� Green

and Borch �+323� ; Borch and Green �+323� ; Gle-

ason and Tullis �+33-��� r�'Is� �����9�[':\;]�J)�H�'�� ^_�<'>?=��?�AtG9� 3?3� ��b;K���Eu F!9��LM��'�� vN�3/^_�>?�����O� �"� Jung and Karato �,**+� �Karato and Jung �,**-� �� ��w'K'��O�x�'PyQ�?z^_�< {|��� ^_�>?'=�'tG �q/�� O�x��� ���R���9PyQ��^_��'2}��FS~z./�����4T^_���� �8BX�Kohlstedt et al. �+310��� 0'"#�4U2���/� :\;]'�� fg�DV�'"#�HBz.�� PyQ�'6�T�#PyQ��'=�'��� E7� �R'^_�<'�i >?�D����>7�� ����� 0'W����� -������ F!9���� �����9^_�< =`��/K����������"� �����9�[�:\;] �e���%���� X)� 4LRB$�E�'�� �/** MPa,

Y� +/ kmZ[� �����3?�D��� \>/� ���� -�������P!ab;�C_�

>?��� ]9K''� 4L#:�&;�'<&='#M5'NOPQ!RS���/�6�T������^_��� ,***` -����RSa�bRS �A����c : M5������F4d ��e��� 'fg�$'fh� RS��i : j+k� �CA� �l+�+��m�RS�4�no�%���p��qr�.7���� -������ �stu����vw� ����37��b;�x3/� ����� ���y� ?,e���' -�z'{� z��,>7�'�� E�|�

����

^��'��� Griggs������� Griggs����'�^<&�� $%&���� !������|B$%&� }q�q��! !�~�'�� �¡j� �C>/��e��|B$%&� ¢�������£u ¤B� ^_� �������� ^���0'<& ¥H�3¦¦� �F¦?'�§ ¤B/���.7� *+��'¨� E�|�^��� �$%&���� !����B� ����y�©�%��� �¤��©�%��?z<&�./�� $%&���� !����B�� ��ª�«�C>/¬+ .** kgf�cm,E�'�� «N%^�'Q­®¯R�������LM� 0'¬+���� ,**&�'£u�Z[3� ��� !|°� ,-.* mm��'�� m����¬+ ..1 GPa'������9���� ^���� � '��Q­®¯��'¢�� w.±.��� !'G+�y9��� O�Q²;� Griggs����'W� ,u��m� F!3����«;�<&��>/�� Fig. +��K�'��� �9�Go37W�m����������37Is�

K� ��� !���3����� ^�'��� !����9~D2��� ^�'��� !����³�����F� w'��B���/|?zc�´°��µ�+DF��� ]3/� �Fig. +

c�� ¬cB�'´°� 2-.0 mm��� 0'������³��'��� !��~/� ��� !|����9_� ��F9���D� ��� ³��B�'�� �Fig. + c' BB� ���/�����³��'��� !��~/��_� 1*�*GK¶������D� Griggs������� ��� ! G"?z�|�U����·¸ Gp/�K'K��� ^����0'��� !'���C>/� ��� !'�|�U ,W��F��·¸ Gp/�A� w'��� ��m�'�<�����>/��

¹ ¡��j+ k�¢��&�£º»¤

¼ 28 ¼

Page 3: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

Fig. + Schematic diagram of a modified Griggs type deformation apparatus installed at Hiroshima University (Courtesy of

Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd). (a) and (b) show the front and side views of the apparatus. The frame of the apparatus is

not drawn in (b) which is looked from the left side of (a). (c) shows a close up view of piston-cylinder-inner piston assembly.

A and B in (b) and (c) represent a couple of wedge plates in an inner piston driving equipment and positions of cylinder,

respectively. See text for detailed explanations.

���� � .3� ���� � Griggs��������������

� 29 �

Page 4: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

���� Griggs ���������������� �� ������ ������� �������� ������������� �Fig. + � A � ������ ��!"#$� ��.% &'() ,���� �*+,- &�.)��&�'� /*+,-&0123141!56���7!���8 ��� 9�����!:��;<# �*+,-&���7!���8 � ������!56� �*+,-�!���;<# ����=��>����;� !!"? #@�&$A � �����%&!56� ������'=BC<9(!� �)*!� DE-FG� Griggs ��������HI��J!+K<,#-.=/L;<# � ��������0123141!5M<���;� *0 + mm

NL*0 + cm �+*O1 mm�secP+*O- mm�sec �D1Q1 �R��S141 �? �=T1�� �Griggs ��������� ,2�U&34�8 �����E�Q1�����V�3141���#U34��&5W6X8)���� � ����� ,2�U �7U &34�8 ���� �Y���� �� !!"Z<#U&[A ���� �8���� &� \;]; ^�I�_G` ��E�Q18�U9:��� �/�I�_G�7a;CL; � ^b�F1����` �cd�e<? �

b�F1��������=�!�f1g1h�01&&#<i6 �Fig. + b � \���j1� *.*-

mm �� � ���� ������klm>? n1ohG56��&�?? �b�F1����@�pn,o� b�F1����q��I�_G �� ��A.B&C'rD�Es6t �4�u���v1wb� �IGxF �Al, O- �'?�;<# ��� b�F1�������& !����W�?�=� �

b�F1�������!5M<34? #@��� n1ohG!5M<=�? �Figs. + a, b � ��=�F�R��S141!GH�;� EIG4b��3y41� � ������ b�F1������I0J �012314�zKL &9�!MC�8�\�*�@���{&3y41? �N0J ���n1ohG�3y41�; #@�&9�!M'(!b�F1������I0J& �? |E1} �&~k�=T1�� �[O ������� P����P����PQ�PU�R�F� !hG��J&3y41? R��S141��?�;<# � !�[O�� !hG!5W;d��S�u���b� ��/� u���b��141 �R�3O&T&? � P���!5M<� ��u���b��141!Q; PQ& �Z�UV��J&W?? ��P������� /**

A ��Qq��QPQ&34� � ��!��QP

Q&X&Z<# �

������

����!X&Z<# !hG& Fig. , !Y?� !��Z[�� \]V�0b��� ��� 1.* mm,

^�� 1.* mm �� � u���b��141�_�!�� !�3O�B&,C �� �)� u���b��1418��J$�&��? UV�O`aB�b#-GRyI��S&���8<# � �S�-GRyI�cd!56[O!e? P9�34�J������k�{? N� ��& Fig. - !Y?� fg&+�? �� ,�!� ��3O�B�h=��6� +,*** W*��� +**����#=-GRyI�cd!5M<4a �

U9:�!��/� . '�D!&X&Z<# �Fig. , � + �bn���b� �Al, Si. O+* �OH , �, 4G| �Mg- Si. O+* �OH , � - NaCl� . ����IWAKITE--,GLASS �� � �bn���b�U9:��� �I�_G!5 @�=4G|q� NaCl �U9:�!�i!'&? jU&? � ZNZ� [Uk��bn���b�U9:������ ��U9:�&�lZ<# OP"!mn�9&[A� OP"�op&� �?� �;&q¡�!� ���f�¢!5M<OP"&M£Z<# � ¤!� [Uk!OP"� 3*%!¥¦Z<# rs�tp9&u(op�;§?#� \��!� !hG�v�NLIGxFw&�C;d�x¨Z<# � �)� ,�*! !&� �(2�U!©#[y!? UV�� !�z6!NaCl U9:�&���8)� ¤!� NaCl �\X6!���&&#)hG�ª3Z)� �/��� NaCl q����&&#) !hG&� \;]; NaCl hG����hG�Vz? � �bn���b��,�[y!� �{�j|�&4a� �&}~? � ���= NaCl U9:����&/p� «��U934&�Z? � �M<� �bn���b�� 3**�� +*¬[O��&Z)�&X&Z<# �u���b��141&3O�8 ��PQ�� �

E�Q1NL�S�-GRyI����E�u&­<u���b��141>� \Z<®b�E�u �¯#� Fe E�u >�Q; � �J�°=�� !!±,�-²�|�³�&C' Pt-Pt+*�RhOP"&&#<~k� OP"�� !hG8��I�_G�´��\;];� IGxF , µ¢��,���¶S1·&&#<M£�;<# � !&�.���8 #@��� /I�_G8!5

W;�;)Es��b�F1����!5M<[AL; � !hG8��� ¸b|n����!5 #@�=� IGxF� ¯#�� Es������!`AL; !&���8 � ��IGxF�����¹�B

«��9��/ ���º9?���»�

¼ 30 ¼

Page 5: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

*./������������ ������� �������������� NaCl������������ �! "#�$�%� ! ��&�'()*++,���� ���-��.��! /0�12�.3�4�5�67� �� 8�9! �.��:;�� +* mm<�=

���! >�! /0�12������?@0AB��C�4�DEF2�����4�� GH�IJ!�.��/0�12�����K�L�M��N�O��! ��P��I�()*QR���.���S�4��-O�! ��TUV���W���X��! Y��.���Z� ��[\]UV��R�! !^#"! _#`�! $%&#V�a�b�c��

��������

+ �� �������/0�12de#!^����!^#"fgUV��R�b�c�� ����/0�12de#!^���! hi����jk3l�'#�m(n�h�I\ op�! ��P��/0�12��q�rs ���#"�"t�uv�wx� #")�*��#����y��z{��! ��P��/0�12��������K*!^�|! b]! }*�+(������! '#+,~c,H�()� F

�N�! �����,-� S �m,� �4��! ��!^4�#" P �Pa� �

P�F�S ����4� *�.�� �+�! ��#")���/�]z{��! ��P��/0�12�����K%I���#")��/0�12�����K�! ��#")��&�#��#�01�IJ��������� �\ ! ()�!^#"����fg���� ~c %S23*��� ����! �_���e_���[\]#"fgUV��R�b�c��++ ������ ����.�������P��� �Bi� �4�.3��! Bi�5�6y�7�T��! ����/0�12de#!^���:�� Bi�6y�L�8$�]� �_�%� Bi� ,.// GPa� ,.11 GPa�#"�! 8�v9����%I�������?���� G�#":�;<��� Bi�6y�L=�8H�H M¡�>"4�� G�6y�L=��?�8$4� �#"fg�[\]�

Fig. .�()�?4� Bi�6y�L=��?� +

@�¢4� Fig. . a�¢�H ��£()�%¤�6y�L=�! +*+, -*��� /A�¥�BC8$�]=�D¦=���� ()* +,+-/ kNb��! ()�>"��]§�� Bi�6y�L=*¨|+�>"4� �E©� ! D¦=�FG�>"� ��� ªH�! ;<�#�«t N;<�#¬S�#"����! ;<�­®¯°±²��01�IJ6y�L=����?�I³�¨|+���� �\ ! ()�>"��]§�� Bi�6y�L=*>"4�z{��!£()�%¤�6y�L=�D¦=+,��;<�´

Fig. , Cross section of a cell assembly designed for de-

formation experiment.

Fig. - Relationships between electric power and tem-

perature generated at center of the graphite heaters with

and without a zirconia sleeve at applied load of /** kN.

The size of graphite heaters in both cells are the same ; f

�3./µ3.* and +2 mm in thickness and length, respectively.

v9J¶ K .3· ¸L¹º�»M Griggsd�TUV���W�X��Z

¼ 31 ¼

Page 6: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

���������� �� ���� �������������� !"#�$% &Fig. . b'� ������()��*+,���-.�/� Fig. .

b�0� ��1��2$%/*+,���34�2���

NaCl56789:56�;�2� �<=<>?@�AB�CD/� �56�;�2 -E7 ,E�AB�C�� ,.// GPa7 ,.11 GPa�;FG����HI����JK��$%/� Fig. /0��1��2$%/>?@�LM�N�� ��O�0� P��$%/QRS >?7���TU�4G@�VM3O4W<2��� ��XYZ[� NaCl56�0� �� +,*2-\,0 kN

� ,.// GPa, +,20\-. kN� ,.11 GPa�>?]��G�^]_ZD/� `a� 89:56�bc0� NaCl56de3f� ��&+,,,*\+* kN'�dD2�gD7,.// GPa�>?]��G�� h/� +,-** kN����ij23� Bi����*+,�klG�^]mn ZD/���^0�NaCl�op289:�>qrs]f���89:�>?tu]��av�wF?&s+'�xj2�h�� �<�VyG�av�wF?�N�z> &PC{s,{s-' ]|}����2� �~���4��2���

Fig. 00� ���!"�������67����6 ����!" &����6]�����������^�� ����6�,�����������I�/�� ���0 �:�����!"� 7��G�'���2��� NaCl56789:56�:�����!"�o@G�7� ��]� ,/* kNh�0 ¡¢£��!"�4G]� �<������ �7� 89:56�a]¤¥Z�f� !"��4G� 56�E¦�� 56�§�¨©Wª2�� Fe��«��¬�

Fig. . Change of (a) normalized electric resistance (R/

R*) and (b) average rate of change of electric resistance of

Bi with increasing applied load at room temperature. R*

is electric resistance at room pressure. Pressure induced

phase transformations of Bi occur at +.// GPa and +.11

GPa, where its electric resistance decreases and increases,

respectively.

Fig. / Pressure calibration curves at room temperature

for NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents ideal pres-

sure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the upper anvil).

Fig. 0 Displacement of the upper anvil with increasing

applied load. The displacement was measured using a

stroke gauge, which has a high resolution of measure-

ment around *./ mm.

­®¯`�°� ±�²³`´�µ¶·¸

¹ 32 ¹

Page 7: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

������ NaCl���������� ������������ ������ ��������� �� ��!"�#�$����� �����%������&$���� ��'(�)*����� Fe+,-."�/�0.������� Fe+,-�"��0���� ��12�3456�7����&�$�����89(�����:;����12��<�� PC� =�����$���>�?�89.@A��B�CD�� ��0�� E�� FGH�IC���J�K C�L$��

NaCl12�� )*�� +,*** kN.M9��NO�����=��P�$�� �����Q��R��CD� SFig. /T� U�V������� � -.* GPa

�W�B�0�C&�� ��XY�� )*���Z�������%���[�>\� Z�����]�^��_��`ab7����%����&�$�� )*.�����@9�� >=;�����c�89(��� ��0�� ��12B�R����89(���

NaCl12���12C�&�����d��e(��0�� ����%����&�.�f�����89(��� �'�� VB�&�����gh. 9��������� i!12"CVB#����.$e���j26�89(��� �� k2lmn%&o S�%�� : 12* kg�cm,T �� ����"Cp�$����.$e��q$��� '(�%����&��C� U�ghB)rC&$��st��� uv� ���&$��.���/�c�� j26�k2lmn%&o���._(�� Green and

Borch S+323T� Borch and Green S+323T� Gleason

and Tullis S+33-T �i!12�*� NaCl�$e�w<.�x�+,�D�� �'�� k2lmn%&o�yz{�|��&=��P7�}~���C�yz{�|�-��+,CD��

+�, ��������GH�IC�i!12.�.��/����012$�c� �H�I���$�������������� GH�C���J��3.�e���0�GH�IC�>"���+,�$�� 4�C�� )* /** kN� 1/* kNC��� NaCl12���12���J���}�� �e��GH�C���J����� 4"��56�78.9:������ 4"��56C�� z,�5�3,`t�)*.z,�5�3,���1�3�����45�12���;<�� SFigs. +�1T� 45�12C;<����)*�� z,�5�3,�R���� s+��� PC�Y����&�=��C� � SFig. 1T� ���"���>C��

�� )* S��� F�)*K ����T .�n,�2`9�+,�5? ���0Ci!.@2���`��� S���>�A��� <BC�i���.�DT� ��`��>����45�12C;<����)*��)*E�� ¡3"�`��SFig. 2T� E� �)*.¢<FA��GHC`&���� Z������IJ"�KL�GH Ss+£s,£s-T ¤¥�� |� GH$�0C PC�Y��=��BM����C� 45�12C;<��������� s+¤¥�� ��0.9:��� GH�C;<���45�12��)*'(����"��������.W�B��� ��¦:����z,�5�3,�NO�P§� 1.* mmCD��GH�IC���J���C�� i!12"i!.1�3/�� Fig. ,¨�����i!��O Cz,�5�3,.Q©��B�.¦:��� ��12� NaCl12E���)* /** kN� 1/* kN

�:;. Fig. 3� Fig. +*¨�� ��12.:���<� VMCB +,-**ª�GH C«<��.�>0�¬RCD�� ¢�� NaCl12��<� 2**ª���H��IC�� &SE�%3�x��$­i!12�T«<$GH$�0�#�� ���� NaCl�M�UV�� EWC®¯��� �°�-�±²z3³5j5C�"X�Y����H�d�xx�&�c� -�±²z3³5j5?�� NaCl�����Z´$��GH$�0�Y�����89(���U�c� ��12E��� +,-**ª C� NaCl

Fig. 1 Schematic diagram showing position of a load

cell and stress state in sample cell.

�[\� ] .3µ ¶^�·_6¸` Griggs¹"��56�º4JRa»

¼ 33 ¼

Page 8: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

������� 1**� 2**��� ���������������� ������� �������� ���!"�#$����%&�!'�� �����(��)*+,��-.�/�%&�01�� /�2� 3����%&� 456.7�89:���;<=���>?� /** kN 1/* kN�@ ��A�� /**�BC 1**��!'��D�(EF)GHIJKL. MFig. 3N� O�7�� !'P�QR���STU V=WX�Y �Z[L.;<=�GH-\]^&�_�� PC�`a� s+)B-9GH-#$�bc�7�d��e.� �� O�;<=�f\g��h�i� 2,+� MIWAKITE--,GLASS�jkl��m.N �b.)� O�\Fno��� /**�BC 1**��p�%&�qr�^&�JK56� s+sPC�#$�tue�7)vB.� 1**�w �%&��� m9xy\#$�tuI_�(EF�z{B�JK�|}.)� O~C�(EFBC�����\F�*������dL� �c�� 1**��(��),������D�����\F��L.7����

NaCl���(EF���� Fig. +*�dL� NaCl

������� %&� 456.(EF)z{B��!�� /�2� ���JK�,������L.7�b.� O��-(EF����� NaCl\F���'���m.��\F���� /�2� ���������-�%��b.\F��������mc�

xy\#$�m9tuI_�(EF)�J��e.7�� �H.� ;<=�����%&� 4A�(EF)JK�-e��� NaCl� /**��¡¢�L��£¤��¥9� xy\�te#$����e._

Fig. 2 Relationship between applied load by hydraulic

pumping to the upper anvil and axial load measured by

load cell. Axial load increases with increasing applied

load, which is divided into three regions of the linear

relationship with di#erent slopes : *�1* kN, 1*�,** kN and

,**�1/* kN of the applied load. This could be caused by

yielding of NaCl at 1* kN at room temperature and sof-

tening of NaCl at ,** kN at .**�, respectively.

Fig. 3 Changes of apparent pressure calculated from

axial load in the glass cell with increasing temperature at

the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. Solid line

represents the ideal pressure.

Fig. +* Changes of apparent pressure calculated from

axial load in the NaCl cell with increasing temperature at

the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. The ideal

pressure is indicated in each diagram.

¦§¨,�©g ª�«¬,­�®¯°±

² 34 ²

Page 9: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

������� ����� �������� ���� /** kN��������� 1/* kN��� !��"�� ���� /** kN�#�$�%&'�� �����(���� NaCl����)*+,-�.��/�#��,.�)01223456������� 789:;�� ����� ��������<=>�,.����?@-�$A(��� 1**B��� ������$�,.���C�>��D��+<=>789:;�NaCl:;E(�FGH���,.��IJ$ Fig. ++A(�/�K�� Fig. 3� Fig. +*A�+5�LMIJ�N� �:;�����O�+P�Q� Fig. 3�Fig. +*�!�LM$ +RS5� P��T�$U�=+5�� ��� /** kN� 1/* kNO�+ NaCl:;�789:;��� P�Q� *.3V*.* GPa� +.-V*.* GPa, +.,V*., GPa� +.2V*.* GPa��.��,(�W� �*>� /���.��� X��<=����Y�Z.�O�+� NaCl:;�� 1,��1/�� 789:;��� +**����Z*+5��FGH���,.��IJ��[\�W� �*>� NaCl:;� /**B�5]�^��GH��_�$`a.bc�d(�W�e��"�� ����2**B$f���_�:;bc��g�Z0� �#h��iLM�j��Z�� NaCl�.�� + GPa������� +,***B kAkella et al., +303l Z���NaCl:;���� 2*�����GHU��LM��+5�� !�� 789:;�� �GH��_���`a.bc������ 789� m(�1**B[������ `a.bc�Z0� +,-**B

�5]FGH�1�#hg��>LM�S�� U>� .���,n!1)5�

,� ����Griggso�iLMp"�Zq9rstusvw

op"2xyoF.�,p"Z@���t9z{�� |#i�}w~w�$5���� %�iLMp"���8���r�|#i}w~w$�$�+5��� /�Z|#i}w~w$$5>��t9z{��� }w~w�� ���*+� &������*+�Z�Z34Z��'�,-�W�(��+5� k)��� Ito and Takahashi k+323ll� *F.LM���� }w~w�� ���+1 / mm��U��"0� &�+��+��+ �� +*��� -*� �@���5���"� k)��� ,-k+33,ll� ���� %�iLMp"�}w~w��&�� F.LM�.���+ +2 mm���� U>� }w~w�/01���1��P�Q� 3./ mm� 3.*

mm�345� P�6� }w~w�&�+�������Z034�Z�������� �.��i2��Z���m����$3��(�LM���}w~w���'$(*+��W����4�Z����'����� FU�g�LM$S��789:;$$5>� ,O� Pt-Pt+*�Rh�5O$$5+�8���r}w~w�&�+����$���>� +O��5O�� Fig. ,A�+5��8���r}w~w�&���"�,�>� U>� /��5OO�+ +2*�O0� 1 mm����"1] +O��5O$�,�� �8���r}w~w����$���>� @����5O1� _�:;�a�/0�&�+��r� s¡t¢s��"(��+5����� ,** kN� /** kN�������IJ

$ Fig. +,A(� %LM:;��8���r}w~w�� P�&�+����Z034Z��$d�� ���%)*+P����£3(�W� ��� U>� ���� ,** kN� /** kN��� IJ34Z¤5�6=��Z5�R�_���8���r}w~w¥&�+5� ,

O��5O��"��� /** kN������&�+���¦7�� 0.* mm�"�W� ��� �8���r}w~w1�� ������ &����¦7�)�+§¨(���+�T�Z��'$<=��� &����%8*+��'�� 9©���(�W� ��� �8���r}w~w�&��$ T kBl ��>#�� ��' Tg kB�mml�� [\�ª«X�:(W�¬;��

Tg­*.*3®T ��¯��/°� %p"$$5>�iLM��� �&�

Fig. ++ Pressure calibration curves at high temperature

for the NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents the

ideal pressure.

±²<³ ´ .3µ ¶=3·¸"¹> Griggso�iLMp"�º%��?»

¼ 35 ¼

Page 10: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

/.* mm�� 1.* mm������������� ����������� 0**����������������� �� !�"#$%&� ���'����� ()� +,/�*+ +/*��,-.+/�� �������01/2� (�3�01�456��5� 789���� !%�����%�:1�(;�5�<%=�>?������5:@�� A�� �� B�����CD1�E%)� ����������FG Ni��F�HIJK%����9 L �2� Liebermann and Wang

L+33,MM� NOPO�!Q�'��Q01�"?R# L �2� Kushiro L+31/M ; Rubie et al. L+33-MM5$%%?��

-� ������&'(����� !%S1�T)�� U*V�����W��+,- �!�XOP�Y%Z[1�� !%) NaClJK�� LFig. ,M� .\� /.*

mm, ��� /.* mm�����U*V������� �U*V�]^1�_/)`%abc�d�79�e0�fgh1_.i2�/�� jkl /** kN,

� 0**�� mn� �opOqrdo��s- t-0** mm����.�� !�W��� jkl /** kN

) *.3 GPa�u�%3;1� LFig. ++M� 0**��� ���)� ��%:@�� B�)� /-��mm�7���� ����'���)� +-*��� (5:@�4%?�� �� (�3�01�4��� ��� NiHIJK%��� !�W��� vu���w��abc�d�xy?5z5?E%� Ulmer

and Trommsdor# L+33/M �{o|}~�d�5z%3;����� & !�u�� ��)� {o|}~�d5��Kr�~�d�PKf%6�7C1�8;�����9�)7�5� {o|}~�d��+:�%Ig�d�/���� !��u���;� Fig. +-%�1� ���

,** kN�jkl8��u�� �jkl�<����=� .**�8����W�� /%=9� �u%&������T>��?�45�)�7�� ���� 4��u�8��u1�� �t@�������)� �T��.�T����.A�+/?� /**

kN�jkl%B���%� 4��� %���� ���� 4��- ��opOqrdo��C������������j� !�;��D� ! ¡� Fig. +.%�1� Fig. +. a)gO¢JK�E+�/�£kl�t¤�¥�F�&9� Fig. +. b)G@t¤H%&���opOqrdo��s- ��¥�F��� Fig.

+. a�¦�odA)� �s- 5§¨©+%IB��@�7� LFig. +. bM� £kl�t¤�¥) -ª�:�%7��45�«� LFig. +. aM� :���)� £kl)t¤����J%§¨��%K���� �opOqrdo)©+- ���JKL%¬������ �opOqrdo%�:���u PC�­��M-.©+�®��K�1�� 1?¯°� t¤����J%±�fgqrdo�C«%31�NO*+�P²�5KQ1�4%?�� 8�� �opOqrdo5��JKL%¬�1�4�� ¯³*�)7�5��JKL�R-5KQ�� u�5©+�®��K�1��Z�+/�� A�� :���A�+/�£kl��¥)� �opOqrdo%31�P²��u�5©+�- �K�1�E%:@��Z�+/�� .�� ����opOqrdo5� ������J¯³%�´©+�- �C«S���1��� £kl):���A�+/�t¤�¥�µS1�)³�7�� �£kl�t¤�¥�C�Y¶� LDynamic

Fig. +, Temperature di#erence between the center

(Tcenter) and end (Tend) of graphite heater measured

with Pt-Pt+*�Rh thermocouples. Cross and open circle

indicate temperatures at ,** kN and /** kN, respectively.

Fig. +- Schematic diagram showing typical pressuri-

zation and heating processes for experiments. Solid and

dashed lines represent applied load and temperature, res-

pectively.

�T·©�Uw V�¸¹©^�Wº»X

¼ 36 ¼

Page 11: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

baseline� ��� Fig. +. a ��������� �����������������

������� Hit point� ������� !��������"# $��$��%�������&'()*+���,-�# $��./��0����12�3�� �������456"# ��)7*+����89��:;��<=�>?��� Fig. +.

b�� !3"# $��@A �BC����0/�CDEFG# ��)7*+���H��89��IJ�

K��FL�M�0N�OPQ�12�3�����������R�"# �"CDF���

STF��# ��)7*+����89��U�CDEV��Q���W�3� Fig. +. b�� !�V�X��R��# ��)7*+����89���EFL����YL�#!�������������6ZG#�89��V�X"�����[FL�$�\'��]�^�_`Fa����S�����[12�3��# bc"��6Z���d��e?��� ���"������f

g�h6Z� Fig. +. a�� !3"# $���0����./�H��ij6# ��)7*+���$�\'�k�l��U�mno��p�]�BC��q������� oF:r# !��d6"$�"�stu7vij6�w�����12�3�� YL�#�� ����������fg�h�FL���$��x�� Yield point� ��y��� x��456"# _`���)7*+����89��%z���� Fig. +. b��4%�q�12��# �d��e���������{�|�6D# �d��e��������������h�F��F�stu7vij�}~T3���# �d�6����� "# $���0o�./�U��/����q�F�� �^]� - �w$��������# $���*+����^]�^���0o��p!���L�# $���0o�./���{���6DF�q��"T3����# ����F�7�7�#�h�q��L�# �{F./���W�3��12�3���d��e������������# �����

������.�$���0����./��# $���w�$o�./� �����W� Fig. +. c�� � 9�$����# x��45��� �� 9����$�� �F��6# �����" �/������OT3�q�H%�6Z�� ���# O �6��$�\'6"4���F& �M�!��¡�h�q�6DF�� ����x��45���)7*+����89�� Fig. +. b ���W�� 9' /0. mm 6Z�� ¢�# x�����£( Quench�� ¢6� �" +,3)6Z��6# $�� " +,,+- mm �F�";6Z�� ���# �¤$�� ����"' 0-* mm 6Z�� !�.�¥n���# $�\'�¦~�12�3�� $��$�%���T§���&'()*+�����"# ¨] �e?�$��©A�w�*?�M�+T' /,*** mm � NaCl ����Z� Fig. ,�� �w����¤$��ª«o��# $��&'()*+�����" NaCl �,�¬­��eG# �w��-�$��&'()*+����,�",���F�q�)��� !�q�1.o��# x��45�Z� �

Fig. +. Mechanical data of deformation of serpentinite

obtained by constant displacement rate test at conditions

of P®*.3 GPa, T®0**¯ and preset inner-piston displace-

ment rate of 0** mm/hr. (a) Axial load of sample versus

time. Point A indicates the time when the inner-piston

started to keep constant displacement rate. (b) Measured

values of displacement rate of the inner-piston versus

time. Preset displacement rate is shown by straight line.

(c) Di#erential stress versus time curve. The sample

probably started to deform at steady state condition only

after point B.

¦°±² ³ .3 ´ µ/C¶·¸0 Griggs ¹�w��º���A12»

¼ 37 ¼

Page 12: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

���� ������ ������������ ��� NaCl���������������� �� NaCl���� ������ ����� ���������� Fig. +. c��!��"��� �#��������� $%&'( B) ���*��� ���+,����-���./01������������� ������ ��234�*�� *�56� %&'( B+,��7���890:0������./01����;��<������������� ��=� �>!����?@�"���� ��#��=�"��$A%��7��B������./01����890:0�&'�C�(�)B ��+*�DEB�� 0**F�"�������./01����890:0�+,*��� %&'( B+G�&'H0IJ('�-K�L#� $�#. /0. mm)B�����L#� $�#���� -.+M+*N/�s) �O�P� �������/0#��. /1* MPa���$Fig. +. c)� 12Q����=� Raleigh and Pater-

son $+30/) R Rutter and Brodie $+322) �3������=� �"�������4S5�TUVP<WX6YZ�����=�[\���]7�^�� 8,� VPWXZ����=�[\(�� 12Q� _`�9-abc:Jde���;*��890:0�<=�C�������� ��� 12Q�>?�#�@\��fA�� 9-abJdeB�!C����DE!FG�!Cghijk�lm������������ $H�n� Jung et al. $,**.))� I�� ��DE!FG�>?�#�J� Clausius-ClapeyronoK�<p�!�!C*�q�� L�r�< - GPa���X�6Y�Z�����=�sBt��� ��X�6Y�!C�� MN����=� ��O��PQ�^��� ��=� ��R)�]7�^��8,�uS�� vdJ?@�"�� +,***F+*�Ww6YZ���=�"��� NaCl?@����TU�05xVW� yz(%&'(� _`� ��./01���=*�890:�&']7B{X*�(� |��� }���vdJ?@~��Y�[\(�^��

���

�Z[8[8�,8TU�F�\]�J�k8^��_`����aXb -$���=��x�c7��>!����?@ $NaCl?@�vdJ?@) �Id���e���� }�DE� +Z�(�)B ��� Bi�fg��h"��X��i�=�x�r��jwZ�� NaCl?@�!CX��*��. -.* GPa

�^��k����� ��� vdJ?@�!CX��*�<23����������

� NaCl?@� /**F��\l�5mw6YB�����n?X���op*�(�]7�^�� �B�� 2**F�������?@���q����P�r�7����=�PQ���� 4s� vdJ?@�mw6Y�����On?X���"B���� vdJ�t�*� 1**F+*�w���23n?X����P� +,-**F��\Ww6Y�<r�7�����=�[���M �� NaCl?@�vdJ?@�� }��� 2**F+Z� 1**F+*����=�u������������ Ww6Y��X��!C�v�� vdJ?@�w�23 +**��^���;�� NaCl?@��*A%�/** kN� 1/* kN�}���. 1/� $P�*.3 GPa)�_`� . 1,� $P�+., GPa) �m��� �d��&(y0:0�� }�Bxy�z�[C�w���p6� w��*{�V �}�w����[*�� �d��&(y0:0�Bxw�� T $F)�����C�w�oK Tg $F�mm) �� +Z��|b�}*(�~N��

Tg�*.*3MT

� NaCl?@�"�� X� *.3 GPa, w� 0**F� _`� &'H0IJ('��L#��# 0** mm�6Y�12Q����=�[ �� }�DE� TU�05xVW� yz(%&'(� _`� �����./01���=*�890:�'�(��C�� ���890:0�� ��=� � NaCl?@�"�����#��=����[��(�=����� ���890:0B�� ����#� -.+M+*N/�s�"���c��. /1* MPa�O�����

� �

��[8�`��������[8����4����� �� �"���=��������P��������� ��[8� *������� X��i�=�l*�����¡����� �Z[8I���¢�>!j�J:z��s£��� ��?@�¤0¥R���¦����3�� � �l*��£�§%0(������� ��%�¨�©ªb«������¬}�­]������ ��� ��������=DE�� ��®��� ���¯�� �� ¡�� ¢ �£�� ¤¥�-��¦©�§�¨©�§TU�V�°±�[C�� ª²[8�«?+¬­®©�n³[8��¥¯T�����´�°±�[ ���µC� ���=� �l*�,¶�¬²�E� �� +*�s£�·r¸³�¹�}��*�

� �

Akella, J., Vaidya, S. N. and Kennedy, G. C., +303.

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Page 13: Griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this paper, we briefly describe configuration

Melting of sodium chloride at pressures to 0/

kbar. Phys. Rev., +2/, ++-/�++.*.

Borch, R. S. and Green II, H. W., +323. Deformation

of peridotite at high pressure in a new molten

salt cell : comparison of traditional and homol-

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