GIS AND MAPPING WATER NUTRIENTS TESTING CHEMISTRY SOILS PLANTS

Grape Replant Disorder

Joan R. Davenport WSU-Prosser

jdavenp@wsu.edu css.wsu.edu/irrsoils

What is Replant Disorder

Biotic Factors • Diseases

– Fungi – Bacteria

• Nematodes

Abiotic Factors • Soil Chemical

Properties • Soil Physical

Properties

Studies on Replant

• Tree Fruit Focus – Across types of tree crops – Fumigation – Fumigation alternatives

• Fewer in Grape – Will tree fruit impact? – Types of grape – Fumigation/alternatives

Tree Fruit Biotic Factors Organism Species Location of Report

Nematodes

Pratylenchus penetrans1 South Africa / United States / Canada

Pratylenchus scribneri1 South Africa Pratylenchus delattire1 South Africa Pratylenchus vulnus 2 Italy Pratylenchus spp. 3 United States Meloidogyne spp. 2 United States Mesocriconema xenoplax 2 United Sates Xiphinema spp. 2 United States Criconemella spp. 2 United States

Fungi

Cylindrocarpon destructans1 United States Cylindrocarpon lucidum 1 Canada Peniophore sacrata1,3 New Zealand / United

States Phytophthora cactorum1 United States Rhizoctonia solani1 Armillaria mellea 1 Trichoderma hamatum1 Tardomyces lagena1 Motirella spp.1 Fusarium spp.1 Fusarium equiseti2 United States Fusarium oxysporum2 United States Fusarium solani2 United States Rhizoctonia spp. 2 United States Thielaviopsis basicola 3 England/Holland/United

States Penicillium janthinellum 3 Canada Constantinella terrestris 3 United States Rosellinia necratix3 Hungary/United States Roesleria hypogaea3 Hungary /United Sates

Bacteria Bacillus subtilis1 Canada Pseudomonas putida 1 United States Fluorescent pseudomonas 1 United States

1 Apple, 2 Peach,

3Stone Fruit, 4Almond.

Grape Biotic Factors (Past Research)

Biotic Species Common Name

Nematodes

Pratylenchus spp. Root Lesion Meloidogyne spp. Root Knot Xiphinema spp. Dagger

Fungi

Cylandrocarpon destructans Phytophthora spp. Fusarium spp. Peniophere sacrata Pythium spp. Rhizoctonia spp.

Grape Biotic Factors - More

• Armillaria Root Rot (Baumgartner)

• Ring nematode (Mesocriconema xenoplax, Pinkerton and Schreiner)

Abiotic Factors

• Much conflicting literature • Some likely candidates

– pH – Organic matter – Salinity – Soil texture – Soil structure

Replant in Washington Grapes

• Better recognized in Concord grape • Emerging issue in wine grape • Land limitations

Our Study

• Soils from vineyards • Soils from orchards • Same soil series and texture

– Warden silt loam

Enrique Proano

Our Study

Experimental Variables

Variable Grouping

Low Potential (Control)

Moderate Potential

(Between Row)

High Potential (In Row)

Our Study

• Pre plant soil and nematode analysis

• 10 plants per soil • Greenhouse 2 growing seasons • In season growth measurement

• Destructive plant harvest • Root and soil nematode counts

Our Study

• Pre plant soil and nematode analysis

• 10 plants per soil • Greenhouse 2 growing seasons • In season growth measurement

• Destructive plant harvest • Root and soil nematode counts

Fungal growth on roots from affected vs unaffected vines

Soil Chemical Analysis

Soil Locations Organic Matter

(%)

Calcium mg/kg

Sodium mg/kg

Zinc mg/kg

Non Cultivated 1.32 B 1444 B 33 B 1.02 B

Between Row 1.87 A 3004 A 44 AB 6.75 A

In Row 1.66 AB 3247 A 56 A 6.60 A

Post Harvest Nematode by Soil

Root-Knot Dagger Lesion

Root-knot eggs

#/100 g soil (#/25 g roots)

Soil sample location

Control 2 4 1 153

Between Row 295 18 19 2367

In row 22 36 2 1153

Economic threshold 100 20 100 N/A

Tree Fruit Biotic Factors

1 Apple, 2 Peach, 3Stone Fruit

Organism Species Common Name

Nematodes

Pratylenchus penetrans1

Root Lesion Pratylenchus scribneri1 Pratylenchus delattire1 Pratylenchus vulnus 2 Pratylenchus spp. 3 Meloidogyne spp. 2 Root Knot Mesocriconema xenoplax 2 Ring Xiphinema spp. 2 Dagger Criconemella spp. 2 Ring

Crop and Location Effects

Crop and Location Effects

Crop and Location Effects

Crop and Location Effects

Potential Crop Effect

• Cherry • Apple • Others likely

Slopes for Regression – Nematode and Soil

Soil Chemical Property

Root-Knot Root-Knot

eggs Dagger Lesion

C.E.C NS NS -400 120

pH NS NS NS -3

Ca NS 18 2 -1

Na NS -33 16 -7

Zn -152 -8 22 -12

Al NS -44 NS -7

Fungus

• Verticillium • Others?

Conclusions

• Soil from between rows higher risk – Higher OM – No “planting” advantage

• Tree Fruit sites equally risky • Nematodes

– Soil characteristic interactions • More research needed