griggs - geosociety.jpstruct.geosociety.jp/pub/trgj/49/4907.pdf · griggs-type apparatus has been...
TRANSCRIPT
�������� Griggs�� ���������
Evaluation of fundamental performance of a modified Griggs type
apparatus installed at Hiroshima University
����*��� �**�����*� !"#*
Jun-ichi Ando*, Toru Takeshita**, Kazunari Matsubara* and Yasutaka Hayasaka*
Abstract : Deformation experiments using triaxial solid-medium deformation rigs
such as a Griggs-type apparatus have been important in order to quantitatively
understand plastic behavior of the Earth’s constituent minerals and rocks. A modified
Griggs-type apparatus has been recently built at the Hiroshima University. In this
paper, we briefly describe configuration of this deformation apparatus and evaluate its
fundamental performance, using NaCl and glass sample cells, which have been devel-
oped by ourselves. We conclude that this deformation apparatus using the NaCl cell
has a good potential to produce precise mechanical data under the following circum-
stances. The upper limit of confining pressure in the NaCl cell at room temperature is
inferred to be ca. - GPa, which is slightly higher than that in glass cell. We calibrated
confining pressure of both cells at high temperature as a function of applied load up to
1/* kN. The results show that confining pressure in the glass cell reaches almost +**�of the ideal pressure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the piston), whereas that in the
NaCl cell decreases with increasing applied load and reduced to 1,� of the ideal
pressure at 1/* kN. Hydrostatic condition can be generated in the NaCl cell at
temperatures as low as /**�. However, the NaCl cell becomes unstable over 2**�. A
sample in the glass cell is non-hydrostatically stressed at low temperature, but stress
state becomes hydrostatic over 1**� due to softening of the glass. The glass cell is
very stable up to +-**�. Therefore, the NaCl and glass cells can be useful for
deformation experiments at temperature lower than 2**� and higher than 1**�,
respectively. Temperature gradient along the graphite heater is large, and is expressed
as Tg�*.*3�T, where Tg and T represent temperature gradient (�/mm) and temper-
ature at the center of heater (�), respectively. In order to minimize the temperature
gradient of sample, new devices such as metallic capsule and/or step heater must be
installed in the present sample cell. Using the NaCl cell, we conducted a constant
displacement rate test of serpentinite at P�*.3 GPa, T�0**�, and at a preset displace-
ment rate of inner-piston of 0** mm/hr. The experimental stress-time curve is good
enough for a dynamic base line, hit point and steady state creep to be well-defined.
Based on the results, it can be inferred that the flow strength of the sample is ca. /1*
MPa at the strain rate of -.+�+*�//s.
Key words : Modified Griggs-type apparatus, confining pressure calibration, temperature
gradient, constant displacement rate test
*
**
,**/� 3� ,2�� ,**0� ,� +.���� ���������������������Department of Earth and Planetary Systems Science,
Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi-
Hiroshima, 1-3�2/,0, Japan
�� ������������������Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Graduate
School of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, *0*�*2+*, Japan
�$%&
!"�# $ .3% ,1�-3 ,**0 &Japanese Journal of Structural Geology, No. .3, ,1�-3, ,**0'
( 27 (
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hiyama et al., ,**/�� 3?3� ()��� @A*3/,B�#� CA+D�,- .&�D�� E7� ���/ 0F1.2�G H39�� ���� -�������IJ�K� 4L#:�&; <&9='#M5'NOPQ!'RS���6�T�����A7U��VW �8BX� Jung et al.
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and Borch �+323� ; Borch and Green �+323� ; Gle-
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Fig. + Schematic diagram of a modified Griggs type deformation apparatus installed at Hiroshima University (Courtesy of
Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd). (a) and (b) show the front and side views of the apparatus. The frame of the apparatus is
not drawn in (b) which is looked from the left side of (a). (c) shows a close up view of piston-cylinder-inner piston assembly.
A and B in (b) and (c) represent a couple of wedge plates in an inner piston driving equipment and positions of cylinder,
respectively. See text for detailed explanations.
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Fig. , Cross section of a cell assembly designed for de-
formation experiment.
Fig. - Relationships between electric power and tem-
perature generated at center of the graphite heaters with
and without a zirconia sleeve at applied load of /** kN.
The size of graphite heaters in both cells are the same ; f
�3./µ3.* and +2 mm in thickness and length, respectively.
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R*) and (b) average rate of change of electric resistance of
Bi with increasing applied load at room temperature. R*
is electric resistance at room pressure. Pressure induced
phase transformations of Bi occur at +.// GPa and +.11
GPa, where its electric resistance decreases and increases,
respectively.
Fig. / Pressure calibration curves at room temperature
for NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents ideal pres-
sure calculated as (load)/(basal area of the upper anvil).
Fig. 0 Displacement of the upper anvil with increasing
applied load. The displacement was measured using a
stroke gauge, which has a high resolution of measure-
ment around *./ mm.
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Fig. 1 Schematic diagram showing position of a load
cell and stress state in sample cell.
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Fig. 2 Relationship between applied load by hydraulic
pumping to the upper anvil and axial load measured by
load cell. Axial load increases with increasing applied
load, which is divided into three regions of the linear
relationship with di#erent slopes : *�1* kN, 1*�,** kN and
,**�1/* kN of the applied load. This could be caused by
yielding of NaCl at 1* kN at room temperature and sof-
tening of NaCl at ,** kN at .**�, respectively.
Fig. 3 Changes of apparent pressure calculated from
axial load in the glass cell with increasing temperature at
the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. Solid line
represents the ideal pressure.
Fig. +* Changes of apparent pressure calculated from
axial load in the NaCl cell with increasing temperature at
the applied load of (a) /** kN and (b) 1/* kN. The ideal
pressure is indicated in each diagram.
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$ Fig. +,A(� %LM:;��8���r}w~w�� P�&�+����Z034Z��$d�� ���%)*+P����£3(�W� ��� U>� ���� ,** kN� /** kN��� IJ34Z¤5�6=��Z5�R�_���8���r}w~w¥&�+5� ,
O��5O��"��� /** kN������&�+���¦7�� 0.* mm�"�W� ��� �8���r}w~w1�� ������ &����¦7�)�+§¨(���+�T�Z��'$<=��� &����%8*+��'�� 9©���(�W� ��� �8���r}w~w�&��$ T kBl ��>#�� ��' Tg kB�mml�� [\�ª«X�:(W�¬;��
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Fig. ++ Pressure calibration curves at high temperature
for the NaCl and glass cells. Solid line represents the
ideal pressure.
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and Trommsdor# L+33/M �{o|}~�d�5z%3;����� & !�u�� ��)� {o|}~�d5��Kr�~�d�PKf%6�7C1�8;�����9�)7�5� {o|}~�d��+:�%Ig�d�/���� !��u���;� Fig. +-%�1� ���
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Fig. +, Temperature di#erence between the center
(Tcenter) and end (Tend) of graphite heater measured
with Pt-Pt+*�Rh thermocouples. Cross and open circle
indicate temperatures at ,** kN and /** kN, respectively.
Fig. +- Schematic diagram showing typical pressuri-
zation and heating processes for experiments. Solid and
dashed lines represent applied load and temperature, res-
pectively.
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������.�$���0����./��# $���w�$o�./� �����W� Fig. +. c�� � 9�$����# x��45��� �� 9����$�� �F��6# �����" �/������OT3�q�H%�6Z�� ���# O �6��$�\'6"4���F& �M�!��¡�h�q�6DF�� ����x��45���)7*+����89�� Fig. +. b ���W�� 9' /0. mm 6Z�� ¢�# x�����£( Quench�� ¢6� �" +,3)6Z��6# $�� " +,,+- mm �F�";6Z�� ���# �¤$�� ����"' 0-* mm 6Z�� !�.�¥n���# $�\'�¦~�12�3�� $��$�%���T§���&'()*+�����"# ¨] �e?�$��©A�w�*?�M�+T' /,*** mm � NaCl ����Z� Fig. ,�� �w����¤$��ª«o��# $��&'()*+�����" NaCl �,�¬��eG# �w��-�$��&'()*+����,�",���F�q�)��� !�q�1.o��# x��45�Z� �
Fig. +. Mechanical data of deformation of serpentinite
obtained by constant displacement rate test at conditions
of P®*.3 GPa, T®0**¯ and preset inner-piston displace-
ment rate of 0** mm/hr. (a) Axial load of sample versus
time. Point A indicates the time when the inner-piston
started to keep constant displacement rate. (b) Measured
values of displacement rate of the inner-piston versus
time. Preset displacement rate is shown by straight line.
(c) Di#erential stress versus time curve. The sample
probably started to deform at steady state condition only
after point B.
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son $+30/) R Rutter and Brodie $+322) �3������=� �"�������4S5�TUVP<WX6YZ�����=�[\���]7�^�� 8,� VPWXZ����=�[\(�� 12Q� _`�9-abc:Jde���;*��890:0�<=�C�������� ��� 12Q�>?�#�@\��fA�� 9-abJdeB�!C����DE!FG�!Cghijk�lm������������ $H�n� Jung et al. $,**.))� I�� ��DE!FG�>?�#�J� Clausius-ClapeyronoK�<p�!�!C*�q�� L�r�< - GPa���X�6Y�Z�����=�sBt��� ��X�6Y�!C�� MN����=� ��O��PQ�^��� ��=� ��R)�]7�^��8,�uS�� vdJ?@�"�� +,***F+*�Ww6YZ���=�"��� NaCl?@����TU�05xVW� yz(%&'(� _`� ��./01���=*�890:�&']7B{X*�(� |��� }���vdJ?@~��Y�[\(�^��
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Akella, J., Vaidya, S. N. and Kennedy, G. C., +303.
�ª´4�µZ ��¶º4��·¸»¹
¼ 38 ¼
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