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GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

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Page 1: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

GreenSeeker Sensor

Brian Arnall

Precision Nutrient ManagementPlant and Soil Sciences Department

Oklahoma State University

Page 2: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Sensor Based Technologies

• Implemented By OSU– Green-Seeker Sensor

– N-Rich Strip

– Ramp Strip

– VRT

Page 3: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Progress timelineProgress timeline• 1991: Developed optical sensors and sprayer control systems to detect bindweed in fallow fields and to spot spray the

weed • 1993: Sensor used to measure total N uptake in wheat and to variably apply N fertilizer.• 1994: Predicted forage biomass and total forage N uptake using NDVI (Feekes 5).• 1994: First application of N fertilizer based on sensor readings. N rate was reduced with no decrease in grain yield.• 1996: Worlds first optical sensing variable N rate applicator developed at OSU • 1997: OSU optical sensor simultaneously measures incident and reflected light at two wavelengths, (670 ±6 nm and 780 ±6

nm) and incident light is cosine corrected enabling the use of calibrated reflectance. • 1997: Variable rate technology used to sense and treat every 4 square • 1998: Yields increased by treating spatial variability and OSU’s In-Season-Estimated-Yield (INSEY)• 1998: INSEY refined to account for temporal variability • 1999: Found that adjacent 4 square foot areas will not always have the same yield potential • 1999: Entered into discussions with John Mayfield concerning the potential commercialization of a sensor-based N• 2000: N fertilizer rate needed to maximize yields varied widely over years and was unpredictable; developed RI• 2001: NDVI readings used for plant selection of triticales in Mexico.• 2001: NFOA algorithm field tested in 2001, demonstrating that grain yields could be increased at lower N rates when N

fertilizers were applied to each 4 square feet (using INSEY and RI)• 2002: Ideal growth stage in corn identified for in-season N applications in corn via daily NDVI sampling in Mexico as V8.• 2003: CV from NDVI readings collected in corn and wheat were first used within NFOA’s developed at OSU.• 2003: When site CV’s were greater than 18, recovery of maximum yield from mid-season fertilizer N applications was not

possible in wheat• 2004: Calibration stamp technology jointly developed and extended within the farming community• 2004: OSU-NFOA’s (wheat and corn) used in Argentina, and extended in China and India. • 2005: USAID Grant allowed GreenSeeker Sensors to be delivered in China, India, Turkey, Mexico, Argentina, Pakistan,

Uzbekistan, and Australia.• 2006: Delivery of 586 RAMPS and 1500 N Rich Strips (using RCS and SBNRC approaches respectively) in farmer fields

across Oklahoma resulted in an estimated service area exceeding 200,000 acres and increased farmer revenue exceeding $2,000,000.

Page 4: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

19931993

Sensor readings at ongoing bermudagrass, N rate * N timing experiments with the Noble Foundation in Ardmore, OK. Initial results were promising enough to continue this work in wheat.

Dr. Marvin Stone adjusts the fiber optics in a portable spectrometer used in early bermudagrass N rate studies with the Noble Foundation, 1994.

Page 5: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

New ‘reflectance’ sensor developed.

Samples were collected from every 1 square foot. These experiments helped to show that each 4ft2 in agricultural fields need to be treated as separate farms.

19951995

Extensive field experiments looking at changes in sensor readings with changing, growth stage, variety, row spacing, and N rates were conducted.

Page 6: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

www.dasnr.okstate.edu/nitrogen_use

In 1997, our precision sensing team put together two web sites to communicate TEAM-VRT results. Since that time, over 20,000 visitors have been to our sites. (www.dasnr.okstate.edu/precision_ag)

19971997

00

10001000

20002000

30003000

40004000

50005000

60006000

0.010.01 0.020.02 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.050.05 0.060.06 0.070.07

NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5

Gra

in Y

ield

Gra

in Y

ield

Perkins, N*PPerkins, N*P

Perkins, S*NPerkins, S*N

Tipton, S*NTipton, S*N

y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89

00

10001000

20002000

30003000

40004000

50005000

60006000

0.010.01 0.020.02 0.030.03 0.040.04 0.050.05 0.060.06 0.070.07

NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5NDVI F4+NDVI F5/days from F4 to F5

Gra

in Y

ield

Gra

in Y

ield

Perkins, N*PPerkins, N*P

Perkins, S*NPerkins, S*N

Tipton, S*NTipton, S*N

y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89y = 1E+06x2 - 12974x + 951.24R2 = 0.89

The first attempt to combine sensor readings over sites into a single equation for yield prediction A modification of this index would later become known as INSEY (in-season estimated yield), but was first called F45D.

Page 7: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008

INSEY (NDVI Feekes 4-6/days from planting to Feekes 4-6)

Gra

in Y

ield

, M

g h

a

-1

N*P Perkins, 1998

S*N Perkins, 1998

S*N Tipton, 1998

N*P Perkins, 1999

Experiment 222, 1999

Experiment 301, 1999

Efaw AA, 1999

Experiment 801, 1999

Experiment 502, 1999

N*P Perkins, 2000

Experiment 222, 2000

Experiment 301, 2000

Efaw AA, 2000

Experiment 801, 2000

Experiment 502, 2000

Hennessey, AA, 2000

VIRGINIA (7 Loc's)

Cooperative research program with CIMMYT. Kyle Freeman and Paul Hodgen have each spent 4 months in Ciudad Obregon, MX, working with CIMMYT on the applications of sensors for plant breeding and nutrient management.

19981998

Cooperative Research Program with Virginia Tech

Page 8: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y = 1.06x + 0.18

R2 = 0.56

RI HarvestRI Harvest

RI NDVIRI NDVI

Predicted potential response to applied N using sensor measurements collected in-season. Approach allowed us to predict the magnitude of response to topdress fertilizer, and in time to adjust topdress N based on a projected ‘responsiveness.’

20002000

Fertilized N required to maximize yield (Lahoma, OK).

y = 0.65x + 27 (CV = 62)

0

10

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20

00

Year

Fe

rtili

zer-

N (

lb/a

cre

)Discovered that the N fertilizer rate needed to maximize yields varied widely over years and was unpredictable in several long-term experiments. This led to his development of the RESPONSE INDEX.

Page 9: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Feekes 10

y = 0.0438e6.2862x

R2 = 0.75

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0.3 0.5 0.7 0.9Red NDVI

Bio

ma

ss

(M

g/h

a)

20012001

Feekes 10

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 2 4 6 8Visual Score

Bio

mas

s (M

g/h

a)

N Fertilizer Optimization Algorithm (NFOA):

1. Predict potential grain yield or YP0 (grain yield achievable with no additional N fertilization) from the grain yield-INSEY equation, where;

INSEY = NDVI (Feekes 4 to 6)/days from planting to sensing (days with GDD>0)

YP0 = 0.74076 + 0.10210 e 577.66(INSEY)

2. Predict the magnitude of response to N fertilization (In-Season-Response-Index, or RINDVI). RINDVI, computed as; NDVI from Feekes 4 to Feekes 6 in non-N-limiting fertilized plots divided by NDVI Feekes 4 to Feekes 6 in the farmer check plots (common fertilization practice employed by the farmer). The non-N limiting (preplant fertilized) strip will be established in the center of each farmer field.

3. Determine the predicted yield that can be attained with added N (YPN) fertilization based both on the in-season response index (RINDVI) and the potential yield achievable with no added N fertilization, computed as follows:

YPN = (YP0)/ (1/RINDVI) = YP0 * RINDVI

4. Predict %N in the grain (PNG) based on YPN (includes adjusted yield level)

PNG = -0.1918YPN + 2.7836

5. Calculate grain N uptake (predicted %N in the grain multiplied times YPN)

GNUP = PNG*(YPN/1000)

6. Calculate forage N uptake from NDVI FNUP = 14.76 + 0.7758 e 5.468NDVI

7. Determine in-season topdress fertilizer N requirement (FNR)= (Predicted Grain N Uptake - Predicted Forage N Uptake)/0.70

FNR = (GNUP – FNUP)/0.70

Engineering, plant, and, soil scientists at OSU release applicator capable of treating every 4 square feet at 20 mph

Work with wheat and triticale plant breeders at CIMMYT, demonstrated that NDVI readings could be used for plant selection

Page 10: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Handheld Unit – •Temporal Variability•In season environmental

conditions

Page 11: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Plant Reflectance

Wavelength (nm)

Ref

lect

ance

(%

)R

efle

ctan

ce

(%)

0.25

0.5VisibleVisible Near InfraredNear Infrared

450 550 650 750 850 950 1050500 600 700 1000900800

0.00

PhotosyntheticPotential

Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light

Indicator of Available Chlorophyl

Page 12: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Spectral Response to Nitrogen

5 5 0 6 5 04 5 0

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength, nm

Ref

lect

ance

0 Nitrogen

100 lb Nitrogen/ac

Winter Wheat at Feekes 5 in potted soil

Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light

Photosynthetic Potential

5 5 0 6 5 04 5 0

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

1

400 500 600 700 800

Wavelength, nm

Ref

lect

ance

0 Nitrogen

100 lb Nitrogen/ac

Winter Wheat at Feekes 5 in potted soil

Measure of living plant cell’s ability to reflect infrared light

Photosynthetic Potential

Page 13: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Normalized Difference Normalized Difference Vegetative Index - Vegetative Index - NDVINDVI

• Calculated from the Calculated from the red and near-infrared red and near-infrared bandsbands

• Measures BiomassMeasures Biomass• Correlated with:Correlated with:

– Plant biomassPlant biomass– Crop yieldCrop yield– Plant nitrogenPlant nitrogen– Plant chlorophyllPlant chlorophyll– Water stressWater stress– Plant diseasesPlant diseases– Insect damageInsect damage

Page 14: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

GreenSeekerGreenSeeker®® Sensor Sensor FunctionFunction

Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths

Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor

Day or Night UseDay or Night Use

No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds

Emits Red & InfraRed Emits Red & InfraRed WavelengthsWavelengths

Outputs NDVIOutputs NDVI—— indicates Biomass and indicates Biomass and Plant VigorPlant Vigor

Day or Night UseDay or Night Use

No Effect from CloudsNo Effect from Clouds

Page 15: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

GreenSeekerTM Sensor Light Detection and Filtering

Detection ofReflected

NIR and RED+Sun

Target

NIR and REDModulated

Illumination

Direction

Page 16: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Sensor Function

Lightgeneration

Light signal

Lightdetection

Valve settings

Calculate NDVILookup valve settingApply valve settingSend data to UI

“Sensor”

Valves and

Nozzles

Page 17: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Exp. 502, 1971-2007

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, b

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0 lbs N/ac

100 lbs N/ac

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Res

po

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to

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rog

en

Page 18: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Pop-up out 10%In-field grounder 9%

In-field single 25%In-field out 15%

In field double-triple 12%Pop fly-out 25%

Home Run 4%

Page 19: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Lahoma, OK, Winter Wheat

Optimum N Rate (assuming 40 lbs N/ac preplant) Average YieldAvg. 60 N/ac 42.8 bu/ac +/- 12.7Avg. Loss = $27.5/acre (N at $0.70/lb)

Exp. 502, 1971-2007N rate = (N uptake 100 lb/ac - N uptake 40 lb/ac)/0.5

Page 20: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University
Page 21: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Extension

Page 22: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Obstacles to Adoption

• Risk

• Initial Investment

• Producer Charateristics

• Communication

Page 23: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Risk

• Perception of risk inhibits adoption. (Feder et al., 1985)

• Agriculture is inherently filled with risk.• Winter Wheat slim profit margin.

Page 24: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

Money

• Initial cost– Sensor– Applicator

Page 25: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

The Producer

• The average age of the producers.• The legacy.• Soil sampling being adopted.

Page 26: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University
Page 27: GreenSeeker Sensor Brian Arnall Precision Nutrient Management Plant and Soil Sciences Department Oklahoma State University

QUESTIONS

For More Informationwww.nue.okstate.eduwww.nue.okstate.edu