GREEN CHEMISTRY:

Chemical and Environmental Studies

at High Education Level

Triantafyllos Almp(b)anisUniversity of Ioannina

Higher Education and Industrial EcologySKOPIE, 1 April 2016

Τhe principle of sustainability for the industrial development:Respect for human needs and well-functioning ecosystems.

This principle was first introduced in 1987 and formulated as follows:

“The industrial evolution should satisfy the today needs without compromising the right of the following generations to satisfy their needs”

The efforts and the research of the Green Chemistry and Engineering in order to achieve sustainability need to focus on the following main topics:

1. Global climate change 2. Energy production3. Food production4. Resources exhaustion

5. Environmental toxics

Main issues of environmental degradation• The possible climate change due to the emission CO2 and other gases that contribute to global warming.•The degradation of the air, water and ground in industrialized regions. •The depletion of natural resources and assets including fresh water, biomass and fossil resources• Loss of rural areas due to deforestation and soil erosion•The endangered wildlife forests and aquatic ecosystems• The lack of drinking water for about 1.5 billion people•The unsanitary conditions in urban centers•The spread of diseases caused by viruses and bacteria•The increasing demands of population growth•The social marginalization resulting from changes in the traditional lifestyle•The continued growth of the unequal distribution of wealth between social classes•The lack of primary education for approximately 130 million children around the world•Increased poverty (about half the population worldwide is estimated that earns less than $ 2)

Schema 1. The distribution of chemical compounds in the

environment emission [2]

Schema 2. The emissions of chemicals by class chemical industries (million pounds)

a. Chemicals f. inert materials mines

b. Metals g. processed metals

c. Other h. electronics

d. Paper i. plastic

e. Oil j. Transport equipment

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

α β γ δ ε στ ζ η θ ι

The 12 main principles of Green Chemistry:(P.T. Anastas and T.C. Williamson, “Green Chemistry : An Overview” Chapter 1, pp

1-17, ACS Symposium Series 626, 1996 )

1. The prevention of waste formation 2. The economy of atoms in composition 3. Reducing the risk of chemical composition4. The design of safer chemicals5. The use of safer and smaller amounts of solvents and reagents6. Design for energy saving7. The use of renewable products 8. The reduction of the use of derivatives or protecting groups in the

synthesis and analysis9.The use of catalytic processes and not stoichiometric

11. The design of chemical cleavage capacity without generating toxic10.Detailed real-time techniques for pollution prevention11. The use of safer chemicals to prevent accidents

Summary of general studies in the design of safer chemicals

i. Studies out of organisms- Reduction of exposure

A. Properties associated with the allocation or distribution in the environment1. Volatility/density/melting point 2. Solubility in water 3. Stability/biodegradation

a. Oxidation b. Hydrolysis c. Photolysis d. microbial degradation

4. Conversion to biologically active compounds5. Conversion to biologically inert compounds

B. Properties associated with the recruitment of the agencies1. Volatility2. lipophilic3. Size of the molecule4. Split

a. Hydrolysis b. Effect of pH c. Vulnerability digestive enzymes

C. Study of absorption pathways of humans, animals or aquatic life1.Skin/Eyes 2.Lungs 3.Gastrointestinal tract4.Gills or other specific absorption pathways

D. Reduction/ removal of impurities

1. Formation of impurities of different chemical classes

2. Presence of toxic homologues3. Presence of toxic geometric, structural isomers or stereoisomers

ii. Studies in organisms- Preventing toxic effects

A. Ease in Toxicity loss

1. Ease in excretion2. Solubility in water

a. selecting hydrophilic compoundsb. Ease in coupling/acetylationc. other studies

3. Ease biodegradation a. Oxidation b. Reduction c. Hydrolysis

4. Conversion to biologically inert compounds

B. Preventing Acute toxicity 1. Selection of the chemical class or the parent compound 2. Select the functional groups in the molecule of the compound

a. Avoid toxic groupsb. Designed biochemical removal of the structure causing

toxicityc. 'Block' (blockers) toxic groupsd. Alternative positions may bear the toxic group

C. Avoid indirect biotoxicity (bioactivation) 1. Avoid chemicals by known activation pathways

a. highly reactive electrophilic or nucleophilic groups b. unsaturated bondsc. other structural features

Green Chemistry brings about the following changes:

•Increased awareness of the design concept of safer chemicals

•Support of scientific, technical and financial conformity of design

•Focus on chemical greatest interest

•Greater emphasis on research in the mechanisms and export structure activity correlation relationship in toxicology

•Review of the principles and practices in chemical education Maximum participation of the chemical industry

Network on Green Chemistry

University Departments

on

Chemistry (5) and Chemical Engineering (2)Environment (2) and environmental Engineering (2)

GREEN CHEMISTRY

THANK YOU