grid computing

• Grid Computing

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Parallel computing - Grid computing

1 Most grid computing applications use middleware, software that sits between the

operating system and the application to manage network resources and standardize the software interface. The most common distributed computing middleware is the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network

Computing (BOINC). Often, distributed computing software makes use of "spare

cycles", performing computations at times when a computer is idling.


Virtual appliance - Relationship to grid computing

1 Virtualization solves a key problem in the grid computing arena - namely, the reality that any sufficiently large grid will inevitably consist of a wide variety of heterogeneous hardware and

Operating System configurations. Adding virtual appliances into the picture allows for

extremely rapid provisioning of grid nodes and importantly, cleanly decouples the grid

operator from the grid consumer by encapsulating all knowledge of the application

within the virtual appliance.


Grid computing - Overview

1 Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach a common goal, to solve a single task, and may then disappear

just as quickly.



1 One of the main strategies of grid computing is to use middleware to divide and apportion pieces of a

program among several computers, sometimes up to many thousands.

Grid computing involves computation in a distributed fashion, which may

also involve the aggregation of large-scale clusters.


Grid computing - Market segmentation of the grid computing market

1 For the segmentation of the grid computing market, two perspectives need to be considered: the provider

side and the user side:


Grid computing - The provider side

1 Utility computing is referred to as the provision of grid computing and

applications as service either as an open grid utility or as a hosting

solution for one organization or a Virtual Organization (Grid

computing)|VO. Major players in the utility computing market are Sun

Microsystems, IBM, and HP.


Grid computing - The user side

1 For companies on the demand or user side of the grid computing

market, the different segments have significant implications for their IT

deployment strategy. The IT deployment strategy as well as the

type of IT investments made are relevant aspects for potential grid

users and play an important role for grid adoption.


Grid computing - History

1 The term grid computing originated in the early 1990s as a metaphor for making computer power as easy to

access as an electric power grid. The power grid metaphor for accessible

computing quickly became canonical when Ian Foster and Carl Kesselman

published their seminal work, "The Grid: Blueprint for a new computing

infrastructure" (2004).https://store.theartofservice.com/the-grid-computing-toolkit.html

Grid computing - History

1 In 2007 the term cloud computing came into popularity, which is conceptually

similar to the canonical Foster definition of grid computing (in terms of computing resources being consumed as electricity

is from the power grid). Indeed, grid computing is often (but not always) associated with the delivery of cloud computing systems as exemplified by

the AppLogic system from 3tera.


Grid computing - Projects and applications

1 Grid computing is being applied by the National Science Foundation's National Technology Grid, NASA's Information Power Grid, Pratt &

Whitney, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., and American Express.



1 According to the project fact sheet, their mission is “to establish effective routes to foster the adoption of grid

computing across the EU and to stimulate research into innovative

business models using Grid technologies”


Grid computing - Definitions

1 Today there are many definitions of grid

computing:



1 IBM defines grid computing as “the ability, using a set of open standards

and protocols, to gain access to applications and data, processing

power, storage capacity and a vast array of other computing resources

over the Internet


Grid computing - International projects

1 Grid++ – The first commercial Grid Computing system that provides

developer services and tools. (Paas/Saas) USA and Europe

September 2009 September ongoing


Grid computing - International projects

1 High Performance and Grid Computing

Research Group USDecember 2010 active


Grid computing - Bibliography

1 Plaszczak, Pawel; Rich Wellner, Jr (2006). Grid Computing "The Savvy

Manager's Guide". Morgan Kaufmann Publishers. ISBN 0-12-742503-9.



1 Berman, Fran; Anthony J. G. Hey, Geoffrey C. Fox (2003). Grid

Computing: Making The Global Infrastructure a Reality. Wiley. ISBN 0-

470-85319-0.



1 Smith, Roger (2005). "Grid Computing: A Brief Technology Analysis" (PDF). CTO Network

Library.



1 Buyya, Rajkumar (July 2005). "Grid Computing: Making the Global

Cyberinfrastructure for eScience a Reality" (PDF). CSI Communications (Mumbai, India: Computer Society of

India (CSI)) 29 (1).



1 Berstis, Viktors. "Fundamentals of Grid

Computing". IBM.



1 Ferreira, Luis; et al. "Grid Computing

Products and Services". IBM.



1 Ferreira, Luis; et al. "Introduction to Grid

Computing with Globus". IBM.



1 Jacob, Bart; et al. "Enabling

Applications for Grid Computing". IBM.



1 Jacob, Bart; et al. "Introduction to Grid

Computing". IBM.


Grid computing

1 What distinguishes grid computing from conventional high performance computing systems such as Cluster (computing)|cluster computing is that grids tend to be more loosely

coupled, heterogeneous, and geographically

dispersed.[http://www.e-sciencecity.org/EN/gridcafe/what-is-

the-grid.html What is grid computing? - Gridcafe]



1 Grid computing combines computers from multiple administrative domains to reach 'a common goal',' to solve a single task', and may then disappear

just as quickly.


Grid computing - Design considerations and variations

1 BOINC is a common one for various academic projects seeking public volunteers; more are listed at the

Grid computing#See also|end of the article.



1 According to the project fact sheet, their mission is “to establish effective routes to foster the adoption of grid

computing across the EU and to stimulate research into innovative

business models using Grid technologies”



1 * Plaszczak/WellnerP Plaszczak, R Wellner, Grid computing, 2005, Elsevier/Morgan Kaufmann, San

Francisco define grid technology as the technology that enables resource

virtualization, on-demand provisioning, and service (resource)

sharing between organizations.



1 * IBM defines grid computing as “the ability, using a set of open standards

and protocols, to gain access to applications and data, processing

power, storage capacity and a vast array of other computing resources

over the Internet


Trusted Computing - Verification of remote computation for grid computing

1 Trusted Computing could be used to guarantee participants in a grid computing

system are returning the results of the computations they claim to be instead of forging them. This would allow large scale

simulations to be run (say a climate simulation) without expensive redundant

computations to guarantee malicious hosts are not undermining the results to

achieve the conclusion they want.


Wireless grid - Grid Computing

1 The goal of grid computing is described as to provide flexible, secure and coordinated resource

sharing among dynamic collections of individuals, institutions and resources (McKnight, Howison,

2004).


List of distributed computing projects - Grid computing projects

1 While distributed computing functions by dividing a complex

problem among diverse and independent computer systems and

then combine the result, grid computing works by utilizing a network of large pools of high-powered computing resources.


List of distributed computing projects - Grid computing infrastructure

1 * BREIN uses the Semantic Web and multi-agent systems to build simple

and reliable grid computing|grid systems for business, with a focus on

engineering and logistics management.



1 * AssessGrid addresses obstacles to wide adoption of grid technologies by

bringing risk management and assessment to this field, enabling use

of grid computing in business and society.http://www.assessgrid.eu/



1 * Cohesion Platform– A Java-based modular peer-to-peer multi-

application desktop grid computing platform for irregularly structured

problems developed at the University of Tübingen

(Germany)http://www.cohesion.de/cms



1 * Legion (software)|Legion– A grid computing platform developed at the University of

Virginia


Virtual Organization (Grid computing)

1 In grid computing, a 'virtual organization' (VO) refers to a dynamic set of individuals or

institutions defined around a set of resource sharing|resource-sharing

rules and conditions. All these virtual organizations share some

commonality among them, including common concerns and requirements, but may vary in size, scope, duration,

sociology, and structure.https://store.theartofservice.com/the-grid-computing-toolkit.html

Virtual Organization (Grid computing) - History

1 The collaborations involved in grid computing of the early 2000s lead to

the emergence of multiple organizations that function as one

unit through the use of their shared competencies and resources for the purpose of one or more identified

goals.


Parallelized - Grid computing

1 Grid computing is the most distributed form of parallel computing. It makes use of computers communicating over the Internet to work on a given problem. Because of the low bandwidth and extremely high latency available on the

Internet, distributed computing typically deals only with embarrassingly parallel problems. List of distributed computing projects|Many

distributed computing applications have been created, of which SETI@home and

Folding@home are the best-known examples.


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